T614 The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation

Back Matters

Notes

1 Also known as Māndhātā. He was a prosperous king who eventually ascended to the top of Mount Sumeru and shared a throne with Indra. However, he wanted to monopolize the throne, and due to this evil thought he fell to the ground and died. He is mentioned again later in the text (277b, p. 43). 2 I.e., to be satisfied of its desire.

3 In other words, they get weary of the impure body. 4 This would mean that his mind is easily irritable. 5 This probably means that he receives the wrong teaching from his teacher and as a result loses his sense of right and wrong. 6 I.e., the teaching of Buddhism that helps people cross the river of samsara. 7 The reference is unclear.

8 Cf. 275c, pp. 32-32, and 277c-278a, pp. 44-45, of the text. 9 At the introductory level, the first two and the last two links of the formula of dependent origination are contemplated. At the intermediate level, the third through tenth links are contemplated. At the advanced level, all twelve links are contemplated. As the practitioner becomes more experienced, he increases the items he meditates on. 10 The source is unclear.

11 Note that the primary meaning of "karma" is "action, " though it also means a kind

of force that is created by one's action and influences one's subsequent conditions. Here, in this context,

"karma" means action itself.

12 I.e., a monk's robe.

13 This probably means that those who were the family members of the child in a past life consider those who are his/her family members in the present life to be false. 14 I.e., hell.

15 This line has no correspondent in the Saundarananda. 16 As we see from the following lines, here the accidents mentioned above are personified and compared to murderers.

89

Notes

17 In this context, these functions should refer to the "laziness, sleepiness, and heaviness in one's body" mentioned below.

18 Cf. Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom(T25:109a). 19 The hands, feet, shoulders, and back of the neck of the Buddha are said to have had protuberances.

20 Cf. number 54 of the eighty minor bodily marks, p. 37. 21 Literally,

"encounter.

"

22 Cf. number 23 of the thirty-two major marks, p. 35. 23 This list largely corresponds to that in the Mohe bore boluomi jing(Taishō no. 223; T8:395c-396b), also translated by Kumārajīva. However, this forty-ninth item has no corresponding element in the Mohe bore boluomi jing.The lists in the corresponding Sanskrit texts, the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitāand the Aṣṭādaśa sāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā,are very different from the one in the Mohe bore boluomi jing. Accordingly, we cannot confirm the original Sanskrit expression here. 24 The nine apertures of ordinary people leak impurities (cf. 281c, p. 65, of the text). "Filled apertures" probably implies that the body of the Buddha does not release any impurities.

25 Cf. Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom(T25:219b-c). 26 See 276a, p. 33, of the text.

27 Also known as Māndhātā. See 270a, p. 3, and note 1 of the text. 28 I.e., a universal monarch (cakravartin). There are four classes of universal monarchs—gold, silver, copper, and iron—of which "king turning a golden wheel" is the highest.

29 This probably refers to the story of deer that are lured by hunters mimicking the call of a mother deer, and are then killed.

30 "Four types of donations" are the four items that are typically mentioned in early Buddhist texts, namely, food and drink, clothing, bedding, and medicine. 31 This is what the Chinese original states. However, there is no discussion of reflection and investigation in the preceding portions. Perhaps something is missing before this line.

32 Lit.,

"protection.

" We translate the underlying Sanskrit upekṣā. 33 A somewhat similar explanation is found in the Śrāvakabhūmi portion of the Yogācārabhūmi(Taishō no. 1579; T30:469a-470b). 34 Cf. Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom(T25:97c). 90

Notes

35 A similar argument is found in the Saṃyuktāgama(Taishō no. 99[494]; T2:128c-129a). 36 The basic principle here is that the minds of supernatural transformation of a certain stage must be based on the same or higher stage of meditation. Lower stages of meditation cannot create the minds of transformation of advanced stages. See the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya(Taishō no. 1558; T29:144a-b). 37 Cf. Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom(T25:105a). 38 I.e., meditation on impurities, friendliness, dependent origination, mindful breathing, and calling the Buddha to mind that are explained above.

39 Very similar arguments are found in the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya(T29:114c-115a) and the *Tattvasiddhi(Taishō no. 1646; T32:282b).

40 "The internal mind" seems to refer to one's own mind, while "the external mind" seems to refer to the mind of someone else—though there are other interpretations of these terms as well. See the Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā(Taishō no. 1545; T27:940b). 41 Literally,

"master.

" The underlying Sanskrit seems to be svāmin,which means "proprietor" or "master. "

42 "The beginning of the world" is repeated in the original. One of these phrases has been omitted in this translation.

43 Meditative practice without the direct realization of the Four Noble Truths is considered to be the "defiled path,

" because the practitioner has not attained pure wisdom.

44 The original Sanskrit must be pṛthagjana.

45 See the Dhammapada(Taishō no. 210; T4:571b). See also a variant version of the Saṃyuktāgama(Taishō no. 100; T2:374c). We thank Prof. McRae for the latter reference. 46 What these verses mean seems to be something like the following: When a practitioner attains the stage of "summit" (a preliminary stage prior to awakening), he gets a reputation as an advanced practitioner. This reputation, however, could make him arrogant and bring about retrogression from that stage. According to the Sarvāstivāda tenets, until the stage of summit one could retrogress, but if one goes beyond this stage, one never retrogresses. Thus, this stage is like a mountain pass that goes over a summit. 47 "Conditioned elements not associated with the mind" is a category of elements postulated in the Sarvāstivāda system. They refer to some concepts necessary in this system, like "acquisition, " "type of beings,

" and "life force.

"

48 "Acquisition" (prāpti) is an element that is considered to belong to the category of "conditioned elements not associated with the mind" in the Sarvāstivāda tradition. This element links a certain element to a sentient being.

91

Notes

49 Namely, the wisdom of origin, the wisdom of extinction, and the wisdom of the path. 50 Cf. Abhidharma-prakaraṇa(Taishō no. 1541; T26:628b). 51 As will be stated below, there are altogether nine classes of binding defilements belonging to the realm of desire. In principle, defilements are severed by undefiled wisdom, which is attained only after entering the Way of Seeing (darśana-mārga). According to the Sarvāstivāda tenets, however, one can also sever defilements by worldly meditation (which is called the "defiled path") even before entering the Way of Seeing. 52 Literally,

"common people.

" Cf. 279c, p. 54, of the text, where the interlineal note criticizes this translation and supports another translation, "wild person.

" In the

Sarvāstivāda system,

"unawakened people" refer to those who have not entered the Way of Seeing.

53 In order to be reborn in the realm of desire, one must have defilements belonging to the realm of desire. If one has severed the nine classes of (i.e., all) defilements belonging to the realm of desire, one will never be reborn in (in other words, return to) the realm of desire. Thus, one is called "non-returner" (anāgāmin). 54 According to Sarvāstivāda tenets, it takes two steps to sever any class of defilement: "the immediate path" and "the path of deliverance. " What the text refers to here is

the very last moment of severing the defilements belonging to the realm of desire. 55 Cf.

*Miśrakābhidharmahṛdaya(Taishō no. 1552; T28: 913c). 56 Once one enters the Way of Seeing, one cannot be reborn for the eighth time. 57 "The three vows" should refer to those described just above. 58 Namely, the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hells. 59 Literally, free from dye.

60 Mahāsattvas, i.e., bodhisattvas.

61 This story appears in the Ratnakūṭacollection (Taishō no. 310(291); T11: 543a-b); pointed out in Kokuyaku issaikyō: Kyōshū bu4:321, n. 167. 62 Namely, pleasant, painful, and neutral ones. See below. 63 From the fourth stage of meditation upward, there is only neutral sensation. See 278a, p. 46, of the text.

64 Namely, the first three of the four stages of meditation. 65 Namely, from the realm of boundless space to the realm neither with nor without ideation. See below.

66 The five aggregates (skandhas) are classified into one material aggregate (form) and four immaterial aggregates (sensation, ideation, conduct, and consciousness, i.e., "name").

92

Notes

67 "Name" and form (nāma-rūpa) is a fixed compound referring to one's total existence consisting of mental ("name") and physical (form) elements. This line is a gloss of that compound.

68 In the Buddhist system, any perception requires three elements: a sense organ, a cognitive object, and consciousness. Here, the eye is the sense organ, a piece of matter is a cognitive object, and the visual consciousness is consciousness. 69 "The heaven where one can enjoy the supernatural creations of other deities" is the highest heaven in the realm of desire. 70 To call karma "existence" might sound a little strange, but in the Sarvāstivāda system "existence" (bhava) is usually interpreted as the karma that brings about the subsequent link,

"birth.

"

71 Sense organ, cognitive object, and consciousness. See note 68. 72 There might be some textual confusion here. Perhaps the intended reading is something like: "The sprout is not identical with or separate from the seed. "

73 Literally,

"existence.

"

74 Perhaps this should be corrected to "no characteristics, " as in 283c12, p. 75, of the

text.

75 A few characters seem to be missing here. 76 These are collectively called the "eightfold straight path. "

77 Probably in this context this refers to unconditioned elements (asaṃskṛta). 78 Cf. Treatise on the Middle(T30:2b-3c). 79 Cf. 278c, p. 49, of the text. 80 This refers to those who enter concentration only when favorable conditions for practice are provided. See the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya(T29:129a-b). 81 This seems to mean that the practitioners are formally recognized as bodhisattvas. 82 Literally,

"one has a thought of indifference, " which is a little unclear. This is a free translation based on the context. We also referred to the Sanskrit text of the Saundarananda. 93

Glossary

anāgāmin(non-returner): The third of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the vehicle of auditors; one who has attained this stage is no longer subject to rebirth in the realm of desire. See alsovehicle; three realms.

arhat: A practitioner who has completely eradicated the defilements and attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara); the highest of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the vehicle of auditors. See alsovehicle; samsara. auditor (śrāvaka): Originally, a disciple of the Buddha, one of those who heard him expound the teachings directly; later, the term came to refer to practitioners aiming at becoming arhats rather than buddhas. See alsoarhat; vehicle. awakening (bodhi): The attainment of wisdom free from defilement. This wisdom liberates one from samsara and leads one to nirvana. See alsonirvana; samsara. bad destiny: Refers to rebirth in one of the three lower worlds of samsaric existence, the worlds of of animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), or hell. See alsosamsara. bodhisattva: One who has made a resolve to attain the highest awakening of buddhas on behalf of all sentient beings; practitioners of Mahayana. In the course of their spiritual careers, bodhisattvas engage in the practice of the six perfections (pāramitās) and attain stages of increasingly higher levels of spiritual accomplishment. See also Mahayana; six perfections.

bodhitree: The tree under which a buddha attains enlightenment. buddhahood: The state of becoming or being a buddha; the goal of the bodhisattva path. calming and contemplation (śamathaand vipaśyanā): The two phases of meditation; the first phase, consisting of calming the mind and stilling discursive thoughts, prepares a stable base for the second phase, meditative insight into reality. concentration (samādhi): A state in which the mind is concentrated on one point. dependent origination (pra tītya samutpāda): The Buddhist doctrine that explains the causal chain of samsaric existence, which usually consists of twelve links, beginning with ignorance and ending in old age and death.

Dharma: The truth, law; the teachings of the Buddha.

Dharma body (dharmakāya): Ultimate reality as the essence of a buddha. 95

Glossary

eightfold correct path: Correct view, correct thought, correct speech, correct action, correct livelihood, correct effort, correct mindfulness, and correct meditation. Also translated in this text as the eightfold straight path. This constitutes the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, the path leading to nirvana, or liberation from samsara. See alsoFour Noble Truths; nirvana; samsara.

emptiness (śūnyatā): The absence of substantiality of the self and all phenomena (dharmas), which arise only contingent on causes and conditions. five aggregates (skandhas): The five elements of form, sensation, ideation, conduct, and consciousness that comprise the personality and are misconceived by deluded beings as a substantial self.

four continents: In Buddhist cosmology, the four large land masses in one of the oceans around Mount Sumeru. Each continent is in one of the cardinal directions, and human beings live on these continents. See alsoMount Sumeru.

four gross elements: The four physical elements that constitute material phenomena, namely, earth, water, fire, and wind.

Four Noble Truths: The basic doctrine of Buddhism: 1) the truth of suffering, 2) the truth of the origin of suffering, 3) the truth of the extinction of suffering, and 4) the truth of the path that leads to the extinction of suffering, i.e., nirvana. See alsonirvana. karma: Lit.,

"action.

" Any mental, verbal, or physical act that leads to rebirth in samsara. Morally good, evil, and neutral karma brings about, respectively, comfortable, uncomfortable, and neutral fruit. See alsosamsara.

Mahayana: ("Great Vehicle"): A form of Buddhism that developed in India around the beginning of the common era, practitioners of which are considered to be bodhisattvas, magnanimous beings who aspire to the highest awakening (bodhicitta) on behalf of all sentient beings. See alsobodhisattva.

mindfulness: A fundamental Buddhist practice of maintaining awareness and clear observation in meditation and during all one's activities, physical or mental, in order to bring the mind under control and to a state of rest and provide a stable basis for wisdom and insight.

Mount Sumeru: In Buddhist cosmology, the highest mountain rising from the center of the world, surrounded by oceans in which the four continents that comprise the world of human beings are situated. See alsofour continents.

nirvana: Liberation from samsara, a state in which all passions are extinguished. One is led to this state through awakening. See alsoawakening; samsara. prajñā:The wisdom to comprehend the Buddhist truth; one of the six perfections. See alsosix perfections.

sakṛdāgāmin(once-returner): The second of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the vehicle of auditors; one who has attained this state is subject to rebirth once in the 96

Glossary

realm of desire and once in the upper realms before attaining nirvana. See alsonirvana; three realms; vehicle. Śākyamuni: The historical Buddha, who lived in India in the fifth century B.C.E. and whose life and teachings form the basis for Buddhism.

samsara: The cycle of existence, the continuous cycle of birth and death through which beings transmigrate; the world of suffering, contrasted with the liberation of nirvana. See alsonirvana.

Śāriputra: A principal disciple of the Buddha.

Sarvāstivāda: A school of Traditional Buddhism that holds that all phenomena, including past and future, exist substantially.

sense faculties: The six sense organs, namely, the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind, which in contact with their corresponding sense objects result in visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental perceptions. six perfections (pāramitās): Six qualities to be perfected by bodhisattvas on their way to complete awakening: 1) alms or giving (dāna), 2) discipline or morality (śīla), 3) forbearance or patience (kṣānti), 4) exertion or diligence (vīrya), 5) meditation (dhyāna), and 6) wisdom (prajñā). See also bodhisattva.

skillful means (upāya): The various methods and means used by buddhas, bodhisattvas, and other Buddhist practitioners.

solitary awakened one (pratyekabuddha): According to common understanding, a solitary awakened one attains liberation through direct observation and understanding of the principle of dependent origination without the guidance of a teacher, and does not teach others. See also auditor; dependent orgination.

srotāpanna(stream-entrant): The first of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the vehicle of auditors; one who has entered the stream of the Dharma by destroying various wrong views at the Way of Seeing. See also vehicle; Way of Seeing. Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma (the teachings), and Sangha (the monastic community). three poisons: The three cardinal defilements, namely lust (or greed), anger (or hatred), and ignorance (or delusion).

three realms: the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), i.e., the world of ordinary consciousness accompanied by desires; the realm of form (rūpadhātu), in which desires have been eliminated but material phenomena remain; and the realm without form (ārūpya dhātu), in which material phenomena no longer exist. See also samsara. Traditional Buddhism: A term for various early schools of Buddhism that deem only traditional scriptures (āgamas/nikāyas) authoritative and do not accept the authority of Mahayana scriptures. Often referred to as "Hinayana" ("Small Vehicle") by Mahayanists. See alsoMahayana.

97

Glossary

vehicle (yāna): The various Buddhist paths of practice, of which typically three are enumerated, namely the vehicle of auditors (śrāvakas), culminating in arhatship; the vehicle of solitary awakened ones (pratyekabuddhas); and the vehicle of bodhisattvas, culminating in buddhahood. See alsoauditor; bodhisattva; Mahayana; solitary awakened one. Vinaya: Precepts and rules of conduct for monastics.

Way of Seeing (darśana-mārga): The stage of practice at which practitioners directly perceive the Buddhist truth and free themselves from wrong views. wheel-turning king (cakravartin): The ideal king, as conceived of in India; also called universal ruler.

Yogācāra: A school of Buddhist thought systematized by the Indian masters Asaṅga and Vasubandhu in the fourth century C.E., focused on meditative practice and a detailed analysis of mind.

98

Bibliography

Demiéville, Paul.

"La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa" ("The Yogācārabhūmiof Saṅgha rakṣa"). Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient44/2 (1854): 339-436. Lamotte, Étienne. Le traité de la grande vertu de sagesse de Nāgārjuna(The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nāgārjuna). 5 vols. Louvain-La-Neuve: Insitut Orientaliste, Université de Louvain, 1970-1981.

Matsunami, Seiren. Memyō Tansei naru Nanda(Aśvaghoṣa, Saundarananda). Tokyo: Sankibō Busshorin, 1981.

Satō, Taishun, trans. Kokuyaku issaikyō kyōshūbu(Japanese Translation of Chinese Buddhist Canon: Miscellaneous Sutras), vol. 4. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1931. Xinjiang Qiuci Shiku Yanjiusuo (Kucha Caves Research Institute of Xinjiang), ed. Jiumo luoshi he Zhongguo minzu wenhua(Kumārajīva and Chinese National Culture). Urumqi: Xinjiang Meishu Sheying Chubanshe, 2001. Tran Thuy Khanh.

"Zazen sanmai kyōni okeru bosatsu no go kanpō to Dai chido ron tono kanren ni tsuite" ("The Relationship between the Five Views of the Bodhisattva in the Zuochan sanmai jingand the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra"). Indogaku bukkyōgaku kenkyū(Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies) 56/2 (2008): 967-971. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi.

"The Paths of Śrāvakas and Bodhisattvas in Meditative Practices. "

Acta Asiatica96 (2009): 47-75.

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Index

A

Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya 91, 93 Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā xvii, 91 Abhidharma-prakaraṇa 92 abode 5, 7, 27, 46, 50 ache 71-72, 79

Acts of the Buddha xvii agony(ies) (see alsosuffering) 22, 23, 25, 34, 47, 49, 53

Akaniṣṭha Heaven 59, 73 Amoghavajra xiv

anāgāmin(s) xvi, 57, 58, 59, 92 anger (see alsothree poisons) xiv, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 47, 49, 66, 69, 73, 86, 87

method of curing 14-16, 66-70 An Shigeo xviii

anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi. Seeawakening, full, great, unsurpassable arhat(s) xiv, xv, xvi, 20, 22, 24, 26, 54, 59, 60, 61, 66, 70, 80, 84 nine types of 59

ārūpyadhātu. Seerealm, formless, without form Aśoka, King xvii

Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 90 asura. Seedemon

Aśvaghoṣa xv, xvi, xvii attachment(s) (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 4, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 53, 66 to relatives 23, 24 seven types of 11

auditor(s) 62, 84

Avīci Hell 73

avidyā. Seeignorance awakening 6, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 38, 39, 43, 56, 58, 61, 67, 85, 86, 91 full, great, unsurpassable xv, 39, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 82, 85 seven elements of 27, 79, 80 B

banyan tree 35

being(s) (see alsohuman being; sentient being) 22, 23, 25, 63, 66, 69, 81, 82, 83, 91

bhava. Seeexistence bimbafruit 36

binding defilements, bond(s), bondage 5, 17, 19, 25, 27, 32, 33, 44, 55, 56, 57-59, 64, 75, 92

birth (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of; rebirth) 16, 17, 20, 26, 54, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 81, 93 Blessed One(s) 48, 54, 70 bodhisattva(s) 54, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 75, 79, 81, 82, 84-85, 92, 93 path xv, 64, 66, 70, 82, 84 bodhitree 38, 40

body(ies) xiv, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74, 79, 84, 89, 90 of buddhas, Buddha 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 62, 63, 64, 90

101

Index

body(ies) (continued) mindfulness of, to xv, 30-31 nine apertures of 3, 31, 37, 65, 90 thirty-six impurities of 10-11, 49, 64 Brahmā(s) 35, 39

Brahmā Heaven 69

Brahmā World 73

Buddha xv, xvi, xvii, 5, 10, 15, 18, 21, 27, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 50, 54, 55, 58, 62, 63, 67, 68, 71, 75, 76, 78, 81, 87, 90, 91

body of 38, 39, 40, 63, 90 disciple(s) of 53, 54, 58, 61, 70 image, statue 33, 34, 63 Jewel (see alsoThree Jewels) 54 marks of (see alsomarks, of a buddha) 34-38, 63

virtues 41, 63

buddha(s) xiv, xv, 5, 38, 40, 41, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 75, 82, 84, 85 bodies 38, 62, 63, 64 path xiv, xvii, 69, 70 Buddhacarita. See Acts of the Buddha Buddha-Dharma 5, 41, 61, 64 Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha (see also Three Jewels) 54, 71 buddha fields 85

buddhahood 41, 63, 64, 66, 79 Buddhism xiii, xiv, xviii, 18, 52, 89 Buddhist(s) xvii, xviii, 6, 34, 80, 93 meditation xviii, 14 text(s) xiv, xviii, 90 C

cakravartin 90

calling the Buddha to mind xv, xvi, xvii, 10, 27, 33, 39, 40, 41, 62-64, 91 calming 30, 85

cause(s) 15, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 39, 49, 52, 55, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81 and conditions 7, 12, 23, 25, 26, 28, 102

29, 30, 33, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, 65, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80-81, 83 cessation (see alsoextinction) 53, 59, 68, 70-71, 75, 77

Chang'an xiii, xiv, xviii "Chapter on the Aspects of Ignorance" 17 China xiii, xiv, xviii Chinese xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, 64 language xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, 37, 39, 40, 57, 60, 90

cognition 29, 73, 83 six realms of (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 70-71, 72

common people (see alsounawakened people, person) 5, 54, 92 compassion 9, 20, 21, 40, 41, 47, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79, 82, 84

concentration xvi, 17, 41, 45, 47, 48, 59, 60, 63, 78, 79, 85, 87, 93 on calling the Buddha to mind 33, 40, 64

formless, four xv, xvi, 60 on friendliness, friendly mind 15-16, 47, 66-70

in which the buddhas appear 63, 84 on mindful inhalation and exhalation 18 power of 43, 44, 67 conduct (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 70, 71-72, 74, 78, 81, 82, 92

bodily 20, 71, 78

mental 71-72

oral 71

three kinds of 71-72, 78 consciousness(es) (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 4, 12, 16, 24, 29, 46, 64, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83, 92, 93

eye, visual 50, 72, 93 six 72, 74

Index

contact (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 70, 72, 73, 74 contemplation 18, 29, 30, 64, 65 calming and 30

coarse 29

repeated 58, 59

shifting 29, 30

three stages of 16 D

Dao'an xviii

darśana-mārga. SeeWay of Seeing Dārṣṭāntika xvii

death (see alsoold age and death) xiii, 4, 5, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 51, 52, 54, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77

deer 4, 44, 90

defilement(s) 6, 17, 27, 30, 32, 33, 40, 43, 48, 52-53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 68, 73, 83, 92

binding. Seebinding defilements, bond(s), bondage

deity(ies) 6, 26, 34, 38, 40, 41, 52, 68, 73, 74, 93

delusion 17, 18, 81 demon(s) 26, 27, 38, 39, 64 dependent origination xvi, xvii, 10, 18, 70, 87, 89, 91

twelve links of xv, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89 desire(s) 3, 4, 8, 9, 19, 20, 33, 43-44, 56, 57, 61, 68, 73, 83, 86, 89 binding 20, 33

realm of 13, 43, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 72, 73, 92, 93

destinies, bad 55, 58, 66, 68, 84 devas. Seedeities Dhammapada 54, 55, 91 dharma 76

Dharma (see alsoBuddha-Dharma; Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 5, 7, 10, 15, 21, 37, 41, 44, 53, 54, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 79, 82, 84, 87 body 22, 39, 40, 84 Jewel (see alsoThree Jewels) 5, 54 true 53, 54, 66, 75 wheel 38

diligence 26, 39, 47, 51, 69, 78, 84, 87 disciple(s) xviii, 20, 24, 26, 37, 48, 61 of the Buddha 53, 54, 58, 61, 70 discursive thoughts xiv, xv, xvi 10, 18, 19, 21, 29, 82

method of curing 18-33, 82 disputelessness 60 E

East Asian xiv

eightfold correct path, eightfold straight path, eightfold noble path 52, 55, 58, 78, 79, 93

element(s) 3, 17, 32, 33, 40, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56-57, 62-63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 91, 93 bad, evil, sinful 17, 71, 72 conditioned 31-33, 52, 56, 60, 62, 75, 91

constituent 29, 73, 79, 83 empty 51-52

four gross 13, 25, 28, 48, 72, 79 good 15, 17, 21, 69 highest, superb, superior, supreme 33, 40, 51, 53, 55

material 25, 46, 72, 92 mental 33, 45, 67, 72 mindfulness of, to xv, 30, 32, 33, 51, 52 non-arising 82, 84 pure 15, 19, 56

reality of 5, 12, 17, 54, 65, 66, 76, 79-80, 82, 84

seven, conducive to awakening 27, 78, 79

103

Index

element(s) (continued) space, of space 47, 64 substantial 11, 12, 81, 82 of suffering 30, 56 summit, of the summit 54, 55 thirty-seven, of awakening 58 unconditioned 93

undefiled 53, 54, 71, 84 wisdom of 56, 57, 61 worldly xvi, 55

elephant(s) 4, 21, 35, 37, 38, 65, 86 emptiness 32, 56, 60, 75, 76, 77, 78 equanimity, equanimous 45, 46, 47, 86 evil(s) 4, 9, 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 25, 32, 43, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 89 existence (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 6, 16, 17, 39, 41, 52, 59, 70, 73, 83, 93 external 5, 12, 28, 46, 49, 74, 81, 83 mind 51, 91

objects 23, 83

extinction (see alsoFour Noble Truths; nirvana) 17, 30, 33, 39, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71, 75, 76, 77 of suffering 52, 76 wisdom of 57, 59, 91 F

five aggregates 15, 17, 29, 33, 55, 56, 74, 92

five conditions 59-60, 80 five faculties 78, 79 five methods. See method(s), five five supernatural powers xv, xvi, 47 Former Qin dynasty xiii four applications of mindfulness (see alsomindfulness) xvi, 4, 49, 51, 79 to the body xv, 30, 31, 49 to elements xv, 32, 33, 51, 52 to mind xv, 30, 32, 51 to sensations xv, 30, 31, 50 104

four aspects (see alsoemptiness; impermanence; self, without; suffering) 52-53, 56, 77

Four Noble Truths xv, 17, 39, 54, 55, 58, 59, 76, 78, 79, 91 four types of donations, offerings 6, 44, 90

friendliness xiv, xvi, xvii, 10, 14, 16, 20-21, 45, 66-70, 82, 86, 87, 91 concentration on 15, 16, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70

great 40, 63, 65, 68 mind of (see alsomind, friendly) 46 power of 15, 69

Fu Jian xiii

G

Gansu province xiii good 6, 10, 15, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 38, 45, 46, 52, 54, 62, 68, 69, 71, 76, 82 conduct, deeds 3, 72, 75 elements 15, 17, 21, 69 flavors, food 6, 8 friends 43, 45

people, person 5, 8, 10, 21, 22, 24, 55, 69

gośīrṣasandalwood 62 grasping (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 17, 23, 70, 73 Great Sage (see alsoBuddha; Śākyamuni) 5

Guanzhong-chu chanjing xu xiv Guzang xiii

H

heat xvi, 12, 22, 44, 53, 54, 64, 68, 69, 72 stage of 30, 53, 84 heaven(s) (see alsoAkaniṣṭha Heaven; Brahmā Heaven; Tuṣita Heaven) 24, 34, 43, 63, 73, 84, 93 heavenly 3, 6, 7, 8

hell(s) (see alsoAvīci Hell) 6, 34, 67, 89, 92

"Hinayana.

" SeeTraditional Buddhism human being(s) (see alsobeings; sentient beings) 3, 12, 26, 34, 40, 41, 43, 67, 74

hungry ghost(s) 6, 34, 92 I

ideation 46, 71, 72, 73, 92 ignorance (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of; three poisons) xiv, xv, 3, 4, 5, 7, 16-17, 18, 23, 46, 49, 63, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81, 85, 87 method of curing 16-18, 70-81 illumination(s) 17, 39, 54 impermanence 4, 6, 19, 29, 32, 56, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82

indifference 86, 87, 93 India, Indian, Indic xiii, xvii, xviii, 35 Indra 3, 26, 43, 89 J

Japanese xviii

jarā-maraṇa. Seeold age and death jāti. Seebirth

Jiun xviii

K

kāmadhātu. Seerealm, of desire karma, karmic 6, 17, 22, 23, 27, 52, 56, 63, 71, 73, 74, 83, 89, 93 Kashgar xiii

King of Death 4

Kokālika 60

Kokuyaku issaikyō 92 Kritzer, Robert xviii Kucha, Kuchean xiii Kumārajīva xiii, xiv, xv, xviii, 1, 90 Kumāralāta xv, xvi, xvii, xviii Index

L

Latter Liang dynasty xiii Latter Qin dynasty xiii layman 22

lion 9, 35, 37

lotus 31, 37

Lotus Sutra xiii

Lü Guang xiii

lust, lustful (see alsothree poisons) xiv, 7-8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 33, 43, 48, 49-50, 52, 55, 64, 65, 86, 87 method of curing 10-14, 64-66 M

madanafruit 37

Maekawa, Ken'ichi xviii mahāsattvas (see alsobodhisattva) 92 Mahāvibhāṣā. See Abhidharma-mahā vibhāṣā Mahayana, Mahayanist xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, 76

scriptures, sutra(s), treatise xiii, 48, 75 Māndhātā (see alsoMūrdhagata, King) 89, 90

marks 7-10, 22, 23 of a lustful person 7-9 of a resentful person 9 of a stupid person 9-10 mark(s), of a buddha, great person 33, 34, 61, 63

eighty minor 35-38, 63, 90 śrīvatsa 38

svastika 38

thirty-two major 34-35, 63, 90 marklessness 60

Maudgalyāyana 60

McRae, John R. xviii, 91 meditation(s) xiv, xviii, 7, 11, 13, 14, 22, 27, 31, 34, 39, 44, 45, 48, 52, 53, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 68, 78, 91, 92 105

Index

meditation(s) (continued) on calling the Buddha to mind 27 on dependent origination 10 on extinction 60

first stage 13, 31, 43, 44, 45, 48 five obstacles of 30, 82 four stages of xv, xvi, 27, 48, 60, 92 fourth stage 46, 47, 48, 72, 92 heatless 44

on ignorance 18

on impermanence 75

on the impurities xiv, xvi, xvii, 10-11, 27, 64-65, 91

Mahayanist xiv, xv, xviii manual(s) xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii method(s) xiv, xviii, 27, 48, 85 object(s) of 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 38, 64, 65, 66, 74, 82 pure, on the pure 13, 14 on the reality of all elements 12 second stage 31, 45, 47, 48 third stage 32, 45, 46, 47, 48 three classes of 12

Traditional xiv, xv

Way of 79

mental 32, 34, 44, 50, 56, 72, 75 actions, activity(ies) 27, 45, 84 agonies, suffering 22, 25, 34 conduct 71-72

defilements 52, 57

element(s) 33, 45, 67, 72, 93 eye 15, 33, 34, 63, 66 functions 31, 56, 80 image, imagination 33, 34, 38 merit(s) 7, 26, 44, 46, 51, 55, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 79, 82, 85 enemies, thieves of 22, 43 roots of 21, 22, 53-54, 55, 57-58, 59, 61

meritorious 3, 39, 58, 63 acts, deeds 8, 10, 69, 83 106

method(s) xv, xviii, xxi, 6, 7, 12, 30, 33, 45, 46, 79, 82, 85, 87 five xiv-xv, xxi, 10, 48 meditation xiv, xviii, xxi, 27, 48, 85 calming 85

of calling the Buddha to mind 10 of concentration on friendliness 10, 16, 67-69, 87

of contemplation 29-30 of counting, following the breath, mindful breathing 10, 18, 27-29 of curing anger 14-16 of curing discursive thoughts 18-33 of curing ignorance 16-18 of curing lust 10-14 of curing people equally troubled with multiple problems 33-41 of fixing the mind 29 of impurities 10, 87 of meditation on dependent origination 10

six 18, 27

sixteen 30-33

mind(s) (see alsocalling the Buddha to mind) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14-15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50-51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 62-63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91 compassionate 47, 75 concentrated, fixed, undistracted 13, 29, 32, 45, 48, 53, 74, 85 desirous, envious, lustful 22, 44, 50 distracted 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 32, 34, 38, 40, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74. 82 equanimous, tranquil 13, 45, 47 evil, perverted, wicked 5, 12, 32, 36 external 51, 91

four balanced 60

four moments of 56-57 friendly, of friendliness 46, 47, 66, 68, 86

ignorant, unintelligent 43, 87 impure, polluted 30, 32 inner, internal 28, 51, 91 mindfulness to xv, 30, 32, 51 movement of 28, 85

past 51, 80

present 50-51, 80

pure, spotless, undefiled, unpolluted 16, 21, 32, 67

sixteen moments of 56-57 sixteenth moment of 57, 58, 59 of transformation 48, 91 mindful breathing, inhalation and exhalation xv, xvi, xvii, 10, 18, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 82, 91

mindfulness (see alsofour applications of mindfulness) xv, 13, 18, 30, 31, 32, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 78 to the body xv, 30, 31, 49 to elements xv, 32, 33, 51, 52 to the mind xv, 30, 51 to sensation xv, 30, 31, 50 twelve gates of 61

Miśrakābhidharmahṛdaya 92 Mohe bore boluomi jing 90 monk(s) xiii, xviii, 15, 45, 89, 90 monkey(s) 8, 13, 27, 47, 65 Mount Sumeru (see alsoSumeru) 89 Mūrdhagata, King (see alsoMāndhātā) 3, 43

N

nāgas 24

Nahuṣa 43

nāma-rūpa. See"name" and form "name" and form (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 70, 71, 72, 93

Index

Nanda the Fair. See Saundarananda Nārāyana 35

nirvana (see alsoextinction) xv, 5, 7, 21, 27, 38, 39, 41, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 79, 80, 84

non-Buddhist(s) 10, 30, 52 non-returner. See anāgāmin no-self (see alsoself, without) 56, 77, 78 nothingness 46, 70

O

object(s) 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 33, 50, 54, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 78 cognitive, sense 40, 52, 74, 93 desirable, desired, of desire 19, 34, 44, 73

external, tangible, visible 23, 46, 50, 73, 81, 83

of meditation, mindfulness, reflection 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 38, 51, 64, 65, 66, 68, 74, 82

old age and death (see alsodeath; dependent origination, twelve links of) 3, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 51, 54, 63, 70, 73, 74, 75, 81

once-returner. See sakṛdāgāmin origin (see alsoFour Noble Truths) 17, 52, 57, 71, 77

truth of 56, 77

wisdom of 57, 92

P

pain, painful xv, 3, 7, 10, 19, 20, 23, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 72, 73, 75, 83, 92

Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 90

Paramārtha xiv

Pārāyana-sūtra 54

Pārśva xv, xvi, xvii 107

Index

path(s), pathway(s) xiv, 3, 4, 5, 7, 17, 26, 40, 41, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64, 67, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 79, 92 arhat xiv, xvi

bodhisattva xv, 64, 66, 70, 82, 84 buddha xiv, xvii, 69 correct, good, pure, right, supreme 5, 19, 30, 59, 65, 75

defiled, wrong 5, 17, 53, 58, 91, 92 of deliverance 59, 92 eightfold correct, eightfold noble, eightfold straight 52, 55, 58, 78, 79, 93

to extinction, nirvana 39, 52, 53, 55, 76 immediate 92

solitary awakened one xiv, xvi truth of 77, 78

patience 15, 39

power(s) 9, 25, 26, 27, 44, 47, 61, 62, 69, 76, 78, 79, 83, 85 of concentration 43, 44 of diligence 47, 51 five 78, 79

of friendliness 15, 67, 69 supernatural xv, xvi, 20, 47, 48, 60, 79 ten 63

of wisdom 47, 61

practice(s) xv, xviii, 15, 30, 33, 39, 41, 55, 59, 60, 61, 67, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 93 bad, impure, worldly 22, 30, 69, 82 of calling the Buddha to mind 38, 41 good, pure 39, 82

meditation, meditative xiv, 12, 13, 91 methods of xiv, xv, 87 sixfold, of inhalation and exhalation 30-31

three types of 12, 14, 16 practitioner(s) xiv, xv, xvi, 7, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 108

66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77, 82, 85, 89, 91, 93

advanced 12, 14, 16, 18, 91 of the bodhisattva path 64, 66, 70, 82 elementary, introductory 12, 14, 16, 18, 33, 34

five types of xiv, xv intermediate 12, 14, 16, 18 marks of 7

three levels of 14, 18 prajñāpāramitā. Seewisdom, perfection of pratītyasamutpāda. Seedependent origination pratyekabuddha. Seesolitary awakened one

precepts 7, 20, 22, 26, 44, 52, 68, 73 five classes of 7

pure 7, 21, 69

Preface to the Meditation Manual Translated in the Guanzhong Area. See Guanzhong-chu chanjing xu preta. Seehungry ghost R

Ratnakūṭa 92

realm(s) 8, 30, 34, 43, 46, 53, 59, 60, 69, 72, 73, 83, 84

of animals 34, 92

of cognition 16, 29, 70, 71, 72, 73 of death 3, 26

of deities, heavenly 8, 34 of desire 13, 43, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 72, 73, 92, 93

of form 13, 57, 59, 72, 73 formless, without form xvi, 57, 59, 72, 73

of hells 92

higher, upper 59, 72 human, of human beings 24, 34, 43 of hungry ghosts 34, 92 neither with nor without ideation 46, 73, 92

of space 46, 73, 92 three 24

rebirth (see alsobirth) 7, 8, 39, 41, 43, 73, 84

recognition xvi, 30, 55, 56-57, 81, 82, 84 stage of 30, 55, 84 reflection 46, 67, 78 and investigation 45, 71, 90 retrogress, retrogession 40, 59-60, 61, 84, 91

rūpadhātu. Seerealm, of form S

Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra. See Lotus Sutra

ṣaḍāyatana. Seecognition, six realms of sakṛdāgāmin(s) xvi, 57, 58, 59, 61 sage(s) 4, 39, 43, 45, 53 Śākyamuni (see alsoBuddha) 34 śamatha 51-52

samsara 5, 6, 23, 26, 34, 39, 64, 65, 68, 89 saṃskāra. Seeconduct Saṃyuktāgama 91

Saṅgharakṣa xv, xvi, xvii Yogācārabhūmiof xvii Saṅghasena xv, xvi, xvii Sanskrit xxi, 54, 90, 91, 93 Śāriputra 60, 61

Sarvāstivāda xvii, 91, 92, 93 Saundarananda xvii, xviii, xxi, 89, 93 scripture(s) (see alsosutra) xiv, 75 self 17, 45, 48, 74, 75, 76 without (see alsono-self) xv, 32, 48, 49, 52, 55, 75

Sengrui xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii sensation(s) (see alsodependent origination, twelve links of) 16, 17, 50, 51, 70, 72-73, 92

comfortable, pleasant 31, 49, 50, 72, 73, 83

mindfulness to xv, 30, 31, 50 Index

neutral 50, 72, 73, 92 painful 50, 72, 73 sense(s), sense faculties 4, 12 sense object(s) (see also object, cognitive, sense) 40, 52, 74 sense organs 73, 74, 93 sentient being(s) (see alsobeings; human beings) 3, 5, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 48, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 91 single-minded, single-mindedly, singlemindedness xv, 4, 5, 18, 29, 30, 33, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 78, 79, 82 six perfections xvii, 85 skillful means 43, 45 snake(s) 16, 19, 20, 25 solitary awakened one(s) 54, 61, 62, 70 path xiv, xvii

three levels of 61 sparśa. Seecontact śrāvaka. Seeauditor srotāpanna xvi, 57, 58, 61 stage(s) 11, 26, 30, 45, 46, 54, 60, 79, 91 advanced xv, 46, 55, 91 attained 59, 60

first, of meditation 13, 31, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48

four, of formless concentration xv, xvi four, of meditation xv, xvi, 48, 60, 92 four supramundane xv fourth, of meditation 46, 47, 48, 72, 92 of heat 30, 53, 84 immovable 84

intermediate 55, 60 lower 55, 72, 91

of recognition 30, 55, 84 second, of meditation 31, 45, 47, 48 six, of mindful breathing xvi, 54 of summit 30, 54, 84, 91 109

Index

stage(s) (continued) ten xvii, 85

third, of meditation 31, 45, 46, 47, 48 three, of contemplation 16 stream-entrant. See srotāpanna stupa 41

Subhūti 60

sudhā 6

Sueki, Fumihiko xviii suffering(s) (see alsoFour Noble Truths) 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 34, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 63, 66, 67, 71, 76, 77-78 cause(s) of 39, 52, 55, 76 elements of 30, 56 extinction of 52, 76 truth of 55, 56, 57, 77, 78 wisdom of 56-57

Sumeru (see alsoMount Sumeru) 63 summit xvi, 54, 55, 91 stage of 30, 54, 84, 91 supernatural 7, 73, 84, 91, 93 abilities, power(s) xv, xvi, 7, 20, 47, 48, 60, 79

supramundane xv, 39, 71 Sūryasoma xiii

sutra(s) (see alsoscripture) xiii, 7, 12, 27, 32, 44

Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation xiii, xiv-xviii, 1 Sutra on the Perfection of Wisdom 75 T

Tarim basin xiii *Tattvasiddhi 91 thirty-seven elements conducive to awakening, items of practice 58, 79 thought(s) xiv, 19, 21, 26, 27, 78 of anger 19, 20, 22 of the Buddha 21, 40 110

discursive xiv, xv, xvi, 10, 18, 19, 21, 29, 40, 82

evil 21, 89

of harm(ing), harmful 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 of immortality 19, 25, 27 of indifference 86, 93 of lands 19, 24, 25 of lust, lustful 19, 20 of relatives 19, 23, 24 six types of 19, 27, 40 three coarse 19, 27 three subtle 19, 27 three poisons (see alsoanger; ignorance; lust) 7, 27, 58, 64 Tiantai xviii

Tibetan xiii

Traditional Buddhism xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii

transgression(s) 7, 9, 10, 26, 33, 34, 41, 51, 63, 65, 71, 84 Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom xiv, 90, 91 Treatise on the Middle xiv, 93 Tripiṭaka 1

tṛṣṇā. Seeattachment truth(s) (see alsoFour Noble Truths) xv, 16, 52, 56, 58, 62, 77 of cause, origin 55, 56, 77 of emptiness 77, 78 of extinction 56, 77 of impermanence 77, 78 of no-self 77, 78 of the path 56, 77, 78 of suffering 55, 56, 57, 77, 78 Tuṣita Heaven 34 U

Udayana, King 69 unawakened people (see alsocommon people) 54, 58, 59, 92

universal monarch (see alsocakravartin) 90

upādāna. Seegrasping Upagupta xv, xvi, xviii upekṣā. Seeequanimity V

Vārāṇasī 62

Vasumitra xv, xvi, xvii vedanā. Seesensation vehicle(s) xiv, 4 view(s) 8, 49

correct 52, 55, 75, 77, 78 perverted, wrong 12, 18, 48, 49, 50, 73, 74, 75, 76 vijñāna. Seeconsciousness Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra. See Vimalakīrti Sutra

Vimalakīrti Sutra xiv Vinaya texts xiv virtue(s) 15, 26, 27, 44, 68 of the buddhas, Buddha 38, 39, 40, 41, 63

vow(s) 60, 63, 64, 66 three 64, 65, 92 W

Ward, Ryan xviii Way, the 79

Way of Seeing xvii, 57, 58, 59, 75, 79, 82, 92

Western language xviii wild person 54, 55, 92 wisdom xvi, 5, 17, 26, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61-62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 78, 79, 84 analogical, of analogy 56, 57 of elements 56, 57, 61 of extinction 57, 59, 92 four types of 56, 75 Index

mind-reading 7, 56 of origin 57, 92 of the path 57, 92 perfection of (see alsosix perfections) 84

pure 56, 91

of suffering 56 true 53, 54

undefiled 30, 53, 92 world-, worldly 39, 56 world(s) 3, 5, 6, 15, 19, 23, 26, 27, 32, 38, 39, 41, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 61, 67, 71, 72, 74, 91 triple 24, 38

worldly 6, 21, 22, 53, 55, 92 elements xvi, 55 wisdom 56

world-system(s) 6, 7, 23, 24 X

Xi'an. SeeChang'an Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region xiii

Xiuxing daodi jing. See Yogācārabhūmi, of Saṅgharakṣa Xuanzang xiv

Y

Yao Qing period 1 Yao Xing xiii

Yamabe, Nobuyoshi xviii Yarkand xiii

Yogācāra xvii

Yogācārabhūmi xvii, xviii, 90 of Saṅgharakṣa xvii Z

Zazen sanmaikyō chūshaku xviii Zuochan sanmei jing. See Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation 111

BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series)

BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series) Abbreviations Ch.: Chinese Skt.: Sanskrit Jp.: Japanese Eng.: Published title Title Taishō No. Ch. Chang ahan jing (長阿含經) 1 Skt. Dīrghāgama Ch. Zhong ahan jing (中阿含經) 26 Skt. Madhyamāgama Ch. Dasheng bensheng xindi guan jing (大乘本生心地觀經) Ch. Fo suoxing zan (佛所行讃) 159 192

Skt. Buddhacarita Ch. Zabao zang jing (雜寶藏經) Eng. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables(1994) Ch. Faju piyu jing (法句譬喩經) Eng. The Scriptural Text: Verses of the Doctrine, with Parables(1999) Ch. Xiaopin banruo boluomi jing (小品般若波羅蜜經) Skt. Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Jingang banruo boluomi jing (金剛般若波羅蜜經) Skt. Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra 203

211

227

235

Ch. Daluo jingang bukong zhenshi sanmoye jing (大樂金剛不空眞實三麼耶經) Skt. Adhyardhaśatikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Renwang banruo boluomi jing (仁王般若波羅蜜經) Skt. *Kāruṇikārājā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra 243

245

113

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing (般若波羅蜜多心經) 251 Skt. Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya-sūtra Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing (妙法蓮華經) 262 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra Eng. The Lotus Sutra(Revised Second Edition, 2007) Ch. Wuliangyi jing (無量義經) 276 Ch. Guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing (觀普賢菩薩行法經) Ch. Dafangguang fo huayan jing (大方廣佛華嚴經) 277 279

Skt. Avataṃsaka-sūtra

Ch. Shengman shizihou yisheng defang bianfang guang jing 353 (勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經)

Skt. Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra Eng. The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion '

s Roar(2004)

Ch. Wuliangshou jing (無量壽經) 360 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Larger Sutra on Amitāyus(in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing (觀無量壽佛經) 365 Skt.

*Amitāyurdhyāna-sūtra

Eng. The Sutra on Contemplation of Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras,Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Amituo jing (阿彌陀經) 366 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus(in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Da banniepan jing (大般涅槃經) 374 Skt. Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra Ch. Fochuibo niepan lüeshuo jiaojie jing (佛垂般涅槃略説教誡經) 389 Eng. The Bequeathed Teaching Sutra(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Ch. Dizang pusa benyuan jing (地藏菩薩本願經) 412 Skt.

*Kṣitigarbhapraṇidhāna-sūtra Ch. Banzhou sanmei jing (般舟三昧經) 418 Skt. Pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhāvasthitasamādhi-sūtra Eng. The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra(1998) 114

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Yaoshi liuli guang rulai benyuan gongde jing 450 (藥師琉璃光如來本願功徳經)

Skt. Bhaiṣajyaguru-vaiḍūrya-prabhāsa-pūrvapraṇidhāna-viśeṣavistara Ch. Mile xiasheng chengfo jing (彌勒下生成佛經) 454 Skt.

*Maitreyavyākaraṇa

Ch. Wenshushili wen jing (文殊師利問經) 468 Skt.

*Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā

Ch. Weimojie suoshuo jing (維摩詰所説經) 475 Skt. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra Eng. The Vimalakīrti Sutra(2004) Ch. Yueshangnü jing (月上女經) 480 Skt. Candrottarādārikā-paripṛcchā Ch. Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) 614 Eng. The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation(2009) Ch. Damoduoluo chan jing (達磨多羅禪經) Ch. Yuedeng sanmei jing (月燈三昧經) 618 639

Skt. Samādhirāja-candrapradīpa-sūtra Ch. Shoulengyan sanmei jing (首楞嚴三昧經) 642 Skt. Śūraṅgamasamādhi-sūtra Eng. The Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sutra(1998) Ch. Jinguang ming zuishengwang jing (金光明最勝王經) 665 Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra Ch. Dasheng rulengqie jing (入楞伽經) 672 Skt. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra

Ch. Jie shenmi jing (解深密經) 676 Skt. Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra Eng. The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning(2000) Ch. Yulanpen jing (盂蘭盆經) 685 Skt.

*Ullambana-sūtra

Eng. The Ullambana Sutra(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Ch. Sishierzhang jing (四十二章經) 784 Eng. The Sutra of Forty-two Sections(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) 115

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Title Taishō No.

Ch. Dafangguang yuanjue xiuduoluo liaoyi jing (大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經) Eng. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) 842

Ch. Da Biluzhena chengfo shenbian jiachi jing (大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經) Skt. Mahāvairocanābhisambodhi-vikurvitādhiṣṭhāna-vaipulyasūtrendrarājanāma-dharmaparyāya Eng. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra(2005) 848

Ch. Jinggangding yiqie rulai zhenshi she dasheng xianzheng dajiao wang jing (金剛頂一切如來眞實攝大乘現證大教王經) 865 Skt. Sarvatathāgata-tattvasaṃgraha-mahāyānābhisamaya-mahākalparāja Eng. The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra(in Two Esoteric Sutras,2001) Ch. Suxidi jieluo jing (蘇悉地羯囉經) 893 Skt. Susiddhikara-mahātantra-sādhanopāyika-paṭala Eng. The Susiddhikara Sutra(in Two Esoteric Sutras,2001) Ch. Modengqie jing (摩登伽經) 1300 Skt.

*Mātaṅgī-sūtra

Ch. Mohe sengqi lü (摩訶僧祇律) 1425 Skt.

*Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya

Ch. Sifen lü (四分律) 1428 Skt.

*Dharmaguptaka-vinaya

Ch. Shanjianlü piposha (善見律毘婆沙) 1462 Pāli Samantapāsādikā

Ch. Fanwang jing (梵網經) 1484 Skt.

*Brahmajāla-sūtra

Ch. Youposaijie jing (優婆塞戒經) 1488 Skt. Upāsakaśīla-sūtra Eng. The Sutra on Upāsaka Precepts(1994) Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing youbotishe (妙法蓮華經憂波提舍) 1519 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-upadeśa Ch. Shizha biposha lun (十住毘婆沙論) 1521 Skt.

*Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā

116

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Ch. Fodijing lun (佛地經論) 1530 Skt.

*Buddhabhūmisūtra-śāstra Eng. The Interpretation of the Buddha Land(2002) Ch. Apidamojushe lun (阿毘達磨倶舍論) 1558 Skt. Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya Ch. Zhonglun (中論) 1564

Skt. Madhyamaka-śāstra

Ch. Yüqie shidi lun (瑜伽師地論) 1579 Skt. Yogācārabhūmi

Ch. Cheng weishi lun (成唯識論) 1585 Eng. Demonstration of Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) Ch. Weishi sanshilun song (唯識三十論頌) 1586 Skt. Triṃśikā

Eng. The Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) Ch. Weishi ershi lun (唯識二十論) 1590 Skt. Viṃśatikā

Eng. The Treatise in Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) Ch. She dasheng lun (攝大乘論) 1593 Skt. Mahāyānasaṃgraha

Eng. The Summary of the Great Vehicle(Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Bian zhongbian lun (辯中邊論) 1600 Skt. Madhyāntavibhāga

Ch. Dasheng zhuangyanjing lun (大乘莊嚴經論) 1604 Skt. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra Ch. Dasheng chengye lun (大乘成業論) 1609 Skt. Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa Ch. Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun (究竟一乘寳性論) 1611 Skt. Ratnagotravibhāga-mahāyānottaratantra-śāstra Ch. Yinming ruzheng li lun (因明入正理論) 1630 Skt. Nyāyapraveśa

117

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Title Taishō No.

Ch. Dasheng ji pusa xue lun (大乘集菩薩學論) 1636 Skt. Śikṣāsamuccaya

Ch. Jingangzhen lun (金剛針論) 1642 Skt. Vajrasūcī

Ch. Zhang suozhi lun (彰所知論) 1645 Eng. The Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable(2004) Ch. Putixing jing (菩提行經) 1662 Skt. Bodhicaryāvatāra

Ch. Jingangding yuqie zhongfa anouduoluo sanmiao sanputi xin lun 1665 (金剛頂瑜伽中發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心論)

Ch. Dasheng qixin lun (大乘起信論) 1666 Skt.

*Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda-śāstra Eng. The Awakening of Faith(2005) Ch. Shimoheyan lun (釋摩訶衍論) 1668 Ch. Naxian biqiu jing (那先比丘經) 1670 Pāli Milindapañhā

Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing yuzan (般若波羅蜜多心經幽賛) 1710 Eng. A Comprehensive Commentary on the Heart Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra) (2001) Ch. Miaofalianhua jing xuanyi (妙法蓮華經玄義) 1716 Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing shu (觀無量壽佛經疏) 1753 Ch. Sanlun xuanyi (三論玄義) 1852 Ch. Dasheng xuan lun (大乘玄論) 1853 Ch. Zhao lun (肇論) 1858

Ch. Huayan yisheng jiaoyi fenqi zhang (華嚴一乘教義分齊章) 1866 Ch. Yuanren lun (原人論) 1886 Ch. Mohe zhiguan (摩訶止觀) 1911 Ch. Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao (修習止觀坐禪法要) 1915 Ch. Tiantai sijiao yi (天台四教儀) 1931 118

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Title Taishō No.

Ch. Guoqing bai lu (國清百録) 1934 Ch. Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao chanshi wulu (鎭州臨濟慧照禪師語録) 1985 Eng. The Recorded Sayings of Linji(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Foguo Yuanwu chanshi biyan lu (佛果圜悟禪師碧巖録) 2003 Eng. The Blue Cliff Record(1998) Ch. Wumen guan (無門關) 2005

Eng. Wumen

'

s Gate(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Liuzu dashi fabao tan jing (六祖大師法寶壇經) 2008 Eng. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch(2000) Ch. Xinxin ming (信心銘) 2010

Eng. The Faith-Mind Maxim(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Huangboshan Duanji chanshi chuanxin fayao 2012A (黄檗山斷際禪師傳心法要)

Eng. Essentials of the Transmission of Mind(in Zen Texts,2005) Ch. Yongjia Zhengdao ge (永嘉證道歌) Ch. Chixiu Baizhang qinggui (勅修百丈清規) 2014 2025

Eng. The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(2007) Ch. Yibuzonglun lun (異部宗輪論) 2031 Skt. Samayabhedoparacanacakra Eng. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines(2004) Ch. Ayuwang jing (阿育王經) 2043 Skt. Aśokāvadāna

Eng. The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka(1993) Ch. Maming pusa zhuan (馬鳴菩薩傳) 2046 Eng. The Life of Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Longshu pusa zhuan (龍樹菩薩傳) 2047 Eng. The Life of Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Posoupandou fashi zhuan (婆藪槃豆法師傳) 2049 Eng. Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) 119

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Datang Daciensi Zanzang fashi zhuan (大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳) 2053 Eng. A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci' en

Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty(1995) Ch. Gaoseng zhuan (高僧傳) 2059 Ch. Biqiuni zhuan (比丘尼傳) 2063 Eng. Biographies of Buddhist Nuns (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Gaoseng Faxian zhuan (高僧法顯傳) 2085 Eng. The Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Datang xiyu ji (大唐西域記) 2087 Eng. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions(1996) Ch. Youfangjichao: Tangdaheshangdongzheng zhuan 2089-(7) (遊方記抄: 唐大和上東征傳)

Ch. Hongming ji (弘明集) 2102 Ch. Fayuan zhulin (法苑珠林) 2122 Ch. Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan (南海寄歸内法傳) 2125 Eng. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia(2000) Ch. Fanyu zaming (梵語雑名) 2135 Jp. Shōmangyō gisho (勝鬘經義疏) 2185 Jp. Yuimakyō gisho (維摩經義疏) 2186 Jp. Hokke gisho (法華義疏) 2187 Jp. Hannya shingyō hiken (般若心經秘鍵) 2203 Jp. Daijō hossō kenjin shō (大乘法相研神章) 2309 Jp. Kanjin kakumu shō (觀心覺夢鈔) 2312 Jp. Risshū kōyō (律宗綱要) 2348 Eng. The Essentials of the Vinaya Tradition(1995) Jp. Tendai hokke shūgi shū (天台法華宗義集) 2366 Eng. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School(1995) Jp. Kenkairon (顯戒論) 2376

120

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Title Taishō No.

Jp. Sange gakushō shiki (山家學生式) 2377 Jp. Hizōhōyaku (秘藏寶鑰) 2426

Eng. The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Benkenmitsu nikyō ron (辨顯密二教論) 2427 Eng. On the Differences between the Exoteric and Esoteric Teachings(in Shingon Texts, 2004)

Jp. Sokushin jōbutsu gi (即身成佛義) 2428 Eng. The Meaning of Becoming a Buddha in This Very Body (in Shingon Texts, 2004)

Jp. Shōji jissōgi (聲字實相義) 2429

Eng. The Meanings of Sound, Sign, and Reality(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Unjigi (吽字義) 2430

Eng. The Meanings of the Word Hūṃ(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Gorin kuji myōhimitsu shaku (五輪九字明秘密釋) 2514 Eng. The Illuminating Secret Commentary on the Five Cakras and the Nine Syllables(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Mitsugonin hotsuro sange mon (密嚴院發露懺悔文) 2527 Eng. The Mitsugonin Confession(in Shingon Texts,2004) Jp. Kōzen gokoku ron (興禪護國論) 2543

Eng. A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish to Protect the State (in Zen Texts,2005)

Jp. Fukan zazengi (普勧坐禪儀) 2580

Eng. A Universal Recommendation for True Zazen (in Zen Texts,2005)

Jp. Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) 2582

Eng. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume I, 2007) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume II, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume III, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume IV, 2008) Jp. Zazen yōjin ki (坐禪用心記) Eng. Advice on the Practice of Zazen(in Zen Texts,2005) Jp. Senchaku hongan nenbutsu shū (選擇本願念佛集) Eng. Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū: A Collection of Passages on the Nembutsu Chosen in the Original Vow(1997) 2586

2608

121

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Title Taishō No.

Jp. Kenjōdo shinjitsu kyōgyō shōmon rui (顯淨土眞實教行証文類) 2646 Eng. Kyōgyōshinshō: On Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment(2003)

Jp. Tannishō (歎異抄) 2661

Eng. Tannishō: Passages Deploring Deviations of Faith(1996) Jp. Rennyo shōnin ofumi (蓮如上人御文) 2668 Eng. Rennyo Shōnin Ofumi: The Letters of Rennyo(1996) Jp. Ōjōyōshū (往生要集) 2682

Jp. Risshō ankoku ron (立正安國論) 2688 Eng. Risshōankokuron or The Treatise on the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation (in Two Nichiren Texts,2003) Jp. Kaimokushō (開目抄) 2689

Eng. Kaimokushō or Liberation from Blindness(2000) Jp. Kanjin honzon shō (觀心本尊抄) 2692 Eng. Kanjinhonzonshō or The Most Venerable One Revealed by Introspecting Our Minds for the First Time at the Beginning of the Fifth of the Five Five Hundred-year Ages (in Two Nichiren Texts,2003) Ch. Fumu enzhong jing (父母恩重經) 2887 Eng. The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love (in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Jp. Hasshūkōyō (八宗綱要) extracanonical Eng. The Essentials of the Eight Traditions(1994) Jp. Sangō shīki (三教指帰) extracanonical Jp. Mappō tōmyō ki (末法燈明記) extracanonical Eng. The Candle of the Latter Dharma(1994) Jp. Jūshichijō kenpō (十七條憲法) extracanonical 122