The Diamond Needle, Treatise on the Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle, The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

Notes

The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

Question: The two teachings of the exoteric and esoteric and their purport vastly differ. How is it possible to preach the esoteric based on the content of this exoteric sutra?

[Response:] The eyes of a master physician35 spot along the wayside all [plants] that are medicines. The jeweler sees the gems in the ore and rocks. There are those who know [these matters] and those who do not. Who is to blame?

Furthermore, the mantra rites and contemplation practices of this Honorable One (Prajñā Bodhisattva) are explained by the Buddha in the Admantine Pinnacle.36 Among the esoteric [teachings], this is the most esoteric. As the manifested body [of the Buddha], Śākyamuni resided in the grove of Anāthapiṇḍada, where he preached the drawn images, mandala rites, mantras, and mudrās to bodhisattvas, deities, and humans. These [teachings] are also esoteric and are in the third fascicle of the Dhāraṇī Collection Sutra (T.901:804c). Whether [a teaching] is exoteric or esoteric refers to the individual [who receives it]; the sounds and syllables [of the sutra] are irrelevant. Nevertheless, within the exoteric is the esoteric, and within the esoteric is the extremely esoteric. It is just that there are varying degrees of simplicity and profundity. In accordance with the meaning of the secret mantra, I have briefly commented on the five sections of the Heart Sutra. Each syllable and phrase pervades the Dharma realm; They are without end or beginning and within one's own mind. Cataracts blind sentient beings;

Mañjuśrī and Prajñā can remove the opacity.

The sprinkling of sweet nectar refreshes the deluded. May this likewise eradicate ignorance and subdue the armies of Māra. [End of] The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

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Notes

1 Yūkei Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken 訳注—般若心経秘鍵 (Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 2018), p. 23; Thomas Eijō Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," Kōyasan Daigaku mikkyō bunka kenkyūjo kiyō 高野 山大学密教文化研究所紀要 24 (2011): 16.

2 Ryūichi Abé, "Scholasticism, Exegesis, and Ritual Practice: On Renovation in the History of Buddhist Writing in the Early Heian Period," in Mikael Adolphson, Edward Kamens, and Stacie Matsumoto, eds., Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007), pp. 179-211. 3 Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, pp. 74-77.

4 Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, pp. 70-73.

5 Abé, "Scholasticism, Exegesis, and Ritual Practice," p. 195. 6 Rolf W. Giebel, The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury, in Shingon Texts (Moraga, CA: BDK America, 2018), pp. 113-184.

7 Although "mother of awakening" could refer to various bodhisattvas or deities, in this case it is most likely a reference to Prajñā Bodhisattva, the manifestation of the teachings in the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra.

8 Readers should note that the Siddham scripts included in the Taishō version of the text do not always match the grammatically correct Sanskrit reading of the terms. 9 Later commentaries interpret the terms "meditation" (Skt. dhyāna) and "correct thought" (Skt. samyaksaṃkalpa) as references to the bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī and Prajñā, respectively; Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," p. 11, n. 33.

10 "Great Sun" functions metaphorically as a reference to Mahāvairocana Tathāgata, which literally means "Great Luminous Tathāgata."

11 The vajra and lotus mentioned here could refer to the Vajra and Lotus divisions of deities in the mandala, the Adamantine Pinnacle and Lotus Sutra, or the esoteric and singular vehicle teachings of the Lotus Sutra, alluding to the difference between the esoteric teachings and the Tendai school. Interpreting this line depends on how one understands the five vehicles. The five vehicles are typically the vehicles for humans, devas (gods), śrāvakas (disciples), pratyekabuddhas (self-enlightened buddhas), and bodhisattvas. However, later in this text, Kūkai applies this term to Buddhist schools in Japan.

12 Although the modern version of the Heart Sutra is typically written with seventeen characters per line, resulting in seventeen and a half lines, commentators suggest that 241

The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 it was originally composed in fourteen lines; Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," p. 15, n. 46; Motohiro Yoritomi, Hannya shingyō hiken 般若心経秘鍵, in Kūkai korekushon 空海コレクション (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2004), vol. 2, p. 325.

The five collections, or baskets, is an alternative rendering of the term Tripiṭaka. Kūkai adopted this paradigm from Prajñā's translation of the Dasheng liqu liu boluo mi duo jing (T.261:868b29-c19). The commentaries offer two theories regarding these seven schools. One theory presumes that the term refers to the six Nara schools, Ritsu, Kusha, Jōjitsu, Hossō, Sanron, Kegon, plus Tendai, which seems to be favored in earlier commentaries. The second theory is that the seven schools are the ones discussed later in the text: 建 (Kegon), 絶 (Sanron), 相 (Hossō), 二 (śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha), 一 (Tendai), 祕藏 (Shingon). The latter theory is favored by modern scholars; see Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, p. 23; Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," p. 16.

This question alludes to a three-part taxonomy of the Buddha's teachings in the Saṃ dhinirmocana-sūtra (T.676:697a23-b4), in which the Buddha preaches first in the Deer Park for the sake of the śrāvakas, then for those of the Mahayana, and finally preaches to beings belonging to all vehicles. As a Mahayana sutra, the Prajñapāramitā should be included in the second turning of the Dharma. However, Kūkai's previous statement suggests that it is all-inclusive and should belong to the final category. "Indra's grammar" refers to the notion that the Sanskrit language was originally created by Brahmā and later abridged for practical use by Indra. Kūkai refers to this notion in his works on language; Shingen Takagi and Thomas Eijō Dreitlein, Kūkai on the Philosophy of Language (Tokyo: Keio University Press, 2010), pp. 90, 175, 285. The rhetoric in this line is possibly an allusion to Confucius's Analects, Dialogue 15.8: "When a person should be spoken with, and you don't speak with them, you lose them. When a person shouldn't be spoken with and you speak to them, you waste your words. The wise do not lose people, nor do they waste their words"; see translation by A. Charles Muller, http://www.acmuller.net/con-dao/analects.html#div-16, accessed April 26, 2021.

This three-part hermeneutic for titles of sutras was a common method for elucidating the meaning of a title; see, for example, the preface to the Commentary on the Sutra of the Meditation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life (T.1750:186c). Yijing's translation is almost identical to Xuanzang's, and for that reason it was not included in the Taishō canon; Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, pp. 56, 126.

The third fascicle of the Dhāraṇī Collection Sutra consists of a list of mudrās and mantras used in rites involving Prajñā Bodhisattva. Dhāraṇī number sixteen in the list is almost identical to the mantra at the end of the Heart Sutra, which is glossed as the "the great heart incantation" (T.901:807c22).

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 This comparison of the dragon and snake scales is an allusion to a passage in the Liuzi: "The dragon has a scale of the snake, but cannot be called a snake"; Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," p. 22, n. 81. In other words, it is said that the Heart Sutra is just an abbreviated version of the Mahā prajñāpāramitā-sūtra and was not preached at a different time and place. Kūkai seems to reject this claim, or at least dismiss it, by suggesting that just because two texts are similar does not mean they are the same.

Three eons are the standard amount of time required for sentient beings to achieve enlightenment, but for śrāvakas it takes sixty and for pratyekabuddhas it takes one hundred; Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, pp. 140-141. The meaning of the term "singular mind" in this verse is unclear, and the scholarship differs on how to interpret it; see Matsunaga, Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken, p. 141; Yoritomi, Hannya shingyō hiken, p. 347. These various interpretations stem from Kakuban's explanation in his commentary, in which he offers three possible meanings: (1) the wisdom necessary to cross over from samsara to nirvana, (2) perfection in "perfection of wisdom," and (3) the combination of these two meanings (T.2203B:16a14-22). In other words, "realizing the singular mind" alludes to the process of attaining enlightenment.

The association of "establish" with Samantabhadra comes from Amoghavajra's translation of the Prajñāpāramitā-naya-sūtra, in which he identifies the preacher of the sutra as the "Tathāgata who established the equality of all dharmas" (T.243:785c1-3). In his commentary to this sutra Amoghavajra asserts, without explanation, that this tathāgata is Samantabhadra Bodhisattva (T.1003:615b6).

The phrase "gold and water" is a combination of two metaphors: that of the golden lion and that of water and waves. Fazang uses the golden lion metaphor to explain Huayan notions of essence and function (T.1880:663c20) and the water and waves analogy in his commentary on the Avataṃsaka-sūtra (T.1733:119a20-21). Both metaphors emphasize the inseparability of essence (gold/water) and function (golden lion/waves). Based on this allusion to these metaphors found in Huayan commentaries, the first of the distinct vehicles has traditionally been associated with the Kegon school. The eight negations doctrine is attributed to Nāgārjuna and associated with Madhyamaka. Therefore, the second vehicle is traditionally considered to be a reference to the Sanron school.

These "two views of self" probably refer to the notions of a permanently existing self (ātman) and that dharmas have a permanent existence. Along with the reference to "consciousness only" (ādāna) in the next line, this phrase is the basis for associating the third vehicle with the Hossō school.

"The designations of the goat and deer" refer to the three-carts metaphor in the Lotus Sutra (T.262:12c). In this parable of skillful means, a father entices his three children to flee a burning house by offering them carts pulled by a goat, deer, and ox. In Kūkai's use of this metaphor, the goat cart refers to the vehicle of the śrāvakas and the deer cart denotes the vehicle of the pratyekabuddhas.

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29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 The four bases of mindfulness are the first of the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment. In this passage Kūkai associates this practice with the śrāvakas and dismisses it as simplistic.

Like the association of Samantabhadra with the preacher of the sutra in the first vehicle, this definition of Avalokiteśvara as the "tathāgata whose nature is pure" is from Amoghavajra's commentary (T.1003:612a).

In his commentaries on the Lotus Sutra, Jizang uses the phrase "assimilate the branches into the source" to explain how the singular vehicle of the Lotus Sutra encompasses the teachings of other sutras (see, for example, T.1721:469a). Because this concept of a singular vehicle is fundamental to Tiantai doctrine, this passage is traditionally associated with the Tendai school.

The reference to "one corner" is another allusion to Confucius's Analects, Dialogue 7.8: "If a student is not eager, I won't teach him; if he is not struggling with the truth, I won't reveal it to him. If I lift up one corner and he can't come back with the other three, I won't do it again"; see translation by A. Charles Muller, http://www.acmuller.net/ con-dao/analects.html#div-8, accessed April 27, 2021.

This four-part taxonomy of incantations comes from the Yogācārabhūmi (T.1579:542c16-19). Kūkai discusses this taxonomy extensively in his essay on Sanskrit letters and their pronunciation; Takagi and Dreitlein, Kūkai on the Philosophy of Language, pp. 280-285.

This passage requesting that readers interested in the esoteric meaning of the mantra follow the proper protocols probably refers to consecration rites required for further study of the esoteric teachings; Dreitlein, "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," p. 38, n. 132.

Although previously in the commentary Kūkai uses the term "Physician King" as an epithet for the Buddha, in this case it probably alludes to a metaphor in the Commentary on the Mahāvairocana-sūtra, which compares the skillful means required of an ācārya to a skilled physician who can easily recognize plants with medicinal properties (T.1796:636b2-5). The jeweler metaphor can be found in the same commentary (604b9-10).

Kūkai is probably referring here to a ritual text, Recitation Rites for Cultivating the Contemplation of Prajñāpāramitā Bodhisattva (T. 1151).

244

Glossary

Admantine Pinnacle (Skt. Vajraśekhara; Jp. Kongōchō): The Chinese translation of the Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha and its related ritual texts.

ādāna ("appropriating consciousness"): The aspect of consciousness that holds together the seeds of the storehouse consciousness (Skt. ālayavijñāna). Amoghavajra (705-774): A propagator of esoteric Buddhism in China and patriarch of the Japanese Shingon school. He translated numerous esoteric texts including ritual manuals.

Anāthapiṇḍada: A wealthy patron of the Buddha from Śrāvastī; also called Sudatta. complete infusion (Jp. ennyū): The harmony between opposites or differences. In Tiantai and Huayan thought, the term is used to describe ultimate reality. dhāraṇī: An incantation, spell, vow, or long mantra that is usually chanted and believed to possess religious efficacy.

Dhāraṇī Collection Sūtra (Skt. Dhāraṇī-samuccaya-sūtra; Jp. Daranijikkyō): A collection of esoteric rites and incantations published in Taishō vol. 18, no. 901. Dharmacandra (653-743): Originally from India, he translated a version of the Heart Sutra into Chinese.

eight negations (Jp. hachifu): A doctrine attributed to Nāgārjuna and associated with Madhyamaka. The eight negations are: neither rising nor ceasing, neither permanent nor impermanent, neither the same nor different, neither going nor coming. five collections (Skt. pañcapiṭaka; Jp. gozō): The Tripiṭaka (Sutra, Vinaya, Abhidharma) plus the categories of the Prajñāpāramitā and dhāraṇī teachings. five vehicles (Skt. pañcayāna; Jp. gojō): The means for teaching to humans, devas (gods), śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas.

Henjō Kongō ("Universally Radiant Vajra"): The ordination name of Kūkai (774-835). Kumārajīva (344-413): A famous translator of sutras and commentaries in China. His idiomatic translations accelerated the spread of Buddhism in East Asia. mental proliferations (Skt. prapañca; Jp. keron): In a general sense, this term refers to frivolous speech that perpetuates ignorance in sentient beings. As a technical term, it denotes the proliferation of thoughts that lead to such speech. 245

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The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

Nāgārjuna (second-third centuries C.E.): A well-known Indian intellectual who influenced Mahayana Buddhist thought. He is revered as the third (first human) patriarch in the Japanese Shingon school.

nectar (Skt. amṛta; Jp. kanro): A substance that is consumed by the gods as a source of immortality. In Buddhism, the term is used as a metaphor for the teachings of the Buddha or nirvana.

Prajñā (744-ca. 810): A translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese, notably a version of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra and the Dasheng liqu liu boluomiduo jing. Prajñā Bodhisattva: A bodhisattva who is the personification of the perfection of wisdom and the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. This bodhisattva is often the object of worship in esoteric rites.

seed syllables (Skt. bīja; Jp. shuji): A syllable in Sanskrit that signifies a buddha, bodhisattva, deity, etc. and symbolizes their teachings. seven schools (Jp. shichishū): The schools in Japanese Buddhism in the early ninth century: Ritsu, Kusha, Jōjitsu, Hossō, Sanron, Kegon, and Tendai. Śubhākarasiṃha (637-735): An Indian translator of many Buddhist texts into Chinese, most notably the Mahāvairocana-sūtra.

Supreme Tamer: Someone with the ability to save sentient beings from their own negative activity; one of the ten epithets of the Buddha.

three carts (Jp. sansha): In the metaphor of the burning house in the skillful means chapter of the Lotus Sutra, the goat, deer, and ox carts denote the varying sets of teachings and efficacy for reaching awakening.

Vulture Peak (Skt. Gṛdhrakūṭa-parvata; Jp. Juhōsan or Ryōjusen): A mountain in ancient India frequently visited by the Buddha.

Xuanzang (602-664): The most famous translator of sutras and commentaries after Kumārajīva. He retranslated numerous sutras and propagated Yogācāra in China. Yijing (635-713): A translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese, most notably the Sutra of Golden Light.

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Bibliography

Abé, Ryūichi. "Scholasticism, Exegesis, and Ritual Practice: On Renovation in the History of Buddhist Writing in the Early Heian Period," in Mikael Adolphson, Edward Kamens, and Stacie Matsumoto, eds., Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries, pp. 179-211. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2007.

Buswell, Robert E., Jr., and David S. Lopez Jr., eds. "Hannya shingyō hiken," in The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, pp. 343-344. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.

Dreitlein, Thomas Eijō. "An Annotated Translation of Kūkai's Secret Key to the Heart Sūtra," Kōyasan Daigaku mikkyō bunka kenkyūjo kiyō 高野山大学密教文化研究所紀要 24 (2011): 216-170 (1-48).

Kawahara, Eihō, and C. Yūhō Jobst. Ausgewahlte Schriften: Sokushin jōbutsu-gi Shōjijissō-gi, Unji-gi, Hannya-shingyō-hiken. München: Iudicium, 1992. Hakeda, Yoshito S. Kūkai Works: Translated with an Account of His Life and Study of His Thought. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. Matsunaga, Yūkei 松長有慶. Yakuchū: Hannya shingyō hiken 訳注—般若心経秘鍵. Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 2018.

Takagi, Shingen, and Thomas Eijō Dreitlein. Kūkai on the Philosophy of Language. Tokyo: Keio University Press, 2010.

Yamamoto, Chikyō. Works of St. Kōbō Daishi. Kōya, Japan: Kōyasan University, 1993. Yoritomi, Motohiro 頼富本宏. Hannya shingyō hiken 般若心経秘鍵, in Kūkai korekushon 空海コレクション, vol. 2, pp. 311-384. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2004. 247

Back Matters

Index

A

Abhidharma, 97

Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya, 49 Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣā-śāstra, 49 Abhidharma Sutra, 79, 170 Accumulation of Jewels Sutra, 60 adamantine, 193, 238 See also vajra

Adamantine Pinnacle, 241n11 affliction(s), 25, 48, 93, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118-130, 132-137, 170, 171, 235

See also hindrance(s) Āgamas, 71, 105, 136 See also Four Āgama Sutras; Incremental Āgama Sutra Agasti (father and son), 7 Amoghavajra, 239, 243n24, 244n30 Analects, 242n17, 244n32 Anāthapiṇḍada, 240 animal(s)/beast(s)/bird(s)/creature(s), 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 15, 116 camels, 13

cow(s), 13, 15, 17n6 deer, 6, 11, 13, 15, 38, 39, 58, 237, 243n28

dog, 10

elephant(s), 13, 15 goat, 38, 39, 58, 237, 243n28 herons, 6

horses, 13, 15, 146 lions, 13

mandarin ducks, 6 owl, 17n2

ox/oxen, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 52, 53, 58, 243n28

parrots, 6

sheep, 13

snake, 123, 234, 243n21 swans, 6

tigers, 13

wolves, 13

Anlin. See Qishe annihilationism and eternalism, 90, 162, 164-168, 203, 204-205, 206-207, 211-212n25

Antelope-horned Sage, 7 anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi, 87, 229, 235 mind of, 67, 86, 109, 139, 140, 229 See also bodhi

arhat(s)/arhatship, 38, 48, 64, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 135, 140, 146, 211n17, 237 asceticism/ascetic practices, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17n12, 108 asuras, 193

Asvabhāva, 126, 135 Aśvaghoṣa, 3

attachment(s), 9, 13, 57, 79, 88, 95, 118, 124, 128-131, 134, 136, 155-158, 160-169, 177, 183, 201, 211-212n25 Avalokiteśvara, 226, 229, 232, 235, 237, 244n30

Avataṃsaka-sūtra, 23, 209n2, 243n25 See also Flower Garland Sutra 249

Index

Awakened One/Fully Awakened One, 231, 233

See also Buddha

awakening, 43, 70, 104, 108, 139, 152, 231, 236, 238, 241

correct, 104, 108, 191, 192, 195, 202 original, 92, 93, 144, 152 See also bodhi; enlightenment Awakening of Faith, The, 23, 26, 78, 92, 93, 101, 102, 114, 116, 125, 128, 143, 163

B

Bhadraśrī, Queen, 43, 147 Bhagavan, 10

See also Buddha

Bhārate mountain/Mount Bhārate, 6, 17n1 bhikṣu(s), 74, 115, 142 See also monk(s)

Biographies of Monks, 59 birth and death, 79, 116, 117, 131-132, 142, 231

See also destinies; rebirth(s) bodhi, 68, 82, 87, 92, 100, 110, 112, 113, 122, 123, 136, 138, 149, 193, 211n23, 230, 235, 238, 239

-mind, 86, 101, 136, 139-140, 141, 211n23, 236

See also anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi; awakening; bodhi tree; enlightenment Bodhiruci, 55, 210n12 bodhisattva(s), 41-42, 46, 48, 67, 70, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 85, 86, 91, 92, 94, 97, 99, 100-103, 105, 108-116, 122-127, 133, 136, 140, 147, 148, 181, 189-191, 193-196, 225, 226, 229, 234, 235, 240, 241nn7, 11

directly advancing, 55, 58, 114, 122, 135, 146

great, 41, 147

250

stage(s), 41, 43, 57, 67, 73, 75, 80, 96-98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 111-116, 122-124, 126-129, 131-133, 135, 137, 189, 192

way, 43, 46, 64, 122, 127, 200 See also mahāsattva(s) Bodhisattva Stages Sutra, 93, 129 bodhi tree, 66, 68, 72, 108, 150 See also tree(s), of the Way body(ies), of buddha(s)/Buddha/Tathāgata, 43, 73, 76, 108, 111, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 191, 200, 240

enjoyment, 73, 91, 150, 154 of others' enjoyment, 153, 154 of self-enjoyment, 153, 154 response, 129, 153

reward, 73, 102, 108, 109, 112, 143, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 158 of self-nature, 153, 154 ten, 73, 151, 200

three, 129-130, 151, 152, 154, 200 transformation, 73, 91, 109, 110, 111, 129, 143, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153 wisdom, 191

See also Dharma body

Bore boluomiduo xinjing, 234 See also Heart Sutra

Brahmā, 12, 13, 18, 51, 67, 242n16 brahman(s), 3, 5-6, 7-16, 17nn11-13; 18nn14-17; 61, 170

See also four classes Brahmā's Net Sutra, 148 buddha(s), 27, 75, 66, 89, 90, 91, 92, 103, 105, 109, 110, 125, 140, 148, 152, 153-154, 189, 191, 192, 193 seed-nature, 76, 81, 82 stage, 73, 96, 97, 113, 125, 136, 143, 192 vehicle, 51, 140

See also buddha land(s)/realm(s)/ world(s); tathāgata(s)

Buddha, 55, 60, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 82, 88, 89, 95, 111, 113, 126, 136, 138, 146, 147, 196, 209n3, 225, 234, 240, 242n15, 244n35

disciples, 42, 134

wisdom, 42, 74

See also Śākyamuni; Tathāgata Buddha-bhāṣā-mahā-prajñā-pāramitāhṛdaya-sūtraṃ. See Heart Sutra Buddha-Dharma, 43, 50, 55, 100, 200, 201, 231

See also Dharma

buddhahood, 24, 37, 43, 52, 68, 74, 89, 91, 92, 97, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 122, 142, 144, 145, 150, 178, 179, 184, 189, 191, 192, 196, 211n17

characteristics of, 76, 108, 109, 110, 142, 145, 147, 148

stage of, 41, 103, 122, 123, 125, 129, 131, 133

buddha land(s)/realm(s)/world(s), 27, 37-38, 54, 56, 73, 90, 104, 149, 150, 151, 178, 188, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 202

Unsurpassable, 149

buddha-nature, 56, 64, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 138, 142, 211n17 See also Dharma-nature; nature(s); seed-nature

Buddha's Preaching of the Heart Sutra for the Great Perfection of Wisdom, 233

See also Heart Sutra

Buddhism, 23, 24, 25, 209n2, 210n12, 225 Buddhist(s), 3, 105

Chinese, 23

Dharma/teachings, 23, 25, 27 schools, 225, 226, 227, 241n11 sutras/texts, 5, 23, 211n15, 225 Index

building a house, analogy of, 25, 27, 202-208, 212n28

C

caṇḍāla, 9, 11

causation, 24, 105, 117, 165, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 192, 202, 211n17, 212n26

cause(s), 5, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 107, 113, 118, 130-132, 138, 139, 146, 163, 164, 166, 171-179, 191, 203, 205-207, 235-238

and conditions, 43, 56, 72, 131, 142, 156, 157, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 200, 203, 237

and effect/result(s), 44, 60, 66, 94, 95, 103, 104, 146, 172, 173, 174, 175, 188, 191, 202, 236

Central Asian, 233

Chang'an, 23

Chan/Zen, 24

China/Chinese, 23, 209nn2, 7; 210n12 Chinese (language), 3, 17nn10, 11; 26, 209nn2, 5; 210n12, 211nn13, 16; 212n28, 233

cognitive fields, six, 82-83 commentary(ies), 23, 26, 50, 199, 210n12, 225, 226, 227, 236, 239, 241n9, 242n14, 243nn23-25; 244nn30, 31, 35

See also scripture(s)/sutra(s); treatise(s) Commentary on the Awakening of Faith, 79

Commentary on the Mahāvairocanasūtra, 244n35 Commentary on the Summary of the Great Vehicle, 79, 126, 135, 163, 170 Commentary on the Sutra of the Meditation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life, 242n18

251

Index

compassion, 27, 50, 115-116, 131, 231 great, 43, 91, 115, 130, 138, 141, 200, 236

concentration(s), 75, 108, 117, 121, 131, 133, 139, 140, 195

See also meditation

Confucius, 242n17, 244n32 consciousness(es), 25, 77, 78, 79, 80, 87, 118, 123, 124, 125, 135, 138, 158, 172, 175, 193, 208, 211n17, 229, 232, 236 ādāna(vijñāna)/appropriating, 77, 236, 243n27

ālaya(vijñāna)/eighth/storehouse, 77-78, 79, 81, 83, 92, 94, 119, 129, 138, 177, 209n6, 211n16, 212n26 five, 118, 119

fundamental/original/root, 76, 78, 92, 138, 174

manas/seventh/thought, 77, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, 129, 135, 174 mano/mental/sixth, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 129, 135, 174

mind (citta), 77

consciousness only, 125, 211n17, 243n27 See also mind-only

Consciousness Only/Faxiang, 210n12, 236

counting coins, analogy of, 25, 179, 212n27

cultivation, 76, 83, 96, 100, 107-110, 111, 116, 120, 123, 132, 133, 134-135, 140, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 189, 235, 238

path of, 97, 101, 120, 126, 132, 134 D

Dajianfu Temple, 37

Daśārṇa, 6

Dasheng liqu liu boluomiduo jing, 242n13 Dayan, 56, 210n12

Dayan Temple, 56, 210n12

252

Dazhou, 234

Deer Park, 58, 67, 68, 242n15 deity(ies), 10, 18n15, 91, 148, 225, 240, 241n7

See also devas; god(s)

delusion(s), 9, 11, 49, 62, 76, 79, 82, 112, 115-116, 117-118, 119-120, 121-124, 127-129, 132-137, 146, 192, 202, 231

See also ignorance

dependent origination, 24, 114, 209n4 See also interdependent arising destinies, 79, 83, 99, 100, 101, 155, 193 See also birth and death; rebirth devas, 226, 241n11

See also deity(ies); god(s); heavenly beings

dhāraṇī(s), 181, 186, 231, 234, 239, 242n20

See also incantation(s); mantra(s) Dhāraṇī Collection Sutra, 234, 240, 242n20

dharma(s), 27, 44, 56, 60, 61-63, 77, 78-79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 92-93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 114, 115, 120, 124, 128, 129, 135, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 156, 157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 174, 177, 179, 181, 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206-208, 209-210n8, 236, 243nn24, 27 emptiness of, 56, 58, 63, 229, 236 Dharma, 24, 27, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81, 86, 90, 93, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 106, 114, 122, 141, 143, 150, 151, 152, 154, 166, 177, 181, 184, 186, 187, 191, 193, 195, 198, 199, 209nn2, 3; 210n9, 211n15, 234, 236, 239, 242n15

wheel(s), 58, 67, 68, 69, 70, 105, 196, 197, 232, 233

See also Buddha-Dharma; Dharma body; Dharma gate(s); Dharma-nature; Dharma realm(s)

Dharma body, 102, 108, 125, 129, 131, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 152-154, 155, 236 See also body(ies), of buddha(s)/ Buddha/Tathāgata,

Dharmacandra, 234

dharmadhātu. See Dharma realm(s) Dharma Drum Sutra, 60 Dharma gate(s), 43, 51, 55, 56, 58, 63, 66, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 94, 103, 104, 105, 141, 142, 144, 154, 157, 178, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 198 Dharmakīrti, 3, 5

Dharma-nature, 148, 183, 194, 234 school of, 190

See also nature(s), of Dharma Dharmapāla, 167

Dharma realm(s), 23, 56, 57, 73, 75, 76, 80, 90, 93, 94, 105, 126, 137, 147, 150, 151, 152, 178, 181, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 209n4, 240

See also buddha land(s)/realm(s)/ world(s)

dhyāna, 108, 241n9

See also concentration; meditation Diamond Needle, The, 3, 5-18 Diamond Sutra, 110, 146 Dīpaṃkara, 109, 110

disciple(s), 42, 56, 134, 140, 187, 210n12, 241n11

See also śrāvaka(s)

Dōshō, 227

Droṇācārya, 7

Dushun, 23

Index

E

eight negations, 175, 236, 243n26 Ekavyāvahārika, 62

emptiness, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 69, 70, 93, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, 157, 159, 163, 165, 166-167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 209-210n8, 229, 232, 235, 236 See also nonemptiness enlightenment, 62, 65, 67, 70, 143, 168, 169, 189, 190, 191, 202, 234, 243nn22, 23

aspiration to/intention for, 83, 84, 110, 115, 116, 140, 189

factors for, 42, 244n29 path of/to, 110, 114

See also awakening; bodhi eon(s), 232, 235, 236, 239, 243n22 See also kalpa(s)

"Essay on Consciousness Only," 81, 136 Essays on the Contents of the Flower Garland Sutra, 47, 199, 210n9 essence and function, 62, 187, 243n25 esoteric, 56, 64, 77, 78, 174, 195, 225, 232, 233, 236, 239-240, 241n11, 244n34 See also secret

exoteric, 232, 233, 239, 240 expediency/expedient, 23, 39, 64, 96, 106, 140

See also skillful means eye(s), heavenly/universal/of wisdom, 46, 104, 141, 198

F

faith, 42, 43, 69, 74, 101, 105, 106, 107, 130, 131, 136, 139

fulfilled/fulfillment of, 83, 84, 85, 114, 115, 117

minds/ranks/stage(s) of, ten, 43, 75, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 130, 137, 140, 141, 189, 191, 192 253

Index

faithlessness, 130, 131 Famin. See Min

Fatian, 3, 5

Fayun. See Yun

Fazang, 23-26, 27, 37, 209nn1, 5; 210nn9, 11; 211nn14-16, 21, 24; 211-212n25, 212n26, 243n25

Fifty Essentials of Huayan by Question and Answer, 47, 199, 210n9 Fingertip Sutra, 121, 211n22 five aggregates, 124, 229, 232, 234, 235 five collections, 232, 242n13 See also Tripiṭaka

Flower Garland Sutra, 23, 24, 26, 40, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 71, 74, 94, 105, 141, 145, 148, 149, 150, 178, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 202, 209n2 "Arising from Original Nature" chapter, 103-104, 153, 197

"Bhadraśrī" chapter, 115 "Bodhisattva Stages" chapter, 37 "Chief in Worthiness" chapter, 43 "Going Beyond the Mundane" chapter, 154

"Lesser Characteristics" chapter, 54, 104 "Names of the Tathāgata" chapter, 151 "Oceans of Characteristics" chapter, 147, 148

"Samantabhadra's Practice" chapter, 73, 137

"The Inconceivable Dharma of Buddhas" chapter, 178

"Transcending the Mundane" chapter, 80 See also Avataṃsaka-sūtra Foshuo mohe bore boluomiduo xinjing, 233

See also Heart Sutra Four Āgama Sutras, 49 See also Āgamas

254

four classes, 3, 10, 12-13, 14, 15, 18n17 See also brahman(s); kṣatriya(s); śūdra(s); vaiśya(s); Varṇa system four immeasurable minds, 48, 124 four noble truths, 58, 67, 75, 93, 114, 119, 120, 226, 232

Four-part Vinaya, 68, 210n12 Four Tenets, 56

G

Ganges River, 56, 90, 91, 149, 154, 211n13 Gaya, 108

Gāyatrī, 14

Giebel, Rolf W., 227 god(s), 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17n13, 18nn14, 17

See also deity(ies); devas gradual, 55, 60, 121, 135 See also Huayan One Vehicle teachings, Gradual Teaching

Great Incantation Sutra of the Mahā prajñāpāramitā, 229-230 See also Heart Sutra Great Matter, 43, 46, 200 Great Sage/Sage, 65, 200 See also Buddha; Śākyamuni Great Sun, 231, 241n10 See also Vairocana

Great Vehicle, 39, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 69, 74, 85, 88, 96, 97, 98, 111, 121, 122, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141, 199, 200 See also Mahayana; One Vehicle; vehicle(s)

Guangtong, 55-56, 210n12 Guangzhai Temple, 58, 210n12 H

habituation, 82-87, 101, 116 Hannya shingyō hiken. See Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra

Hannya shingyō hiken kaimon ketsu, 226 Hannya shingyō hiken ryakuchū, 226 Heart Sutra, 225-227, 237, 240, 241-242n12, 242n20, 243n21 See also Great Incantation Sutra of the Mahāprajñāpāramitā

heaven(s), 8, 11, 59, 117, 148 of the form world, highest, 149 Maheśvara, 148

six, 73

Tuṣita, 104, 194

heavenly beings, 147, 193 See also devas

hell, 10

Henjō Kongō, 231

See also Kūkai

heterodox, 69, 88, 130, 131 hexagrams, 233

Himitsu mandara jūjūshinron. See Treatise on the Secret Mandala of the Ten Abiding Minds

hindrance(s), 112, 117-118, 122-129, 130-133, 155, 211n19

afflictive/delusive, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121-126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 202 cognitive, 79, 112-113, 115, 117, 121-125, 127, 128, 129, 133, 163 See also affliction(s)

Hizō hōyaku. See Precious Key to the Secret Treasury

Hoa Nghiêm. See Huayan

Hu, 55, 210n12

Huayan, 23-25, 37, 57, 58, 73, 150, 209nn2, 4; 210n9, 243n25

Huayan jing. See Flower Garland Sutra Huayan One Vehicle teachings, 23, 150 Common Teaching, 37, 40, 45-47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 64, 67, 68, 71, 73, 80, 94, 103, 106, 141, 149-150, 153 Distinct Teaching, 37-39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 63.64, Index

66, 68, 71, 80, 94, 103, 106, 107, 137, 141, 148, 150-151, 187, 199 Early Teaching, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 77-78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 108-109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127, 134, 136, 138, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 211n21

Final Teaching, 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 70, 73, 78, 79-80, 81, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 101-102, 105, 106, 107, 109-110, 115-116, 117, 124, 125, 127, 133, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 174, 211n21 Gradual Teaching, 55, 60, 61, 64, 70 Perfect Teaching, 55, 56, 57, 59, 64, 65, 80, 81, 95, 103, 105, 111, 117, 136-137, 145, 154, 202 Sudden Teaching, 55, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 70, 80, 81, 93, 95, 102, 111, 116, 136, 141, 145, 150, 152, 153 Huayan patriarchs. See Fazang; Zhiyan; Zongmi

Huayan yisheng jiaoyi fenqi zhang. See Treatise on Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle

Huiguang. See Guangtong

Huisi, 57, 59, 210n12

Huiyuan. See Yuan

Hushen, 56, 210n12

Hushen Temple, 56, 210n12 Hwaeom. See Huayan

I

icchantika(s), 86, 87-88, 89, 130, 131 ignorance, 78, 84-85, 86, 92, 118, 122, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 143, 163, 229, 231, 237, 239, 240

See also delusion(s)

255

Index

incantation(s), 123, 225, 226, 230, 238, 239

four types, 238, 244n33 great heart, 234, 242n20 See also dhāraṇī(s); mantra(s) Incremental Āgama Sutra, 50, 77 See also Āgamas

India/Indian, 5, 57, 210n12, 229 Indra, 5, 10, 142, 242n16 Indra's net, 27, 34, 45, 66, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 111, 150, 151, 178, 189, 192, 193-194, 195, 202, 233 interdependent arising, 37, 40, 43, 45, 47, 52, 57, 63, 66, 71, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 95, 103, 137, 144, 145, 151, 154, 159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 168, 171-184, 186, 188-191, 197-199, 201-202, 204, 208, 209n4 See also dependent origination J

Jambudvīpa, 148

Japan/Japanese, 3, 24, 26, 209n2, 225, 226, 241n11

Jewel Cloud Sutra, 110 Jiangnan, 57, 210n12 Jinglin Temple, 210n12 Jizang, 244n31

K

Kakuban, 226, 243n23 Kalaśa, 7, 17n8

kalpa(s), 15, 42, 72, 90, 99, 101, 107-109, 110, 111, 139-140, 189, 190, 192, 197 asaṃkhyeya, 107, 108, 109, 110, 128-129 incalculable/innumerable, 72, 91, 99, 100, 109, 144, 189

See also eon(s)

Kapilā (father and son), 7, 17n6 Kapila (sage), 11

256

karma/karmic, 24, 77, 78, 94, 102, 103, 112, 113, 119, 129, 144, 146, 147, 187, 193, 195, 212n26, 237 Kāśyapa, 60, 61

Kāśyapa (buddha), 109 Kauśika, 7

Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra, The, 225-227, 231-240

Korea/Korean, 24, 209n2 kṣatriya(s), 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17n13, 73 See also four classes Kūkai, 225-227, 241n11, 242nn13, 15, 16; 243nn21, 28; 244nn29, 33, 35, 36 Kumārajīva, 229, 234 Kurukṣetra, 6

Kuśa, 7, 17n4

Kuśika, 7

L

Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, 55, 60, 64, 70, 78, 102, 124, 139, 154, 163, 210n12, 211n16

Larger Prajñāpāramitā Sutra, 26, 48, 49, 50, 57, 67, 69, 70, 85, 117 See also Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra Late Qin dynasty, 229 Lesser Vehicle, 39, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 67-68, 69-70, 71, 74, 77, 81-82, 85, 89, 95, 96, 97-98, 102, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 127, 131, 138-139, 142, 146, 148, 153, 177, 200

See also vehicle(s) Liang dynasty, 40-41, 58 liberation(s), 46, 56, 75, 85-86, 92, 107, 108, 122, 131

Lokottaravāda, 62

Lotus Sutra, 26, 41-42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 59, 64, 68, 71, 109, 140, 149, 150, 210n12, 237, 241n11, 244n31

Index

burning house, parable of, 27, 38, 48, 209n3, 212n28, 243n28 three cart(s), metaphor of, 38-41, 47-49, 52-53, 58, 237, 243n28 deer, 38, 39, 58, 237, 243n28 goat, 38, 39, 58, 237, 243n28 ox, 38, 39-41, 48, 52-53, 58, 243n28 unreal city, analogy of, 138 M

Madhyamaka, 243n26

Magadha, 73, 108, 147 magical elixir, 10

Mahābhārata, 17n1

Mahāparinirvāṇa-sutra, 145 See also Nirvana Sutra Mahāprajñāpāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra, 225, 232, 234, 241n7 , 243n21 See also Heart Sutra

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, 243n21 See also Prajñāpāramitā (sutra) Mahāsāṃghika, 62

mahāsattva(s), 42, 127 See also bodhisattva(s) Mahāvairocana. See Great Sun; Vairocana Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra, 108 Mahayana, 23, 47, 49, 57, 60, 61, 226, 238, 239, 242n15

See also Great Vehicle Maheśvara, 10

Mahīśāsaka-vinaya, 67 Maitreya, 104, 226, 232, 236, 231, 232, 236

mandala(s), 234, 239, 240, 241n11 Mañjuśrī, 70, 74, 94, 136, 142, 226, 240 Manjuśrī's Sutra on Prajñāpāramitā, 90, 141

mantra(s), 225, 226, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238, 239, 240, 242n20, 244n34 See also dhāraṇī(s); incantation(s) Māra, 240

matrix, 44, 209n6

See also tathāgatagarbha meditation, 13, 114, 231, 233, 241n9 See also concentration(s) mental proliferations, 231, 232, 236 merit(s), 9, 11, 56, 88, 91, 103, 110, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 150, 189 ten conversions of, 98, 100, 130, 192 meritorious activities/deeds, 14, 57, 82, 143, 154

metaphor(s)/metaphorical, 24, 211nn17, 23, 226, 234, 243nn25, 28 dragon and snake scales, 234, 243n21 gold and water/golden lion and water and waves, 236, 243n25 grains of sand in the Ganges River, 56, 90, 91, 149, 154, 211n13 jeweler, 240, 244n35

skilled physician, 240, 244n35 of three carts, 243n28 turtle shells and mirrors, 44, 209n7 two wheels of a cart/two wings of a bird, 116

Mīmāṃsā, 9

Min, 57, 210n12

mind(s), 13, 62, 77, 80, 86, 87, 88, 96, 100, 101, 102, 110, 112, 115, 122, 125, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 152, 187, 190, 198, 200, 211n23, 229, 231, 234, 237, 240 of anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi/awakened/bodhi-, 67, 86, 101, 102, 109, 136, 139-140, 141, 211n23, 232, 236 contaminated/defiled/impure, 78, 124, 129, 163

conversion of/converted, 96, 98, 111, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142 of faith, ten, 137, 140, 189 initial, 107

final/fulfilled, 43, 75, 103, 106, 107, 115, 137, 140, 189, 192 257

Index

mind(s) (continued): forty levels of, 97, 98 heart-, 211n23

objects of, 119, 152, 187 one/singular, 79, 80, 81, 197, 235, 239, 243n23

pure/uncontaminated/without impediments, 91, 125, 128, 143, 237, 229 of samsara/triple world, 133, 134, 199 of self-nature, 78, 93, 163, 197 of self-view, 136

of śrāvaka(s)/two vehicles, 67, 91, 111, 113, 135

ten kinds of, 80, 101, 114, 197 of true thusness/ultimate principle, 79, 80 unexcelled/unsurpassed, 43, 200 mindfulness, four bases of, 237, 244n29 mind-only, 197-198

See also consciousness only Miscellaneous Flowers Sutra, 147-148 See also Flower Garland Sutra Mitra, 11

Mohe bore boluomi daming zhoujing, 234 See also Heart Sutra monastic, 14, 209n1 monk(s), 24, 210n12, 227 See also bhikṣu(s)

mother of awakening, 231, 241n7 See also Prajñā

Mount Hiei, 226

Mount Kālañjara, 6

Mount Sumeru(s), 149, 151, 193 mudrās, 240, 242n20 N

Nāgārjuna, 175, 239, 243n26 Nāgaśrī, 117

Nanyue, 57, 210n12

Nara, 225, 227, 242n14 Nara schools, six, 225-226 Hossō, 226, 242n14, 243n27 258

Jōjitsu, 226, 242n14 Kegon, 23, 24, 209n2, 226, 242n14, 243n25

Kusha, 226, 242n14

Ritsu, 226, 242n14

Sanron, 226, 227, 242n14, 243n26 See also Huayan; Shingon; Tendai Nārada, 11

Narakṣa, 6, 17n2

nature(s), 13, 79, 81-88, 92, 94, 95, 123, 134, 136, 142, 155-158, 160, 163, 167, 170-171, 181, 187, 202, 237, 244n30 of awakening/bodhi-, 82, 93 of dharmas, 67, 103, 104, 114, 117, 204, 236

of Dharma, 57

five kinds of, 85, 87 habitual and inherent, 83, 84, 85, 93 liberated/of liberation/of nirvana, parinirvāṇa/of sagehood, 83, 87, 89, 92, 128

original, 37, 60, 80, 81, 83, 104, 117, 142, 149, 151, 197, 211n17 real/of reality, 145, 153 of thusness, 76, 87, 92, 130, 170 true, 63, 71, 87, 102, 103 See also buddha-nature; Dharmanature; seed-nature(s); self-nature; three natures

natureless/naturelessness, 88, 129, 147, 157, 159, 160, 163, 166 nirvana, 48, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 80, 86, 87, 90, 91, 103, 121, 138-139, 140, 155, 163, 170, 196, 229, 232, 235, 238, 239, 243n23

See also parinirvāṇa Nirvana Sutra, 55, 56, 57, 70, 86, 93, 113, 139, 149, 150, 157, 237 See also Mahāparinirvāṇa-sutra nonemptiness, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 70 See also emptiness

Index

nonreturner(s)/nonreturning, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 115, 139 O

Okano, Kiyoshi, 3

once-returner, 119, 120, 127, 139 One Vehicle, 23, 25, 37-54, 58, 59, 63, 64, 66-69, 71-76, 94, 95, 106, 111, 114, 115, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152-153, 154, 177, 178, 186, 187, 191, 192, 198, 199, 200-201, 208 See also Huayan One Vehicle teachings; vehicle(s)

P

Pāṇḍava brothers, five, 16 pāramitā(s), 67, 102, 108, 189, 233 See also perfection(s), six; prajñā pāramitā parinirvāṇa, 82, 88, 89, 99 See also nirvana

perfection(s), six, 42, 85 of generosity, 102

of patience, 238

of wisdom, 229, 230, 238, 243n23 See also pāramitā(s)

Perfection of Wisdom schools, 56 See also Prajñāpāramitā sutras/teachings Physician King, 231, 244n35 See also Buddha

Piṅgala, 6

practitioner(s), 6, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 68, 69, 72, 106, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 136, 138, 200, 232, 235, 238 Lesser Vehicle, 39, 69, 77, 98, 110, 138, 146

of three vehicles, 45, 111, 150 of two vehicles, 96, 97, 112, 114, 121, 124-125, 135, 137, 138, 141, 146, 148, 149

prajñā, 130, 131, 232, 233, 234, 235 See also wisdom

Prajñā (bodhisattva), 232, 234, 240, 241nn7, 9; 242n20

Prajñā (translator), 242n13 prajñāpāramitā, 48, 49, 157 See also pāramitā(s); perfection(s), of wisdom

Prajñāpāramitā (bodhisattva), 234 Prajñāpāramitā (sutra), 242n15 See also Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra Prajñāpāramitā-naya-sūtra, 243n24 Prajñāpāramitā sutras/teachings, 63, 225, 226, 233

See also Perfection of Wisdom schools Prajñaptivāda, 62

Prasenajit, King, 61

pratītyasamutpāda, 209n4, 226 See also dependent origination; interdependent arising pratyekabuddha(s), 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 67, 82, 86, 99, 100, 107, 114, 122, 124, 127, 130, 131, 138, 139, 140, 199, 200, 226, 232, 237, 238, 239, 241n11, 242n14, 243nn22, 28 precept(s), 61, 118, 196 Precious Key to the Secret Treasury, 227 Prince of Tuṣita Heaven, 104, 192 See also Maitreya

principal and attendants, 24-25, 40, 43, 45, 47, 52, 63, 66, 71, 74, 80, 94, 103, 137, 151, 177, 187, 191

Pubian zhizang bore boluomiduo xinjing, 234

See also Heart Sutra

Puṣya, 109

Puṣyasa, 7, 17n3

Q

Qing dynasty, 26

Qishe, 56-57, 210n12

259

Index

quiescence/quiescent, 43, 64, 116, 121, 141, 147, 171, 200 R

Rāma, 7, 17n10

Ratnaśikhin, 109

realm(s), 75, 79, 82, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 104, 110, 117, 122, 131, 133, 139, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161, 178, 181, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 208, 229, 232, 236 See also three realms rebirth(s), 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 112, 115, 122, 123, 131, 139, 192, 237 See also birth and death; destinies Recitation Rites for Cultivating the Con templation of Prajñāpāramitā Bodhisattva, 244n36 relics, 66, 194, 196 rite(s)/ritual, 226, 234, 240, 242n20, 244nn34, 36

Ṛṣyaśṛṅga, 11

Ryōben, 24

S

Saga, Emperor, 227 sage(s), 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14-15, 16, 78, 81, 83, 112, 125, 131, 165, 166, 168, 199, 233

sagehood, 10, 91, 92, 97, 128 Saichō, 226

Saisen, 226, 227

Śākyamuni, 57, 58, 109, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 240

See also Buddha

samādhi(s), 67, 102, 131-132, 139, 195, 196, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237 beyond defilements, 104 ocean-seal, 37, 66, 71, 74, 188, 209n2 śūraṃgama, 132

that breaks through emptiness, 130 260

Samantabhadra, 38, 71, 73, 104, 141, 147, 178, 181, 193, 202, 226, 232, 235-236, 243n24, 244n30 Sambhava, 7, 17n5

Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra, 242n15 See also Sutra on the Explication of Underlying Meaning, samsara, 65, 92, 103, 164, 170, 199, 243n23

Sāṅkhya, 9

Sanskrit, 3, 17nn1-3, 5, 10; 18n20, 209nn5, 6; 210n12, 211n16, 225, 231, 233, 241n8, 242n16 Śaragulma, 7, 17n7 Śāriputra, 82, 90, 141, 229, 234 Sarvāstivāda, 56

Sarvāstivāda-vinaya-vibhāṣā, 68 Satyasiddhi, 56

Sautrāntika, 56, 62 scripture(s)/sutra(s), 5, 6, 26, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 103, 105, 106, 113, 129, 137, 140, 141, 147, 150, 152, 171, 178, 179, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 209nn2, 5; 211nn15, 22; 225, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234-235, 237, 239, 240, 242n18, 243n24, 244nn30, 31 brahmans'/Vedic, 7, 10 exoteric, 240

Great Vehicle/Mahayana, 49, 57, 60, 242n15

Lesser Vehicle, 50 One Vehicle, 42, 73 Prajñāpāramitā, 225, 226 three vehicles, 73-74 vaipulya, 49

See also commentary(ies); text(s); treatise(s)

secret(s), 225, 226, 227, 233, 235, 239, 240

See also esoteric

secret treasury, 233, 235, 238 seed(s), 11, 24, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 93, 103, 112, 115, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 149, 174, 175, 212n26, 237 seed-nature(s), 25, 76, 81-87, 92, 93-95, 99, 101, 114, 116, 128, 141, 211n17 seed syllables/syllable(s), 225, 231, 232, 233-234, 237, 238, 239, 240 self/selfhood, 9, 11, 13, 61-62, 63, 118, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 175, 179-180, 185, 237, 243n27 -essence(s), 164, 180, 185 identified/identity of/-identity, 24, 134, 179, 189

two views of, 236, 243n27 self-nature, 78, 79, 93, 124, 134, 142, 143, 144, 153, 154, 156-157, 159, 163, 165, 166, 171, 172, 174, 176, 179-180, 181, 183, 184, 197, 211n17 self-natureless/self-naturelessness, 155, 156, 159, 169, 181, 183 selflessness, 128, 134, 177 sense(s), 9, 11, 14, 15 bases, six, 93

consciousness, 77

faculties, six, 92

Shingon, 225, 226, 227, 242n14 Shingonshū zensho, 226 Si. See Huisi

Siddham, 241n8

See also Sanskrit

Śikṣānanda, 211n16

Simsang, 24

Śiva, 18n15

skillful means, 38, 39, 40, 46, 47, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65, 71, 77, 80, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 106, 110, 111, 121, 131, Index

137, 141, 146, 147, 150, 177, 199, 200, 208, 243n28, 244n35 See also expediency/expedient Sogdiana, 23

Song dynasty, 3, 26

soul, 6, 9, 11, 13

śrāmaṇera, 115

śrāvakas(s), 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 67, 74, 82, 85, 97, 99, 100, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 138, 141, 199, 226, 232, 237, 238, 241n11, 242nn14, 15; 243nn22, 28; 244n29

See also disciple(s)

śrotaāpanna(s), 98, 114, 139 See also stream-enterer/stream-entry stage(s), 41, 43, 57, 75, 83, 85, 96-97, 99-104, 111-117, 122-125, 127-136, 152, 189, 192

of arhat, 64, 113

bodhisattva, 41, 43, 57, 67, 73, 75, 80, 91, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 189, 192 buddha/of buddhahood, 41, 73, 96, 103, 113, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 133, 143, 192

diamond, 112, 115

of faith, 75, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 130, 140, 141, 189, 191, 192 initial, 114, 115, 116, 125, 126, 131 of the two vehicles, 101, 114, 115, 125, 126

stream-enterer/stream-entry, 98, 119, 120, 121

See also śrotaāpanna(s) Śubhākarasiṃha, 239

suchness, 231, 239

See also thusness

261

Index

sudden, 55, 60, 121

awakening/enlightenment/transcendence, 70, 121

See also Huayan One Vehicle teachings, Sudden Teaching

Śuddhodana, King, 108, 147 Sudhana, 104, 117, 192 śūdra(s), 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13-14, 15, 17n13, 18nn15, 16

See also four classes

suffering(s), 8, 14, 39, 43, 78, 100, 115, 124, 130, 131, 163, 200, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235, 237, 238 Śukra, 9

Summary of the Great Vehicle, 26, 47, 79, 83, 93, 122, 123, 136, 143, 147, 165, 172

Liang dynasty translation, 41, 49, 83, 92, 97, 102, 112, 114, 122, 125, 128, 129, 132, 143, 152, 154 Sutra for Benevolent Kings, 40, 101, 113, 114, 125, 128, 133

Sutra of Golden Light, 58, 129, 152 Sutra of King Pravaradeva, 110 Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar, 79, 162

Sutra of the Buddha's First Twelve Years, 69

Sutra of the Questions of the Brāhmins, 170

Sutra of the Sudden Teaching, 60 Sutra on Awakening of Practice, 68 Sutra on Basic Activities, 40, 101, 109, 114, 128, 132, 133, 153 Sutra on Manjuśrī's Transcendental Samādhi, 48

Sutra on No Increase and No Decrease, 90, 155

Sutra on the Accumulations of the Six Senses, 92, 211n18

262

Sutra on the Buddha Stage, 73, 150 Sutra on the Common Nature of the Great Vehicle, 44

Sutra on the Emptiness of All Dharmas, 94 Sutra on the Essential Nature of Entering the Dharma Realm, 136

Sutra on the Explication of Underlying Meaning, 53, 58, 60, 70, 77, 136 See also Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra Sutra on the Good Moral Discipline of Bodhisattvas, 85

Sutra on the Questions of Viśeṣacinti Brahmā, 103

Sutra on the Samādhi of Contemplating Buddha, 147

Sutra on the Skillful Means of the Great Vehicle, 146

Sutra on the Warrior with the Hidden Tracks, 67, 70

Sutra on Universal Brilliance, 68 Sutra on Unsurpassed Refuge, 132 Sutra on Upāsaka Precepts, 109 T

Taishō canon/text, 3, 26, 210n10, 225, 227, 241n8, 242n19

Tang dynasty, 23, 37, 58, 234 Tanyin. See Dayan

Tanzun. See Zuntong

tathāgata(s), 113, 123, 191, 236, 243n24, 244n30

See also buddha(s)

Tathāgata, 37, 42, 55, 56, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 110, 137, 138, 140, 152, 170, 189, 191, 211n16, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241n10, 243n24

See also Buddha

tathāgatagarbha, 61, 63, 78, 79, 92, 138, 163, 174, 177, 197, 209n6, 211n16 See also matrix

taxonomy of teachings, 225, 227, 242n15, 244n33

Tendai, 226, 241n11, 242n14, 244n31 See also Tiantai

Ten Stages Sutra, 79, 112, 132 text(s), 3, 5, 23, 25, 26, 27, 60, 62, 66, 79, 89, 92, 93, 101, 102, 114, 126, 132, 134, 143, 146, 150, 165, 195, 197, 198, 209nn4, 5; 209-210n8, 210nn10, 12; 211nn15, 16, 18; 211-212n25, 212n26, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232-233, 241nn8, 11; 242n14, 243n21, 244n36

Sanskrit, 3, 17nn1- 3, 5, 10; 231 See also commentary(ies); scripture(s)/ sutra(s); treatise(s)

three natures, 58, 154-156, 169, 211nn14, 24; 211-212n25

of attachment to what is entirely imagined/imagined, 130, 155, 157, 160, 161, 168

fully perfected, 155, 156, 158, 162, 169, 211n24

other-dependent, 130, 134, 155, 159, 160, 165-168, 169, 170

See also nature(s); seed-nature(s) three realms, 239

desire, 119-120, 127, 132, 133, 139 form, 132, 133, 148, 149 formlessness, 132, 133

See also realm(s); triple world thusness, 58, 61, 63, 76, 78, 79, 80, 87, 92, 93, 116, 125, 126, 128, 130, 143, 144, 147, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 211n24 See also suchness

Tiantai, 57, 210n12, 244n31 See also Tendai

Tittirī, 7, 17n9

Tittirī-suta, 7

Index

Tōdaiji, 227

Tōdaiji yōraku, 227

Trapuṣa, 68

treatise(s), 9, 49, 60, 72, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92, 96, 99, 101, 127, 134, 136, 138, 143, 149, 150, 163, 171, 198, 209n5

Lesser Vehicle, 77, 82, 96 See also commentary(ies); scripture(s)/ sutra(s); text(s)

Treatise on Buddha-nature, 88, 93, 100, 132, 142

Treatise on Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle, 23-27, 37-208, 209n1, 211n14, 212n28

Treatise on Entering the Great Vehicle, 49 Treatise on Praise of the Sacred Teachings, 82, 138 Treatise on the Adornment of the Great Vehicle, 142

Treatise on the Awakening of Faith in the Great Vehicle, 61, 78

Treatise on the Bodhisattva Stages/Treatise on the "Bodhisattva Stages" chap ter of the Flower Garland Sutra, 37, 114 Treatise on the Collected Abhidharma, 49, 97, 112, 113, 120, 123, 124, 134, 136, 146, 148, 175

Treatise on the Five Ranks. See Treatise on Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle

Treatise on the Golden Lion, 23 Treatise on the Jewel Nature, 79, 87, 92, 93, 127, 132, 143

Treatise on the Larger Prajñāpāramitā Sutra, 26, 49, 57, 68-69, 85, 87, 104, 115, 143, 146, 149, 152, 157 Treatise on the Middle Way, 69, 157, 166 Treatise on the Nonexistence of Characteristics, 135 263

Index

Treatise on the Secret Mandala of the Ten Abiding Minds, 227

Treatise on the Sutra of the Questions of Maitreya, 48, 124, 126

Treatise on the Sutra on the Buddha Stage, 89, 152, 153, 154 Treatise on the Ten Stages, 26, 40, 68, 72, 79, 128, 132, 175, 178, 191 Treatise on the Theory of Consciousness Only, 174

Treatise on the Three Kinds of Nature less ness, 134 Treatise on the True Attainment, 62 Treatise on Yogācāra Stages, 26, 49, 58, 82, 83, 97, 99, 100, 120, 121, 122, 136, 138, 141

tree(s), 13, 16, 73, 95, 149, 157 tilaka, 15, 18n19

udumbara, 16

of the Way, 72

See also bodhi tree; world(s), treeshaped Tripiṭaka, 5, 57, 210n12, 229, 233, 234, 239, 242n13

See also five collections triple world, 38, 39, 40, 48, 53, 54, 73, 79, 96, 113, 119, 120, 121, 133, 134, 149 See also realm(s), three; world(s) U

Uisang, 24

Universal Adornment, Prince, 192 Urvaśī, 7, 11

V

Vairocana, 23, 44, 57, 73, 151 See also Great Sun

Vaiśampāyana, 13

Vaiśeṣika, 9

vaiśya(s), 3, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17n13 See also four classes

264

vajra, 231, 241n11

See also adamantine

Vajrasūcī. See Diamond Needle, The Varṇa system, 3

See also four classes

Vasiṣṭha, 7, 11, 16

Vasubandhu, 149

Vātsīputrīya school, 61 Vedas/Vedic scriptures, four, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15

vehicle(s), 23, 25, 37, 40, 42, 45-51, 52, 63-64, 68, 85, 86, 103, 140, 201, 210nn10, 11; 232, 235, 237, 238, 239, 242n15, 243nn25-27; 244n30 bodhisattva, 46, 241n11 buddha, 51, 140

deva/heavenly, 50, 51, 61, 68, 241n11 five, 50-51, 187, 201, 225, 226, 231, 233, 241n11

four, 50, 51, 58, 201

human, 50, 51, 61, 68, 241n11 Middle/pratyekabuddha, 43, 50, 200, 226, 241n11, 243n28

singular, 241n11, 244n31 śrāvaka, 43, 97, 226, 241n11, 243n28 three, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44-46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66-¬67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 86, 89, 91, 94, 97, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 115, 117, 119, 125, 137, 141, 142, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 177, 187, 192, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 211n21 two, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 59, 64, 76, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 124-125, 127, 131, 133, 135, 136, 137-138, 141, 146, 147, 148-149, 201, 211n21, 237 See also Great Vehicle; Lesser Vehicle; One Vehicle

Venerable One, 231, 239 See also Buddha; World-honored One Vietnam/Vietnamese, 23, 209n2 view(s)/viewpoints, 7, 8, 10, 12, 18n17, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 62, 64, 69, 79, 80, 81, 90, 102, 118, 134, 141, 165, 168, 179, 183, 185, 192, 196, 203, 204, 205, 206, 225, 232 erroneous/false/faulty/incorrect/mistaken, 10, 11, 12, 16, 90, 116, 118, 132, 166, 175, 211-212n25, 229, 235, 238

self-/of self, 136, 236, 243n27 Vimalakīrti, 60, 63, 70 Vimalakīrti-sūtra, 55, 70, 80, 124, 128, 155, 163

Vinaya, 46, 55, 113

Vinaya in Ten Recitations, 68 Viśva, 11

Viśvāmitra, 7, 11

vow(s), 92, 100, 102, 115, 236 Vulture Peak, 47, 59, 149, 234 Vyāsa, 11

W

Wild Deer, 7

wisdom, 13, 46, 93, 96, 108, 110, 115, 116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 136, 143, 144, 152, 154, 160, 168, 187, 191, 194, 208, 225, 227, 229, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243n23 buddha/Buddha/Tathāgata, 42, 44, 74, 140, 143, 152,

contemplative, 60, 123 cultivated/cultivation of, 152, 154, 235 discriminating, 193-194 four kinds of, 152

higher/superior, 115, 116, 121, 143 perfection of, 229-230, 238, 243n23 sacred, 159, 164

Index

pure/uncontaminated/undefiled, 112, 144, 152

See also prajñā

world(s), 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18n15, 27, 43, 46, 51, 54, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 82, 85, 90, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 119, 120, 126, 127, 148-149, 151, 188, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199, 201

lotus flower treasury, 45, 72-73, 147, 150, 209n6

mundane, 41, 53, 54, 62, 113, 114, 131, 132, 149

original nature, 104, 117, 149, 151 sahā/profane, 73, 148, 149, 234 supramundane/supra-supramundane, 41 temporal, 75, 82, 110, 193, 196-197 tree-shaped, 149, 151 See also buddha land(s)/realm(s)/ world(s); triple world world-honored ones/World-honored One, 61, 170

See also buddha(s); Buddha; tathāgata(s); Tathāgata worldly, 9, 24, 114, 163 Wu Zetian, Empress, 24 X

Xinxing, 58, 210n12

Xuanzang, 58, 60, 210n12, 234, 242n19 Xuzangjing, Huayan yisheng fenqi zhang fugu ji, 210n10

Y

Yijing, 234, 242n19

Yogācāra/Yogācārin(s), 25, 53, 54, 77, 83, 93, 101, 211n14

Yogācārabhūmi, 244n33 Yuan, 55, 210n12

Yudhiṣṭhira, 13-15

Yun, 30, 58, 59, 210n12 265

BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series)

Index

Z

Zhiduan jing. See Fingertip Sutra Zhiyan, 23, 25 Zhiyi. See Zhizhe Zhizhe, 57, 59, 76, 210n12 Zigui. See Hushen Zoku Shingonshū zensho, 226 Zongmi, 24

Zuntong, 56, 210n12 266

BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series) Abbreviations Ch.: Chinese

Skt.: Sanskrit Jp.: Japanese Eng.: Published title Title Taishō No. Ch. Chang ahan jing (長阿含經) 1 Skt. Dīrghāgama Eng. The Canonical Book of the Buddha's Lengthy Discourses (Volume I, 2015) The Canonical Book of the Buddha's Lengthy Discourses (Volume II, 2017) The Canonical Book of the Buddha's Lengthy Discourses (Volume III, 2018) Ch. Zhong ahan jing (中阿含經) 26 Skt. Madhyamāgama Eng. The Madhyama Āgama (Middle-length Discourses) (Volume I, 2013) The Madhyama Āgama (Middle-length Discourses) (Volume II, 2020) The Madhyama Āgama (Middle-length Discourses) (Volume III, 2022) Ch. Dasheng bensheng xindi guan jing (大乘本生心地觀經) 159 Eng. The Mahayana Sutra of Previous Lives and Contemplation of the Mind-ground (2021) Ch. Fo suoxing zan (佛所行讃) 192 Skt. Buddhacarita Eng. Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts (2009) 267 267 267

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Zabao zang jing (雜寶藏經) Eng. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables (1994) Ch. Faju piyu jing (法句譬喩經) Eng. The Scriptural Text: Verses of the Doctrine, with Parables (1999) Ch. Xiaopin banruo boluomi jing (小品般若波羅蜜經) Skt. Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Jingang banruo boluomi jing (金剛般若波羅蜜經) Skt. Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra 203

211

227

235

Ch. Daluo jingang bukong zhenshi sanmoye jing 243 (大樂金剛不空眞實三麼耶經)

Skt. Adhyardhaśatikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Eng. The Sutra of the Vow of Fulfilling the Great Perpetual Enjoyment and Benefiting All Sentient Beings Without Exception (in Esoteric Texts, 2015) Ch. Renwang banruo boluomi jing (仁王般若波羅蜜經) 245 Skt. *Kāruṇikārājā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing (般若波羅蜜多心經) 251 Skt. Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya-sūtra Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing (妙法蓮華經) 262 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra

Eng. The Lotus Sutra (Revised Second Edition, 2007) Ch. Wuliangyi jing (無量義經) 276

Eng. The Infinite Meanings Sutra (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing (觀普賢菩薩行法經) 277 Eng. The Sutra Expounded by the Buddha on Practice of the Way through Contemplation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing Goodness (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Dafangguang fo huayan jing (大方廣佛華嚴經) 279 Skt. Avataṃsaka-sūtra

Ch. Shengman shizihou yisheng defang bianfang guang jing (勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經) Skt. Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra Eng. The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar (2004) 353

268

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Wuliangshou jing (無量壽經) 360 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Larger Sutra on Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing (觀無量壽佛經) 365 Skt. *Amitāyurdhyāna-sūtra Eng. The Sutra on Contemplation of Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Amituo jing (阿彌陀經) 366 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Da banniepan jing (大般涅槃經) 374 Skt. Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra Eng. The Nirvana Sutra (Volume I, 2013) Ch. Fochuibo niepan lüeshuo jiaojie jing (佛垂般涅槃略説教誡經) 389 Eng. The Bequeathed Teaching Sutra (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005) Ch. Dizang pusa benyuan jing (地藏菩薩本願經) 412 Skt. *Kṣitigarbhapraṇidhāna-sūtra Ch. Banzhou sanmei jing (般舟三昧經) 418 Skt. Pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhāvasthita-samādhi-sūtra Eng. The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra (1998) Ch. Yaoshi liuli guang rulai benyuan gongde jing (藥師琉璃光如來本願功徳經) Skt. Bhaiṣajyaguru-vaiḍūrya-prabhāsa-pūrvapraṇidhāna-viśeṣavistara Eng. The Scripture of Master of Medicine, Beryl Radiance Tathāgata (2018)

Ch. Mile xiasheng chengfo jing (彌勒下生成佛經) Skt. *Maitreyavyākaraṇa Eng. The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment (2016) Ch. Wenshushili wen jing (文殊師利問經) Skt. *Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā Eng. The Sutra of Mañjuśrī's Questions (2016) 450

454

468

269

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Weimojie suoshuo jing (維摩詰所説經) 475 Skt. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra Eng. The Vimalakīrti Sutra (2004) Ch. Yueshangnü jing (月上女經) 480 Skt. Candrottarādārikā-paripṛcchā Eng. The Sutra of the Girl Candrottarā (2018) Ch. Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) 614 Eng. The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation (2009) Ch. Damoduoluo chan jing (達磨多羅禪經) Ch. Yuedeng sanmei jing (月燈三昧經) 618 639

Skt. Samādhirāja-candrapradīpa-sūtra Ch. Shoulengyan sanmei jing (首楞嚴三昧經) 642 Skt. Śūraṅgamasamādhi-sūtra Eng. The Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sutra (1998) Ch. Jinguang ming zuishengwang jing (金光明最勝王經) 665 Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra Ch. Dasheng rulengqie jing (大乘入楞伽經) 672 Skt. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra

Ch. Jie shenmi jing (解深密經) 676 Skt. Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra Eng. The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning (2000) Ch. Yulanpen jing (盂蘭盆經) 685 Skt. *Ullambana-sūtra

Eng. The Ullambana Sutra (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005) Ch. Sishierzhang jing (四十二章經) 784 Eng. The Sutra of Forty-two Sections (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005) Ch. Dafangguang yuanjue xiuduoluo liaoyi jing (大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經) Eng. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005) 842

Ch. Da Biluzhena chengfo shenbian jiachi jing (大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經) Skt. Mahāvairocanābhisambodhi-vikurvitādhiṣṭhāna-vaipulyasūtrendrarājanāma-dharmaparyāya Eng. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra (2005) 848

270

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Jinggangding yiqie rulai zhenshi she dasheng xianzheng dajiao wang jing (金剛頂一切如來眞實攝大乘現證大教王經) 865 Skt. Sarvatathāgata-tattvasaṃgraha-mahāyānābhisamaya-mahākalparāja Eng. The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra (in Two Esoteric Sutras, 2001) Ch. Suxidi jieluo jing (蘇悉地羯囉經) 893 Skt. Susiddhikara-mahātantra-sādhanopāyika-paṭala Eng. The Susiddhikara Sutra (in Two Esoteric Sutras, 2001) Ch. Modengqie jing (摩登伽經) 1300 Skt. *Mātaṅgī-sūtra

Eng. The Mātaṅga Sutra (in Esoteric Texts, 2015) Ch. Mohe sengqi lü (摩訶僧祇律) 1425 Skt. *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya Ch. Sifen lü (四分律) 1428 Skt. *Dharmaguptaka-vinaya Ch. Shanjianlü piposha (善見律毘婆沙) 1462 Pāli Samantapāsādikā

Ch. Fanwang jing (梵網經) 1484 Skt. *Brahmajāla-sūtra The Brahmā's Net Sutra (2017) Ch. Youposaijie jing (優婆塞戒經) 1488 Skt. Upāsakaśīla-sūtra Eng. The Sutra on Upāsaka Precepts (1994) Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing youbotishe (妙法蓮華經憂波提舍) 1519 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-upadeśa Eng. The Commentary on the Lotus Sutra (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Shizha biposha lun (十住毘婆沙論) 1521 Skt. *Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā Ch. Fodijing lun (佛地經論) 1530 Skt. *Buddhabhūmisūtra-śāstra Eng. The Interpretation of the Buddha Land (2002) Ch. Apidamojushe lun (阿毘達磨倶舍論) 1558 Skt. Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya Ch. Zhonglun (中論) 1564 Skt. Madhyamaka-śāstra 271

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Yüqie shidilun (瑜伽師地論) 1579 Skt. Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra Ch. Cheng weishi lun (成唯識論) 1585 Eng. Demonstration of Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only, 1999) Ch. Weishi sanshilun song (唯識三十論頌) 1586 Skt. Triṃśikā

Eng. The Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only, 1999) Ch. Weishi ershi lun (唯識二十論) 1590 Skt. Viṃśatikā

Eng. The Treatise in Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only, 1999) Ch. She dasheng lun (攝大乘論) 1593 Skt. Mahāyānasaṃgraha

Eng. The Summary of the Great Vehicle (Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Bian zhongbian lun (辯中邊論) 1600 Skt. Madhyāntavibhāga

Eng. Analysis of the Middle and Extremes (2021) Ch. Dasheng zhuangyanjing lun (大乘莊嚴經論) 1604 Skt. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra Ch. Dasheng chengye lun (大乘成業論) 1609 Skt. Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa Ch. Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun (究竟一乘寳性論) 1611 Skt. Ratnagotravibhāga-mahāyānottaratantra-śāstra Ch. Yinming ruzheng li lun (因明入正理論) 1630 Skt. Nyāyapraveśa

Ch. Dasheng ji pusa xue lun (大乘集菩薩學論) 1636 Skt. Śikṣāsamuccaya

Ch. Jingangzhen lun (金剛針論) 1642 Skt. Vajrasūcī

Eng. The Diamond Needle (2023) Ch. Zhang suozhi lun (彰所知論) 1645 Eng. The Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable (2004) 272

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Putixing jing (菩提行經) 1662 Skt. Bodhicaryāvatāra

Ch. Jingangding yuqie zhongfa anouduoluo sanmiao sanputi xin lun 1665 (金剛頂瑜伽中發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心論)

Eng. The Bodhicitta Śāstra (in Esoteric Texts, 2015) Ch. Dasheng qixin lun (大乘起信論) 1666 Skt. *Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda-śāstra Eng. The Awakening of Faith (2005) Ch. Shimoheyan lun (釋摩訶衍論) 1668 Ch. Naxian biqiu jing (那先比丘經) 1670B Pāli Milindapañhā

Eng. The Scripture on the Monk Nāgasena (2021) Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing yuzan (般若波羅蜜多心經幽賛) 1710 Eng. A Comprehensive Commentary on the Heart Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra) (2001) Ch. Miaofalianhua jing xuanyi (妙法蓮華經玄義) 1716 Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing shu (觀無量壽佛經疏) 1753 Ch. Sanlun xuanyi (三論玄義) 1852 Ch. Dasheng xuan lun (大乘玄論) 1853 Ch. Zhao lun (肇論) 1858

Ch. Huayan yisheng jiaoyi fenqi zhang (華嚴一乘教義分齊章) 1866 Eng. Treatise on Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle (2023) Ch. Yuanren lun (原人論) 1886 Ch. Mohe zhiguan (摩訶止觀) 1911 Ch. Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao (修習止觀坐禪法要) 1915 Ch. Tiantai sijiao yi (天台四教儀) 1931 Eng. A Guide to the Tiantai Fourfold Teachings (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Guoqing bai lu (國清百録) 1934 Eng. The Hundred Records of the Temple of National Purity (2022) 273

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao chanshi wulu (鎭州臨濟慧照禪師語録) 1985 Eng. The Recorded Sayings of Linji (in Three Chan Classics, 1999) Ch. Foguo Yuanwu chanshi biyan lu (佛果圜悟禪師碧巖録) 2003 Eng. The Blue Cliff Record (1998) Ch. Wumen guan (無門關) 2005

Eng. Wumen's Gate (in Three Chan Classics, 1999) Ch. Liuzu dashi fabao tan jing (六祖大師法寶壇經) 2008 Eng. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (2000) Ch. Xinxin ming (信心銘) 2010

Eng. The Faith-Mind Maxim (in Three Chan Classics, 1999) Ch. Huangboshan Duanji chanshi chuanxin fayao 2012A (黄檗山斷際禪師傳心法要)

Eng. Essentials of the Transmission of Mind (in Zen Texts, 2005) Ch. Yongjia Zhengdao ge (永嘉證道歌) 2014 Eng. Yongjia's Song of Actualizing the Way (2021) Ch. Chixiu Baizhang qinggui (勅修百丈清規) 2025 Eng. The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations (2007) Ch. Yibuzonglun lun (異部宗輪論) 2031 Skt. Samayabhedoparacanacakra

Eng. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines (2004) Ch. Ayuwang jing (阿育王經) 2043

Skt. Aśokāvadāna

Eng. The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka (1993) Ch. Maming pusa zhuan (馬鳴菩薩傳) 2046 Eng. The Life of Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002) Ch. Longshu pusa zhuan (龍樹菩薩傳) 2047 Eng. The Life of Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002) Ch. Posoupandou fashi zhuan (婆藪槃豆法師傳) 2049 Eng. Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002) 274

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Datang Daciensi Zanzang fashi zhuan (大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳) 2053 Eng. A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty (1995) Ch. Gaoseng zhuan (高僧傳) 2059

Ch. Biqiuni zhuan (比丘尼傳) 2063

Eng. Biographies of Buddhist Nuns (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002) Ch. Gaoseng Faxian zhuan (高僧法顯傳) 2085 Eng. The Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, 2002) Ch. Datang xiyu ji (大唐西域記) 2087 Eng. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions (1996) Ch. Youfangjichao: Tangdaheshangdongzheng zhuan 2089-(7) (遊方記抄: 唐大和上東征傳)

Ch. Hongming ji (弘明集) 2102

Eng. The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism (Volume I, 2015)

The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism (Volume II, 2017)

Ch. Fayuan zhulin (法苑珠林) 2122

Eng. A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden (Volume I, 2019) Eng. A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden (Volume II, 2019) Eng. A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden (Volume III, 2020) Eng. A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden (Volume IV, 2020) Eng. A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden (Volume V, 2022) Ch. Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan (南海寄歸内法傳) 2125 Eng. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia (2000) Ch. Fanyu zaming (梵語雑名) 2135

Jp. Shōmangyō gisho (勝鬘經義疏) 2185 Eng. Prince Shōtoku's Commentary on the Śrīmālā Sutra (2011) Jp. Yuimakyō gisho (維摩經義疏) 2186 Eng. The Expository Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sutra (2012) Jp. Hokke gisho (法華義疏) 2187

275

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Jp. Hannya shingyō hiken (般若心經秘鍵) 2203A Eng. The Key to the Secret of the Heart Sutra (2023) Jp. Daijō hossō kenjin shō (大乘法相研神章) Jp. Kanjin kakumu shō (觀心覺夢鈔) 2309 2312

Eng. Oberving the Mind, Awakening from a Dream (2021) Jp. Risshū kōyō (律宗綱要) 2348

Eng. The Essentials of the Vinaya Tradition (1995) Jp. Tendai hokke shūgi shū (天台法華宗義集) 2366 Eng. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School (1995) Jp. Kenkairon (顯戒論) 2376

Jp. Sange gakushō shiki (山家學生式) 2377 Jp. Hizōhōyaku (秘藏寶鑰) 2426

Eng. The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Benkenmitsu nikyō ron (辨顯密二教論) 2427 Eng. On the Differences between the Exoteric and Esoteric Teachings (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Sokushin jōbutsu gi (即身成佛義) 2428 Eng. The Meaning of Becoming a Buddha in This Very Body (in Shingon Texts, 2004)

Jp. Shōji jissōgi (聲字實相義) 2429 Eng. The Meanings of Sound, Sign, and Reality (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Unjigi (吽字義) 2430

Eng. The Meanings of the Word Hūṃ (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Gorin kuji myōhimitsu shaku (五輪九字明秘密釋) 2514 Eng. The Illuminating Secret Commentary on the Five Cakras and the Nine Syllables (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Mitsugonin hotsuro sange mon (密嚴院發露懺悔文) 2527 Eng. The Mitsugonin Confession (in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Kōzen gokoku ron (興禪護國論) 2543 Eng. A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish to Protect the State (in Zen Texts, 2005)

276

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Jp. Fukan zazengi (普勧坐禪儀) 2580

Eng. A Universal Recommendation for True Zazen (in Zen Texts, 2005) Jp. Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) 2582

Eng. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume I, 2007) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume II, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume III, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury (Volume IV, 2008) Jp. Zazen yōjin ki (坐禪用心記) 2586

Eng. Advice on the Practice of Zazen (in Zen Texts, 2005) Jp. Senchaku hongan nembutsu shū (選擇本願念佛集) 2608 Eng. Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū: A Collection of Passages on the Nembutsu Chosen in the Original Vow (1997) Jp. Kenjōdo shinjitsu kyōgyō shōmon rui (顯淨土眞實教行証文類) 2646 Eng. Kyōgyōshinshō: On Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment (2003)

Jp. Tannishō (歎異抄) 2661

Eng. Tannishō: Passages Deploring Deviations of Faith (1996) Jp. Rennyo shōnin ofumi (蓮如上人御文) 2668 Eng. Rennyo Shōnin Ofumi: The Letters of Rennyo (1996) Jp. Ōjōyōshū (往生要集) 2682

Jp. Risshō ankoku ron (立正安國論) 2688

Eng. Risshōankokuron or The Treatise on the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation (in Two Nichiren Texts, 2003)

Jp. Kaimokushō (開目抄) 2689

Eng. Kaimokushō or Liberation from Blindness (2000) Jp. Kanjin honzon shō (觀心本尊抄) 2692

Eng. Kanjinhonzonshō or The Most Venerable One Revealed by Introspecting Our Minds for the First Time at the Beginning of the Fifth of the Five Five Hundred-year Ages (in Two Nichiren Texts, 2003)

Ch. Fumu enzhong jing (父母恩重經) 2887

Eng. The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love (in Apocryphal Scriptures, 2005)

277

Running head

Jp. Hasshūkōyō (八宗綱要) extracanonical Eng. The Essentials of the Eight Traditions (1994) Jp. Sangō shīki (三教指帰) extracanonical Jp. Mappō tōmyō ki (末法燈明記) extracanonical Eng. The Candle of the Latter Dharma (1994) Jp. Jūshichijō kenpō (十七條憲法) extracanonical 278