The Hundred Records of the Temple of National Purity

Additional Material Appended

in the Song Period

(Dated 1185, five hundred and ninety-two years after Zhiyi's death, and Included in the Taishō Collection)

Chronological Record of the Traces

of the Great Meditation Master

and Wise One Zhiyi

Meditation Master [Zhiyi] was one year old [at birth], born in the fourth year of Datong (538) of Emperor Wu of the Liang, the year of the horse, the fiftyfifth year of the sexagenary cycle. His father's family name was Chen, a dynasty-founding Marquis in Huarong, Jingzhou. His mother was of the Xu family. In a dream she saw perfumed clouds, and she swallowed a white mouse and became pregnant. When [Zhiyi] was born the room was filled with a mysterious light and his eyes had double pupils. Upon reaching the age of seven years he happily visited a Buddhist monastery. When a monk recited the chapter on the "Universal Gate" (in the Lotus Sutra) just once, he (Zhiyi) became proficient in the rest of the text even without hearing it. His parents did not allow him to visit frequently, however. In the first year of Chengsheng (552) of Emperor Yuan of the Liang, [Zhiyi] was fifteen years of age and wished to leave home [to become a monk], but his parents would not hear of it. Then he carved a sandalwood statue and ritually chanted for a full day. While worshiping the Buddha he suddenly had a vision of a mountain overlooking a great sea, with a monk raising his hand in greeting.

In the first year of Shaotai (555) of Emperor Jing of the Liang, [Zhiyi] was eighteen years old. His parents yielded to his determination and, despite the resolute words of his elder brother [trying to dissuade him], he left home [and became a monk]. He then took refuge with Master Faxu of Guoyuan Temple in Xiangzhou, who gave him the name Zhiyi with the cognomen De'an ("Virtuous Peace").

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The Hundred Records of the Temple of National Purity

In the first year of Yongding (557) of the founder of the Chen dynasty (Emperor Wu), [Zhiyi] was twenty years of age. He received the full precepts [and was ordained] under Vinaya Master Huikuang, who had a thorough knowledge of the Vinaya canon. And yet before he received the precepts [Zhiyi] had already gone north to study the extensive [Vaipulya (Fangdeng) Mahayana Buddhist texts].

In the first year of Tianxi/Tianjia (560) of Emperor Wen of the Chen, [Zhiyi] was twenty-three years old. He took refuge with Meditation Master [Nanyue] Huisi on Mount Dasu in Guangzhou. Master [Huisi] acknowledged him as a member of the assembly on this numinous mountain. He was assigned to the Samantabhadra meditation hall, where he chanted the Lotus Sutra for two weeks (or two seven-day periods) and had a great awakening of serene quiescence.

In the first year of Guangda (567) of the destructive Chen emperor, [Zhiyi] was thirty years of age and his master instructed him to go to the capital of Jinling. He dwelled at Waguan Temple for eight years, lecturing on the Great Treatise and explaining the gradual method of meditation (Cidichanmen, T. 1916) and also the Fahuaxuanyi (Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra, T. 1716).

In the seventh year of Taijian (575) of Emperor Xuan of the Chen, [Zhiyi] was thirty-eight years old and entered Mount Tiantai. Emperor Xuan asked him to stay and not go [to Mount Tiantai], but he stepped onto the stone bridge [at the entrance to Tiantai] for the first time and moved to Folong (Buddha Hill at Tiantai). The following year he defeated the demons on Huading Peak.

In the ninth year of Taijian (577), [Zhiyi] was forty years of age, and Emperor Xuan gifted him with Xiuchan Temple.

In the thirteenth year of Taijian (581), [Zhiyi] was forty-four years of age. He lectured on the Golden Light Sutra so that fishermen would abandon their traps, and established a pond for releasing living beings. The following year he was requested by Prince Yongyang to give lectures.

In the second year of Zhide of Emperor Shao of the Chen (584/585), [Zhiyi] was forty-eight years old and accepted the invitation to leave [Mount Tiantai and return to the capital], where he expounded on the Great Treatise and lectured on the Benevolent Kings Sutra (Renwangjing) at the Taijidian 190

Additional Material

palace in Jinling. The following year the Prince [of the Chen] received the [bodhisattva lay] precepts.

Up until the first year of Zhenming (587) [of the Chen dynasty, Zhiyi] was fifty years of age and dwelled at Guangzhai Temple in Jinling and lectured on the Lotus Sutra. Zhang'an (Guanding) at this time was twenty-seven years of age and heard the text of the [Lotus] Sutra for the first time. In the ninth year of Kaihuang (589) since the founding of the Sui, [Zhiyi] was fifty-two years old. The Chen dynasty perished in Jingzhou and [Zhiyi] experienced a vision in a dream that he stayed on Mount Kuangshan (Lushan). In the next year (590) the Sui emperor asked to question him. At fifty-four years of age [Zhiyi] was invited by Jin Wang (Yang Guang) to come to Yangzhou. In the eleventh month [of that year] Jin Wang received the [bodhisattva lay] precepts, and presented the title Zhizhe "Wise One" [to Zhiyi].

At fifty-five years old he was able to go to Jing and Xiang and again pass through Mount Kuangshan (Lushan) until the end of the summer [retreat], after first reaching Tanzhou.

At fifty-six years of age he visited Jingzhou in response to obligations to this area, and built Yuquan Temple. Zhang'an (Guanding) accepted the Xuanyi (Commentary on the Lotus Sutra).

At fifty-seven years old [Zhiyi] gave the lectures of the Mohezhiguan (Great Cessation and Contemplation) at Yuquan Temple. At fifty-eight years of age he himself went to [the capital city of] Jinling in Jingzhou at the invitation of Jin Wang and produced the commentary on the Vimalakīrti-sūtra.

At fifty-nine years old he returned to Tiantai in the spring. During winter of the following year Jin Wang dispatched letters summoning him [to visit again].

At sixty years of age [Zhiyi] accepted the summons and traveled as far as the stone statue at Xinchang (Zhejiang), where he entered nirvana (passed away) while sitting in meditation. This was at an unknown time on the twentyfourth day of the eleventh month of the seventeenth year of Kaihuang (597). It has now been five hundred and ninety-two years since Zhiyi entered nirvana, the year of the snake, the forty-second year of the sexagenary cycle, the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185) of the Song.

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Postscript to the Hundred Records

The Hundred Records of the Temple of National Purity

Postscript to the

Hundred Records

The Wise One (Zhiyi) transmitted the path of threefold contemplation as seen in the documents of one school (i.e., Tiantai Buddhism). His virtuous teaching benefited two dynasties (Chen and Sui), and Zhang'an (Guanding) recorded [and edited] the hundred records [of the Guoqing bailu]. Contemplating this [text], the beginning establishes a systemization of teachings with respect to the internal assembly [of the Buddhist sangha], the middle [section] describes letters and comments with regard to the activities of the Prince and his ministers, and the end discusses the release of living beings with regard to the safety of insect-like lower animals [such as fish in the waters]. How bright and marvelous is this great dissemination of the teachings! Its splendor is like that of the sun and stars, which was stated [by Zhiyi] at Guangzhai Temple for all under heaven. As Zhang'an (Guanding) wrote in his introduction, this "will remain for future generations so that they may know the magnificent virtues revealed therein," and this should be firmly believed.

Although the [old] engraved blocks are available for printing, the process of comparing [and editing] the texts had not been completed, and thus we first had to verify [the text] based on the old edition. There were more than a few errors to be corrected here and there, in more than ten places. Due to this process of scrutiny there are no further obstructions to perceive the intent. Those who read this text can check if there are additional mistakes to be corrected. Written by the śramaṇa Jingfan, a transmitter of the teachings of the Tiantai patriarchs, of the Northern Chan Wuliangshouyuan Temple in Suzhou. Our patriarch the Wise One and Great Meditation Master [Zhiyi] was truly the rebirth of the one [who heard the preaching of the Lotus Sutra] on the numinous [Vulture] Peak. He transmitted the path of threefold contemplation for awakening to singlemindedness. He restored and expanded the true school of Nāgārjuna, and subtly extolled the mysterious text of the Lotus Sutra. He classified the interpretations [of various Buddhist traditions] into five periods and eight teachings, concluding with the threefold contemplation [of emptiness, the conventional, and the middle] and the ten vehicles (or modes of contemplation), eloquently advocating [the ideal of] "not relying on words." 192

Additional Materials

Zhang'an (Guanding) put together and edited [Zhiyi's lectures], preserving them to inspire [people in] later circumstances. Those who can understand and practice in this way are those who are enlightened; it cannot be known by the many thousands and tens of thousands of the masses. The carved blocks of all the sections [of the Tripiṭaka] have been distributed in all directions, except for the Guoqing bailu. Due to certain causes, a demonic fire burned and destroyed it, leading to our current situation. After the passing of many years there was still no agreement to complete the task. But now practitioners have been led [to gather] like clouds on a high hill, and everywhere both monks and laypeople, not dreading the bitterness of pain and not lacking in sincerity, sought to finally complete this publication. All have attained a broad understanding to transmit [the contents of this book] long and far. It should be therefore known that our patriarch [Zhiyi] was great in the path and his name renowned. The Emperor and his ministers could perceive with their own eyes the traces of [Zhiyi's] teaching from beginning to end. When his life was finally exhausted [and Zhiyi passed away], rituals were performed with reverence and respect, and we can perceive [through this book] what he said from first to last.

Respectfully submitted by Jieying who dwells on the mountain of white lotuses, on the occasion of the binding [of this book] in the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185) of the Song, the year of Jupiter, the year of the snake, the forty-second year of the sexagenary cycle.

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Back Matters

Glossary of Chinese

Names, Places, and Titles

Annotated with source in Hucker, Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China; the DDB; and Taishō reference where the term appears in The Hundred Records. Abhidharma (pitan 毘曇): The traditional collection of treatises interpreting the sutras and investigating the Buddha Dharma (807c14).

Accumulation of Fragrances (Xiangji 香積): The buddha land described in the Vimalakīrtisūtra, from which delicious food was supplied to Vimalakīrti to serve his guests; also, a name given to the kitchen and the food it produces in a monastery (DDB r21; 814b2, 15).

Accumulator of Jewels (Baoji 寶積; Skt. Ratnarāśi or Ratnakūṭa): The name of a layperson or bodhisattva, or a group of elders, from Vaiśālī who supported the Buddha (818c14). Administrator (canjun 參軍): A local adjutant or administrator (Hucker no. 6876; 814c12, 26).

Agan 阿甘: A servant sent by Prince Yongyang to help Zhiyi (801a5; see also section 26). Aheng 阿衡: "The one in charge of weighing [policies]"; a regent; a designation given to Yiying of the Shang dynasty.

Akṣobhya (Achu 阿閦): A buddha whose Pure Land is in the east (596a17). aloe incense (shenxiang 沈香): A rare type of incense made from the fragrant wood of aloe trees (Skt. agaru); incense of the agaru tree, agarwood (803a5). ambrosia (ganlu 甘露): The "nectar of the gods" (Skt. amṛta), which can ward off old age and death; a metaphor for the teachings of the Buddha and the final goal of nirvana (819a21, 821c27).

Amitābha (Amituo 阿彌陀, Wuliangshoufo 無量壽佛): The Buddha of Limitless Light and Immeasurable Life, whose Pure Land is in the west (796a19, 812a2, 818b23, 27). Amituo. See Amitābha.

Anzhou province 安州: The Yangzhou area (802c27).

Archer of the Left (zuo pushe 左僕射) or Right (you pushe 右僕射): "Lit., charioteering archer, one of the most interesting and important titles in Chinese government through 195

Glossary

the [Song] dynasty; traditionally believed to have originated in the early minitarydominated society's custom of letting the best archers take charge of things" (Hucker no. 4826; 799a29, 815a13).

Area Commander-in-Chief (dadudu 大都督): Interchangeable with Regional Inspector, one of several titles awarded to or adopted by warlords who dominated clusters of regions (Hucker no. 6096; 814c18, 815a10, 816b8).

ashes of a flute (huiguan 灰管): A flute-like tube with twelve holes filled with ashes that was used to predict the weather; the twelve holes are symbolic of the twelve months of the year and the ashes falling from the holes symbolize the passage of time (812b23). Aśoka (Ayu wang 阿育王): Ashujia 阿輸迦, the third king of the Mauryan dynasty (r. 669-232 B.C.E.) who became a famous patron of Buddhism and built numerous stupas and pillars (817b27, c12).

aśoka tree, realm of (wuyou shijie 無憂世界): Lit., "the realm without sorrow" (Skt. aśoka), an ideal land to the east (794b7).

Assistant to the Head of the Interior (neishi sheren 内史舍人): Secretary; assistant to the Head Clerk (802c24, 806c17, 815a11).

Aśvaghoṣa (Maming 馬鳴): A prolific Indian scholar-monk and author of the Buddhacarita; attributed (likely mistakenly) as the author of the Awakening of Faith and as such considered an important figure in the Tiantai tradition (817b25, 821b26, 822a16). Attendant Gentleman (shilang 侍郎): One of the three categories in which court gentlemen were divided, a relatively lowly secretarial post (Hucker no. 5278). Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (huangmen shilang 黄門侍郎): One of the attendants to the right and left of the emperor (815b11). Avalokiteśvara (Guan[shi]yin 觀[世]音): "He Who Hears the Sounds of the World," the bodhisattva of compassion (section 4; 800c3, 811b26, 812a2, 813b26, 818b5, 819b22). bhadra-kalpa (xianjie 賢劫): The "good" present eon (kalpa) in which we live (819b3). Baishi 白石: A servant sent by Prince Yongyang to help Zhiyi (801a5; see also section 26).

Ban and Chui 班倕: Two famous craftsmen during the reign of the Yellow Emperor (818b19).

Baogong 保恭 (542-621): A Sanlun scholar, resident of Qisiasi, and contemporary of Zhiyi; the composer of the letter in section 100 (821b22).

Baoqiong 寶瓊. See Wuqiong.

Baozhi 寶誌: Shi Baozhi 釈保誌, a monk of the Liang dynasty (812b24). 196

Glossary

Ba Valley (Baxia 巴峽): A valley that courses through the western part of Hubei province (819c27, 820b29).

Beidu 杯渡: "Bowl Crossing," a legendary monk who was known for constantly "crossing the waters" carrying his wooden begging bowl (811c4).

Benevolent Kings [Sutra] (Renwangjing 仁王經): Abbreviated name for the Prajnāpāramitā-sūtra of the Benevolent Kings (Renwang bore boluomi jing 仁王般若波 羅蜜經) (T.245: 8.825-834), translation attributed to Kumārajīva but most likely an apocryphal text produced in China; Zhiyi often quotes from this sutra (799c24-25, 817b25, 823b21).

boat and oar (zhouji 舟檝): This term may refer to an actual boat Zhiyi used in his travels (809a19, 818a25); in other places it refers to Zhiyi himself as a "boat and oar" or a "boat's rudder," i.e., a reliable examplar and leader (818c29, 821b2, b10); sometimes the term can be understood in both ways (821c19).

Bodhisattva Stages (Bodhisattvabhūmi) Sutra (Pusadechi jing 菩薩地持經): A text on the practices and stages of the Mahayana bodhisattva, attributed to Maitreya and Asaṅga, translated into Chinese by Dharmakṣema (T.1581:888-959) (807c16, 817c19). Bohai 渤海: The large bay or gulf east of northern China and west of the Korean peninsula (802b28).

Book of Yu (Yushu 虞書): A chapter in the classic history Shujing 書経, dealing with the history of the Yu 虞 period (807a17).

Brahmā's Net Sutra (Fanwangjing 梵網經): An apocryphal work on the Mahayana precepts, very influential in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, which expounds on the Mahayana bodhisattva precepts (see T.1484:997-1010); the reference comparing the precepts to "filial piety" and "restraints" is found at T.1484:1004a25 (803b26, 817b7). Brahma's palace (Fangong 梵宮): The realm of Brahma, a heavenly level in Buddhist cosmology; also a euphemism for a Buddhist temple (814b15).

Bright King (Mingwang 明王): The King of the Dharma, Śākyamuni; or the Emperor (817a13).

Buddhagayā (Jimie daochang [jiaye] 寂滅道場 [伽耶]): Lit., "the site of awakening to quiescent extinction"; a city in Magadha where Śākyamuni became Buddha (795a22). burning house (huozhai 火宅): A metaphor for this world of suffering; see the analogy of the burning house in the Lotus Sutra, Chapter 3 (805a2, 819b29, 821b11). Cai Jingli 蔡景歴. See Jingli.

Caike 蔡恪: A local administrator (further details unknown) who was dispatched by the Prince to Mount Tiantai in order to sponsor a memorial service for Zhiyi (814c26). 197

Glossary

Cai Zheng 蔡徴: The military commander (lingjun 領軍, Commandant) of the previous Chen dynasty (sections 11, 96); the son of Cai Jingli 蔡景歴, a minister in the service of Emperor Xuan who delivered a number of messages to Zhiyi (sections 8-10). See also Jingli.

Candraprabha (Yueguang Tongzi 月光童子): Lit., "Moonlight Youth," a young man from Magadha who sought to destroy the Buddha in a pit of fire, but the Buddha transformed the fire into a pool of water. The Buddha later predicted that he would become a king of China in a future incarnation (819b28).

cangbo 滄波: Azure waves; "watchet whitecap, blue-grey billows, name of a portion of the Han 漢 [R]iver, also of a Dao paradise isle in the Eastern Sea" (Kroll, Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese, p. 33) (817b5). Caoyi 曹義: A messenger dispatched by Emperor Xuan to deliver an order to Zhiyi to remain in the Capital (799a22).

Cavalier Attendant (sanqi 散騎): "[A]n honorific title conferred on favored officials, entitling them, in addition to their normal functions and privileges, to ride alongside the imperial carriage or chariot on outings, ceremonial or otherwise, and thus to be available as companions and advisers to the Emperor" (Hucker no. 4833); a Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary (sanqi changshi 散騎常侍) is an important and close advisor to the Emperor who was responsible for transmitting imperial declarations or orders; "an honorific title conferred on [a] favored official giving them status as companions and advisers of the ruler" (Hucker no. 4834) (801c12, 27; 813b21); for Gentleman Cavalier Attendant (sanqi shilang 散騎侍郎) see Hucker no. 4837. Cengcan 噌參: A person said to have received a precious jewel as a reward from a crane he had rescued (805c4).

cessation-and-contemplation (zhiguan 止觀; Skt. śamatha-vipaśyanā): A meditative practice of "calming and contemplation," attaining a still and quiet mind through cutting off all extraneous deluded thoughts and passionate afflictions in order to gain clear insight into or awakening to seeing things as they are; the general term for Buddhist practice in the Tiantai tradition (821b25).

chaiwang firewood ceremonies (chaiwang zhili 柴望之禮): Festive ceremonies involving bonfires (807a17). See also Book of Yu; Statutes of Ji (Jidian). Chancellor of the National University (guoji jijiu 國子祭酒): The official rank of Xu Xiaoke; see Chancellor of the Directorate of Education (Hucker no. 3540) (801c12, 822b19).

Chang'an 長安: An ancient capital in central China (present-day Xian), at its height one of the greatest cities in the world and still a cultural center in Zhiyi's time (820c18, 821a4). Changesi 禪閣寺: The name of an unknown temple mentioned in letters from Yang Guang to Zhiyi (805b20, c14).

198

Glossary

Changsha 長沙: The city where Zhiyi was ordained, the present-day capital of Hunan province (817b15). See also Guoyuansi/Guoyuan Temple.

changtannan 長坦男 ("long self-possessed man"): A rank of a Sui official (806c18). Chanmen[si] 禪門[寺]: "Gate of Dhyāna Meditation," one of the names for the temple on Mount Tiantai suggested to the Sui Emperor (793a14, 816a4). Chanzhongsi 禪衆寺: A temple in Yangzhou province supported by Yang Guang, the eventual Sui emperor (803a16, 811b8, c8).

"Chapter of the Universal Gate" (Pumenpin 普門品): The twenty-fifth chapter of the Lotus Sutra, which focuses on the activity of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) (823b3). Chen 陳: The fourth and last of the Southern dynasties in China (557-589), eventually replaced by the Sui dynasty and thus sometimes referred to as the "false Chen" 僞陳 (820a4, 822b18); also, the secular family name of Zhiyi (801c23, 816a5, 817b9). Chen Bozhi 陳伯智. See Yongyang, Prince.

Chen capital 陳都: Jiankang 建康 (present-day Nanjing), the capital of the Chen dynasty, where Zhiyi lived, mostly at Waguansi 瓦官寺, for eight years during his early teaching career (809c13).

Chengsheng 承聖: An era (552-555) during the Liang period (823b4). Chengshilun 成實論 (Skt. *Tattvasiddhi-śāstra or Satyasiddhi-śāstra): A critique of the Sarvāstivāda teaching of phenomena with an analysis of emptiness that is close to that of Mahayana (T.1646:239-373) (807c15).

[Chen] Jianzong 陳建宗: A person (further details unknown) who officially greeted Zhiyi on his arrival at the capital (799b28).

[Chen] Jingzhi 陳靜智: The bodhisattva name of Prince Yongyang (800b15). Chen Qizu 陳起祖. See Qizu.

Chen Quan 陳詮. See Quan.

[Chen] Shaozhu (Shaodi) 陳少主 (少帝): The last Chen emperor (r. 581-589), who sent decrees to Zhiyi on Mount Tiantai inviting him to visit the capital (sections 11-14); also known as Chen Houzhu 陳後主 (the last Chen emperor) or Chen Shubao 陳叔寶 (823b20).

Chen Sizhan 陳思展: Mentioned as a general and governor (further details unknown) who attended a lecture on the Golden Light Sutra (802a13). Chen Wenqiang 陳文強: An official (further details unknown) dispatched by Prince Chen Yongyang to deliver a message to Zhiyi (800b2).

199

Glossary

Chen Xuandi 陳宣帝. See Xuandi.

Chen Yaoqing 陳要卿: Mentioned once in the text as a person (no further details) who attended a lecture on the Golden Light Sutra (802a14).

Chen Zixiu 陳子秀: A disciple "of the bodhisattva precepts" (further details unknown) of Zhiyi mentioned in section 99 (821b6).

chi 尺: A unit of measurement of length, approximately equal to a foot (806b7, 814b6, 818b2).

Chicheng 赤城: "Red City," the northern part of the Tiantai area serving as the entrance to the Tiantai temple complex (822a11).

Chisongzi 赤松子: A legendary master of wind and rain (716a14). chisongjian rice 赤松澗米: "Red pine stream," a type of rice, gifted monthly to Zhiyi (800a12).

Chongzhengdian 崇正殿: Crown Prince Yuan's palace (800a22).

Chunxi 淳熙: The era (1174-1189) of the Song dynasty when the timeline of Zhiyi's life and the postscript were written for the republication of the Hundred Records (823b-c, 824a1).

Chuzhou 楚州: A district during the Sui period (present-day Jiangsu province) (804a15, 815b4).

cidi chanmen 次第禪門: The "gradual" method of meditation, explicated in the Shichan boluomi cidifamen 釋禪波羅蜜次第法門 (T. 1916), an early text by Zhiyi based on his lectures at Waguansi in Jinling (823b15).

Classic of Poetry (Shijing) 詩経: The oldest collection of Chinese poetry, dating from the eleventh to seventh centuries B.C.E. (13b17).

Clerk (cishi 刺史): Also called Regional Inspector (Hucker no. 7576) (822c16). Commandant (zhenjiang 鎭將): A local military commander of the Sui period (794c18, 822b2).

Commandant of Lin County (Linhai zhenjiang 臨海鎭將). See "Xie Baguo" (822b2). Commissioned with Extraordinary Powers (shichijie 使持節): A high official rank in the Liang held by Zhiyi's father (817b11); "lit., sent holding a warrant: Commissioned with Extraordinary Powers, the most prestigious of 3 prefixes appended, especially after Han, to the titles of such territorial magnates as Area Commanders-in-chief, in effect giving them viceregal authority over all governmental agencies in their jurisdictions" (Hucker no. 5223). 200

Glossary

Comptroller-General (zongguanfu 總管府): Supervisor-in-Chief (Hucker no. 3991) or Area Commander-in-Chief (Hucker no. 7112); a local official, in this case of Yangzhou (814c12).

concentration of total cessation (mieding 滅定; Skt. nirodha-samāpatti): A state of concentration that reaches total cessation or the annihilation of all mental activity and feelings (821a27).

Confucius (Kong 孔): The famous social philosopher of China, mentioned under various names, such as Xuanni 宣尼 (805c23, 813a29), Zhongni 仲尼 (820c22), and Kongqiu 孔丘 (822a16).

conjured city (huacheng 化城): A metaphorical image from the parable in the "Chapter on the Conjured City" in the Lotus Sutra (T.9.22a-c); a mirage conjured by the guide for tired travelers to rest in before advancing further to the final goal (i.e., buddhahood) (803b11). See also Dharma city.

Contemplation of Samantabhadra Sutra (Fo shuo guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing 仏説観 普賢菩薩行法経; T.277:389-394): The "closing sutra" of the threefold Lotus Sutra collection; the quote at 803b15-16 refers to T.262:93c22-23. Cuiwei 崔嵬: "Precipitous and Lofty," a mountain in northwest Dianyang county, Hebei province, which Dao'an climbed at the age of forty-two to build a temple (822a9). Cunda (Chuntuo) 純陀: A lay disciple of Śākyamuni who provided his final meal on the evening before Śākyamuni's death; see Great Nirvana Sutra (T.374:611b) (814a1). Daidi 代邸: "To go from place to place," the name of the palace where Yang Guang resided before becoming Emperor; the term was later used in general to refer to the Emperor or his palace (817a27).

Damingsi 大明寺: The temple on Mount Nanyue where Huisi taught his disciples, including Zhiyi (810a28, 811a21).

Dangyang prefecture 當陽縣: An area west of Jingzhou (present-day Hubei province) (806b13, 819b10).

Dao'an 道安 (314-385): A prominent early scholar and translator of Buddhist texts in the Eastern Jin dynasty (800c25, 805a13, b21; 806b25, 810b29, 821a7, b29; 822a9). Daohui 道慧: A Dharma master (further details unknown) affiliated with Yuquansi (808b26).

Daosheng of Longgongsi 龍宮寺道昇: Details of this monk and temple are unknown; in the text he is dispatched by the Chen emperor Shaozhu to instruct Zhiyi to return to the capital (799b15).

Daoxiu 道修: A disciple of Zhiyi (further details unknown) who saw a vision of his former master while meditating in the temple a year after Zhiyi's death (812c15-18). 201

Glossary

Daoyinsi 導因寺: A temple in Jingzhou (further details unknown) mentioned in sections 48 and 49 (821a14, b6).

Daoyou 道猷: Another name for Zhutanyou 竺曇猷, a monk active in the Tiantai area (818a2).

Daozhen 道臻: A Dharma master (further details unknown) affiliated with Shizhusi 十 住寺 (808b26, 821b2).

[Da]Ren [大]忍(忍師): A person (further details unknown) who appears in only one passage in the Hundred Records, though his name also appears in a biography of Zhiyi (807c24).

Datingsi 大聽寺: A temple mentioned in section 26 (801c23-24); however, this must refer not to a specific temple but to the place in the governor's palace in Yangzhou where Prince Yang Guang received the bodhisattva precepts from Zhiyi (817c7). Datong 大同: An era (535-546) during the reign of Emperor Liang Wudi, during which Zhiyi was born (823a29).

Da Xiru 達奚儒: A regional commander in Qi county 蘄郡 of Jingzou (present-day northeast part of Qichun prefecture 蘄春県), with the title National Pillar (Shangzhu guo 上柱國) (808b20, sections 55, 56).

Dayadian 大牙殿. See Great Tusk Palace.

Daye 大業: The Sui period era (605-618) that began with the ascension of Prince Yuan Guang in 605 (815a8, 816b5, 818b25).

Dazhidulun 大智度論 (Shilun 釋論): An encyclopedic work on Buddhism in the form of a commentary to the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, attributed to Nāgārjuna and of great importance for Tiantai Buddhism (799c5, 801b15, 807c16, 823b15, b21). De'an 徳安: "Virtuous Peace," the "style name" or cognomen given to Zhiyi at his ordination at age eighteen (823b9). deer and goat (lu yang 鹿羊) carts: The deer-drawn cart and the goat-drawn cart are two of the three vehicles mentioned in the parable of the burning house in the Lotus Sutra, representing the inferior paths of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas (821a20). See also great cart; three carts.

Deer Park 鹿野苑 (Skt. Mṛgadāva): A park near Vārāṇasī, a favorite place of Śākyamuni where he preached his first sermon (820a26, b28).

Degong 徳宮: The bodhisattva name of Empress Shen 太后沈 (800c6). dhāraṇī for retaining what is heard (wenchi tuoluoni 聞持陀羅尼): To hear and remember what one has been taught; one of four kinds of dhāraṇīs of hearing, meaning, spells, and patience (817b23).

202

Glossary

Dharma city (fa cheng 法城): The final destination of the path, in contrast to the "conjured city" metaphor in the Lotus Sutra, which represents a temporary rest along the way; the final goal of buddhahood in contrast to the lesser achievements of the Hinayana paths (813b2). See also conjured city.

Dharma drum (fagu 法鼓): A large drum, usually kept in the main hall of a Buddhist temple; the pounding of the drum also symbolizes preaching the Dharma (819c16). Dharma name (fahui 法諱): A religious name one receives on accepting the precepts and entering the Buddhist community, usually faming 法名; a more respectful form used for the emperor (817a19) and also for Zhiyi (804a3, 817b9). See also Zongchi. Dharmatara Meditation Sutra (Damoduoluo chan jing 達摩多羅禪經, T.618:300-325): A dhyāna-meditation text translated by Buddhabhadra in the fifth century (807b11). Dharmodgata. See Sadāprarudita.

dhūta (toutuo 頭陀): Austerities; ascetic practices undertaken to eliminate attachment to food, clothing, and shelter; the practice of relying on almsbegging for one's material needs (818b23, 820a7).

digging a well on a high plain (gaoyuan zaojing 高源鑿井): A metaphor about Dharma preachers in the Lotus Sutra, Chapter 10 (T.262:32a10-12): "Suppose there was a thirsty man seeking water. He drills in search of water on a high plain, yet he sees only dry earth and thus realizes that water is still far away. But he does not cease his efforts until he turns up moist earth and gradually reaches mud. Now he is sure that water must be near" (821b19).

Dingguang 定光 (?-581): A prominent monk of Mount Tiantai; also, a legendary figure said to have dwelled on the mountain before Zhiyi and who appeared to Zhiyi in a dream to suggest "National Purity" as the name of the Tiantai temple (800c25, 816a5, 818a3, b29; 819a11).

Director (ling 令): "One who gives orders" (Hucker no. 3733); one of the most common titles given to administrative or executive heads of agencies. Director of the Palace Library (mishujian 祕書監): "Established in predynastic times as principal administrative aide to the Emperor, dealing both with general administration and with archival record keeping" (Hucker no. 4592) (817a9).

Director of the Secretariat (neishi shilang 内史侍郎): A high government office, palace scribe, Director of the Secretariat (Sui) or "Attendant Gentleman" (Hucker no. 5278), Head Clerk (802c24, 806c17, 815a10, 816b8).

District Defender (xianwei 縣尉): A "status comparable to the Vice Magistrate, with special responsibility for police activites in the District" (Hucker no. 2549) (822c21). divine sages (tianxian 天仙): Devas and immortals (814a3).

203

Glossary

Donghai 東海: The Eastern Sea area, a district of ancient China along the mid-seacoast (present-day Shandong and northern Jiangsu provinces) (801c12, 817c26). Donglinsi 東林寺: The temple on Lushan founded by Huiyuan 慧遠 in the fourth century (805a13, c14; 806a11, 821c1).

Dongpingwang Liucang 東平王劉蒼: "King of the Peaceful East," the son of Emperor Guangwu of the Han (820c6).

Dongyang province 東陽州: An ancient province of China along the southeast coast. Dongyue 東嶽: Mount Tai 泰山 in Shandong, one of the five great mountains of China (806c29); also called Dongdai 東岱 (807a19).

dou 斗: A unit of volumetric measurement, a bushel or peck (799c12). Dragon Chart (longtu 龍圖) or River Chart (hetu 河図): A traditional story of a "dragon horse" (longma 竜馬) that emerged from the Yellow River with the Dragon Chart on its back, from which Fu Xi transcribed the eight trigrams (818c20). Dragon King (Longwang 龍王): A guardian deity for Buddhism who is able to cause rain to fall (808c17).

Dragon Palace (Longgong 龍宮): The dwelling place of the nāga dragon king; see the story of the young dragon princess in the chapter on Devadatta in the Lotus Sutra (820a26, b27).

Dragon's Gate (longmen 龍門): The gate that controls the flow of all water into an area (801c16). See also Mount Longmen.

dragon spirits (longshen 龍神): One of the eight kinds of spiritual beings that appear in Mahayana texts (814a3).

Dragon Tower (Longlou 龍樓): The name of the palace of the Han emperor; by extension, the palace of Prince Yang Guang (819a14).

duan 端: A unit of measurement for cloth; one duan is just under one meter in length (799c12).

Duan Zhixing 段智興: An Area Commander-in-Chief (further details unknown) dispatched by Prince Yang Guang to hold memorial services for Zhiyi on Mount Tiantai (814c19). Duobao 多寶. See Prabhūtaratna.

Dynasty-founding Marquis (kaiguohou 開國侯): The highest of fifteen common titles for nobility (see Hucker nos. 3107, 3110) (821a2, 832b1).

Eastern Jin 東晋 dynasty (317-420): A dynasty that ruled southern China; a division of the longer Jin dynasty founded by Sima Rui 司馬睿, who moved the capital to Jiankang 太極康 (present-day Nanjing) (805a12, 822a20).

204

Glossary

Eastern Palace (Donggong 東宮): The palace of Crown Prince Yang Guang (814c11). Editorial Director (zhuzholang 著作郎): The office or Secretariat in charge of historical materials (Hucker no. 1442) (818c3).

eight kinds of purity (bajing 八淨): Eight characteristics of the ponds in the Pure Land: water that is sweet, fresh, soft, light, pure, scentless, clean, and nourishing; also referred to as "the eight waters of virtuous qualities" (ba gongde shui 八功德水) (817c11).

eight kinds of supranormal beings: Mythical beings drawn from Indian mythology; devas, asuras, nāgas, yakṣas, gandhārvas, garuḍas, kiṃnaras, and mahoragas (794b27). eight princes (ba wanzi 八王子): The introductory chapter of the Lotus Sutra (T.262:4a) tells of eight princes from many eons ago who heard the Dharma and followed the teachings of their father, who became the Buddha Sun and Moon Light (803c1, 813c19). See also Sun and Moon Light.

Emperor Ming of the Han 漢朝明帝 (r. 58-75): The second emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty; Buddhism began to spread in China during this time (819c1). Facai 法才: One of two priestly envoys (further details unknown) dispatched by Zhiyi with a message to the Prince (808b25).

Facan 法璨: A Dharma master (further details unknown) affiliated with Yuquansi (808b26). Fahuawenju 法華文句 (T. 1719): A line-by-line commentary on the Lotus Sutra by Zhiyi, one of the so-called three great texts of Tiantai Buddhism (821c16). Fahuaxuanyi 法華玄義 (T. 1716): An explication of the "profound meaning" of the Lotus Sutra, one of the so-called three great texts of Tiantai Buddhism (807c26, 823b15). Fahui 法諱: A scribe (further details unknown) who recorded the Emperor's letter and list of gifts in section 26 (804a3).

Falin 法令: One of the Jiangzhou monks (further details unknown) of Longguangsi 龍 光寺 who wrote to Zhiyi to protest the destruction of temples (section 32). Falun of Zhugong 渚宮法論: A Dharma master from Jiangling 江陵 and a monk of the Huiri Daochang ("Wisdom like the Sun") meditation hall; author of one of three biographical works on the life of Zhiyi (not extant) (793a21, 806a6, 814c10). Fang Bonu 房伯奴: A soldier (further details unknown) said to have experienced an encounter with Zhiyi soon after his death (812c20).

fangdeng 方等: The Chinese translation of the Sanskrit term vaipulya ("broad"), parsed in this text as including the meanings of "method" (fang 方) and "equality" (deng 等); "vast and broad" (798a22ff, 812b26).

205

Glossary

Fangdengsi 方等寺: A temple prepared for Zhiyi by Prince Xiao, located in Yangzhou (northeast of present-day Nanjing) (802c28).

Fang, Miao, De, Yuan, Zun, Pu, Xian, Xing 仿妙徳願遵普賢行: Eight characters used as the names of new ordinands, based on the admonishments of the imperial decree (chijie 勅誡), all of which are topped with the character si 私 ("individual") (816b17-18). Fanwangjing 梵網經. See Brahmā's Net Sutra.

Fan Wuzi 范武子: A figure from the Spring and Autumn period (818c15). Faxian 法顯 (d. 418-423): A famous pilgrim and translator who traveled to India between 399 and 414; on his return to China he translated the Great Nirvana Sutra (Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra) (820b14). Faxu 法緒: The Buddhist master at Guoyuansi in Xiangzhou who first accepted Zhiyi into his temple at the age of eighteen and gave him his name (823b8). Fayun 法運: A monk (further details unknown) who received a pardon for violating state laws (808c21).

Fayun Daochang 法雲道場 ("Dharma Cloud") meditation hall: A temple or meditation hall built by order of the Emperor within the inner precincts of the palace (806a7). Fengchengsi 奉誠寺: A temple in the Jiangzou area, associated in other documents with monks such as Saṃghavarman (Sengjiabamo 僧伽跋摩) and Huiguan 慧觀 (804b21). Feng Deyi 封徳彛: A high official of the Sui (further details unknown) (815a11). Fengdingsi 峯頂寺: The temple located on the peak of Lushan (805a21, 805b28, 805c15). Fenyang 汾陽: An area north of the Fen River 汾水(河) where, as related in the Zhuangzi, the legendary Emperor Yao 堯 met a sage, became enlightened, and neglected matters of state (801c19, 817a26).

five aggregates (wuyin 五陰; Skt. pañca skandhāni): The five compositional elements of a person: form, feeling, perceptions, impulses, and consciousness (798b2). five approaches to meditation (wuchan 五禪): Contemplation of impurity, of compassion, of causes and conditions, mindfulness of the Buddha, and counting the breath (802b14). Also called five contemplations for putting the mind at rest (wu tingxin guan 五停心観). five great mountains (wuyue 五嶽 ): The five great peaks or mountains of China, often listed as Mount Tai 泰山 (Dongyue 東嶽, in Shandong), Mount Hua 華山 (Xiyue 西 嶽, in Shanxi), Mount Heng 衡山 (Nanyue 南嶽, in Hunan), Mount Heng 恒山 (Beiyue 北嶽, in Shanxi), and Mount Song 嵩山 (Zongyue 中嶽, in Henan), which are representative of the country itself (801c15). five heinous offenses (wuni 五逆): The five "unforgivable" offenses of matricide, patricide, 206

Glossary

killing an arhat, wounding the body of the Buddha, and destroying the harmony of the sangha (797c3).

five-limbed prostration (wutitoudi 五體投地): A type of prostration practice where both knees, both elbows, and the head touch the ground (795b23).

Five Peaks (wufeng 五峯): The mountainous area surrounding the site of the Guoqing Temple precincts in Tiantai (818a12).

five periods and eight teachings (wushi bajiao 五時八教): The Tiantai doctrinal classification system that analyzes the life and teachings of the Buddha into five successive periods and eight types of teachings (823c22).

five precepts (wujie 五戒): The five fundamental precepts against killing, stealing, lust, false speech, and imbibing intoxicants (800a19).

five preliminary grades [of Buddhist disciples] (wupin [dizi] wei 五品[弟子]位): A classification of the five lowest or preliminary levels of practice and attainment (in the Perfect Teaching) for a disciple of the Buddha: appropriate joy (suixi pin 随喜品), reading and reciting the sutras (dusong pin 読誦品), preaching the Dharma (shuofa pin 説法品), preliminary practice of the six perfections while practicing contemplation (jianxing liudu pin 兼行六度品), and proper practice of the six perfections (zhengxing liudu pin 正行六度品); the level of a practitioner preceding the attainment of the ten stages of faith. On his deathbed Zhiyi claimed to have reached only this relatively low stage of attainment (810c16; 811b24-25, 816c6, 818b7-8). five [classic] roles (wudian 五典): Five relationships or roles in human life, consisting of the righteousness of a father (fuyi 父義), the compassion of a mother (muci 母慈), the friendship of an older brother (xiongyou 兄友), the modesty of a younger brother (digong 弟恭), and the filial piety of a child (zixiao 子孝) (818c20). five silk trousers (wuku 五袴): A sign of wealth (823a5).

five skills of a bodhisattva (kaishi wuming 開士五明): In India, the five sciences or fields of learning: grammar and linguistics, skills and crafts, medical skill and knowledge, logic and epistemology, and psychology (807b2).

five types of Dharma masters (wuzhong fashi 五種法師): Five kinds of authorities on Buddhist teachings; according to the Lotus Sutra, those who receive and keep, read, recite, expound, and copy the sutras (812a17).

Folong 佛隴: "Buddha Hill," the peak of Mount Tiantai where Zhiyi dwelled (Introduction; 801b26, 809c1, 811a12, c11; 818a4, 11, 27; 819b3, 823b17).

Fotucheng 佛圖澄 (?-348): A monk of Central Asian origin who came to Loyang in 310; one of Dao'an's teachers (805a13, b22; 806b25, 821a6, b29).

four classes of people (simin 四民): A classification scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants; or "all people" (822b23). 207

Glossary

four conditions (siyuan 四縁): Four types of causal conditions: (1) direct internal causes, (2) antecedent conditions, (3) objects as conditions, (4) contributary factors as conditions (807b10). four energies (qi 四氣): Various lists of physical and psychological energies include warm (nuan 暖), hot (shu 暑), clear/pure (qing 清), and cold (han 寒); or joy (xi 喜), bliss (le 樂), anger (nu 怒), and sadness (ai 哀) (820b1).

fourfold teachings (sijiao 四教): The Tiantai doctrinal classification of all Buddhist teachings into categories: the Tripiṭaka, Shared, Distinct, and Perfect teachings (817b26). four heavenly kings (si tianwang 四天王): The four guardian deities who protect the four corners of the universe (796a7, b11).

four kinds of birth (sisheng 四生): Four ways that beings are born into this world: through eggs, from the womb, from moisture, and through transformation or spontaneously (819b28, 820b17).

four kinds of bodhisattvas on whom we can rely (siyi pusa 四依菩薩, siyi kaishi 四依開士): Four great reliable teachers who can instruct sentient beings after the passing of the Buddha (805b16, 821a17).

four kinds of reliance (siyi 四依): Various lists of "four reliances" occur in the Buddhist tradition; where it appears in this text (800a19) the term seems to refer to the division of the bodhisattva stages into four levels; another common list is: (1) to rely on the Dharma and not the teacher, (2) to rely on the meaning and not the letter, (3) to rely on the definitive and not the indefinite meaning, and (4) to rely on wisdom and not on ordinary consciousness (800a19, 801a10, 810c15). See also seven purities. four major transgressions (si zhongzui 四重罪): Egregious offenses by monks that result in expulsion from the sangha: engaging in immoral sexual behavior or bestiality, stealing, killing a human being, and lying about oneʼs spiritual attainments (797c3). four [necessary] matters (sishi 四事): There are various sets depending on the context; in this text it could refer to the four necessities of a monk: clothing, food, bedding, and medicine (as listed in the Lotus Sutra); or dwelling place, clothing, food, and medicine (814a28; 817c17).

four practices for attaining peace (si anle xing 四安樂行): Physical, verbal, and mental practices and vows to attain peace, based on the fourteenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra (817b20).

four rivers (si du 四涜[瀆]): The four great rivers of China: Huanghe 長江 (Yangtze), Changjiang 黄河 (Yellow), Huaihe 淮河, and Jishui 済水 (801c16).

four stages of dhyanic meditation (si chan 四禪): Progressively subtle stages that one passes through while practicing dhyanic meditation (820c24).

208

Glossary

four states of equality (si deng 四等): Also known as the "four immeasurable states of mind" or "four boundless demeanors" (si wuliang xin 四無量心): kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity (803c3).

four truths (si di 四諦): The fundamental four noble truths of Buddhism: existence is characterized by suffering, the arising of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering (796c7).

(four) universal vows (sengna 僧那, si hong shiyuan 四弘誓願; Skt. saṃnāha-saṃnaddha, lit., "girding on armor"): The great vows of a bodhisattva; in Tiantai, the four universal bodhisattva vows: sentient beings are unlimited, I vow to save them all (zongsheng wubian shiyuan du 衆生無邊誓願度)/passions are immeasurable, I vow to sever them all (fannao wuliang shiyuan duan 煩惱無量誓願斷)/dharmas are inexhaustible, I vow to master them all (famen sujin shiyuan zhi 法門無盡誓願知)/the Buddhist path is supreme, I vow to perfect it (wushang fudao shiyuan cheng 無上佛道誓願成) (803c3, 822b25).

four white-haired hermits (si hao 四皓): According to an ancient historical text, the Shiji 史記, four white-haired elders who went into retreat on Mount Shang in protest against the political policies of the day (817c25).

Fragrant City (xiang cheng 香城): A symbol for the goal of buddhahood; a buddha land called "All Fragrances" to which Sadāprarudita ("Ever-weeping") makes his way at great effort in order to hear the Dharma (819b7).

fusang 扶桑 tree: A mythical tree on the eastern edge of the world that is bathed by the rising sun (819a7).

Fushuo 傅説: An advisor to Gaozong, whose advice helped the Shang dynasty to prosper (817c5).

Fu Xi 羲帝: One of the ancient mythical Chinese emperors (822b24). Gaoxin 高辛: The name of the man who became Emperor Ku (Diku), a descendant of the Yellow Emperor (817a21).

Gaozong 高宗: The title of the Shang ruler Wuding 武丁 (r. 1324-1265 C.E.) (817c5). Gaozu, Emperor of Han 漢高祖: The founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty (r. 202-195 B.C.E.); his personal name was Liubang 劉邦 (821b16). General of the Palace Guard (lingjun jiangjun 領軍將軍): "Lit., general commanding the army" (Hucker no. 3754) (821a1).

ghaṇṭā bell (jianchui 犍槌, jianzhi 犍稚): Transliteration of the Sanskrit term for a bell or gong (818a7).

ghee (tihu 醍醐): In the metaphor of five flavors (milk, cream, curds, butter, and ghee) of the Buddhist teaching, ghee as the most refined level refers to the most sublime teachings or the highest level of attainment (813c1, 821a12). 209

Glossary

Goddess of Merit (Gongdetian 功徳天; Skt. Lakṣmī or Mahāśrī): Name of a goddess of fortune often regaded as the wife of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa (796a6, b16). Golden Dragon King (Jinlong zunwang 金龍尊王): One of the four wheel-turning kings who rule over Jambudvīpa; the one who has dominion over all four continents (818c130).

golden elixir (jindan 金丹): In Daoist alchemy, the elixir of eternal life; a metaphor for breathing and contemplative exercises used in the alchemical tradition; also called "falling snow" (jiangxue 絳雪) and "murky frost" (xuanshuang 玄霜) (819b17). Golden Light Sutra (Jinguangming jing 金光明經; Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra, T.663:335-359): In East Asia, this text is regarded primarily as a scripture for state protection. It offers a wide variety of instruction on Buddhist practices such as expression of faith and repentance, as well as on basic doctrine, such as the five aggregates, dependent arising, emptiness, buddha-body doctrine, and so forth; and also includes considerable material incorporating non-Buddhist Indian religious ideas and deities (DDB) (section 5; 802a12, 805c16, 811a25; section 57, 822b13, 823b19).

golden mouth (jinkou 金口): A reference to the words/teaching of Śākyamuni Buddha (817c20).

golden wheel (jinlun 金輪): A ring of iron or metal wheel; in Buddhist cosmology the foundation of the world consists of three layers, or "wheels": wind, water, and metal; metal is further divided into iron, copper, silver, and gold, of which gold is the highest layer. The term is also "a symbol of the ruling authority of the wheel-turning king borrowed into Buddhism, where it is used to symbolize the authority of the King of the Dharma (the Buddha)" (DDB) (814a6, 815c29, 818c20, 822b23). Gongfu 公賦: Also called Sunchuo 孫綽, a poet famous for his landscape poetry, who published a "poetic exposition" (fu 腑) about the Tiantai mountains (818a2, 822a12). Good Mind (Shanyi 善意): The name of one of the eight princely sons in the Introduction of the Lotus Sutra, who saw the glow emanating from the Buddha's forehead before he preached the sutra (817c3).

Grand Scribe (taishi 太史): A government official, court historiographer (818b29). Gṛdhrakūṭa. See Vulture Peak.

great cart (gauche 高車): In the metaphor of three carts in the Lotus Sutra, the great cart is the all-inclusive vehicle (One Vehicle) of the Buddha offered to the children as their reward for escaping the "burning house" of this world (819b29). See also deer and goat carts; three carts.

Great Collection of Jewels (Dabaoji jing 大寶積経; Skt. Mahāratnakūta-sūtra, T. 310:1-678): An extensive collection of Mahayana Buddhist texts (813b18). Great Nirvana Sutra (Dabanniepan jing 大般涅槃經). See Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra. 210

Glossary

Great Rectifier (dazhongzheng 大中正): One of the "local dignitaries appointed in each Region, Commandery, and District to register and classify all men in their jurisdictions who were considered eligible for government office of the basis of their hereditary social status" (Hucker no. 1534) (821a2).

great tanchi dhāraṇī. See mohe tanchi tuoluoni.

Great Treatise. See Dazhidulun.

Great Tusk Palace (Dayadian 大牙殿): A hall or palace where the Emperor is present, marked in front by the display of a large tooth or tusk; the place from which a plaque was taken to display at the new Temple of National Purity on Mount Tiantai (793a18, 815b7, 816a11).

Great Ultimate (taiji 太極): A Daoist cosmological term referring to the "ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the state of oneness before duality (802b5). As explained in the text, "The Great Ultimate is without form, and therefore pervades all things" (801c13). See also minor yang.

Great Vaipulya Dhāraṇī Sutra (Da fangdeng tuoluoni jing 大方等陀羅尼經; *Mahāvai pulya-dhāraṇī-sūtra, T.1339:641-661): The text from which the basis of the Vaipulya Repentance practice is derived (section 6).

"Great Wind" (Dafeng ge 大風歌): A famous poem written by the Han emperor Gaozu (Liubang) about the triumph of the Han and the founding of the dynasty (821b17). Guangda 光大: The brief era (567-568) at the end of the Chen dynasty (823b13). Guanding. See Zhang'an Guanding.

Guangdong 粤 (Yue): A coastal province, formerly Canton, in southeast China bordering on Hong Kong in the south (817a19).

Guangzhaisi 光宅寺: A temple founded by Emperor Wu of the Liang in 502 in the Jiangzou area; the place where Zhiyi delivered the lectures that eventually became the Fahuawenju (799c24-29, 802c11, 804b21, 823b22, c13).

Guan[shi]yin. See Avalokiteśvara.

Guanxinlun 觀心論: "Treatise on Contemplating the Mind," the final teaching of Zhiyi given just before his death (T. 1920: 46.584-587) (811c26). Gui 媯: The family name of Zhiyi (801c25).

Guiyang Wang 桂陽王 (?-538): A local governor who approved Zhiyi's request to ban fishing to avoid the taking of life (802a24).

Guņavarman (Qinabamo 求那跋摩; 367-431): A former Kashmiri prince who translated many Buddhist texts into Chinese (807c19).

211

Glossary

Guoqingsi 國清寺: The Temple of National Purity, founded on Mount Tiantai for Zhiyi. guoshi 國師: "master of the nation," an exalted title for a Buddhist master, one of the honorific titles bestowed on Zhiyi (817b7).

Guo Youdao 郭有道: The composer of a famous memorial (608b21). Guoyuansi 果願寺: The temple in Changsha, Xiangzhou, where Zhiyi was ordained (817b15, 823b8).

gyak cow (maoniu 猫牛): A cow from the Tibetan highlands, valued for providing milk, meat, and leather (809a23).

Hall of the Dharma of Universal Light (Puguan Fatang 普光法堂): A site near Buddhagayā (Northern India) where the Buddha preached parts of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra (795a23, 28).

Handan 邯鄲: A sophisticated urban area, the ways and styles of which are difficult to imitate without looking foolish (806b23).

Hāritī (Helidi 訶利帝): A guardian deity, the mother of demons (guizimu 鬼子母) (796b12). he 合: A unit of measurement, about one-tenth of a pint (809a24, 814b7). Head of the Interior (neishi[ling] 内史[令]): An official rank in ancient China; the official in charge of "interior" matters close to the capital; or a monastery clerk (DDB) (802c23-24, 806c16, 815a9, 816b7, 822b12).

Hejianwang Liude 河間王劉: "King of the River," the son of Emperor Jing 景帝 of the Han (820b29, 822c4).

Hengshanyue 衡山嶽: Mount Nanyue, where Zhiyi studied under Huisi (806a2, b9; 807a11).

Hengyang 衡陽: Present-day Hengyang City in Hunan (817b17). Hero Who Tamed the World (Diao yushi xiong 調御世雄): One of many laudatory terms for the Buddha (803b5).

Heshang Gong 河上公: According to the Laozi, the name of a hermit (immortal) who was visited by Han Emperor Wen seeking advice (817c21). Heshuo 河朔: The area north of the Changjiang (Yellow) River (820a1). hexagrams (gua 卦): The system of sixty-four hexagrams in the Yijing, each composed of six horizontal lines of either a long line or two short lines, representing yin or yang (819b13).

hu 斛: A unit of volumentric measurement for dry goods ("tub"), such as salt or rice (805c26).

212

Glossary

Huaihai 淮海: The "Huai (River) by the Sea" in Yangzhou (813c26, 817b29, 818b26). Huaihe 淮河: One of the major rivers of China, running west to east (822c4). See also four rivers.

Hualin 華林園 ("Flowery Forest Park"): A park in the northeast section of the presentday city of Nanjing (815b4). Huangfu Pi 皇甫毘: A Director (ling) (further details unknown) of Dangyang prefecture who compiled the memorial in honor of Zhiyi at Yuquansi (see section 94; 819b10). Huang Jibao 黄吉寶: Details unknown (799b22).

Huangniu 黄牛: Lit., "Yellow Bull"; location unclear; Ikeda (Kokusei hyakuroku no kenkyū, p. 522) identifies it as a fort in northeast Fengxiang county in Shaanxi province, but this area does not match the context (820b28).

huangzhong 黄鍾: Lit., "yellow bell"; the first of twelve pitches in ancient Chinese music, also used to refer to the eleventh month in the twelve months of the year (817c7). Huanshi 桓師: Details unknown; a name used as an example of someone who improperly retired to his home (813b5).

Huarong 華容: A district in present-day Hubei province near Wuhan, where Zhiyi was born (817b10, 823b1).

Hudu 滬涜(瀆) River: A river northeast of present-day Shanghai district in Jiangsu 江蘇 省 (809b11).

[Hui]ba [慧]拔(拔公, 拔師): An official (further details unknown) who reported on Zhiyi and acted as a messenger for Maoxi (section 20; 801a18, 27). Huigui of the Liang 梁慧歸: The person (further details unknown) said to have built a temple on Lushan (805a22).

Huijing of the Qi 齋慧景: The person (further details unknown) said to have come to dwell on Lushan after being invited by the people of the mountain (805a21). Huikuang 慧曠 (534-613): The Vinaya master who ordained Zhiyi at the age of twenty with the full precepts; an acquaintance of Paramārtha (823b10). Huipei 惠裴 (538-611): Listed as a "household priest of the Eastern prince Xiaoyi [Emperor Yuan of Liang])" (further details unknown) (800c20, 23). Huiri Daochang 慧日道場: The "Wisdom Like the Sun" meditation hall, a new temple built by order of the Emperor within the precincts of his palace (806a6, 814c10). Huirong 慧榮(榮公): A monk who debated Zhiyi (807c23).

Huishi 惠施: A famous scholar in the Warring States period (802a28). 213

Glossary

Huisi 慧思. See Nanyue Huisi.

Huiwen 慧文: One of the Jiangzhou monks (further details unknown) of Fengchengsi 奉誠寺 who wrote to Zhiyi to protest the destruction of temples (sections 22, 23). Huiyan 惠嵓: A monk (further details unknown) of Daoyinsi who posted a letter to Zhiyi (section 93; 821a14).

Huiyong 慧永: A monk associated with Huiyuan; one of the "eighteen sages of the White Lotus Society" (821c1).

Huiyuan 慧遠 (334-416): A prominent Buddhist master and scholar of the eastern Jin, known for his Pure Land practices; usually referred to as Huiyuan of Lushan 廬山慧 遠 (800c25) to distinguish him from Jingying Huiyuan 淨影慧遠 (523-592) (805a12, b7, b20; 821c1, 822a9).

Huizhuang 慧莊: A monk of the Huiri Daochang ("Wisdom Like the Sun") meditation hall, who taught the Vimalakīrti-sūtra based on Zhiyi's commentary; perhaps refers to Daozhuan 道莊 (525-605) (814c10). See also Huiri Daochang. hundred types of Dharma teachings (baifa 百法): This term may refer to the hundred types of experiential phenomena of the Yogacāra school, but most likely in this text means simply "all teachings" (821b13).

hut of twining vines (anluo 菴蘿): A Buddhist monk's dwelling; could also be a translation for āmra, mango fruit, but also meaning "pure and spotless," indicating a monk's residence (819a11).

icchantika (yichanti 一闡提): A person whose good roots are cut off, whose seeds for improvement are burned away, and who is not capable of attaining buddhahood (797c17, 25).

incensed tablet (jian xiang 牋香): Tablets of paper infused with a type of incense (801c4, 803a7).

Jade Throne (yuzuo 玉座): The imperial seat or throne, symbolic of the Emperor himself (814a7).

jambū (yanfu 閻浮): A type of tree; in Buddhist cosmology the juice of the fruit of this large tree on Mount Sumeru is said to flow down to our world, Jambudvīpa (794a27). Jambudvīpa (Nan yanfuit 南閻浮提): In Buddhist cosmology, one of the four continents that comprise the world; the continent to the south of Mount Sumeru, the part of the universe that contains the human realm (796b23, 813b27, 817a20). Jetavana Garden/Grove (Qiyuan 祇園, Qihuanlin 祇洹林): A park near Śrāvastī (northern India) donated by Prince Jeta where monastery buildings were built; a favorite dwelling place of Śākyamuni (795b1, 806b15, 819a15). See also Sudatta. 214

Glossary

jewel in the garment (yi[bao]zu 衣[寶]珠): One of the seven parables in the Lotus Sutra, Chapter 8, "Five Hundred Disciples," in which the potential for buddhahood possessed by every person is compared to a priceless jewel sewn into the garment of a person who remains poor and starving, unaware of their hidden riches: "Suppose a person came to the house of a close friend and fell asleep after becoming intoxicated with wine. The close friend, having to go out on official business, sews a priceless jewel into his friend's garment and departs. But the person who was drunk and asleep is totally unaware of this" (800b18, 821a29, b19).

jeweled bells (baoduo 寶鐸): Decorated bells hung on pagodas and other temple buildings (819a19).

Ji 姫: The family name of the rulers of the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 B.C.E.) (817a21). Jianchusi 建初寺: An unknown temple, associated with Dharma Master Wuqiong (806b28). Jiande 建徳: A period of the Northern Zhou from 572 to 578, during which major persecution of Buddhism occurred (818c1, 819c5). Jiang[bo]shi 匠[伯]石: A famous craftsman/carpenter from the Zhou period (818c28). Jiangdong 江東: A city east of the Huanghe (Yangtze) River, the capital of Jinling (820c19). Jiangdu 江都: A district in Jiangzhou, Jiangsu province (807a11, 809c18, 813c21, 815a26, 816b2, 818a24).

Jianghai 江海: "Along the river to the sea," the entire area of southeastern China (820a5). Jiangling 江陵: The birthplace of Zhiyi, present-day Jingzhou (808a17, b18). Jiangnan 江南: The area south of the Huanghe (Yangtze) River, mainly along the seacoast (819c29, 822c10, c24).

Jiangyang 江陽: The area north of the Huanghe (Yangtze) River (809a19). Jiangzhou 蒋州(江州): the area surrounding present-day Nanjing (sections 30-35). Jiankang 建康: Present-day Nanjing, the capital of the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties (420-589) and the locale for many important events in Zhiyi's life. Jiaxiansi 嘉祥寺: A temple in Wuzhou known as the dwelling place of Jizang (822a8). Jieying 戒應: The author of the second half of the Song-period Postscript included in the printing of the Hundred Records (824a2).

jiezi 節子: Exact meaning unknown, but indicates something flat, extrapolating from the counter (yibaimei 一百枚) (799c20).

Ji, Jing, Zhen, Shi, Kong, Ru, Ji, Sheng 寂靜眞實空如迹乘: Eight characters used for the names of new ordinands, based on the action of leaving home (chujia 出家) to become a monk, all topped with the character dao 道 ("path/way") (816b12-13). 215

Glossary

jin 觔: A unit of weight, about sixteen ounces (799c12, 800a26, 801c5, 803a7, 806c8). Jing 涇 River: A river known for its clear water; a tributary of the Wei River (which has turgid waters) that flows into the Changjiang (Yellow) River (812b22). Jing and Tan 荊潭: Abbreviated names of two provinces (804b2, 809c22). See also Chuzhou; Jingzhou.

Jingchu 荊楚. Abbreviated names of two provinces (804a12, 807c26). See also Chuzhou; Jingzhou.

Jing, Emperor of the Liang 梁敬帝: Emperor for a brief period (555-557) until he was forced to yield the throne to the Chen dynasty (823b6).

Jingfan 淨梵: The author of the Song-period Postscript to the Hundred Records (823c18). Jinghui 靜惠: The Buddhist name of Prince Yongyang; perhaps a corrupt text (800c21). See also Jingzhi.

Jingkang 敬康: A person said to have been rewarded for saving a tortoise (802c4). Jingli 景歴: A minister in the service of Emperor Xuan who delivered a number of messages to Zhiyi (sections 8-10; 799a 23, 27, b1). Jingshang 景上: Perhaps a disciple (details unknown) who served as the envoy dispatched by Zhiyi to Jizang (821c22, 26; 822a4, 5).

Jinguangming 金光明道場: "Golden Light Temple," the temple or meditation hall on Mount Tiantai, Folong Peak, where Zhiyi made some vows for people after his death; perhaps a part of Xiuchansi 修禪寺 (809c1).

Jingzhou 荊州: One of the nine provinces of ancient China, (present-day state of Chu) centered in Hunan in central China (798c10); the dwelling place of Zhiyi when he was young (sections 42, 52; 801c28, 809c25, 820b22, 823b1, b24). Jinling 金陵: An ancient capital of China, present-day Nanjing 南京 (793b26, 820a6, 823b14, b21). See also Jiankang.

Jinting 金庭: A mountain in the southern part of Zhejiang province (817c28). Jin Wang 晋王: The emperor/prince of Jin; the second emperor of the Sui dynasty and patron of Zhiyi; see also Yang Guang (803a9, 809c5, 813a23, 820a1, 821c21, 822c3, c23; 823a18, b25).

Jinyun 縉雲 or 晋雲: A mountainous area in south-central Zhejiang province (818a13). Ji Shang'er 計尚兒 (Jixu 計詡): A person (further details unknown) identified in this text as the "vigorous general and governor of Linhai" (802a10-11, 822b12). Jiu 咎: A minister under Emperor Shun, in charge of the law and criminal punishment (817b1). See also Shun, Emperor.

216

Glossary

Ji, Ye, Zong, Ben Yin, Guo, Yan, Jing 基業宗本因果儼淨: Eight characters used for the names of new ordinands, based on the action of temple building repairs (xiuzhi 修治), and all topped with the character zheng 正 ("correct/right") (816b16). Ji Xiang 吉祥: The last of forty-nine names given to new ordinands on Mount Tiantai by decree of the Emperor (816b19).

Jiyang 濟陽: The area southwest of Cao county in Shandong 山東省曹県 (821a2). Jizang 吉藏 (549-623): A famous scholar-monk and contemporary of Zhiyi; founder of the Sanlun tradition (sections 102, 103; 821c21). See also Sanlun. Juci 具茨: A mountain in northern Hunan; it is said that the Yellow Emperor climbed this mountain as an act of religious devotion (817c21).

Jue 覺禪師: A meditation master (further details unknown) from Tanzhou 潭州 (presentday Hunan); supported by the Emperor to serve in the Fayun Daochang meditation hall within the inner precincts of the palace (806a8).

Juguo 莒國: Meaning unclear; the "Land of Ju," perhaps Juzhou 莒州 (present-day Shandong province) in eastern China (8125a9, 816b7). Kaihuang 開皇 (581-600): The era name of the opening years since the founding of the Sui dynasty.

Kaishansi 開善寺: A temple in the present-day Nanjing area where twenty monks accompanying Zhiyi stayed temporarily (805c14, 812b24). Kaiyangmen 開陽門: One of the gates at the south of the imperial palace (799b26). Kanakamuni (Jianahanmouni 迦那含牟尼): The fifth of the seven past buddhas, six of whom preceded Śākyamuni (794b21).

Kāśyapa (Jiaye 迦葉): The sixth of the seven past buddhas, six of whom who preceded Śākyamuni (794b22, 809b6, 814a21, 819b3).

Kāśyapa Mātaṅga: See Mātaṅga.

Kong Xuanda 孔玄達: A local representative (further details unknown) of a community that Zhiyi and his disciples supported financially so they would stop taking life by fishing (822b10).

Kongyu 孔愉: The hero of a story that involves saving the life of a turtle and being rewarded with appointment as a duke. Thomas Juelch (personal correspondence) explains, "One day [Kong] Yu embarked on a journey and did not rest. [Eventually] he saw an encaged turtle by the wayside. [Kong] Yu bought it and released it in a brook. In the middle stream the turtle turned around [to Kong Yu] four times. Later on [when Kong Yu had become duke] a duke's seal was cast for him, and the turtle on the seal always turned to the left. It was cast three times and it was always the same. The seal maker reported the matter, and [Kong] Yu understood [that he had 217

Glossary

become duke as a retribution for having saved the turtle]. Thus he carried the seal on his belt" (823a18).

Krakucchanda (Jiaqiucuntuo 迦求村馱): The fourth of the seven past buddhas, six of whom who preceded Śākyamuni (794b20).

Kuaican[shen] 噲參: The hero of a story that involves saving the life of a crane or swan and receiving bright pearls in return as a reward; Thomas Juelch (personal correspondence) explains: "Kuai Shen nourished his mother in absolute filial piety. One day there was a black crane that was shot down by an archer, and in its misery he went to [Kuai] Shen. [Kuai] Shen took it in to foster it, and medically treated his wound. When it had recovered he set it free. Later on the crane during the night arrived outside [Kuai Shen's] door. [Kuai] Shen took a torch to view and saw that it had come with its mate. Each [of the cranes] had carried a bright pearl in the beak to reward [Kuai Shen]" (823a17).

Kuaiji 會稽: A mountain in the present-day Shaoxing, Yuecheng district; Mount Tiantai is to the southeast.

Kuaijixian 會稽縣: A district in Wuzhou, present-day Shaoxing (822a8, 833c5). Kuangshan[yue] 匡山[嶽]; Kuangxiu 匡岫. Refers to Lushan (sections 35-40; 817c2, 822a9, 823b24). See also Lushan.

Kumarajīva 鳩摩羅什 (344-413): One of the greatest translators of Buddhist texts into Chinese, including the Lotus Sutra and the Dazhidulun, which became the basis for Tiantai Buddhism (819c3).

Kuozhou 括州: An area in Zhejiang, south of present-day Shanghai (815a5, 7; 816a20; 816c20).

kuśa grass (jixiang cao 吉祥草): The auspicious grass upon which Śākyamuni was seated when he attained awakening under the bodhi tree (820a21).

Lake Anavatapta (Anouda 阿耨達): A lake north of the Himalaya mountains said to be the source of the four great rivers of India (818b24). See also four rivers. Laozi 老子: The ancient Chinese philosopher considered to be the "founder" of Daoism, attributed as the author of the Daodejing 道徳経 (813a29).

"large leaves and small branches" (daye xiaozhi 大葉小枝): A reference to the parable in the Lotus Sutra, Chapter 5, describing rain falling equally on all types of vegetation ("three types of grasses and two types of trees") (821b18).

Last Testament Sutra (Yijiao jing 遺教経): A short text said to be the final words and testament of the Buddha before he entered nirvana (T.389:1110-1112) (810c14). Latter Wei 後魏: Also called Northern Wei, (386-534) a period in which severe persecution of Buddhism occurred (819c5).

218

Glossary

Latter Zhou 後周: Also called Northern Zhou (557-581), the kingdom that followed the Western Wei; the last of the northern dynasties of the Northern and Southern Period, during which there was a severe persecution of Buddhism; overthrown by the Sui dynasty (819c5).

Left Scribe (zhoshi 左史): The official designation of imperial diarists (Hucker no. 6990) (818c3).

Leiyin 雷音: Roaring Thunder ("Sound of Thunder"), the name of a buddha who appears in the twenty-seventh chapter of the Lotus Sutra (T.9:59b-61a), who has an encounter with the King of Fine Adornment (Miao Zhuangyan Wang 妙荘厳王) (797b15, 800c12). li 里: A unit of measurement, sometimes referred to as a "Chinese mile"; the length varies over time but is now standardized at a half-kilometer (818a16, b1). Liang Wudi 梁武帝 (464-549): Emperor Wu, the founding emperor of the Liang dynasty (806b27, 823a29).

Liang Xiaoyuan 梁孝元: An emperor of the Liang who helped build the temple complex on Lushan (805a20, b8).

Li Dafang 李大方: The Secretarial Receptionist (further details unknown) who delivered a message from the Emperor to Zhizao (815a5, b10; 816a10). Li Delin 李徳林 (531-591): A historian of the Sui period; Minister of Peace and Harmony (anping gong 安平公) and head of the Internal Ministry of Letters; Head Clerk (neishiling 内史令) (802c24).

Liezi 列子: A Daoist text attributed to Lie Yukou (also known as Liezi), one of the members of the "Hundred Schools of Thought" in the fifth century B.C.E. (802b20). Ling Tingzhen 陵亭鎮: A place near present-day Shanghai (799b20). Lingyaosi 靈曜寺: A temple near the Capital of Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) prepared for Zhiyi to continue his meditation practice during his visit (799c2ff.). Linhai 臨海: An ancient Chinese prefecture (present-day Taizhou, Zhejiang province), in eastern China where the Lin River flows into the sea (802a10, 815a5, c14; section 104).

Li Shanqing 李善慶: An official (further details unknown) who was dispatched to convey a message to Zhiyi (799c26).

Liubang 劉邦: See Gaozu, Emperor of Han.

Liufu of Peixian 沛献王劉輔: The son of Emperor Guangwu 光武帝 (822c3). Liu Guyan 柳顧言: An envoy for the Emperor (Yang Guang) and the composer of a memorial for Zhiyi (sections 43, 86, 93); he held the ranks of Secretariat (kaifu 開府) and Director of the Palace Library (mishujian 祕書監). A biography is included in many 219

Glossary

works, such as the Sui Documents (Suishu 隋書), fascicle 58. He is mentioned many times in the Hundred Records (804a5, 808a2, c8, 26; 811a23, 815c24, 817a10, 821c9, section 101); his Buddhist name may have been Zhengshan 正善 (821c12). Liu Shan 劉后: Usually Liuchan 劉禪 (the text may be corrupt here), the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period; or Emperor Ming of the Han, whose prophetic dream foretold the arrival of Buddhism (820b11). Liuxuan 劉璿: The head secretary of Crown Prince Yuan (further details unknown) who was dispatched with a message for Zhiyi (800a23).

Lixia 歴下: The area at the foot of Mount Taishan, west of Shandong; a center during the Spring and Autumn period and the Qi dynasty (807a17). Li Ying 李膺: A doctor (further details unknown) dispatched by the Prince to treat Zhiyi's illness (809b3).

Li Yuancan 李元慘: An official (further details unknown) of the Sui emperor (806c17). Li Yuancao 李元操: An official (further details unknown) of the Northern Zhou (802c25). Longguangsi 龍光寺: A temple in the Jiangzhou area known as the place where Kumarajīva produced some of his translations and the dwelling place of some of his disciples, such as Daosheng 道生 (804c21).

Lotus Samādhi (Fahua sanmei 法華三昧): A meditative practice and attainment based on the Lotus Sutra; in Tiantai, one of the four samādhis (812a1, 817b22-23, 818b8). Luochan 羅闡: A secretary (further details unknown) dispatched by the emperor with messages for Zhiyi (section 12).

Luoyang 洛陽: The ancient capital of China (present-day Henan province) where Buddhism was first introduced (807a16, 819c3, 820b14).

Lushan 廬山 or Luyue 廬嶽: A famous mountain in southeast China, a center for Buddhist Pure Land Buddhism (817b29).

Lu Shiheng 陸士衡, also known as Lu Ji 陸機: A writer and literary critic of the Three Kingdoms period and the Jin dynasty (806b22).

Luwang 呂望: Also known as Lushang 呂尚 or Jiang Ziya 姜子牙, a noble who helped the kings Wen and Wu of Zhou overthrow the Shang dynasty (817c19). Lu Zhengli 盧政力: An official for the imperial family and a monastery clerk who delivered the new plaque for Guoqingsi (793a20, 816b3, b22, c23).

Lu Ziyu 魯子譽: A military commander (further details unknown) dispatched by the Sui Prince to serve Zhiyi (806c28).

Madhura-svara-nirghoṣa (Weimiaosheng 微妙聲佛): "Sublime Voice," a buddha whose pure land is in the north (796a20).

220

Glossary

magic fungi/mushrooms (lingzhi 靈芝): Glossy Ganoderma (Ganoderma lucidum) used as a medicine; also considered a symbol of good luck (819a21). [Mahā]kāśyapa [摩訶]迦葉: One of the main disciples of Śākyamuni, who attained awakening on Mount Gurupāda or Kukkuṭapāda (Langji 狼跡) (810c12). Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra (Da banniepan jing 大般涅槃經): The Great Nirvana Sutra (T. 374, T. 375), the Mahayana version of Śākyamuni's final sermon delivered before his passing into nirvana (810c14).

Mahāpratibhāna (Dabian 大辯): The Bodhisattva of Great Eloquence (596a6, b12). Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dashizhi 大勢至): A bodhisattva representing the wisdom of Amitābha; often represented as one of the two attendants of Amitābha along with Avalokiteśvara (795c4, 812a2, 813b26).

Maitreya (Mile 彌勒): The bodhisattva destined to be the next buddha in our world (794b223, 808a1, 809b7).

Mañjuśrī (Miaode 妙徳 or Wenshu 文殊): The bodhisattva of wisdom (795a11, 797a1). Maoxi 毛喜 (516-587): An official of the Chen and Liang dynasties (793a9); considerably older but recorded as "a disciple of Zhiyi" (section 20; 801b8-c9). Maoxian 鄮縣: A prefecture in the area of the present-day western part of Jiangsu 江蘇省 (809b6, 811a18).

markaṭa monkey (mihou 獼猴): A large monkey, one of "six wild creatures"; in the Hundred Records refers to a story in the Dharmapada (see T.211:590b16-17) (819b26). Mātaṅga (Moteng 摩騰): A Central Indian monk who came to China to transmit the Buddha Dharma with Zhu Falan 竺法蘭 (*Dharmaratna) in 67 C.E., by invitation of Emperor Ming of the Han; translator of the Sutra in Forty-two Sections (819c3, 820b14).

Maudgalyāyana (Mulian 目連): One of the principal disciples of the Buddha, said to be the best in psychic powers (807b1).

"Medicine King" chapter (Yaowang pin 藥王品): Chapter 23 of the Lotus Sutra, "The Former Affairs of the Medicine King Bodhisattva," which relates how this bodhisattva offered his body to the Buddha by leaping into a fire (817b20). Mentor of the Right (yushuzi 右庶子): Lit., the "secondary son, son of a secondary wife," one of the closest official positions of the Sui crown prince; "Mentor, prefixed Left and Right, heads of the 2 major subdivisions of the Supervisorate of the Household of the Heir Apparent—in Sui the Secretariat of the Heir Apparent" (Hucker no. 5468) (812c10, 814b27).

Miao 苗 people: Long-time inhabitants ("barbarians") of southern China who were conquered by the Sui emperor (804c29). 221

Glossary

Ming, Li, Bian, Xi, An, Zhu, Kan, Le 命力辯喜安住堪樂: Eight characters used for the names of new ordinands, based on the action of donating rice (cimi 賜米), and all topped with the character hui 惠 ("blessing") (816b15).

Mingwang 明王: Enlightened Ruler or Bright King [of the Dharma], an epithet for Śākyamuni (817a13). Ming Zhengjun 明徴君: Another name for the monk Sengshao 僧紹, founder of Qixiasi (821c3).

minor yang (shaoyang 少陽): One of the double hexagrams; in Daoist cosmology, the Great Ultimate is divided into yin and yang (negative/dark and positive/light), which are further divided into great/major and small/minor yin and yang (815a1). See also Great Ultimate; hexagrams.

Mitian 彌天: Lit., "He Who Pervades Heaven," an epithet for Dao'an (821a7). See also Dao'an.

mohe tanchi tuoluoni 摩訶袒持陀羅尼: The "great tanchi dhāraṇī" used in the Vaipulya Repentance practice, a set of eighteen types of spells given in the Great and Broad (Vaipulya) Dhāraṇī Sutra (T.21:641a-648a) (797b14).

Mohezhiguan 摩訶止觀: The Great Cessation and Contemplation (T. 1911), one of the three great works of Tiantai Buddhism, based on lectures given by Zhiyi at Yuquansi in 594 (823b29).

Mount Dasu 大蘇山: The dwelling place of Nanyue Huisi 南嶽慧思, with whom Zhiyi studied for seven years (817b18, 823b12).

Mount Gurupāda (Langjishan 狼迹[跡]山): "Wolf Tracks," also known as the "Mount of Buddha's Footprints" (814a21, 818b18). See also Mount Kukkuṭapāda; Mount Langji. Mount Gushe 姑射: A legendary mountain in China, the dwelling place of the sagely immortals who subsist on wind and dew, ride on clouds and dragons, and who can protect people from calamity (817b5).

Mount Kong 孔山: A mountain range east of Nanjing (800c27). Mount Kongtong 崆峒: One of the sacred mountains of Daoism, located in Gansu province; the mythical meeting site between the Yellow Emperor and Guangchengzi (817a14). Mount Kukkuṭapāda (Langji shan 狼跡山 or Jizu shan 雞足山): "Wolf Tracks" or "Cock's Foot" mountain. See also Mount Gurupāda; Mount Langji.

Mount Langji 狼跡 (Skt. Gurupāda or Kukkuṭapāda): "Buddha's Foot" or "Wolf Tracks" mountain (810c12, 818b18). See also Wolf Tracks.

Mount Longmen 龍門山: A major mountain range in the northern part of Sichuan province in southeast China (801c16). See also Dragon's Gate.

222

Glossary

Mount Nanyue 南嶽. See Nanyue Huisi.

Mount Sumeru (Xumi shan 須彌山): In Buddhist cosmology, the axis mundi, the mountain at the center of the universe, surrounded by four continents, of which the southern continent, Jambudvīpa, is the world inhabited by human beings (818b24, 820c8). Mount Weiyu 委羽: A sacred mountain in southern Zhejiang province; a cave on the northeast side is said to be the place where a sage/immortal Lu Fenglin captured a crane and gathered its feathers (819c17).

Mount Yuquan 玉泉山: A mountain on the border of Jingzhou 荊州 and Dangyang prefectures 當陽縣 (806b13). Mount Yushan 漁山: A mountain in Tai'an, Shangdong province; also called Mount Tai 泰山 (800b29).

Mount Zigai 紫蓋: A mountainous area south of Hubei, which appears purple from a distance (820b28). Nāgārjuna 龍樹 (龍猛) (second-third centuries C.E.): Founder of the Madhyamaka school and an important patriarch for Tiantai Buddhism; author of the Middle Treatise (Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā) (808a12, 817b25, 821b26, 822a16, 823c21). Nai Garden (Naiyuan 奈苑): The garden where the preaching of the Vimalakīrti-sūtra takes place; symbolic of a Buddhist monastery (820a25).

Nangong 南宮: The "southern palace" in the capital, Luoyang (819c2). Nanpingyuan Xiangwang 南平元襄王: An official of the Liang dynasty who sculpted the gold statue at Shichengsi in Shanxian (818b2).

Nanyue Huisi 南嶽慧思(惠思) (514-577): One of Zhiyi's teachers, under whom he mastered practices based on the Lotus Sutra (799a9, 801b13, 806b2, 807c20, 810b27, 817b18, 818b8, 819c28, 821a19, 822a18, 823b12).

Necklace of Precious Stones Sutra (Yingluo jing 瓔珞經): An apocryphal Chinese sutra (Pusa yingluo benye jing 菩薩瓔珞本業經, T.1485:1010-1023) quoted often by Zhiyi, classified as a text on precepts; used in the Tiantai tradition as authoritative for terms such as "threefold truth" and "stages of bodhisattva practice" (808a1-2, 811b25, 817b25, c14).

nine considerations (jiusi 九思): A passage in the Lunyu 16.10 says, "There are nine things the gentleman turns his thought to: to seeing clearly when he uses his eyes, to hearing acutely when he uses his ears, to looking cordial when it comes to his countenance, to appearing respectful when it comes to his demeanor, to being conscientious when he speaks, to being referent when he performs his duties, to seeking advice when he is in doubt, to the consequences when he is enraged, and to what is right at the sight of gain" (君子有九思: 視思明, 聽思聰, 色思溫, 貌思恭, 言思忠, 事思敬, 疑思問, 忿思難, 見得思義)

(D. C. Lau, Confucius: The Analects, pp. 164-167) (823a8).

223

Glossary

nine districts (jiufu 九府): Nine regions of ancient China that are rich in resources (817a15). nine phrases (jiuyan 九言): Nine proscriptions for right living: do not start a rebellion, do not rely on wealth, do not be pampered, do not violate your peers, do not flount courtesy, do not be arrogant, do not be angry, do not act without virtue, and do not act contrary to righteousness (823a24).

nine swamps (jiuze 九沢): A metaphor for the nine districts of China (801c16). See also nine districts.

not relying on words (buliwenzi 不立文字): A phrase popularized in Song Chan Buddhism, deemphasizing the dependence on texts and emphasizing the need to remain unfettered by linguistic constructs (823c23).

nyagrodha tree (juloutuo shu 拘樓陀樹): A type of fig tree, the banyan or Indian fig tree (794b22).

One Vehicle (yicheng 一乘; Skt. ekayāna): The single, unified vehicle for buddhahood; the Mahayana, in contrast to the three-vehicle paths of the Hinayana (810a2, 821b18). original qualities of yang (qianyuan 乾元): The term qian is indicative of all the images and qualities identified with yang (one of the principles of cosmic duality), i.e., generative, energetic, creative, potent, masculine, light, heat, and so forth; one of the eight fundamental trigrams (819b11). See also Way of yin.

overlapping li (chongli 重離): No. 30 of the sixty-four hexagrams, indicating "radiance"; a doubling of the li ☵ hexagram, one of the basic eight hexagrams (815a1). See also hexagrams.

pagoda in the region of Mao (maojing lingta 鄮境靈塔): The King Aśoka stupa at Maoxian (section 64; 811a19).

Palace Attendant (shizhong 侍中): "[S]upplementary title awarded to officials of the central government chosen by the Emperor as his confidential advisers, led by one among them known as Supervisor of the Palace Attendants" (Hucker no. 5229) (821a1). Pañcika (Sanzhi 散脂): A guardian deity (796b12).

Pan Huida 潘惠達: An official (further details unknown) who received amnesty (808c10). Paranirmitavaśavartino devaḥ̣ Heaven (Tahuazizai tian 他化自在天): Lit., "heaven of mastery in saving others" or "heaven where one can partake of the pleasures created in other heavens"; the sixth of the six heavens in the realm of desire (794a27). patron (tanyue 檀越; Skt. dānapati): One who supports Buddhist temples with funds and donations of goods (820a12).

Peach Blossom Valley (Taoyuan 桃[花]源): A mythical hidden land of peace and prosperity (819a18, 820a25).

224

Glossary

Peaks of Zhong (Zongxiu [shan] 鍾岫[山]): Mountain peaks near present-day Nanjing (805c13).

Peiju 裴矩: An assistant official of the Northern Zhou (802c25). Pengli 彭䗍: Lake Poyang 鄱陽湖 in Jiangxi province, south of Juijiang and the Huanghe (Yangtze) River; the largest freshwater lake in China (805c19). See also Poyang. Personnel Manager (sigong 司功): "A prefix commonly found attached to the titles of Administrators and lesser members of Personnel Evaluation Sections in units of territorial administration" (Hucker no. 5682) (814c25).Piguo 邳國: The "land of Pi," an area in present-day Shandong province (815b7).

Pillar of State (zhuguo 柱國): "A designation of high merit apparently stemming from high antiquity, throughout history encountered as an unofficial reference to an eminent civil official such as a Counselor-in-chief or a Grand Councilor" (Hucker no. 1400) (815a9, 816b7).

Pingshi 屏師: The god of the wind (802b19).

Poetic Exposition (fu 腑): Refers to famous landscape poetry by Gongfu 公賦 (Sunchuo 孫綽) about the Tiantai mountains (818a2, 822a12).

poisoned arrow (dujian 毒箭): An analogy for the dangers of passionate afflictions; a traditional story used to illustrate the importance of practice rather than pointless discussion, which describes the folly of arguing about the various characteristics of a poisoned arrow that one has been shot with instead of quickly extracting it (797a12). poor son (qiongzi 窮子): Refers to the parable in the Lotus Sutra about an impoverished and ignorant son who does not recognize his father and therefore is first hired to clean out toilets until he becomes accustomed to being in his father's house and can accept his noble birthright (821b12).

poṣatha (busa 布薩): Bimonthly (or six times a month) repentance ceremonies that involve chanting texts on the precepts and making public confession (806c2). Poyang 鄱陽: A district in southeastern China, present-day Poyang County northeast of Jiangxi province, on the eastern side of Lake Poyang.

Prabhūtaratna (Duobao 多寶): The buddha "Many Treasures" who, in the seventeenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra, appears in a stupa that rises up from underground to attest to Śākyamuni's enlightenment (813a17, b11; 814a20, 818b).

Prasenajit (Bosini 波斯匿): The king of Śrāvastī, a patron of Śākyamuni, who is reputed to be the first to make an image of the Buddha (819a24). See also Udayana. precepts for maintaining restraint (she luyi jie 攝律儀戒), precepts for practicing all good deeds (she shanfa jie 攝善法戒), and precepts for benefiting sentient beings (she zhongsheng jie 攝衆生戒): Three categories of the pure precepts as explained in the Necklace of Precious Stones Sutra (T.1485:1020c1-3) (817c14, 15).

225

Glossary

Pu 濮: A prefecture in ancient China, present-day Juancheng County, Shandong province (802a20).

Puming 普明 (?-582 or 601-?): A leading disciple of Zhiyi; along with Guanding he delivered Zhiyi's will to the Emperor (810c9, 811b5, c25; 812a15, 823a21). Qi Gaoshi 齊高氏 (526-559): Emperor Wenxuan 文宣帝, founder of the Northern Qi 北 齊 dynasty (801b19).

Qilingsi 棲靈寺: A temple (further details unknown) visited by Zhizao after his imperial audience (815c24).

Qin 秦: A state during the Zhou period and again later during the Warring States period; its capital, Chang'an, welcomed Kumarajīva in 401 for his monumental translation work (819c3).

Qingxi 青溪: Lit., "blue stream/creek"; a brook in Hubei? (821a10). qiongqi 窮奇: Ancient Chinese mythological creatures or monsters of various forms, some with features of winged tigers or dragons (819c22).

Qiubiao 丘彪: A person (further details unknown) who saw a vision of Zhiyi soon after his death (812c25-813a4).

Qixiasi 棲霞寺: A large temple in the Qixia Mountains (Mount Jiang 蒋山) near presentday Nanjing (804a26, 808a20, 821b22, c3; section 100). Qiyang 岐陽: A place south of Mount Qi, once the center of the Zhou dynasty (806b10). Qizu 起祖: Zhiyi's father; an official of the Liang dynasty (801c27, 823a29). Quan 詮: The grandfather (or "wise ancestor," xianzu 賢祖) of Zhiyi (801c26). rabbit and horse (tu ma 兎馬): A Buddhist parable in which rabbits and horses (representing śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas) are unable to cross a large river, while an elephant (the Buddha) can (821a20). See also deer and goat carts.

Rāhula (Luohouluo 羅睺羅): The eldest son of Gautama born before he left home to become the Buddha; he later became one of Śākyamuni's main disciples (803b29). Ratnasambhava (Baoxiang 寶相佛): "True Marks," a buddha whose Pure Land is in the south (796a18).

real and mundane (zhen su 眞俗): The Buddhist concept of the two truths, which contrasts the mundane, conventional truths of ordinary life with the real, ultimate truth one realizes as a buddha (821a15).

releasing living beings (fangsheng 放生): A Buddhist practice of deliberately releasing living beings, such as birds or fish, as a way of attaining merit (sections 21, 104). 226

Glossary

renowned teaching (mingjiao 名教): An expression for the Confucian tradition and teachings (819b13, c3). Renshou 仁壽: "Benevolence and Longevity," the opening period of the Great Sui dynasty (601-604) (816c26). Also, the name of an imperial palace (Renshougong 仁壽宮) built in the Sui period (821c15).

renwang 仁王: "Benevolent kings," celestials who protect and preserve the Buddhist teachings (817c23); the Renwangjing 仁王經 is a sutra that describes a set of ceremonies for protecting the country (799c21-22). See also Benevolent Kings Sutra. Revata 離越: An arhat, a disciple of the Buddha (820a26).

Rizang 日藏沙門: Lit., "Sun Store"; a śramaṇa/monk (further details unknown) (819b27). roc's wings (peng yi 鵬翼): A roc (peng) is a large mythological bird with a fabulously wide wingspan (814a10).

Rui, Xiang, Gan, Che, Ying, Yan, Guang, and Sheng 瑞相感徹應驗光昇: Eight characters used for the names of new ordinands, based on the auspicious signs of the Temple of National Purity (Guoqingsi 國清瑞), all topped with the character ling 靈 ("spiritual") (816b11).

Ru River 墳汝: The Ruhe River 汝河 in Henan province (817b18). Sadāprarudita (Satuobolun 薩陀波崙; "Ever-weeping") and Dharmodgata (Wujie 無竭): A story in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra (Daoheng bore jing 道行般若経, T.224:470c-471a) relates how the bodhisattva Sadāprarudita wept for seven days and seven nights seeking wisdom (prajñā) from the Buddha Dharmodgata (803b16). sahā (suopo 娑婆): The ordinary, secular world in which human beings live, which requires much patience and endurance, thus the translation of this term as "land of patience" (rentu 忍土) (794b6, 813b26, 817b6).

Samantabhadra meditation hall (Puxian daochang 普賢道場): Huisi's temple or meditation hall for chanting sutras (modeled after the twenty-eighth chapter of the Lotus Sutra), where Zhiyi practiced for seven years as a young monk (817b19-20, 823b12); Samantabhadra is the bodhisattva of universal compassion, often portrayed riding a white elephant; the name also refers to an early-stage practitioner. saṃghāṭī monk's robe (sengjiali dayi 僧伽梨大衣): The "patchwork robe," largest of the three robes that monks receive upon ordination (818b11).

Sanlun 三論: School of the "three treatises": the Middle Treatise (Zhonglun 中論; Skt. Mūla-madhyamaka-kārikā), the Twelve Gates Treatise (Shiermenlun 十二門論; Skt. Dvādaśanikāya-śāstra), and the Hundred Verse Treatise (Bailun 百論; Skt. Śata-śāstra). The Chinese Madhyamaka tradition, exemplified by Jizang (807c15). 227

Glossary

sanshisan 三石散: "Three-stone powder," a kind of traditional Chinese medicine to cure fatigue (806c26).

Sarasvatī (Gongde 功徳): A guardian deity (796b12).

Śāriputra (Shelifu 舍利弗): One of the ten principal disciples of the Buddha (796b10, 797b16).

Secretarial Receptionist (tongshi sheren 通事舍人): "[M]iddle or lower-level officials responsible principally for the handling of incoming memorials and outgoing imperial pronouncements in the early Secretariat" (Hucker no. 7507) (813c29, 814b11, 815b5, 816a10, b3).

Secretariat Director (zhongshuling 中書令): "[H]ead of the former Palace Secretaries in the Secretariat" (Hucker no. 1616) (821a1).

Sengjiao 僧皎: A monk (further details unknown) who experienced a psychic event associated with Zhiyi after his death (813a10-15). Sengshao 僧紹: Founder of Qixiasi (821c3).

seven buddhas (qifu 七佛): The six past buddhas and Śākyamuni: Vipaśyin, Śikhin, Viśvabhū, Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa, and Śākyamuni (795b27, 797a6). seven components of awakening (qijuezhi 七覺支): The characteristics of awakening: mindfulness, discernment, diligence, joy, serenity, concentration, and equanimity (800c15, 802b14, 817c11).

seven mausoleums of six ancestors (qimiao liuzong 七廟六宗): Various interpretations of this term exist; Ikeda (Kokusei hyakuroku no kenkyū, p. 424) describes a central mausoleum for the Emperor surrounded by six other "ancestors" (814a7). seven properties (qicai 七財): Seven "noble assets" required for cultivating the path: faith, morality, a sense of shame, humility, willingness to listen, rejection of worldly pleasures, and wisdom (794c17).

seven purities (qijing 七淨): Meaning unclear, the term perhaps refers to the seven stages of bodhisattvas from the ten levels of faith to sublime awakening (800a19). seven [rare] treasures (qizhen, qibao 七珍, 七寶): A traditional list of seven jewels or treasures: gold, silver, lapis lazuli or beryl, moonstone, agate, coral, and amber (817c16).

Shangfu 尚父: "Like a Father," a nickname given to Luwang, a noble of the Zhou dynasty (817c19).

Shangminsi 上明寺: A temple established by Dao'an in Jingzhou (810b29). shangzuo 上座: A superior, the "head seat" (798c26).

228

Glossary

Shanjuan 善卷: Caves near the Yixing forests southeast of Nanjing and west of Shanghai (817a14).

Shanshan 剡山(嶺): A mountain in present-day Zhejiang, a region in eastern China south of Shanghai; traversed by Zhiyi shortly before his death (809b12, 811b22, c4). Shanxian 剡縣: A district in southern China during the Sui dynasty, present-day southwest of Zhejiang prefecture (801b9, 817c27, 818b2).

Shanxin 善心: A "servant" (jingren 淨人) (further details unknown) whose name appears in correspondence from Prince Yang Guang (Zongchi) (804a1, 808a24). Shanzhou 陝州: An ancient district, part of present-day Henan, south of the Changjiang (Yellow) River (806a24, b2; 822b).

Shaobo 邵伯: An official of the Jin dynasty, also known as Wangxun 王遜 (812b14). Shaotai 紹泰: A brief period (555-556) at the end of the Liang before the Chen dynasty (823b7).

Shen, Empress 后沈: The empress of Chen Shaozhu who summoned Zhiyi to transmit the bodhisattva precepts (section 13); also known as Bodhisattva Empress Degong 徳宮太后菩薩 (800c6).

Shen Junli 沈君理: A Chen official who requested Zhiyi to lecture on the Lotus Sutra (section 18; 801a15).

sheren 舍人: Secretary or attendant, a low-ranking official; "a general reference to, or a quasi-official title for, kinsmen and others who were squire-like dependents of dignitaries" (Hucker no. 5136) (818c4). Sheshan 攝山: A mountain in Jiangsu province near the eastern coast of China and northeast of present-day Nanjing (801b16, 804b9, 805c13).

shi 石: A "stone" unit of measure (one shi equals ten dou, "bushels") (799c13). Shichengsi 石城寺: A temple in Shanxian 剡縣 in southern China (present-day southwest of Zhejiang prefecture), where Zhiyi passed away (809b1, 810a9, 811b22, 818b1). Shifengxian 始豐縣: The area surrounding Mount Tiantai (799a26, 818a3). Shiming[shan] 四明[山]: A mountain in Zhejiang province southeast of Hangzhou, near the Tiantai mountains (817c27).

Shishi 師氏: An official of the Zhou dynasty; or "master/teacher" (817c18). Shitou 石頭: The present-day Stone City of Nanjing; the walls of the ancient city that became the capital Jiankang (804b11-12, 805c19).

Shi Wenqing 施文慶: An official (further details unknown) dispatched with a message for Zhiyi (799c6).

229

Glossary

Shizhusi 十住寺: The "Temple of Ten Stages" in Jingzhou mentioned in letters between Zongchi to Zhiyi (808a16, b16, b23; 810b3, 811a21, 821b2).

Shu, Prince of 蜀王: Shu was an ancient district in central China, part of present-day Sichuan province (806c16).

Shufu 疎傅: An official of the early Han dynasty, better known as Shuguang 疎広, notable for his indifference to the Emperor's request not to resign his post (813b4). See also Two Shus.

Shun, Emperor 舜帝: A legendary leader of ancient China, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (817b1, 822b24).

siddhānta (xitan 悉檀): "Accomplished"; in Zhiyi's works, the term refers to different methods of instruction, ways to teach or guide sentient beings: based on the Dazhidulun, these are the worldly (shijie 世界, Skt. laukika-siddhānta), the individual (gegeweiren 各各為人, Skt. prātipauruṣika-siddhānta), the therapeutic (duizhi 對治, Skt. prāti pākṣika-siddhānta), and the supreme (diyiyi 第一義, Skt. paramārthika-siddhānta) (808a12, 819b24, 820b25).

Śikhin (Shiqi 尸棄): The second of the seven past buddhas, six of whom who preceded Śākyamuni (794b18). See also seven buddhas.

Siming Chen Zongyi 四明陳宗逸: He produced a printed edition of the Hundred Records in 1098 (793b14).

śirīṣa tree (shilishashu 尸利沙樹): Acacia sirissa, the "marriage tree" (794b20). Sishierzimen 四十二字門: "The Gate of Forty-two Letters," a compilation on the fortytwo letters of the Siddham alphabet by Zhiyi's teacher Nanyue Huisi, recommended to Maoxi (801b12).

six auspicious days of abstinence (liuzhai 六齋): Six days of fasting on the eighth, fourteenth, fifteenth, twenty-third, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth days of each month (795b17, 796a9). six destinies (liudao 六道): The six realms of transmigration: the hells and the realms of hungry ghosts (pretas), animals, asuras, humans, and heavenly gods (devas) (819b28). See also three evil destinies.

six types of shakings (liufan zhendong 六反震動): Various lists exist, such as the quakes that occurred at the Buddha's conception, his birth, when he left home, his enlightenment, at his first preaching, and at the time of his death; or the six shakings of the world when the Buddha enters samādhi or preaches the Dharma, and so forth (819a2). sixteen novices (shiliu shami 十六沙彌): The sixteen sons of the Buddha Victorious Through Great Penetrating Wisdom (Mahābhijñājñānābhibhū), who were born before he left home to become a buddha and then became his followers; described in the "Chapter on the Conjured City" in the Lotus Sutra (T.262:22c) (803c1, 813c19). 230

Glossary

six virtues (liudu 六度 [liu boluomi 六波羅蜜]): The six perfections (pāramitās): charity (dāna), morality (śīla), patience (kṣanti), effort (vīrya), meditation (dhyāna), and wisdom (prajñā) (794c16, 796c19, 803c2). snapping fingers (tanzhi 彈指): An expression of support, or part of a ritual action (793c16). Statutes of Ji (Jidian 姫典): A ceremonial manual from the Zhou period (807a18). Su 蘇, Su Weixuan 蘇威宣, or Suwei 蘇威 (531-618?): An Archer of the Right who announced gifts from the Emperor to the Mount Tiantai assembly; he is later mentioned as "an official from Piguo"; a biography is found in the Sui Chronicles (Suishu 隋書), fascicle 41 (815a13, b7).

Sudatta 須達: A wealthy man of Śrāvastī who bought and then prepared and built the Jetavana grounds as a dwelling place for Śākyamuni and his disciples so that they could live near Śrāvastī (806b15, 812a5). See also Jetavana Garden/Grove Sudhana (Xuda tonzi 善財童子): One of the main figures in the Flower Garland Sutra (Avataṃsaka-sūtra), known for his extensive search through many realms in order to attain awakening, during which he encountered fifty-three teachings, beginning with his original aspiration under Mañjuśrī (795b1, 803b17, 822a22). Sui 隋 dynasty: The dynasty under which China was briefly unified from 581 to 618 C.E. Suihou 隋侯: A character from a story in which he healed a wounded serpent that repaid him by delivering a large pearl from within the Huanghe (Yangtze) River (822b16). Sun and Moon Light (Riyuedengming日月燈; Skt. Candrasūryapradīpa): A buddha who appears in the introductory chapter of the Lotus Sutra (T.262:3c-4b), who taught the Buddha Dharma to eight princes many eons ago (803c1, 813c19). See also eight princes. Sunchuo 孫綽. See Gongfu.

Supernumerary Official (yuanwai員外): "[A] prefix to titles indicating appointees beyond the authorized quota for the position" (Hucker no. 8250) (813c28). supranormal power [of absolute freedom of movement] (shenzu 神足): One of the supranormal powers of a buddha (820c16). Sutra of Consecration (Guanding jing 灌頂經; T.1331:495-536): A book of spells; translation attributed to Śrīmitra but probably composed in China (section 57, 808c13). Sutra of the Bodhisattva's Necklace (Yingluo jing 瓔珞經): See Necklace of Precious Stones Sutra.

Sutra on Petitioning Avalokiteśvara (Qing guanyin jing 請觀音經, T.1043:34-38; Qing guanshiyin pusa xiaofu duhai tuoluonizhou jing 請觀世音菩薩消伏毒害陀羅尼呪經): The scriptural basis for the "Liturgical Repentance for Petitioning Avalokiteśvara" (section 4).

231

Glossary

Suzhou 蘇州: A district next to present-day Shanghai (823c18). Taijian 太建: An era (569-582) during the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Chen (823b15). Taijidian 太極殿: "Great [Imperial] Palace," a building within the residence of the Chen Emperor in Jinling (799c5, 823b21).

Taiqiu 太丘: A district in the northwestern part of present-day Henan prefecture in eastcentral China, a center of activity for the Chen family before Zhiyi was born (817b10). Taiwei[gong] Jinwang 太尉(公)晋王: The Prince of Jin, Minister of War, later to become the Sui emperor Yangdi (793a11ff, 820a1). See also Yang Guang. taizai 太宰: An official rank; Minister of Personnel or Grand Steward (Hucker no. 6225); also called shaozai 少宰, Junior Steward (Hucker no. 5122) (818ba2, 820a27). Tanguang 曇光: A monk reknowned for spending fifty-three years meditating at Shichengsi 石城寺 (810c13, 813b14).

Tanjian 曇揵: A scholar (further details unknown) Zhiyi met in Yuezhou who asked him to lecture to those whose occupations involved slaughtering animals (833c17). Tanxian 曇暹禪師: A meditation master (further details unknown) from Chang'an, the composer of a letter to Zhiyi (section 97).

Tanyou 曇猷 (?-396?): A prominent monk of Mount Tiantai (800c25). Tanzhou 潭州: The Hunan area, home to Mount Nanyue (section 41; 810a28, 823b27). ten Dharma princes (shi fawangzi 十法王子): A list of ten figures in the Great and Broad (Vaipulya) Dhāraṇī Sutra: Śākyamuni, Manjuśrī, Ākāśagarbha, Avalokiteśvara, Vaiśravaṇa, Ākāśa ("Space"), Breaker of Darkness, Universal Hearer, Wonderful Form, Great Emptiness, and True Thusness (797a22, b15).

ten evil deeds (shi e 十惡): Killing, stealing, lustful acts, lying, slandering, using harsh language, speaking frivolously, being greedy, being angry, having mistaken views (823a24).

ten good deeds (shi shan 十善): The opposite of the ten evil deeds: not killing, not stealing, avoiding lustful acts, not lying, not slandering, not using harsh language, not speaking frivolously, not being greedy, not being angry, not having mistaken views (801c23, 802b17, 818c20, 822b25).

[ten] limbs of meditation ([shi] chan zhi [十]禪支): Ten aspects of practicing meditation: (1) investigation (Skt. vitarka), (2) analysis (vicāra), (3) joy (pramuditā), (4) bliss (sukha), (5) one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), (6) internal clarity (adhyātmasaṃprasāda), (7) equanimity (upekṣā), (8) mindfulness (smṛti), (9) attentiveness (saṃprajāna), (10) sensation of neither pleasure nor pain (aduḥkha-asukha vedanā) (820a9). 232

Glossary

ten bodhisattva precepts (pusa shishou 菩薩十受): The major bodhisattva precepts in the Brahmā's Net Sutra, proscriptions against killing, stealing, lustful acts, using false words, ingesting intoxicants, criticizing others, praising oneself, stinginess, resentment, and denigrading the Three Treasures (803b12). See also Three Treasures. ten stages of faith (shi xin 十信): In the Tiantai scheme of the stages to buddhahood, these comprise the first ten of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice (810c16, 811b25). ten vehicles/modes (shicheng [guan fa] 十乘[観法): The ten "modes of contemplation" expounded by Zhiyi in the Mohezhiguan: (1) to contemplate objects as inconceivable, (2) to arouse compassion and the correct aspiration for awakening, (3) contemplation that skillfully quiets the mind, (4) to universally deconstruct (or destroy one's conception of) all dharmas (phenomena), (5) to be conscious of what is conducive or obstructive to awakening, (6) to choose appropriate types of practice from among thirty-seven ways of meditation or "steps on the path" to awakening, (7) to control the auxiliary methods that help one attain awakening, (8) to know the stages of attainment, (9) to practice peace through patient forbearance, (10) to avoid passionate attachments to all dharmas (823c22).

three carts (san che 三車): In the parable of the burning house in the Lotus Sutra, the endangered children are promised three carts as a means of deliverance: deer, goat, and ox-drawn carts, which symbolize the paths of śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas, respectfully; in the end they are liberated by the great white ox cart (the One Vehicle of buddhahood) (821b11). See also deer and goat carts; great cart. three dots (san dian 三點): An image used by Zhiyi referring to three dots [∴] in a triangular pattern, such as the arrangement of the three eyes of Īśvara, or parts of the Siddham letter "I," to illustrate the threefold pattern of "three yet one, one yet three," referring to the threefold truth, three virtuous qualities, and so forth (821b15). three evil destinies (san edao 三惡道): The three lowest realms transmigration, the hell realms, and the realms of hungry ghosts and animals (794c26, 801b4). See also six destinies.

threefold buddha-nature (san [yin] fuxing 三[因]佛性): Zhiyi's analysis of the interweaving aspects of buddha-nature: our fundamental nature as its direct cause (zhengyin fuxing 正因佛性), attainment of wisdom as its completing cause (leyin fuxing 了因佛性), and practices that are the conditional causes of buddha-nature (yuanyin fuxing 縁因佛性) (798b5).

threefold contemplation (san guan 三觀): The basic pattern of Tiantai practice based on the threefold pattern of emptiness, conventionality, and the middle, as expounded in depth in the Mohezhiguan (817b26, 823c10, c21).

threefold vows (san yuan 三願): According to Ikeda (Kokusei hyakuroku no kenkyū, p. 487), in line with the three types of precepts, these vows are to realize the truth for 233

Glossary

all sentient beings, to preach the Dharma to all sentient beings, and abandon one's life to serve the Dharma (817c15).

three matters of reflection (san sheng 三省): See Lunyu 1.4: "Every day I examine myself on three counts: In what I have undertaken on another's behalf, have I failed to do my best? In my dealings with my friends, have I failed to be trustworthy? Have I failed to practice repeatedly what has been passed on to me? 吾日三省吾身: 為人謀而不忠乎 ? 與朋友交而不信乎？傳不習乎?" (Lau, Confucius: The Analects, pp. 2ff.) (823a8). three mysteries (san xuan 三玄): The three profound books and teachings of China, the Laozi, the Chuangtzu, and the Book of Changes (805a16).

three obstacles (san zhang 三障): Three impediments to awakening, karma, passionate afflictions, and retribution (794c23, 796c7, 798a26).

Three Treasures: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

three types of emptiness (san kong 三空): Various lists exist; in Tiantai the term usually refers to emptiness (kong 空), lack of marks (wuxiang 無相), and wishlessness (wuyuan 無願) (821b13).

three unusual yet meritorious happenings (sanyi zhi de 三異之徳): A classical saying from the latter Han illustrating conditions that indicate a stable society: harmful insects do not come into the country, birds and animals convert to Buddhism, and children show great benevolence (823a5).

three vehicles (san cheng 三乘): The three paths of śrāvakas (those who heard the Buddha's teachings, disciples), pratyekabuddhas (self-enlightened ones), and bodhisattvas (794b14, b26; 795a4).

three Wu 三呉 territories: Various areas around the Huanghe (Yangtze) River during the Warring States period (820a5, b20).

Tiantai 天台: A mountainous area in south-central China that served as the home base for Zhiyi and thus lent its name to the Tiantai Buddhist tradition. Tianxi/Tianjia 天禧/天嘉: An era (560-566 C.E.) during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Chen (823b11).

Trāyastriṃśa Heaven (Daolitian 忉利天): The Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods; the abode of thirty-three levels of celestial beings on top of Mount Sumeru, the "top of the world" (795a24, 796b11, 818b18, 819b).

Treatise on the Ten Stages (Shizhu piposha lun 十住毘婆沙論, T. 1521; Skt. Daśabhūmikavibhāṣā-śāstra): A commentary on the Daśabhūmika-sūtra attributed to Nāgārjuna, focusing on the ten bodhisattva stages (794a19).

tun 屯: A unit of measurement for rolls of cloth; one tun equals six rolls (803c7). 234

Glossary

Tuṣita Heaven (Doulu[tuo] tian 兜率[陀]天): The fourth of the six heavens in the realm of desire; the place where the future buddha Maitreya resides before being reborn into the human world (795a26, 800c13).

twelve dream kings (shier mengwang 十二夢王): A group of twelve figures mentioned in the Great and Broad (Vaipulya) Dhāraṇī Sutra (T.1339:642a, 652a-656a), one of which will appear in a practitioner's dream before they are allowed to proceed with undertaking the Vaipulya samādhi (or repentance rite) (597a13). twin śāla trees (shaluo shuangshu 沙羅雙樹): The "twin trees" in the Śālavana Grove in Kuśinagara, the site where Śākyamuni passed into final nirvana (794b19, 814a20, 820b11). See also white-as-a-swan trees.

two deportments (er yi 二儀): The two fundamental manners or rites, such as yin and yang, heaven and earth (802b1).

Two Shus 二疎: Shu Guang 疎広 and Shu Shou 疎受, two Han officials who resigned their offices, returned to their homes, and shared their gold/money with the local people instead of heeding the request of the Emperor to remain in his employ (817c25). See also Shufu. Udayana (Youtian 優填): The king of Kauśāmbī and a contemporary of Śākyamuni, reputed to have made the first image of the Buddha (819a24). See also Prasenajit. udumbara tree (youtanboshu 優曇鉢樹): A legendary tree thought to blossom once every three thousand years, symbolic of something that is very rare, such as the appearance of a buddha (794b21).

Vaipulya samādhi (Fangdeng sanmei 方等三昧): One of the methods of contemplation taught by Zhiyi, based on the Great Vaipulya Dhāraṇī Sutra (799a11). Vairocana (Pilushena 毘盧舍[遮]那): "Great Sun," a buddha representing the Dharma itself, a transcendent and cosmic apotheosis of the historical Buddha (795a22-b13). Victorious Through Great Penetrating Wisdom (Datongzhishen 大通智勝; Skt. Mahā bhijñājñānābhibhū): A buddha who appears in the "Chapter on the Conjured City" in the Lotus Sutra (T.262:22a-c); also called Great Buddha of Supreme Penetration and Wisdom (800c12, 803c1, 813c19-20).

violet hair (ganfa 紺髮): One of the special physical characteristics of a buddha (820c2). Vipaśyin (Piposhi 毘婆尸 or Weiwei 維衞): The first of the seven past buddhas, six of whom preceded Śākyamuni (794b17, 809b6).

Viśvabhū (Pishoushi 毘首尸): The third of seven past buddhas, six of whom preceded Śākyamuni (794b19).

Vulture Peak ([Ling] Jiushan [靈]鷲山, Jiuling 鷲嶺): Gṛdhrakūṭa (Qidujeu 耆闍崛), a mountain near Buddhagayā, India, the site of many of Śākyamuni's sermons late in his life, including the Lotus Sutra (814a21, 817b19, 818a12, 820a25, 821c10, 823c20). 235

Glossary

Waguansi 瓦官寺: A prominent temple near the former capital Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), where Zhiyi gave popular lectures under the Chen (799a21, 807c23, 823b14). wanchun tree bark 萬春樹皮: Lit., "ten thousand springs"; a type of material (further details unknown) used for a robe presented to Zhiyi (806b26). Wangguan 王灌: An official (further details unknown) dispatched by the Emperor to serve Zhiyi (805c24).

Wanghong 王弘: A Minister of War (sima 司馬) or Mentor of the Right (further details unknown) dispatched by the Emperor to help Zhiyi with the construction of a temple at the foot of Mount Tiantai; later the bearer of offerings after Zhiyi's death (811a11-16, 812a14, 814b27). Wang Xuanwu 王宣武: A clerk (further details unknown) converted to Buddhism by Zhiyi during his travels in the west (822c16).

Way of yin (kundao 坤道): The term kun is indicative of all the images and qualities identified with yin (one of the principles of cosmic duality): receptive, quiescent, fecund, latent, feminine, earth, darkness, cold, and so forth; one of the eight fundamental trigrams (819b11). See also original qualities of yang. Wei 渭 (River): A major river in west-central China that flows into the Changjiang (Yellow) River (802b22).

Wei 衞: One of the districts of the Zhou (805c23).

Wei Bosheng 衞伯生: A soldier (further details unknown) who is said to have experienced an encounter with Zhiyi soon after his death (812c20).

weina 維那: Temple administrator, "rector"; transliteration of Skt. karmadāna; "Buddhist Deacon . . . an assigner of duties, commonly the [second] most senior member of a Buddhist monastery" (Hucker no. 7672) (793c12, 20; 798c26).

Weishang 未上: A figure (further details unknown) referred to twice as "Pillar of State (zhuguo), Head of the Interior, and Duke of Juguo" (815a9, 816b8). Well-gone (shanshi 善逝; Skt. Sugata): One of the ten titles or epithets of the Buddha (820b14).

Wenju 文句: A "textual explanation," line-by-line commentary on a text; in this case the title of Zhiyi's commentary on the text of the Vimalakīrti-sūtra (T.1778:562-710) (809a160); also refers to the Fahuawenju 法華文句 (T. 1719), Zhiyi's textual commentary on the Lotus Sutra (821c16). Wen, Emperor 文皇帝 (541-604): The founder and first emperor of the Sui dynasty; personal name Yang Jian 楊堅 (802c10; sections 22, 44). He is sometimes referred to by his posthumous title and mausoleum, Gaomiao 高廟, or as Sui Gaozu 隋高祖 (817a27); also Sui Wendi 隋文帝, the adopted father of Yang Guang, Zhiyi's patron (820a1, 822b22). 236

Glossary

Wen, Emperor of the Chen (Chen Wendi) 陳文帝 (r. 559-566): The second emperor of the Chen dynasty (823b11).

wheel of the Dharma (falun 法輪): An important iconographic symbol of the Buddha's teachings; to turn the wheel of the Dharma is to preach or teach the truth (819c16). white-as-a-swan trees (hushu 鵠樹): The "twin trees" in the Śālavana Grove in Kuśinagara, which turned white when Śākyamuni passed into final nirvana (821a16). See also twin śāla trees.

white tuft of hair [between the eyebrows] (baihao 白毫; Skt. ūrṇā): One of the special physical characteristics of a buddha (820c2).

window of the sages (xianchuang 仙窓): The dwelling place of the immortals; a residence for Buddhist monks in the mountains (819a18).

Wise One (Zhizhe) 智者: A title given to Zhiyi by Prince Zongchi, still used today. Wolf Tracks (Langji 狼跡): Mount Kukkuṭapāda, where Mahākāśyapa is said to have passed away and entered nirvana (821a26, c10). See also Mount Kukkuṭapāda: Mount Langji.

Wu and Yue 呉越: Ancient districts in eastern/central China, around present-day Zhejiang province, pacified by Yang Guang of the Sui (802c16, 806b1, 820a5, b20). wuanzi 武安子: Minister of Peace, a high official title (802c24, 806c17). Wucai 婺采 or Wunu 婺女: The name of a constellation of stars (819a7). Wu[di] 周武[帝] of the [Northern] Zhou (r. 560-578): An emperor of the Northern Zhou dynasty, known for his persecution of Buddhism and Daoism (802c12, 817b28). Wuguan 武關 barrier or Wu Pass: One of the four strategic mountain passes along the southern border of the ancient state of Qin (806b1).

Wujingju 五淨居: "Five Pure Suddhāvāsa Deities," one of the names for the temple on Mount Tiantai suggested to the Sui emperor (793a15-16, 816a4). Wu Jingxian 呉景賢: An official (further details unknown), the Minister of Letters (dianquian 典籤) dispatched by the Emperor to oversee a commemorative ceremony on the occasion of the one-year anniversary of Zhiyi's death (812b7, 10). Wuliangshouyuan 無量壽院 Temple: The affiliated temple in Suzhou of Jingfan 淨梵, a monk who wrote the Song-period Postscript for the Hundred Records (823c18). Wuqiong, Dharma Master 烏瓊法師: A monk defeated in debate by Zhiyi; mentioned in annals of famous monks under the entry for Baoqiong 釈寶瓊 (Xu gaoseng zhuan 續 高僧傳, T.2060:478c-479c); supposedly the former owner of a "ten-thousand springs" robe donated from a foreign country (806b28, 807c24).

237

Glossary

Wushan 巫山: A mountain in present-day Hubei province in central China (806b8). wuwei 無爲: An important concept in Chinese Confucian and Daoist thought, often used to refer to an ideal form of government, variously translated as "unconditioned," "passive," "spontaneous," "natural, "nonaction," "effortless action," and so forth (817b5). Wuxing 呉興: The ancient name for present-day Huzhou in Zhejiang, southeastern China (801a9).

Wuyuan huangdi 武元皇帝: Emperor Wu 武帝 (156-87 B.C.E.), the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, whose reign is said to have lasted a record fifty-four years (794c4). Wuzhou 呉州: Ancient districts in eastern/central China (806b1, 822a8, 833c5). Xiakou 夏口: The name of a place where the envoy Da Xiru passed away, perhaps present-day Wuhan in Hubei; the term could be read as "the beginning of summer," but the envoy is mentioned as still alive at the beginning of the eighth month of the year (section 55), i.e., autumn, so it must be a place name (810b5). Xiang Deyuan 向徳元: The head of an army (further details unknown) sent by the Sui officials to deliver donations to Mount Tiantai (815a14).

Xiangji 香積: "Accumulation of Fragrances," the buddha land described in the Vimalakīrtisūtra (814b2, 15). Xiangshan 香山: "Mountain of Incense," one of the famous spiritual mountains of China, near Luoyang (819c4).

Xiangtan 湘潭: The area of present-day Hunan in central China (817b17, 823b27). Xiangwang 象罔: A figure in a story from the Zhuangzi, an old blind man who somehow was able to find the Yellow Emperor's lost jewels; a possible reading for wangsiang xuanzhu 罔像玄珠 (813c17).

Xiangzhou 湘州: One of the ancient districts of China, present-day Hunan (823b8). Xiao Cong 蕭琮 (r. 585-587): Emperor Jing, the deposed final emperor of the Western Liang (section 95).

Xiao, Prince (of the Qin) (秦)孝王 (571-600): Imperial prince of the Sui dynasty, son of Emperor Wen (802c26, section 23, 817b29). See also Yangjun. Xiao Tongguo 蕭通國: An envoy (further details unknown) dispatched by the Sui ruler Jin Wang with a letter from Liu Guyan to Zhiyi (821c18).

xiaoyao 逍遙: "Free and easy," "unfettered"; a key phrase and goal promoted by Zhuangzi (817a16).

Xiaoyi, Eastern prince 東王蕭繹: Emperor Yuan 元帝 of Liang (r. 552-554), the seventh son of Emperor Wu of the Liang (800c20).

238

Glossary

Xicizhuan 繫辭傳: "Commentary on the Appended Phrases," one of ten "wings" or categories of commentaries to the Book of Changes traditionally attributed to Confucius (817a11-12).

Xie 卨: A minister of ancient times (817b1).

Xie Baguo 解拔國: A commandant (further details unknown) of Linhai of whom Zhiyi requested the ritual release of living beings into a pond (section 104). Xie Lingyun 謝靈運 (385-433): A famous poet who contributed to establishing the temple complex on Lushan by digging ponds (805a19, b8).

Xihe 曦和: The "driver" of the sun, that is, a mythological representation of dawn (800b27). Xinchang 新昌: The location of a large stone Buddhist statue near the Tiantai area (present-day Zhejiang), where Zhiyi passed away (823c3). Xinchang prefecture 新豐縣: The area now east of present-day Zhushan county, Hubei (湖北省竹山県) (821a2).

Xinchou 辛丑: In the traditional Chinese calendar, the ninth day of the sexegenary cycle of days (817c7).

Xinggong 興公: A Tiantai monk, the author of numerous works (813b15). Xingguosi 興國寺: The temple (further details unknown) of Meditation Master Tanxian in the capital of Chang'an (821a5).

Xinhai 辛亥: In the traditional Chinese calendar, the forty-eighth year of the sexegenary cycle of years; in Zhiyi's time, the year 591 (817c6).

Xinyou 辛酉: In the traditional Chinese calendar, the fifty-eighth year of the sexegenary cycle of years; in Zhiyi's time, the years 541 and 601 (813a25, c28). Xinzhao 信照禪師: An accomplished meditation master who lived on Mount Nanyue and practiced under Huisi at the same time as Zhiyi (801b14, 807c21). See also Zhao. xionghuang 雄黄: Yellow face cream (806c9).

Xiu, Minister 臣秀: A high official of the Sui Emperor; perhaps Chen Zixiu 陳子秀 (806c16). Xiuchansi 修禪寺: "Temple for Cultivating Meditation," the name of the original temple on Mount Tiantai before it was renamed Guoqingsi (793a9, 799b1, 806c13, 813a1, 823b18).

Xuandi 宣帝: Emperor Xuan of the Chen, who seized the throne from his nephew Emperor Fei in 569 and ruled for thirteen years until his death in 582 (793a9; section 8, 799a19-23, 823b15). Xuandu 玄都: An ancient land, the dwelling place of the immortals (820b6). 239

Glossary

Xuanni 宣尼: Confucius (805c23, 813a29); also known as Zhongni 仲尼 (820c22) and Kongqiu 孔丘 (822a16).

Xuanyi 玄義: "Profound Meaning," a commentary by Zhiyi on the Vimalakīrti-sūtra (T.1777:519-562) (section 48; 809a16, 810a1, 818b10-11, 821c15); may also refer to the Fahuaxuanyi 法華玄義, Zhiyi's interpretation of the Lotus Sutra. Xu Dafan 許大梵: A person (further details unknown) dispatched by Empress Shen to hand-deliver a message to Zhiyi (800a8).

Xu Danyang 徐丹陽: A district in present-day Jiangsu province; Ikeda (Kokusei hyakuroku no kenkyū, p. 246) identifies this as referring to Longmen 徐陵. Xuling 徐陵 (507-583): A minister (Archer of the Left, zuopushe 左僕射) of Emperor Xuan; "a high-ranking personage under both Liang and Chen dynasties" and "a man of letters" with an intense faith in Buddhism (Hurvitz, Chih-i [538-597]: An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk, p. 111) (799a29; sections 19, 20). xunlu incense 熏陸香 (Skt. kunduruka): Frankincense (800a11, 26; 801c5, 10; 803a7, 806c8, 809a24, 816b5, 23).

Xu family 徐氏: The family of Zhiyi's mother (832b1).

Xu Xiaoke 徐孝克 (527-599): The third son of Xuling; a producer of memorials to Zhiyi who held the official rank of Chancellor of the National University (kuotzu chichiu 國子祭酒) (Hucker no. 3540) (801c12, 822b19, 22).

Yamadeva Heaven (Yanmotian 炎(焰)摩天): The realm of Yama, the king and judge of the realm of the dead; the third of the six heavens in the realm of desire (925a25). Yangdi 揚帝, 煬帝 (569-618): Emperor Yang of the Sui (r. 604-618). See also Yang Guang. Yangzhou 揚[楊]州: Yang province, one of the nine provinces of ancient China, along the southeastern coast of China (798c10, 803a22, 815b6, 817c7, 818b27, 823b25). Yang Gonghe 羊公賀: A person (further details unknown) who appears as one of those admonished to stop taking life through fishing (802a18-19, 822b13). Yang Guang 楊廣 (569-618): The personal name of Emperor Yang (or Jin Wang 晋王 [Prince of Jin], Yangdi 煬帝) of the Sui dynasty; the second son of Emperor Wen and the second ruler of the Sui dynasty. He received the bodhisattva precepts and the Dharma name Zongchi 總持 from Zhiyi. Sixty-seven of the one hundred and four sections in the Hundred Records are comprised of communications between Yang Guang and Zhiyi. While highly praised in the Hundred Records for his support of the Buddha Dharma and of Zhiyi personally, some historians consider him to be one of the worst tyrants in Chinese history and responsible for the brief rule of the Sui dynasty. Yangjun 楊俊: An imperial prince of the Sui dynasty and patron of Zhiyi (803a1-2, section 23, 817b29). See also see Xiao, Prince (of the Qin). 240

Glossary

Yangzi 陽子: A location south of Jiangdu 江都 where there is a bridge for crossing the Huanghe (Yangtze) River (807a12).

Yan Hui 顏回: The favorite disciple of Confucius and one of the most revered figures in the Confucian tradition. It is said that his hair had turned white by the time he was twenty-nine and he died at an early age, passing away before his master (813a28). Yanmen 雁門: Present-day Shanxi province west of Beijing; the birthplace of Huiyuan, and thus sometimes the term refers to him rather than the place (805a12, 805b15, b23). Yan Xuzu 嚴續祖: A person (further details unknown) who appears in the text as one of those admonished to stop taking life through fishing (802a18). Yao, Emperor 堯帝: A legendary Chinese ruler, one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (822b24).

yao lines 爻: The combination of single and double lines that make up the traditional hexagrams of the Yijing (819b13). See also hexagrams.

Yellow Emperor (Huang di 黃帝): One of the legendary Chinese rulers and culture heroes. Yeshe, Meditation Master 耶舍禪師: This probably refers to Dharmayaśas (Tanmoyeshe 曇摩耶舍), a translator of Kashmiri origin in the fifth century, though there is no record of him visiting Lushan (805a17).

Yijing 易経: The "Book of Changes," a divination text and one of the ancient Chinese classics (811b2).

Yin 鄞: An ancient name for an area in the southern part of Zhejiang (817c28). Yingchuan 頴川: An area in the western part of the present-day Jiangnan district of Henan in central-east China, where Zhiyi was born (801c25, 817b9, 819c27). Ying craftsman 郢匠: Artistic craftsmen from the capital (807b2). Yinxi 尹喜: A disciple of Laozi 老子 who disappeared with him in the west (813a29). Yiyang prefecture 益陽縣: An area east of present-day Hanshou county in Hunan province, south-central China (801c27); Zhiyi's father served the Liang as the marquis of this area (817b11).

Yitonggong 義[儀]同公: An official "Director of Pasturage" (Hucker no. 3023) (section 18; 801a15).

Yique 伊闕: A mountain pass, one of the eight passes of the Han dynasty, located in the present-day Jiangnan district of Luoyang prefecture (801c16); the location of the famous battle of Yique (239 B.C.E.), where the Qin defeated the combined forces of the Wei and Han.

Yiyin 伊尹: A high-ranked minister of the early Shang dynasty (817c18). 241

Glossary

Yongding 永定: A brief era (557-559) at the beginning of the Chen dynasty (823b9). Yongfeng River 永豐江: Possibly the present-day Sanmao Brook that runs southwest of Guoqingji and joins the Shifeng Brook along the Shifengxian Valley 始豐渓 (818a15). Yongjia 永嘉: A disastrous event in which the Jin dynasty capital of Luoyang was sacked by barbarians in 311 C.E. (817a23).

Yongyang, Prince 永陽王: A Chen prince who later served the Sui dynasty; also known as Chen Bozhi 陳伯智 (sections 9, 15-17; 800b3, 9, 12; 823b). Yongzhou 雍州: One of the ancient provinces in central China, west of the Changjiang (Yellow) River and north of the Wei River (798c10, 821a2). You and Bing areas 幽并: Two ancient provinces of China, located to the north in which Mount Daxian 大賢山, where Zhiyi studied the Lotus Sutra, and Mount Nanyue 南嶽, where Zhiyi studied under Huisi, are located (801c29).

You, Jie, Ding, Hui, Yan, Zhi, Kai, Jue 由戒定慧眼智開覺: Eight characters for the names of new ordinands based on providing vegetarian feasts (zhai 齋), and all topped with the character jing 淨 ("pure") (816b14).

Youxiong 有熊: "Like a Bear," one of the titles of the Yellow Emperor (817c21). Youyan of Danqiu 丹丘沙門有嚴: The monk who wrote the second preface to the Hundred Records (793b3-18).

Yu 禹: The legendary ruler of ancient China who established the Xia dynasty, attributed with successfully controlling floods; also known for his moral and upright character (802b7, 819a8).

Yuan, Emperor of the Liang 梁元帝: The emperor at the end of the Liang dynasty (r. 552-555) who was executed by the conquering Western Wei (823b4). Yuanming, Empress 元明皇太后 (d. 263 B.C.E.): Also known as Empress Guo, an empress dowager of the state of Caowei during the Three Kingdoms period (794c4). Yuan 淵, Prince 皇太子: The Crown Prince of Emperor Shaozhu, who requested Zhiyi to bestow on him the precepts at a feast for a thousand monks (section 14). yue halberd 鉞: A battle ax and imperial insignia that only the emperor could carry; "taking up" this halberd indicated that the person intended to unite China and become emperor (817a28).

Yue 越 local communities. See Wu and Yue.

Yuezhou 岳州: The northern part of present-day Hunan (822c15-19). yuninan cloth 欝(鬱)泥南布 and yuni thread 欝(鬱)泥絲: Details unknown (803c7-12). 242

Glossary

Yuquansi 玉泉寺: A temple in Jingzhou 荊州 that was rebuilt under the guidance of Zhiyi, after he requested the Emperor's approval and support (806c12, 24; 808a16, b9, 23; 810b3, 811a13-20, 819b9-820c11, 820c14, 823b28-29).

Yu Shiji 虞世基: A high official of the Sui emperor; mentioned in the Sui Chronicles (Suishu 隋書), fascicle 67; mentioned twice in the text as Area Commander-in-Chief and Director of the Secretariat (815a10, 816b8).

Yuxue caves 禹穴: "The name of a defile in the Wu mountains, one of the Huanghe (Yangtze) gorges" (Mathews, no.7620). Ikeda (Kokusei hyakuroku no kenkyū, p. 255) takes it to refer generally to Zhiyi's travels, "visiting and crossing various mountains and rivers" (801c29).

Yuzhang, Prince of 豫章王: The pre-ascension title of a short-term emperor of the Liang dynasty (r. 551), known also as Xiaodong 蕭棟 or Yuanji 元吉. Yuzhang was a district in ancient southeastern China, now part of present-day Jiangxi province. Yuzhou 豫州: One of the ancient provinces in central China, present-day Henan province (798c10).

Zhang'an Guanding 章安灌頂 (561-632): A disciple of Zhiyi who compiled the Hundred Records, known for recording and editing many major works, including the Mohe zhiguan, based on Zhiyi's lectures (793a4, 810c9, 811a4, b5, c25; 812a1, b19, c7, c11; 813a16, b22; 814b23, c14; 823b23-c3).

Zhangheng 張衡: Mentor of the Right under the Sui crown prince (812c10, 814c10, 815b11ff).

Zhang Qianwei 張乾威: A government official, the Gentleman Cavalier Attendant and Secretarial Receptionist dispatched to Mount Tiantai by the Crown Prince (813b21-22; sections 75-78; 816b9, c27). Zhang Siniang 張四娘: An official (further details unknown) who received amnesty (808c10).

Zang Wenzhong 臧文仲 (d. 617 B.C.E.): A politician during the Spring and Autumn period (818c15).

Zhangxie 張諧: A local administrator (further details unknown) of Yangzhou (814c13). Zhangzao 張造: A person (further details unknown) who experienced a vision of Zhiyi about a year after his death (813a6-9).

Zhanqin 展禽: An ancient Chinese politician; governor of the district of Liuxia (812b14). Zhaogong Shi 召公奭: A high-ranking minister of the early Zhou dynasty, younger brother of Wuti, founder of the Zhou dynasty, and half-brother of the Duke of Zhou (820c6, 822c3).

243

Glossary

Zhao Junqing 趙君卿: An official (further details unknown) dispatched by the Chen emperor Shaozhu with instructions to Zhiyi to return to the capital (799b4-5; section 11). Zhao, King 昭王: King Zhoaxiang 昭襄王 of Qin (r. 306-251 B.C.E.); his grave mound (zhaoqui 昭丘) was in Jingzhou near the Yuquan mountains (819c27, 820b29). Zhao, Meditation Master 照禪師: A colleague of Zhiyi who also practiced under Nanyue Huisi 南嶽慧思 (799a8-9, 801b21, 807c21). See also Xinzhao.

zhaosan dafu 朝散大夫: "Grand Master for Closing Court, prestige title for official of rank in Sui and T'ang" (Hucker no. 339) (816b9).

Zhejiang 浙江: A region in eastern China south of Shanghai where the Zhejiang River flows (present-day Zhejiang province), with Hangzhou as the capital; the area that includes Mount Tiantai (800c20).

Zhe[jiang] (rivers) 淛: Rivers that flow through Zhejiang in the Tiantai area (818a16). Zhen 鎭 area: Present-day Yangzhou area in Jiangsu province northeast of Nanjing (804a25, 807a8, 821a10).

Zhenguan 眞觀 (538-611): A Dharma companion of Zhiyi (800c20). Zhengshan 正善. See Li Guyan.

Zhenjun period 眞君: An era (440-451) during the Northern Wei when major persecution of Buddhism occurred (819c5).

Zheng Ziliang 鄭子良: An official (further details unknown) of the Sui Emperor (806c18). Zhenming 貞明: A brief era toward the end of the Chen dynasty (823b22). Zhide 至徳: An era beginning in 583 or 584 during the reign of Emperor Shao of the Chen (823b20).

Zhiguo 志果: One of two priestly envoys (further details unknown) dispatched by Zhiyi with a message to the Prince (808b25).

Zhiguo of Kuaiji 會稽智果: Author of one of three biographical works (not extant) on the life of Zhiyi (793a21, 808b17).

Zhiji 智寂: The novice monk who first compiled Zhiyi's correspondence, which was later expanded and edited by Guanding into the Hundred Records (793a22). Zhiji 智積: "Accumulation of Wisdom," a figure who appears in the "Chapter on the Conjured City" in the Lotus Sutra; also identified with Akṣobhya or Prajñākūṭa, a bodhisattva in the retinue of Prabhūtaratna (800c12).

Zhijingsi 至敬寺: "Temple for Attaining Respect," the temple to which Zhiyi was guided in order to rest on his arrival in the Capital (799b29ff). 244

Glossary

Zhilang 智朗: A disciple of Zhiyi who was present at his death (818a6). Zhisheng 智勝: One of the Jiangzhou monks (further details unknown) of Guangzhaisi 光宅寺, who wrote to Zhiyi to protest the destruction of temples (section 32). Zhisheng rulai 智勝如來. See Victorious Through Great Penetrating Wisdom. zhishi 知事: An officially prescribed rank for a monk as "officer" or "governor" (section 7; 798c9).

Zhisui 智邃: A monk (further details unknown) who served as an envoy for the Emperor (sections 43, 44, 96; 820c21).

Zhiyue, Dharma Master 智越法師 (543-616): Zhiyi's disciple who took over management of the Tiantai assembly after Zhiyi's death (811c27, 812a14, 814b10, c2, c29; sections 70ff; 816a20).

Zhizao 智璪 (556-638): A monk who practiced contemplation and repentance rituals associated with the Lotus Sutra under Zhiyi on Mount Tiantai; he served as a priestly envoy and frequent messenger for Zhiyi, and suggested the name Guoqingsi ("Temple of National Purity") to the Sui emperor for the temple at Mount Tiantai, a suggestion that was ultimately accepted (793a16, 812b19, c7, c11; 814a17, 815a3, 818b28; sections 1, 72-74, 77, 79, 82-86, 88, 89, 92, 93).

Zhizhao 智照: A disciple of Jizang (further details unknown) who delivered a message to Zhiyi (821c25, 822a2).

Zhizhe 智者: "Wise One," a title given to Zhiyi by Prince Yang Guang (Zongchi), still used today (817c19, 823b26).

Zhongling 鍾嶺: The ridge of mountain peaks (including Mount Sheshan) surrounding the former capital of Jiankang, the area of the present-day city of Nanjing (801b16, 29). Zhou 周 dynasty (1046-256 B.C.E.): The longest dynasty in Chinese history, idealized as a model for later dynasties (817a21, 819b29).

Zhoudan 周(公)旦: The Duke of Zhou (r. 1042-1035 B.C.E.) who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu (817b2, 820c6, 822a15, c3).

Zhuan Zhongshen 傳中詵: An envoy (further details unknown) who delivered a letter from Zhiyi to the Emperor (805c11).

Zhufang 朱方: Present-day Zhenjiang on the banks of the Huanghe (Yangtze) River in Jiangsu province (805c17).

Zhugong Palace 渚宮: A Liang dynasty palace in Jiangling 江陵, the birthplace of Zhiyi (807a11, 811a14, 817ba14).

245