6. Analysis of Dependent Origination (VB6)

9. Exposition of Bad States

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with wrong | view, with instigation,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with wrong view, having visible object,*2 accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with wrong view, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraphs 248–279 inclusive.
*2 Complete as following example.

Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what is “because of ignorance there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of ignorance there is activity”.*

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of craving there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of craving there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 248–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “decision”.

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises, accompanied by indifference, associated with wrong view, | having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is attachment; because of attachment there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.*2

* See paragraph 180.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness; neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact; neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 248–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “indifference”.

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with wrong view, with instigation,* accompanied by indifference, not associated with wrong view, having visible object,*2 accompanied by indifference, not associated with wrong view, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is craving; because of craving there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becom| ing there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraphs 248–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “indifference”.
*2 Complete as following example.

Therein what is ignorance?* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “indifference” and “decision”.

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by mental pain, associated with repulsion, having visible object,* accompanied by mental pain, associated with repulsion, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is repulsion; because of repulsion there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as following example.

Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 180.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental uneasiness, mental pain, uneasy painful experience born of mental contact, uneasy painful feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is repulsion”? That which is vexation of consciousness,* ferocity, abruptness, | absence of delight of consciousness. This is called “because of feeling there is repulsion”.

* See paragraph 182.

Therein what is “because of repulsion there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of repulsion there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “mental pain”, “repulsion”, and “decision”.

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with doubt, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is doubt; because of doubt there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This called ignorance.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 180.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is doubt”? That which is puzzlement, being puzzled, state of being puzzled, perplexity, doubt, oscillation, dual path, fluctuation, uncertainty of grip, evasion, hesitation, not plunging in, rigidity of consciousness, mental scarifying. This is called “because of feeling there is doubt”.

Therein what is “because of doubt there is becoming”? With the exception of doubt (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of doubt there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “indifference” and “doubt”.

What states are bad? At the time when bad consciousness arises accompanied by indifference, associated with distraction, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is distraction; because of distraction there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is ignorance? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This called ignorance.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 180.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is distraction”? That which is distraction of consciousness, disquietude, mental | wavering, turmoil of consciousness. This is called “because of feeling there is distraction”.

Therein what is “because of distraction there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of distraction there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “indifference”, “distraction”, and “decision”.

(Here Ends) Exposition of Bad States

10. Exposition of Good States

What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness.

Therein what is is absence of greed? That which is absence of greed, absence of being greedy, state of absence of being greedy, absence of lust, absence of being lustful, state of absence of being lustful, absence of covetousness, the good root of absence of greed. This is called absence of greed.

Therein what is is absence of hatred? That which is absence of | hatred, absence of being hateful, state of absence of being hateful, absence of illwill, state of absence of illwill, the good root of absence of hatred. This is called absence of hatred.

Therein what is is absence of dullness? That which is wisdom, understanding,* absence of dullness, truth investigation, right view. This is called absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

* See paragraph 525.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”?* Because of consciousness there is mind.* Because of mind there is the sixth base.* Because of the sixth base there is contact.* Because of contact there is feeling.* This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is faith”? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called “because of feeling there is faith”.

Therein what is “because of faith there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of faith there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of becoming (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, having visible object,*2 accompanied by | mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraphs 292 and 293.
*2 Complete as following example.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred.

Therein what is is absence of greed? That which is absence of greed, absence of being greedy, state of absence of being greedy, absence of lust, absence of being lustful, state of absence of being lustful, absence of covetousness, the good root of absence of greed. This is called absence of greed.

Therein what is is absence of hatred? That which is absence of hatred, absence of being hateful, state of absence of being hateful, absence of illwill, state of absence of illwill, the good root of absence of hatred. This is called absence of hatred. These are called good roots.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.* This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 293.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, having visible object,* accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as following example.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.* Therefore this is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 293.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “indifference”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire arises accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, having visible object,* accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of good roots | there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as following example.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred. These are called good roots.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “indifference”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in earth device first jhāna; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure,* attains and dwells in the fourth jhāna accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of good roots there is activity”.* This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 293.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “indifference”, “faith”, and “decision”.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhāna tending to release, dispersive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures, * attains and dwells in the first jhāna that is hard practice and | knowledge slowly acquired; at that time because of good roots there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

* See paragraph 205.

Therein what are good roots? Absence of greed, absence of hatred, absence of dullness.

Therein what is absence of greed.* Absence of hatred.* Absence of dullness? That which is wisdom, understanding,*2 absence of dullness, truth investigation, right view, truth investigation-enlightenment-factor, path constituent, included in the path. This is called absence of dullness. These are called good roots.

* See paragraph 293.
*2 See paragraph 525.

Therein what is “because of good roots there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This called “because of good roots there is activity”.* This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 293.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is faith”? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called “because of feeling there is faith”.

Therein what is “because of faith there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of faith there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is | becoming”.* This is called “because of birth there is ageing and death”.

* See paragraphs 249–279 inclusive, with appropriate modifications for “good roots”, “faith”, and “decision”.

Thus is the arising of these states means: Thus is the combination, the assemblage, the collocation, the appearance of these states. Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of these states”.

(Here Ends) Exposition of Good States

11. Exposition of Neither-Good-Nor-Bad States

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant eye consciousness accompanied by indifference, having visible object; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, eye-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.

* See paragraph 184.

Therein what is “because of consciousness there is mind”? The aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants. This is called “because of consciousness there is mind”.

Therein what is “because of mind there is the sixth base”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, eye-consciousness-element. This is called “because of mind there is the sixth base”.

* See paragraph 184.

Therein what is “because of the sixth base there is contact”? That which is contact, contacting, act of contacting, state of contacting. This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is becoming”? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of feeling there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraph 249.

… At that time because of activity there is consciousness rooted in activity; because of consciousness there is mind rooted in consciousness; because of mind there is the sixth base rooted in mind; because of the sixth base there is contact rooted in the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling rooted in contact; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

… At that time because of activity there is consciousness associated with activity; because of consciousness there is mind associated with consciousness; because of mind there is the sixth base associated with mind; because of the sixth base there is contact associated with the sixth base; because of contact there is feeling associated with contact; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

… At that time because of activity there is consciousness; also because of consciousness there is activity. Because of consciousness there is mind; also because of mind there is consciousness. Because of mind there is the sixth base; also because of the sixth base there is mind. Because of the sixth base there is contact; also because of contact there is the sixth base. | Because of contact there is feeling; also because of feeling there is contact. Because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant ear consciousness accompanied by indifference, having audible object;* there arises nose consciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object;* there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference, having sapid object;* there arises body consciousness accompanied by pleasure, having tangible object; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as final example.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.* This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is bodily ease, bodily pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of bodily contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of bodily contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is becoming”? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of feeling there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant mind element accompanied | by indifference having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of feeling there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modifications for “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by mental pleasure having visible object, audible | object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of feeling there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modifications for “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises mind-consciousness-element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object, ideational | object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of feeling there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modifications for “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated good action characteristic of the plane of desire there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge.* Accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation.* Accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated | with knowledge, with instigation.* Accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge.* Accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation.* Accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge.* Accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object,*2 ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as final example.
*2 Intermediate sense objects.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is faith”? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called “because of feeling there is faith”.

Therein what is “because of faith there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of faith there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modifications for “faith” and “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in earth device first jhāna; at that time there is contact,*2 there is non-wavering. These states are good.

* See paragraph 205.
*2 Dhammasaṅgaṇī, paragraph 1.

Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in resultant earth device first jhāna; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 184.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure,* attains and dwells in the fourth jhāna accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception; at that time there is contact,*2 there is non-wavering. These states are good.

* See paragraph 205.
*2 Dhammasaṅgaṇī, paragraph 1.

Having done, having accumulated that same good action characteristic of the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure,* attains and dwells in resultant fourth jhāna accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception-nor-non-perception; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhāna tending to release, dispersive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in the first jhāna that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time there is contact,*2 there is non-wavering. These states are good.

* See paragraph 205.
*2 See Dhammasaṅgaṇī paragraph 277.

Having done, having developed that same supramundane good jhāna, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in resultant first jhāna that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

* See paragraph 205.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant eye consciousness accompanied by indifference, having visible object;* there arises ear consciousness accompanied by indifference, having audible object;* there arises nose consciousness accompanied by indifference, having odorous object;* there arises tongue consciousness accompanied by indifference, having sapid object;* there arises body consciousness accompanied by pain, having tangible object; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as final example.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, body-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is bodily uneasiness, bodily pain, uneasy painful experience born of bodily contact, uneasy painful feeling born of bodily contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is becoming”? With the exception of feeling (it is) the aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of feeling there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant mind element accompanied by indifference, having visible object, audible object, odorous object, sapid object, tangible object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraph 307.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is neither mental ease nor uneasiness, neither-painful-nor-| pleasant experience born of mental contact, neither-painful-nor-pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of feeling there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modifications for “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when having done, having accumulated bad action there arises resultant mind-consciousness-element accompanied by indifference, having visible object,* ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Intermediate sense objects.

Therein what is activity? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called activity.

Therein what is “because of activity there is consciousness”? That which is consciousness, mind, ideation,* and, depending on the aforesaid, mind-consciousness-element. This is called “because of activity there is consciousness”.*2 Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraph 184.
*2 See paragraphs 249 and 308–310 with appropriate modification for “decision”.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when there arises mind element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor | the resultant of action, accompanied by indifference, having visible object,* tangible object,*2 there arises mind-consciousness-element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by mental pleasure, having visible object,* ideational object,*2 there arises mind-consciousness-element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by indifference, having visible object,* ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Intermediate sense objects.
*2 Complete as final example.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when there arises mind-consciousness-element that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge,* accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge,* accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object,*2 ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as final example.
*2 Intermediate sense objects.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops jhāna characteristic of the plane of form that is | inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, (is the cause of) pleasant living in the present existence, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in earth device first jhāna; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

What states are neither-good-nor-bad? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops jhāna characteristic of the formless plane that is inoperative, neither good nor bad nor the resultant of action, (is the cause of) pleasant living in the present existence, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure,* attains and dwells in the fourth jhāna accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception; at that time because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

(Here Ends) Exposition of Neither-Good-Nor-Bad States

12. Exposition of Good States Rooted in Ignorance

What states are good? At the time when there arises good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, having visible object,* ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because | of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Intermediate sense objects.

Therein what is “because of ignorance there is activity”? That which is volition, being volitional, state of being volitional. This is called “because of ignorance there is activity”.* This is called “because of the sixth base there is contact”.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “because of contact there is feeling”? That which is mental ease, mental pleasure, easeful pleasant experience born of mental contact, easeful pleasant feeling born of mental contact. This is called “because of contact there is feeling”.

Therein what is “because of feeling there is faith”? That which is confidence, being confident, trust, implicit faith. This is called “because of feeling there is faith”.

Therein what is “because of faith there is decision”? That which is decision of consciousness, being decisive, state of decision of that (consciousness). This is called “because of faith there is decision”.

Therein what is “because of decision there is becoming”? With the exception of decision (it is) the aggregate of feeling, aggregate of perception, aggregate of mental concomitants, aggregate of consciousness. This is called “because of decision there is becoming”.* Therefore this is called “thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering”.

* See paragraph 249.

… At that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

… At that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

… At that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind and matter; because of mind and matter there are six bases; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

What states are good? At the time when there arises good consciousness characteristic of the plane of desire accompanied by mental pleasure, associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge,* accompanied by mental pleasure, not associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge,* accompanied by indifference, associated with knowledge, with instigation,* accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge,* accompanied by indifference, not associated with knowledge, with instigation, having visible object,*2 ideational object or is concerned with whatever (object); at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* Complete as final example.
*2 Intermediate sense objects.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the plane of form, he, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in earth device first jhāna; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops the path for rebirth in the formless plane, he, having wholly passed the state of nothingness, having abandoned pleasure,* attains and dwells in the fourth jhāna accompanied by perception of the state that is neither perception nor non-perception; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering.

* See paragraph 205.

What states are good? At the time when (a bhikkhu) develops supramundane jhāna tending to release, dispersive of continuing rebirth and death; he, for the abandoning of wrong view, for the entering of the first stage, aloof from sense pleasures,* attains and dwells in the first jhāna that is hard practice and knowledge slowly acquired; at that time because of ignorance there is activity; because of activity there is consciousness; because of consciousness there is mind; because of mind there is the sixth base; because of the sixth base there is contact; because of contact there is feeling; because of feeling there is faith; because of faith there is decision; because of decision there is becoming; because of becoming there is | birth; because of birth there is ageing and death. Thus is the arising of these states.

* See paragraph 205.

(Here Ends) Exposition of Good States Rooted in Ignorance