T454 The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment and The Sutra of Mañjuśrī’s Questions

Notes

The Sutra of Mañjuśrī's Questions

Able to eradicate all evils

And eliminate the afflictions of the triple world, Offering with this dust naturally increases one's merit, As well as one's life span.

One's countenance will always be joyous And one will be upright and physically powerful. One's actions will always bring good fortune, and One will be praised and protected by all the buddhas. At this time Mañjuśrī and all the bodhisattvas, Ājñātakauṇḍinya, and the śrāvakas, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kiṃnaras, mahoragas, the humans and non-humans; and all those in the assembly listening to the Buddha preach took great joy in serving him. End of Fascicle Two of TheSutra of Mañjuśrī' s Questions

140

Notes

1 Edward Conze, Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines,in The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 160-162.

2 An English translation of the Samayabhedoparacanacakra (Taishōvol. 49, no. 2031) by KeishōTsukamoto is published under the titleThe Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004).

3 Edward Conze, The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature(Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2000, reprint), pp. 63-64.

4 Although the Taishō text has one thousand three hundred and fifty here, the number one thousand two hundred and fifty found in the Yuan and Ming editions is a standard number in Sanskrit sutras. The number occurs again in the next paragraph with reference to the number of arhats present.

5 The Taishō reads shàn pí善脾,

"good spleen,

" but this is no doubt shàn bì善臂,

"good arm.

" Indeed Shinkō Mochizuki and Zenryū Tsukamoto, Mochizuki bukkyō daijiten(Kyoto: Sekai seiten kangyo kyokai, 1954), vol. 4, p. 3162a-b, describes an esoteric bodhisattva known as Subāhu whose name is sometimes translated as Miàobì 妙臂. A text called the Subāhu-paripṛcchā,

"Questions of Subāhu,

" occurs

as no. 26 in the Ratnakūṭa collection; see Mochizuki and Tsukamoto, Mochizuki bukkyō daijiten, vol. 5, p. 3415a. Also graphically similar to xūpóhóu須婆睺, which is defined as Miàobì (Subāhu) in the Ding Fubao (digital edition) and Hakuju Ui, Bukkyō jiten(Tokyo: Tōsei shuppansha, 1953), p. 46, and appears in several other important sutras.

6 The "worldly" bodhisattva precepts discussed here and in Chapter X are in contrast to the "supramundane" precepts discussed in Chapter XI. 7 Shinkan Murakami and Shinkai Oikawa, Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka (Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1994), p. 407nl0, Murakami and Oikawa render this as tathatā (p. 410n8), but Robert Heinemann, Dictionary of Words and Phrases as Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī: Chinese-Sanskrit, Sanskrit-Chinese(Tokyo: Meicho-Fukyukai, 1988), vol. 9, p. 18, gives the essentially identical characters as tad yathā. 8 This rendering is problematic. The first character implies an initial bh-, and Heinemann, Dictionary of Words and Phrases as Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī,pp. 72-74, gives a number of variants on the verb bhū, "to be,

" including Chinese characters

similar to those used here that he reads as bhava, "birth, production, origin.

" Since

this is diametrically at odds with both the Chinese characters given for this term and the overall context, I have chosen the rendering given. 141

The Sutra of Mañjuśrī's Questions

9 This passage is problematic in that it first provides a mechanism whereby members of the sangha can eat meat, and at once removes the entire privilege. One is reminded of the sometimes contradictory passages in the Nikāyas; the apparent ambivalence may derive from a lack of unanimity within the community in which the scripture was originally written. Compounding this is an apparent misprint in the very last clause, which we are reading as kuàng況 instead of zhòu咒.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 This sutra title is unknown. This line is cited in Taehyeon's Beommanggyeong gojeokgi, using the Xiěguī jīng寫龜經 (T.1815.40:709b13)but neither is found in classical catalogues or modern reference works. The verb used here is the same as that used above in the context of eating meat, which must be chewed and swallowed, rather than rice (and presumably other softer foods) that need little or no chewing.

Murakami and Oikawa, Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka, p.410n8, suggests Sureśvari or Durgā, based on Mahāvyutpatti3168; however, this entry is for Suravadhūḥ, rendered correctly in Chinese simply as tiānnǚ天女, "goddess.

" Presumably,

Saṃghabhadra read surā,

"liquor,

" rather than sura,

"deity,

" which is a back-formation

from the Persian loanword asura.The correct reading might of course be Surāvadhūḥ, but this is unknown as a personal name. The male god Somadeva is known, although I have not found a citation of the feminine form.

Not only are several of the preceding Hindu deities' names uncertain, but at several points in the preceding list it is unclear where one item ends and another begins. I have worked to have the number come out to the stated twenty-six. Skt. citta-mano-vijñāna.In Abhidharma Buddhism this is a single term that refers to mind as a whole. In Yogācāra, in most cases xin心 refers to the ālayaconsciousness, yi意 refers to the manasconsciousness, and shi識 refers to the six object-contingent consciousnesses. But this text is clearly pre-Yogācāra in its origins. The Samantapāsādikāhas: "Question: What is meant by good people? Answer: [All those from buddhas, solitary realizers, and disciples to laypeople who have attained the path of stream-winner are called good people" (T.1462.24:704a28). Probably a reference to the division into the views of existence, emptiness, and the middle way.

As above, what is being referred to here are the twelve links of dependent arising. The shape of the new moon is a metaphor traditionally used to describe how to trim the nails.

Saṃyamameans "to ward off offense"; gatānimeans "to prevent from arising. "

"Uncontaminated" is a translation of Chinese wúlòu無漏 (Skt. anāsrava). Its opposite, "contaminated,

" yǒulòu有漏, means to be flawed or tainted, but at much more subtle level than the standard notion of "affliction" (Skt. kleśa;Ch. fánnǎo煩惱). Affliction 142

Notes

refers to direct influence from evil activities or factors (akuśala). Āsravadoes not imply that the consciousnesses or the mental factors involved are necessarily unwholesome or afflicted. Rather, the point is that they have some sort of intent involved— the fulfillment of some sort of desire, noble or ignoble, is anticipated. This means that a person could be engaged in wholesome activities such as chastity, giving, and so forth, but that these could still be tainted by being goal-driven. "Uncontaminated,

"

then, means that the action is taking place without being tainted by ignorance-based goal orientation. Thus, the distinction between contaminated and uncontaminated is analogous to that between unenlightened and enlightened.

21 "Birth by transformation, etc.

" refers to the four forms of birth, i.e., birth from a

womb, from an egg, from moisture, or by transformation.

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Virāmais a mark used to indicate the end of words or sentences. The twelve sense bases (āyatanas) are the six senses of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind and their six corresponding objects, or sensory data; the eighteen realms (dhātus) are the preceding twelve sense bases and objects, plus their six corresponding consciousnesses. The five aggregates (skandhas) are form (rūpa), feeling (vedanā), perception (saṃjñā), impulses (saṃskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna), which are the constituents of the personality or sense of self. Kumuda, puṇḍarīka,and utpalaare different types of lotus flowers. Sundarī was a courtesan who defamed the Buddha.

The eight worldly dharmas are circumstances that agitate the minds of people in the world: (1) profit (Skt. lābha), (2) loss (alābha), (3) praise and honor (yaśas), (4) disgrace (ayaśas), (5) slander (nindā), (6) glory (praśaṃsā), (7) pleasure (sukha), and (8) suffering (duḥkha).

The nine kinds of meditation on a corpse practiced in order to curb desire are (1) vyādhmātakasaṃjñā,tumefaction; (2) vinilakasaṃjñā,blue, mottled color; (3) vipa dumakasaṃjñā,decay; (4) vilohitakasaṃjñā, mess of blood, etc.; (5) vipūyakasaṃjñā, discharges and rotten flesh; (6) vidagdhakasaṃjñā,being devoured by birds and beasts; (7) vikṣiptakasaṃjñā,dismemberment; (8) asthisaṃjñā,bones; and (9) vidag dha ka saṃjñā,being burned and returning to dust (ash). The eight types of awareness of "great persons" (i.e., bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, and pratyekabuddhas) are (1) attentiveness to lessening desire, (2) attentiveness to being satisfied with the way things are, (3) attentiveness to extricating oneself (from afflictive behavior), (4) attentiveness to vigilant effort, (5) attentiveness to right mindfulness, (6) attentiveness to right concentration, (7) attentiveness to right wisdom, and (8) attentiveness to avoidance of conceptual proliferations.

143

Back Matters

Glossary

afflictions (Skt. kleśa): Affective disorders, defilement(s); mental disturbances; emotional negativity. All of the thoughts, words, actions, and emotions that arise and cease based on ignorance and desire, which keep human beings trapped in the cycle of birth and death and result in suffering. Buddhism teaches methods for attaining nirvana/enlightenment as a means of eliminating the afflictions. See alsonirvana. arhat: "Worthy, venerable"; an enlightened, saintly person; the highest type or ideal saint in the so-called Lesser Vehicle (Hinayana), in contrast with the bodhisattva ideal of the Mahayana (Great Vehicle). An arhat has eliminated all afflictions and reached the stage of no more training. See alsoLesser Vehicle; Mahayana. asura:Originally meaning "spirit,

" "titan,

" or "god,

" the term generally refers to titanic

demons, enemies of the gods, especially Indra, with whom they wage constant war. One of the ten beings living in the different states of existence and one of the eight supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

concentration of extinction (Skt. nirodha-samāpatti): The meditative attainment of cessation; an extremely deep state of meditative concentration in which sensory and discriminative mental function is completely extinguished; one of the six states of mental inactivity. When this concentration is attained the thinking consciousness is also extinguished, which enables the practitioner to be reborn into the highest heaven.

Dharma: The term has a wide range of meanings in Buddhism, including "truth, " "reality,

"

"true principle,

" "law"; the foremost meaning is the teaching that is fully accordant with reality that was delivered by the Buddha. The term connotes Buddhism as the perfect religion. The lower-case term dharma(s) is also used in the sense of "all things,

" concrete things, abstract ideas, etc.

dharma body (Skt. dharmakāya): In general Mahayana teaching, the dharma body is a name for absolute existence, the manifestation of all existences: the true body of reality, or the Buddha as eternal principle; the body of essence that is pure, possesses no marks of distinction, and is the same as emptiness. The dharma body is one of the three bodies of the Buddha.

duṣkṛta:Sanskrit term meaning minor misdeeds; misdemeanors. The lightest class of offenses of the Buddhist precepts, requiring confession by the offender to only a single good monk or nun.

145

145

Glossary

four gross elements (mahābhūtas): The four elements of which all physical substances are composed: earth (Skt. pṛthivīdhātu), which has the basic quality of hardness and the function of protection; water (Skt. abdhātu), which has the function of gathering and storing wetness; (3) fire (Skt. tejodhātu), which is the nature of heat and has the function of warming; (4) wind (Skt. vāyudhātu), which has the function of giving motion to all living things.

four kinds of meditation: Four progressively subtle stages of meditation that lead the meditator out from the desire realm (kāmadhātu) into rebirth in the four meditation heavens (Skt. caturdhyāna).

Great Cloud Sutra(*Mahāmegha-sūtra; Ch. Dafangdeng wuxiang jing; Taishō no. 387): A text translated by Dharmakṣema in the Northern Liang dynasty (414-421 C.E.), consisting of thirty-seven chapters. Since all the chapter headings include the words "Great Cloud, Part One" there is reason to believe that it may actually be just the first part of a larger text. The text contains a discussion of the four virtues of constancy, bliss, self-stability, and purity as the peerless inconceivable attributes of the Tathāgata, and thus is considered to be doctrinally related to the Nirvāṇa-sūtra. garuḍa:A mythical bird, chief of the feathered race, enemy of the serpent race, vehicle of Viṣṇu. Translated as "golden-winged,

" according to some accounts it dwells in

great trees and feeds on snakes or dragons. One of the eight kinds of spiritual beings who appear in Mahayana scriptures to protect the Dharma.

god (Skt. deva): Literally "radiant one,

" related to the Latin deus, a heavenly being, an

inhabitant of the heavens of sensual pleasure who, as a rule, are invisible to human beings. There are many classes of heavenly beings. In general, the term designates the Brahmanic gods and all the inhabitants of devalokas who are subject to suffering in cyclic existence, just as are human and other beings.

hell (naraka): Literally indicates a prison in the bowels of the earth whose inhabitants are subject to various kinds of torture as a result of their extensive evil activities in prior lifetimes (such as violating the precepts). One of the three evil destinies. The Buddhist scriptures have extensive categories and lists of the hells. kalpa:Eon, world-period, age. The longest period of time in Indian cosmology; the period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra(Ch. Lengjia jing;Taishō nos. 670-672): The Sutra on [the Buddha '

s]

Entering [the Country of]Lanka,of which there were four Chinese translations, three of which are extant. Said to have been delivered on Laṅka Mountain in Sri Lanka, the text was probably composed in the fourth or fifth century C.E.The Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra had enormous influence on many Buddhist schools throughout East Asia, including East Asian Yogācāra, in which it was considered to be one of the six orthodox scriptures, and Chan, where it is associated with some of the early founders of the Chinese tradition. The textcontains criticisms of the Sāṃkhya, Pāśupata, and other Brahmanic schools, and attempts to explain the points of potential conflation of Mahayana and Brahmanic philosophy.

146

Glossary

Lesser Vehicle (Skt. Hinayana): This term refers in general to practices centered on individual salvation, or that are not based on a true experience of emptiness. When used in a historical interpretive sense, the term is applied to the early Indian groups typified by the Theravāda and the Sarvâstivāda school, which held to a monastically centered approach to Buddhist practice. In Mahayana texts, Hinayana practices of the śrāvakas (direct disciples) and pratyekabuddhas (self-enlightened ones) are held to be flawed, in that they lack the dimensions of a penetrating view of emptiness as well as universally functioning compassion, both of which are considered to be the path of bodhisattvas.

Paranirmitavaśavartin: The heaven where one can partake of the pleasures created in other heavens; the sixth of the six heavens of desire, or affliction heavens, the last of the six devalokas, the abode of Maheśvara and of Māra. The beings in this heaven enjoy a good environment created by others.

pārājika:Grave offenses of the precepts; the original connotation of the Sanskrit word is thought to mean something like "overcome by another"; thus, to engage in acts while overcome by affliction. These offenses lead to a monk's or nun's excommunication from the sangha with the loss of clerical status, and their falling into hell. The Hinayana Vinaya texts list four pārājika offenses, known as the four grave offenses: (1) engaging in immoral sexual behavior or bestiality (abrahmacarya), (2) stealing (adattādāna), (3) killing a human being (vadhahiṃṣa), and (4) lying about one's spiritual attainments (uttaramanuṣyadharma-prālapa). pratideśanīya:A set of minor offenses, four for monks, eight for nuns, concerning meals. Offenders must repent these offenses in front of a monk or nun of good conduct. Rājagṛha: The site of the Buddha's preaching of several important sutras, located in the ancient Indian capital of the northern state of Magadha. In Śākyamuni's time the city was a flourishing cultural and economic center. It was surrounded by five hills, including Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak), where Śākyamuni is said to have delivered many teachings. He also taught extensively at the Veṇuvana vihāra(monastic dwelling place) in Rājagṛha. The state of Magadha was ruled by King Bimbisāra, a patron of Buddhism, who is said to have moved his capital here from the town of Kuśāgrapura, a little further east, due to fire and other calamities. ignorance (Skt. avidyā): Delusion, folly. As the fundamental misunderstanding of reality that underlies all of the suffering of unenlightened people, it is the first of the twelve links of dependent arising. Rather than a lack of factual knowledge, it is a basic error in mode of perception that prevents people from seeing things as they really are. For example, not being aware of the fact that all things are ultimately impermanent, or that there is in reality, no such thing as an inherent self. pāyattika:Minor offenses requiring expiation. According to the Vinaya in Four Parts (Skt. Dharmaguptaka-vinaya), the pāyattika areninety minor offenses by monks, including minor untruths or dissimulation, etc., which will result in their condemnation if not expiated by confession in front of three other monks. If thus confessed 147147

Glossary

and repented the pāyattikaoffenses are considered to have been expiated, but if not repented the offenders will fall into hell.

piśāca:Goblins; sprites, imps, or demons in the retinue of Dhṛtarāṣtra. pratyekabuddha:A solitary realizer or self-enlightened one. In early texts the term was rendered as "enlightened through contemplation of dependent arising, " especially

as defined in the twelve nidānas. Later it was rendered as individually enlightened, one who lives apart from others and attains enlightenment by and for himself, in contrast to the altruism of the bodhisattva ideal.

saṃghāvaśeṣa:Offenses for which a monastic may not necessarily be excommunicated; rules that require a formal meeting to determine punishment; or thirteen offenses that require temporary excommunication, which the offending monastic can expiate only by confession before the other monks. One of the five categories of precepts and one of the eight categories of the prātimokṣa.

śrāvaka:"Voice-hearer,

" a disciple. Originally, a direct disciple of the Buddha who directly heard him teach. In later Mahayana texts, śrāvaka is used as a technical term with somewhat negative connotations. Disciplined monk-practitioners who contemplate the principle of the Four Noble Truths for the purpose of attaining arhatship, and thus eventually nirvana, śrāvakas are also considered, along with pratyekabuddhas, to be practitioners of the two lesser vehicles, inferior to the insight and compassion of the bodhisattva path.

sthūlātyaya:An unconsummated offense; a sthūlātyayaoffense is incurred when one has the intention to commit a pārājikaor saṃghāvaśeṣaoffense but stops short of carrying it out, or if one intends to commit such an offense but fails to do so. realm of desire (Skt. kāmadhātu): One of the three realms of existence, along with the realm of form (rūpadhātu) and the formless realm (arūpyadhātu), in which one's consciousness is subject to physical desires (such as for food, sex, and sleep). The realm of desire encompasses the states of existence of hungry spirits (pretas), animals, asuras, humans, and the six heavens of desire, so called because the beings in these states are dominated by desire.

realm of space (Skt. ākāśadhātu): One of the six realms of earth, water, fire, wind, space, and knowledge.

reward body (Skt. saṃbhogakāya): Also called the body of bliss or body of recompense, one of the three bodies (trikāya) of the Buddha. The ideal body of a buddha that is produced upon entering buddhahood as the result of vows undertaken during the practice of the bodhisattva path. The body of the Buddha in which the blissful reward of enlightenment is enjoyed.

six heavens: Above Mount Sumeru are six heavens, each higher than the last, stretching up towards the form realm. The six are: (1) The heaven of the four deva kings, who guard the four quarters of the world below; (2) Trāyastriṃśa, the Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods; (3) Yāma, the heaven where the god Yāma resides; (4) Tuṣita, 148

Glossary

the heaven of contentment where the bodhisattva Maitreya is said to be preparing to be reborn in the world as the next kalpa's buddha; (5) Nirmāṇarati, the heaven where one's desires are magically fulfilled at will; (6) Paranirmitavaśavartin, the heaven where one can partake of the pleasures of others, and also where Pipanyan, the king of the māras, resides.

six realms of transmigration: Six kinds of rebirth in saṃsāra that are undergone by sentient beings in accord with their good or evil actions carried out in their previous lifetime: (1) hell (Skt. narakagati), (2) hungry ghosts (Skt. pretagati), (3) animal (Skt. tiryagyonigati), (4) asura (Skt. asuragati), (5) human (Skt. manuṣyagati), and (6) gods (Skt. devagati).

ten afflictions: The first five, which are characteristic of those of developed religious sensitivity are: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of attachment to the precepts. The second five, which are characteristic of those of undeveloped religious sensitivity are: desire, hatred, ignorance, pride, and doubt.

ten unwholesome activities (Skt. daśākuśala-karma-patha): The ten unwholesome activities carried out through the three modes of bodily action, speech, and thought: (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) debauchery, (4) lying, (5) flattery , (6) insult, (7) treachery, (8) coveting, (9) anger, and (10) holding false views. thoughtless concentration: One of the six states of inactivity of mind, the state of concentration that is the cause of being born into no-thought heaven—wherein all mental actions and functions of the first six consciousnesses are stopped. This concentration is also practiced by non-Buddhists, and is called a good, but tainted concentration. It is tainted because the mano consciousness is still producing self-view. transformation body: The temporal body of the Buddha (Skt. nirmāṇakāya). The transformation of the Buddha's body into the form of a sentient being in order to teach and save them. In order to teach sentient beings, this kind of buddha manifestation utilizes superknowledges to appropriately discern and respond to their various capacities. In addition to this form the buddhas manifest themselves in the Dharma body and reward body, adding up to three bodies．

trichiliocosm (Skt. trisāhasra-mahāsāhasra-lokadhātu): The worlds that constitute the domain of the Buddha. A world consists of the world of desire and the first heaven of the world of form. One thousand times one thousand times one thousand makes one billion. It is a way of describing the vastness and interwovenness of the universe in ancient Indian cosmology.

truth of cessation: The principle espoused by Śākyamuni that all suffering eventually ceases; the third of the Four Noble Truths.

two vehicles: These are the vehicles of the śrāvakas (hearers, direct disciples) and pratyekabuddhas (self-realizers). These two kinds of practitioners are regularly introduced in Mahayana literature where they are generally cast in a negative light as representatives 149149

Glossary

of the so-called Hinayana tradition and are set up in contradistinction to the bodhisattva. They are understood as practitioners who are engaged in a view toward practice and enlightenment that will permit them to reach the level of arhatship and not buddhahood.

vaiḍūrya:Beryl or lapis lazuli. One of the seven jewels. yakṣa:Demons of the earth, the air, or the lower heavens; they are malignant and violent devourers (of human flesh). One of the eight kinds of spiritual beings who appear in Buddhist scriptures.

150

Bibliography

Conze, Edward, trans. Perfection of Wisdom in Twenty-five Thousand Lines,in The large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom,pp. 160-162. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

—

. The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature.Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2001, reprint.

Heinemann, Robert. Dictionary of Words and Phrases as Used in Buddhist Dhāraṇī: Chinese-Sanskrit, Sanskrit-Chinese.Tokyo: Meicho-Fukyukai, 1988. Mochizuki, Shinkō, and Zenryū Tsukamoto. Mochizuki bukkyō daijiten,6 vols. Kyoto: Sekai seiten kangyo kyokai, 1954.

Murakami, Shinkan, and Shinkai Oikawa. Ajaseō kyō, Monjushiri mon kyō, hoka.Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1994.

Tsukamoto, Keishō, trans. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004. Ui, Hakuju. Bukkyō jiten.Tokyo: Tōsei shuppansha, 1953. 151

151

Index

A

ācāryas, 67 afflictions, 15, 37, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 94, 109, 111, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134, 140, 142n20 See alsodefilement(s) Āgama sutras, 5-6 Gradual, 5, 6, 8, 9 Lengthy, 5

Sutra on the Practices of the Wheelturning King,5, 6, 25n8 Middle-length, 5 Sutra of Allegories,5, 6, 10 See also Pāli canon; scriptures/sutras/ texts

aggregate(s), 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 109, 133 five, 82, 86, 91, 143n23 of consciousness, 82, 83, 85, 143n23 of feeling, 85, 143n23 form/of form, 82, 83, 143n23 of impulses, 85, 143n23 of perception, 85, 143n23 See alsofive skandhas Agni, 9

Agnimitra, 9 Ajita, 6, 8, 10 See alsoMaitreya ālayaconsciousness, 142n14 alms/almsbegging/almsfood, 20, 21, 43, 127, 132

Amitābha, 9, 11 Amoghavajra, 33 Aniruddha, 6 Antigonos I, 9 Apollo. SeeMithra Ārāḍa Kalāma, 121 areas/countries/regions/states: Ahicchattra, 11 China, 11, 31 Longmen, 11 Yongang, 11 India, 9, 11 Darada, 11

Gandhāra, 17, 25n8 Kośala, 10

Kushan, 9, 33 Magadha, 10 Mithila, 17 Saka, 33

Surāṣṭra, 17 Japan, 11

Korean peninsula, 11 Kucha, 13

Parthia, 9

Roman Empire, 9 Turkey, 9

arhat(s)/arhatship, 7, 21, 23, 37, 61, 91, 104, 118, 141n4 arūpyadhātu. Seethree realms/triple realm,formless Asaṅga, 11

ascetic(s), 19, 85, 132 See alsoausterities; renunciant 153

Index

Aśoka, King, 25n8 asura(s), 67, 102, 107, 140, 142n12 ātman. Seeself

austerities, 41 See alsoascetic āyatana. Seesense(s), bases, twelve B

Bāvari, 8, 10

Bhadrapraśāsaka, 16 bhikṣu(s), 37, 101, 114, 138 See alsomonk(s) birth, 48, 59, 60, 81, 86, 92, 141n8 four forms of, 85, 143n21 from an egg, 85, 143n21 from moisture, 85, 143n21 from transformation, 79, 85, 143n21 from the womb, 85, 143n21 birth and death, 46, 53, 55, 86, 93, 119, 125

See alsosamsara; rebirth bodhicitta. Seeenlightenment, desire/intention for bodhisattva(s), 9, 11, 12, 41, 43, 46, 57, 65, 67, 71-73, 77-78, 87, 102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 126, 127, 134, 135, 140, 143n28

of discernment/discrimination, 39 esoteric, 141n5 great, 42, 134, 139 image/statue, 11, 12 lay, 12

mahāsattvas, 37, 41, 102, 126 nonregressing, 135 offerings to, 136, 137 practices, 129

precepts, 32, 39, 68, 71, 73, 77, 141n6 of the tenth stage, 121 with nothing more to learn, 39 bodhisattvas, named: Akṣayamati, 37

154

Avalokiteśvara, 12, 37 Mahāsthāmaprāpta, 37 Mahāmati, 37, 47 Mahāpuṇyavīra, 37 Mañjuśrī Kumārabhuta, 37 Vajra, 37

See alsoMaitreya; Mañjuśrī body(ies), of bodhisattvas/buddhas/ tathāgatas, 24, 45, 46, 67, 108, 128 dharma body/sixteen-foot-tall body/wisdom body, 45, 46, 48, 81 relic body, 7, 108 vajrabody, 45, 46 body, speech, and mind, 59, 60, 91, 115, 121, 130

Brahmavatī, 7, 17 buddha(s), 6, 7, 8, 18, 20, 43, 48, 57, 60, 61, 67, 77, 97, 115, 117, 121, 127, 128-129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 142n15 eye, 118, 120

future, 6, 8, 135 images, 139

past, 6, 135

vehicle, 93

Buddha, 6, 7, 8-9, 15, 18, 21-22, 23, 32, 37, 44, 45, 48, 72, 76, 77, 101, 110, 116, 121, 126, 128-129, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140 and Ānanda, 117 image(s), 128, 136, 137 and Mañjuśrī, 39-49, 51-61, 63-69, 71-73, 75-95, 97-99, 101-140 and Māra, 7, 22 mindfulness of, 33, 129 offerings to, 136-137 power(s) of, 45, 120, 128 and Śāriputra, 15-24 and Sudāna, 102 and Sundarī, 143n25 and Upāli, 8

virtue, 21, 22

words/teachings of, 22, 83, 133 See alsoBuddha, titles of; Śākyamuni Buddha, titles of: All-knowing One, 43, 44, 53, 116, 118 Bhagavat, 22

Body of the Dharma, 115 He Who Has Done What Can Be Done, 118

He Who Has Done What Is To Be Done, 118, 119

He Who Should Receive Offerings, 115, 128

Honorable One, 15 ten, 33, 128, 135 Arhat, 43, 44, 118-119, 128 He Who Disciplines People, 128 He Who Is Sufficient in the Practice of Wisdom, 128

He Who Understands the World, 128 Tathāgata, 22, 43, 44, 45-48, 53, 81, 97, 101, 104, 105, 110-112, 115-118, 122, 128, 132, 135 Teacher of Humans and Gods, 128 Omniscient One, 115, 128 Unsurpassed One, 128 Well-gone One, 116, 122, 128 World-honored One, 8, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59-61, 65, 67, 68, 71, 75, 77, 79, 81, 97, 101 -104, 106-110, 112-116, 117, 118, 120-122, 126, 126, 127, 128, 134-136 You Who Have Made the Dharma Body, 115

You Whose Body is Within the Dharma, 115

Buddha Dharma, 19, 76 See alsoDharma

Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 39, 42,68, 86, 130, 133

See alsoThree Treasures/Triple Jewel buddhahood, 77, 81, 117, 118, 119, 127 Index

buddha lands(s)/realm, 9, 121, 127 Buddhism/Buddhist(s), 5, 6, 7, 9-10, 31, 32, 33, 91, 135, 139 Abhidharma, 142n14 Chan, 32

Indian, 31, 32, 33 See alsoschool(s) C

cakravartin. Seewheel-turning king Cambodian, 34, 35 Candana, 19

Candramaṇi, 110

castes:

brahman(s), 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 42, 67, 102, 129

kṣatriyas, 67

śūdras, 67

vaiśyas, 67

cities/towns/villages: Kommagene (Turkey), 9 Kappārī, 8, 10

Ketumatī, 7, 15, 17, 21 Kyoto, 11

Rājagṛha, 10, 37 Śrāvastī, 8, 10

Tokyo, 11

Vārāṇasī, 6, 8, 10, 17 compassion, 15, 20, 40, 43, 71, 90, 102, 104, 112, 125, 130, 132 great, 7, 21, 41, 69, 71, 120 concentration, 93, 143n28 and insight, 81

Conze, Edward, 33, 141nn1, 3 The Perfection of Wisdom in Twentyfive Thousand Lines, 33, 141n1 The Prajñā Pāramitā Literature,33, 141n3

D

Dao'an, 11

155

Index

defilement(s), 52, 59, 84, 87, 88, 94, 122 of existence/three states of existence,59, 79, 84, 85

of desire, 80, 87, 88, 137 of form, 59, 83 of formlessness, 83 See alsoafflictions demon(s), 43, 45, 80, 118, 119, 123, 134 four, 90

king, 7, 123, 126 See alsoMāra

dependent arising, 58 twelve factors/links of, 86, 90, 142n17 deva(s), 18, 21, 22, 67, 134 yakṣa,16

See alsogod(s); heavenly being(s) Devadatta, 103, 104 Devasena/Devasuvarṇa, 19 dhāraṇī(s), 33, 34, 79 See alsoletters dharma(s), 46, 54, 57, 60, 64-66, 75, 79, 81-86, 92-94, 105, 115, 118-121, 124, 129-131, 133, 134, 139 birthlessness of, 128, 130, 131 body, 45, 46, 48, 81 conditioned, 82 defiled/unwholesome, 88, 92, 125 eighteen unshared, 118, 120 eight worldly/worldly, 75, 127, 132, 143n26

eye, 120

four all-embracing, 130 -nature, 119

pure/wholesome, 83, 92, 125 six, 133

Dharma, 7, 19, 21, 23, 24, 43, 48, 58, 61, 65, 67, 68, 77, 80, 81, 89, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 correct, 130, 132 piṭaka,23

156

profound,79, 86 wheel, 8, 15, 21, 45, 48, 72, 136 dharmadhātu,81

dharmakāya,127, 128 See alsodharma, body Dharmarakṣa, 5

dhātu. Seesense realms dhūta. Seeascetic(s); austerities Dīpaṃkara, 9

disciple(s), 6, 7, 78, 10, 11, 21, 23, 97, 110, 113, 1452n15 four types of, 23 See also śrāvaka(s) dragon(s), 15, 37, 67, 134 See also nāga(s) dynasties:

Late Qin (China), 13 Liang (China), 33, 35 Ming (China), 141n4 Song (China), 11 Śuṅga (India), 9 Yuan (China), 141n4 E

elders, 37, 97, 98 Ājñātakauṇḍinya, 37, 140 Ānanda, 37, 117 Mahākāśyapa, 7, 23, 37 Mahāmaudgalyāyana, 37 Revata, 37

Śāriputra, 7, 15, 16, 24, 37, 135 Subāhu, 37, 141n5 emptiness, 22, 54, 55, 57, 81, 87, 131, 142n16

enlightenment, 48, 68, 69, 80, 105, 118, 120, 135, 139

desire/intention for, 24, 77, 129 higher/supreme/unsurpassable, 18, 76, 77, 105

thirty-seven constituents of, 95

Index

extinction, 55, 57, 58, 79, 81, 85, 87, 90, 94, 119, 120

See alsonirvana

F

Faxian, 11

Filliozat, Jean, 10 five eyes, 118, 120 buddha eye, 118, 120 dharma/Dharma eye, 24, 120 divine eye, 93, 120 physical eye(s), 18, 120 wisdom eye, 120

five desires, 18, 20, 21, 83, 88, 90, 92-93, 130, 131, 133 five modes of existence, 51, 52 five skandhas, 22, 143n23 See alsoaggregate(s), five flowers, 7, 15, 18, 20, 22, 39, 47, 68, 71, 72, 84, 88, 102, 104, 105, 137-139 lotus, 8, 113, 143n24 kumuda,102, 113, 138, 143n24 puṇḍarīka,102, 138, 143n24 utpala,102, 113, 138, 143n24 malli(jasmine), 139 māndārava,22, 41

mantras, 136-137, 139 offerings, 136-139 four brahma vihāras, 69 See alsodharmas, four all-embracing four continents, 85, 104 Aparagodānīya, 85, 102 Jambudvīpa, 8, 16, 85, 102 Pūrvavideha, 85, 102 Uttarakuru, 85, 102 fourfold assemblies/congregation, 43, 128

See alsodisciples, four types of; monk(s); nuns; laymen/laypeople/ laywomen

four heavenly kings, 102, 104 Four Noble Truths, 21, 42, 80, 87, 91 four oceans, 15

four types of fearlessness, 118, 120 fruit(s), 91-92, 104, 135 of enlightenment/liberation, 48, 80, 101, 105

four, 91

of karma, 131

of the three vehicles, 71, 72 of transgressions, 108, 113 G

gardens/parks, 16 Deer Park, 6

Garden of Flowers and Woods, 21 Flower Forest Park, 7 garuḍas, 67, 140

god(s), 7, 9, 18, 42, 43, 46, 51, 52, 67, 71, 85, 90, 112, 114, 117, 121, 142n12 See also deva(s); Hindu deities; heavenly beings

great person(s), 133 thirty-two marks of, 16-17 eight types of awareness of, 133, 143n28 Great Vehicle. See Mahayana greed/lust, anger, and delusion/folly/ ignorance, 20, 87, 92, 118, 119 H

Hakamaya, Noriaki, 12 heaven(s), 19, 22, 85, 86, 137 of autonomous transformations of others, 104

Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven. 84 Tuṣita Heaven, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 heavenly beings, 9, 42, 134 See alsodeva(s), god(s) hell(s), 48, 51, 52, 84, 102, 106, 107 Avīci Hell, 110

heretics, 109

See alsonon-Buddhist(s) 157

Index

Hindu deities, 42, 142n13 Brahmā(s), 7, 9, 21, 22, 42, 84, 104 Cāmuṇḍā, 42

Durgā/Sureśvari, 42, 142n12 Indra/Śakra/Śakradevānām Indra, 7, 10, 21, 22

*Kātyāyanī, 42 Kumāraka, 42

Maheśvara, 42, 114 Somadeva/Somadevī, 42, 142n12 Sītā, 42

*Umara, 42

Vaiśravaṇa, 42 Viṣṇu, 42

Yāma, 42

Hōryū Temple Museum (Tokyo), 11 householder(s), 18, 19, 130, 131 hungry ghost(s), 49, 51, 71, 102, 107 Hvarna, 10

I

ignorance, 37, 59, 60, 65, 76, 79, 85, 86-87, 89, 90, 93-94, 142n20 See alsogreed/lust, anger, and delusion/ folly/ignorance Ikṣvāku clan, 48, 49 See alsoŚākya clan image(s)/statue(s), 9, 18, 39, 42, 128, 130, 136, 137, 139 of Maitreya, 11-12 impermanence, 18, 21, 22, 53, 79, 81-82 Iwamatsu, Asao, 10, 25n3 J

Jidaolin, 11

Judaism, 10

Juqu Jingsheng, 5 K

kalyāṇamitra. Seespiritual guides 158

kāmadhātu. See three realms/triple realm, of desire Kaniṣka, 11

karma, 54, 85-86, 88, 93, 101, 102, 119, 120, 130, 131 bad/evil, 22, 110, 114, 134 good, 110, 114 three types of, 85, 119, 130 karmic, 102

residual energies, twenty-four types of, 59

retribution/tribulations, 79, 81, 85 kiṃnara(s), 67, 140 kleśa. See afflictions Kōryūji (Kyoto), 11 Kumārajīva, 5, 6, 13, 33 L

languages:

Arapacana alphabet, 33 Brāhmī script, 11 Chinese, 10, 33, 34, 37, 97, 141n8, 142nn12, 20

Japanese, 34

Pāli, 5, 97

Persian, 142n12 Sanskrit, 31, 32, 33, 141n4 Tibetan, 5, 31, 33 laymen/laypeople/laywomen, 43, 137, 142n15

letters, 32-33, 52, 79-81, 82, 94, 118 eight, 33, 81 in the word arhant,118 in the word ātman, 52 in the word samyaksaṃbuddha, 118-119 See alsodhāraṇī(s); languages, Sanskrit; virāma

liberation, 42, 55, 76, 77, 101, 121, 123, 126, 133

five bases of, 133

M

madhyama,65-66

See alsomiddle path mahāpuruṣa. Seegreat person(s) Mahāsāṃghika school(s), 97-98, 99 Bahuśrutīya, 98 Caityaśaila, 98 Ekavyāvahārika, 98 Kukkuṭika, 98

Lokottaravāda, 98 Pūrvaśaila, 98

Uttaraśaila, 98 Mahayana, 31, 32, 46, 67, 69, 97 See alsoGreat Vehicle mahoragas, 67, 140 Maitreya, 5-12, 15-21, 23-24 image(s)/statue(s) of, 11-12 and Metrago Boddo legend, 11 names of:

Metteya, 6, 10

Mi-le, 10-11

Tissa Metteya, 10 See also Maitreya Ttriple Sutra; Six Maitreya Sutras Maitreya Triple Sutra, 6 See also Six Maitreya Sutras Mandra, 34

maṇipearl, 32, 47 Mañjuśrī, 39-49, 51-61, 63-69, 71-73, 75-95, 97-99, 101-140 *Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā. See Sutra of Mañjuśrī'

s Questions

mantra(s):

for eating meat, 31, 40 for flower offerings, 136-137, 138, 139 Māra, 7, 22

mark(s), 81, 126, 128 eighty minor, 18 thirty two major, 17-18 Index

meat, 20, 31, 40-41, 87, 91, 141n9, 142n11

eating, mantra(s) for, 31, 40 meditation(s), 7, 20, 23, 33, 76, 80, 108, 120, 127, 128, 129-131, 132-135, 136 correct, 85, 87, 128 nine, 133, 143n27 meditative attainment, 133 merit(s), 15, 20, 33, 42, 43, 53, 108, 109, 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140 Miàobì. Seeelders, Subāhu middle path, 65-66 See also madhyama mindfulness, 33, 93, 129, 133 correct/right, 22, 87, 128, 129, 131, 143n28

four foundations of, 87 Ming, Emperor, 11 Miiro, 9, 10

See alsoMaitreya; Mithra/Mithraism Mithra/Mithraism, 9-10 Mithridates, 9

Mitirakula, 9

monastic discipline/life, 31, 132 monk(s), 6, 7, 10, 11, 20, 31, 34, 43, 122, 129, 130, 136, 137, 139 See alsobhikṣu(s); fourfold assemblies/ congregation

morality, 16, 86, 91, 93 See alsoprecept(s); perfection(s), six morality, meditation,and wisdom, 126 mountain(s), 128, 138, 139 Aśvakarṇa, 128

Cakravāla, 128

Fragrant Mountain, 16 Gṛdhrakūṭa/Vulture Peak, 7, 23, 37 Īṣādhara, 128

Khadiraka, 128

159

Index

mountains (continued): Nemiṃdhara, 128 Sudarśana, 128 Sumeru, 128

Vinataka, 128 Yugaṃdhara, 128 N

nāga(s), 18, 67, 134, 140 See alsodragon(s) nāgarāja(s), 15, 17 National Treasure of Japan, 11 nirvana, 19, 21, 23, 24, 32, 45-46, 47, 48, 53-56, 60, 81, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97, 98, 107, 124, 125, 133 See alsoextinction; parinirvāṇa non-Buddhist(s), 42, 51, 55, 82, 101, 110 See alsoheretics nonduality, 65 nonretrogression, 8 nuns, 43, 137 See alsofourfold assemblies/congregation O

offense(s):

duṣkṛta,72

pārājika,71

pāyattika,72 pratideśanīya,73 saṃghāvaśeṣa,71-72 saṃyama-gatāni,73, 142n19 sthūlātyaya,72 See alsotransgression(s) offering(s), 39, 117, 129, 139 of flowers, 136-137, 138 of food, 20

great, thirty-five types of, 41-42 omniscience/omniscient, 81, 94, 101, 110, 112, 117, 118, 120 160

P

Pāli canon:

Aṅguttara-nikāya,Saṃkhitta,5 Dīgha-nikāya, Cakkavatti-sīhanādasuttanta,5 Nikāyas, 141n9 parinirvāṇa,46 perfection(s), 43 six, 69

of wisdom, 32, 39, 46, 57-58, 93, 97, 119, 136

pillar(s), 16, 17, 25n8 jeweled/seven-jeweled, 17, 18 piśācas, 67

power(s), 15, 17, 40, 91, 104, 120, 128 supernatural/supernormal, 21, 22, 23, 45, 55, 92, 129

six, 81, 93-94 ten, 91, 118, 120 prajñāpāramitā. See perfection(s), of wisdom

prātimokṣa,131 pratītysamutpāda. See dependent arising pratyekabuddha(s), 46, 53, 57, 58, 59, 65, 67, 78, 92, 97, 110, 143n28 vehicle, 93

precept(s), 15, 20, 32, 60, 73, 75, 76, 108, 111, 113, 131, 133 bodhisattva, 32, 39, 68, 77, 141n6 eight, 8, 131 five, 131

supramundane, 71, 73, 75, 141n6 ten, 69, 131 See alsomorality preceptors, 131, 132 See also upādhyāyas Purāṇa, 19

Pure Land, 11, 33

R

Rāhula, 103, 104

rākṣasas, 22, 67

realm(s), 80, 90

of animals, 49

buddha/of buddhahood, 117, 121 of the four heavenly kings, 102 of hungry ghosts, 49 of neither perception nor nonperception, 102

of ordinary people, 118 See also three realms/triple realm rebirth, 11, 85, 102, 107 See alsobirth and death relics, 8, 20, 23 renunciant, 19, 33 See alsoascetic(s) robe(s), 6, 41, 59, 67, 109, 126, 132 Ṛṣidatta, 19

rūpadhātu. See three realms/triple realm, of form

S

sage(s)/sagehood/sagely, 32, 76, 80, 91, 110, 126

See alsoarhat(s)/arhatship Śākya clan, 23, 48 See alsoIkṣvāku clan Śākyamuni, 6-7, 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 23, 47

See alsoBuddha

samādhi,108, 126, 127, 133 See alsomeditation samāpatti. Seemeditative absorption śamathaand vipaśyanā. Seeconcentration, and insight

Saṃghabhadra, 34, 35, 142n12 samsara, 17, 18, 55, 56, 77, 94, 107, 118, 124, 125, 133

See alsobirth and death Index

samyaksaṃbuddha,8, 11 sangha, 20, 31, 39, 126, 130, 141n9 See alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha; fourfold assemblies/congregation Śaṅkha, 17

and Maitreya, 6-7, 18-19 śarīras. Seerelics school(s), 32, 33, 97-99 See alsoMahāsāṃghika school(s); Sthaviravāda school(s); Yogācāra Schopen, Gregory, 11-12, 25n5 self/selfhood, 22, 32, 51-52, 63, 75, 76, 79, 81, 82, 88, 90, 91, 92, 105, 111, 143n23

selflessness, 51, 82, 83, 129 sense(s), 16, 88, 94, 109, 120, 124, 132 six, 91, 127, 134, 143n23 bases, 82, 86, 93, 109, 133 six, 59, 60, 63, 81, 93-94 twelve, 82, 133, 143n23 faculties, 37, 60, 82, 88, 95 objects, six, 88, 109, 143n23 realms, 86, 92, 94, 95, 120, 133 eighteen, 133

seven great treasures/seven precious things, 17, 42, 117, 133 Six Maitreya Sutras: Sutra on Maitreya Becoming Buddha, 5, 6, 9

Sutra on Maitreya '

s Descending Birth and Becoming Buddha,5 Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya,5, 6, 7, 8 Sutra on the Time of Maitreya '

s Arrival,

5

Sutra on the Visualization of Mai treya Bodhisattva

'

s Ascending Birth in Tuṣita Heaven,5, 6, 10 See alsoMaitreya Triple Sutra skillful means, 46, 57, 87 161

Index

Small Vehicle, 46 See alsoTheravāda spiritual guides, 132 śrāvaka(s), 46, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 78, 94, 97, 110, 112, 140, 143n28 vehicle, 93

Sthaviravāda school(s), 97, 98-99 Bhadrayānīya, 99 Dharmaguptaka, 99 Dharmottarīya, 98-99 Haimavata, 98

Kāśyapīya, 99

Mahīśāsaka, 33, 99 Saṃmitīya, 99

Śaṇḍāgārika, 99 Sarvāstivāda, 98 Sautrāntika, 99 Vātsīputrīya, 98 stream-enterer, 91, 104 stupa(s), 8, 20, 25n8, 48, 72, 136, 139 Subrahman, 7, 17 Sudāna, 102

Sudatta/Sudhāna, 7, 19 Sumana, 19

Sumati, 19

See also Uttara Sundarī, 110, 143n25 sutras/texts:

Aggregation of Fire Sutra,101 Aṅgulimāla-sūtra,40 Avesta scripture, Yašts XIX, 10 Banzhou sanmei jing,33 Beommanggyeong gojeokgi,142n10 Daban niepan jing(Mahā pari nir vāṇasūtra), 33 Dragon Flower Vow Passage,11 Elephant and Tortoise Sutra,40 Great Cloud Sutra,40 Ḥphags-pa byams-pa luṅ-bstan-pa,5 Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra,40 Mahāvyutpatti,142n12 162

Praise of Maitreya,11 Samantapāsādikā,142n15 Samayabhedoparacanacakra,33, 141n2

Saptaśatikā(Perfection of Wisdom in Seven Hundred Lines), 33 Subāhu-paripṛcchā, 141n5 Sutra of the Age of the Wise,9 Sutra of the Questions and Vow of Bodhisattva Maitreya,9 Suttanipāta, 10 The Lion

'

s Roar of the Dharma-turning King, 10

Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra,32 Xiěguī jīng, 142n10 Yibu zong lun lun,33 See alsoĀgama sutras; Maitreya Triple Sutra; Pāli canon; Six Mai treya Sutras; Sutra of Mañjuśrī' s Questions; Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Bodhisattva and His Enlightenment Sutra of Mañjuśrī' s Questions, 31-34, 35-95, 97-140

"Cutting Off All Doubts, " 117

"Sutra of the Practices of Bodhi sattvas, "

117

"Various Joyful Teachings, "117

Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Mai treya Bodhisattva and His Enlightenment, 5-12, 13-25 See also Maitreya Triple Sutra; Six Maitreya Sutras Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma, 20 See also Tripiṭaka Śyāmāvatī, 7, 19 See alsoViśākhā T

Taehyeon, 142n10 Tagaraśikhin, 15

Taishō shinshū daizōkyō/Taishō, 31, 33, 34, 141nn2, 4, 5 Tathāgata. SeeBuddha, titles of, ten tathāgata(s), 60, 128 Theravāda, 97 three evil worlds/three states of existence, 18, 79, 80, 83-84 three realms/triple realm, 11 of desire, 21, 57, 60, 83, 104 of form, 21, 57, 60, 83, 104 formless, 57, 59, 60, 83, 104 Three Treasures/Triple Jewel, 69, 131 See alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha transgression(s), 39, 61, 73, 75, 76, 86, 89, 91, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 125, 126, 131, 132

See alsooffense(s) treasure house(s), of Elapatra, Pāṇḍukaḥ, Piṅgala, Śaṅkha, 17 tree(s), 15, 16, 17, 42, 47, 71, 137, 138 bodhi, 18, 72, 136 dragonflower, 7, 18 Tripiṭaka, 20 master, 13, 35 U

Udraka Rāmaputra, 121 upādhyāyas, 67 See alsopreceptors Upāli, 8

Uttara, 19

See also Sumati V

vaiḍūryagem, 45 vehicle(s):

buddha, 93

pratyekabuddha,93 Index

śrāvaka,93

excellent/superior, 80, 93 three, 39, 71-73, 93, 110, 123 See alsoGreat Vehicle; Small Vehicle view(s), 60, 66, 86, 111, 121, 142n16 of annihilationism and eternalism/ permanence, 59, 82, 111 correct, 18, 51, 85, 87 deluded/false/wrong, 43, 51, 52, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 130, 133 twenty-six, 42 fixed, 59

Vinaya:

master(s), 98, 99 school, 97, 98 See also Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhi dharma virāma,81, 94, 143n22 See alsolanuages, Sanskrit; letters Viśākhā, 7, 19 See alsoŚyāmāvatī W

Wenshushili wen jing. See Sutra of Mañ juśrī' s Questions

Wheel Treasure, 10 wheel-turning king, 6, 7 Wu, Emperor, 33 X

Xuanzang, 33

Y

yakṣa(s), 16, 67, 140 Yijing, 5

Yima, King, 10 Yogācāra, 142n14 Z

Zoroastrianism, 10 163

BDK English Tripiṭaka (First Series)

Abbreviations

Ch.: Chinese

Skt.: Sanskrit

Jp.: Japanese

Eng.: Published title Title Taishō No. Ch. Chang ahan jing (長阿含經) 1 Skt. Dīrghāgama Eng. The Canonical Book of the Buddha '

s Lengthy Discourses (Volume I, 2015) Ch. Zhong ahan jing (中阿含經) 26 Skt. Madhyamāgama Eng. The Madhyama Āgama (Middle-length Discourses) (Volume I, 2013) Ch. Dasheng bensheng xindi guan jing (大乘本生心地觀經) Ch. Fo suoxing zan (佛所行讃) 159 192

Skt. Buddhacarita Eng. Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha '

s Acts(2009)

Ch. Zabao zang jing (雜寶藏經) 203 Eng. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables(1994) Ch. Faju piyu jing (法句譬喩經) 211 Eng. The Scriptural Text: Verses of the Doctrine, with Parables(1999) Ch. Xiaopin banruo boluomi jing (小品般若波羅蜜經) 227 Skt. Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Jingang banruo boluomi jing (金剛般若波羅蜜經) 235 Skt. Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra 165

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Daluo jingang bukong zhenshi sanmoye jing 243 (大樂金剛不空眞實三麼耶經)

Skt. Adhyardhaśatikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Eng. The Sutra of the Vow of Fulfilling the Great Perpetual Enjoyment and Benefiting All Sentient Beings Without Exception(in Esoteric Texts,2015) Ch. Renwang banruo boluomi jing (仁王般若波羅蜜經) 245 Skt.

*Kāruṇikārājā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing (般若波羅蜜多心經) 251 Skt. Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya-sūtra Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing (妙法蓮華經) 262 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra Eng. The Lotus Sutra(Revised Second Edition, 2007) Ch. Wuliangyi jing (無量義經) 276 Eng. The Infinite Meanings Sutra(in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing (觀普賢菩薩行法經) 277 Eng. The Sutra Expounded by the Buddha on Practice of the Way through Contemplation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing Goodness(in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Dafangguang fo huayan jing (大方廣佛華嚴經) 279 Skt. Avataṃsaka-sūtra

Ch. Shengman shizihou yisheng defang bianfang guang jing 353 (勝鬘師子吼一乘大方便方廣經)

Skt. Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra Eng. The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion '

s Roar(2004)

Ch. Wuliangshou jing (無量壽經) 360 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Larger Sutra on Amitāyus(in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing (觀無量壽佛經) 365 Skt.

*Amitāyurdhyāna-sūtra

Eng. The Sutra on Contemplation of Amitāyus (in The Three Pure Land Sutras,Revised Second Edition, 2003) 166

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Amituo jing (阿彌陀經) 366 Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha

Eng. The Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus(in The Three Pure Land Sutras, Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Da banniepan jing (大般涅槃經) 374 Skt. Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra Eng. The Nirvana Sutra(Volume I, 2013) Ch. Fochuibo niepan lüeshuo jiaojie jing (佛垂般涅槃略説教誡經) 389 Eng. The Bequeathed Teaching Sutra(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Ch. Dizang pusa benyuan jing (地藏菩薩本願經) 412 Skt.

*Kṣitigarbhapraṇidhāna-sūtra Ch. Banzhou sanmei jing (般舟三昧經) 418 Skt. Pratyutpanna-buddhasammukhāvasthita-samādhi-sūtra Eng. The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra(1998) Ch. Yaoshi liuli guang rulai benyuan gongde jing 450 (藥師琉璃光如來本願功徳經)

Skt. Bhaiṣajyaguru-vaiḍūrya-prabhāsa-pūrvapraṇidhāna-viśeṣavistara Ch. Mile xiasheng chengfo jing (彌勒下生成佛經) 454 Skt.

*Maitreyavyākaraṇa

Eng. The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment(2016) Ch. Wenshushili wen jing (文殊師利問經) 468 Skt.

*Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā

Eng. The Sutra of Mañjuśrī' s Questions(2016)

Ch. Weimojie suoshuo jing (維摩詰所説經) 475 Skt. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra Eng. The Vimalakīrti Sutra(2004) Ch. Yueshangnü jing (月上女經) 480 Skt. Candrottarādārikā-paripṛcchā Ch. Zuochan sanmei jing (坐禪三昧經) 614 Eng. The Sutra on the Concentration of Sitting Meditation(2009) Ch. Damoduoluo chan jing (達磨多羅禪經) 618 167

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Yuedeng sanmei jing (月燈三昧經) Skt. Samādhirāja-candrapradīpa-sūtra Ch. Shoulengyan sanmei jing (首楞嚴三昧經) Skt. Śūraṅgamasamādhi-sūtra Eng. The Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sutra(1998) Ch. Jinguang ming zuishengwang jing (金光明最勝王經) Skt. Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra Ch. Dasheng rulengqie jing (大乘入楞伽經) Skt. Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra 639

642

665

672

Ch. Jie shenmi jing (解深密經) 676 Skt. Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra

Eng. The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning(2000) Ch. Yulanpen jing (盂蘭盆經) 685 Skt.

*Ullambana-sūtra

Eng. The Ullambana Sutra(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Ch. Sishierzhang jing (四十二章經) 784 Eng. The Sutra of Forty-two Sections(in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Ch. Dafangguang yuanjue xiuduoluo liaoyi jing (大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經) Eng. The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment (in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) 842

Ch. Da Biluzhena chengfo shenbian jiachi jing (大毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經) Skt. Mahāvairocanābhisambodhi-vikurvitādhiṣṭhāna-vaipulyasūtrendrarājanāma-dharmaparyāya Eng. The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra(2005) 848

Ch. Jinggangding yiqie rulai zhenshi she dasheng xianzheng dajiao wang jing (金剛頂一切如來眞實攝大乘現證大教王經) 865 Skt. Sarvatathāgata-tattvasaṃgraha-mahāyānābhisamaya-mahākalparāja Eng. The Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra(in Two Esoteric Sutras,2001) Ch. Suxidi jieluo jing (蘇悉地羯囉經) 893 Skt. Susiddhika-ramahātantra-sādhanopāyika-paṭala Eng. The Susiddhikara Sutra(in Two Esoteric Sutras,2001) 168

BDK English Tripiṭaka Title Taishō No.

Ch. Modengqie jing (摩登伽經) 1300 Skt.

Eng. Skt.

*Mātaṅgī-sūtra

The Mātaṅga Sutra(in Esoteric Texts,2015) Ch. Mohe sengqi lü (摩訶僧祇律) 1425 *Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya Ch. Sifen lü (四分律) 1428 Skt.

*Dharmaguptaka-vinaya Ch. Shanjianlü piposha (善見律毘婆沙) 1462 Pāli Samantapāsādikā Ch. Fanwang jing (梵網經) 1484 Skt.

*Brahmajāla-sūtra

Ch. Youposaijie jing (優婆塞戒經) 1488 Skt. Upāsakaśīla-sūtra Eng. The Sutra on Upāsaka Precepts(1994) Ch. Miaofa lianhua jing youbotishe (妙法蓮華經憂波提舍) 1519 Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-upadeśa Eng. The Commentary on the Lotus Sutra(in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Shizha biposha lun (十住毘婆沙論) 1521 Skt.

*Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā Ch. Fodijing lun (佛地經論) 1530 Skt.

*Buddhabhūmisūtra-śāstra Eng. The Interpretation of the Buddha Land(2002) Ch. Apidamojushe lun (阿毘達磨倶舍論) 1558 Skt. Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya Ch. Zhonglun (中論) 1564 Skt. Madhyamaka-śāstra Ch. Yüqie shidilun (瑜伽師地論) 1579 Skt. Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra Ch. Cheng weishi lun (成唯識論) 1585 Eng. Demonstration of Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) 169

169

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Weishi sanshilun song (唯識三十論頌) 1586 Skt. Triṃśikā

Eng. The Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) Ch. Weishi ershi lun (唯識二十論) 1590 Skt. Viṃśatikā

Eng. The Treatise in Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only (in Three Texts on Consciousness Only,1999) Ch. She dasheng lun (攝大乘論) 1593 Skt. Mahāyānasaṃgraha

Eng. The Summary of the Great Vehicle(Revised Second Edition, 2003) Ch. Bian zhongbian lun (辯中邊論) 1600 Skt. Madhyāntavibhāga

Ch. Dasheng zhuangyanjing lun (大乘莊嚴經論) 1604 Skt. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra Ch. Dasheng chengye lun (大乘成業論) 1609 Skt. Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa Ch. Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun (究竟一乘寳性論) 1611 Skt. Ratnagotravibhāga-mahāyānottaratantra-śāstra Ch. Yinming ruzheng li lun (因明入正理論) 1630 Skt. Nyāyapraveśa

Ch. Dasheng ji pusa xue lun (大乘集菩薩學論) 1636 Skt. Śikṣāsamuccaya

Ch. Jingangzhen lun (金剛針論) 1642 Skt. Vajrasūcī

Ch. Zhang suozhi lun (彰所知論) 1645 Eng. The Treatise on the Elucidation of the Knowable(2004) Ch. Putixing jing (菩提行經) 1662 Skt. Bodhicaryāvatāra

Ch. Eng. Jingangding yuqie zhongfa anouduoluo sanmiao sanputi xin lun (金剛頂瑜伽中發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心論) The Bodhicitta Śāstra(in Esoteric Texts, 2015) 1665

170

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Title Taishō No.

Ch. Dasheng qixi nlun (大乘起信論) 1666 Skt.

*Mahāyānaśraddhotpāda-śāstra Eng. The Awakening of Faith(2005) Ch. Shimoheyan lun (釋摩訶衍論) 1668 Ch. Naxian biqiu jing (那先比丘經) 1670 Pāli Milindapañhā

Ch. Banruo boluomiduo xin jing yuzan (般若波羅蜜多心經幽賛) 1710 Eng. A Comprehensive Commentary on the Heart Sutra (Prajñāpāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra) (2001) Ch. Miaofalianhua jing xuanyi (妙法蓮華經玄義) 1716 Ch. Guan wuliangshou fo jing shu (觀無量壽佛經疏) 1753 Ch. Sanlun xuanyi (三論玄義) 1852 Ch. Dasheng xuan lun (大乘玄論) 1853 Ch. Zhao lun (肇論) 1858

Ch. Huayan yisheng jiaoyi fenqi zhang (華嚴一乘教義分齊章) 1866 Ch. Yuanren lun (原人論) 1886 Ch. Mohe zhiguan (摩訶止觀) 1911 Ch. Xiuxi zhiguan zuochan fayao (修習止觀坐禪法要) 1915 Ch. Tiantai sijiao yi (天台四教儀) 1931 Eng. A Guide to the Tiantai Fourfold Teachings (in Tiantai Lotus Texts, 2013) Ch. Guoqing bai lu (國清百録) 1934 Ch. Zhenzhou Linji Huizhao chanshi wulu (鎭州臨濟慧照禪師語録) 1985 Eng. The Recorded Sayings of Linji(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Foguo Yuanwu chanshi biyan lu (佛果圜悟禪師碧巖録) 2003 Eng. The Blue Cliff Record(1998) Ch. Wumen guan (無門關) 2005 Eng. Wumen

'

s Gate(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Liuzu dashi fabao tan jing (六祖大師法寶壇經) 2008 Eng. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch(2000) 171

171

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Title Taishō No.

Ch. Xinxin ming (信心銘) 2010

Eng. The Faith-Mind Maxim(in Three Chan Classics,1999) Ch. Huangboshan Duanji chanshi chuanxin fayao 2012A (黄檗山斷際禪師傳心法要)

Eng. Essentials of the Transmission of Mind(in Zen Texts,2005) Ch. Yongjia Zhengdao ge (永嘉證道歌) Ch. Chixiu Baizhang qinggui (勅修百丈清規) 2014 2025

Eng. The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(2007) Ch. Yibuzonglun lun (異部宗輪論) 2031 Skt. Samayabhedoparacanacakra Eng. The Cycle of the Formation of the Schismatic Doctrines(2004) Ch. Ayuwang jing (阿育王經) 2043 Skt. Aśokāvadāna

Eng. The Biographical Scripture of King Aśoka(1993) Ch. Maming pusa zhuan (馬鳴菩薩傳) 2046 Eng. The Life of Aśvaghoṣa Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Longshu pusa zhuan (龍樹菩薩傳) 2047 Eng. The Life of Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Posoupandou fashi zhuan (婆藪槃豆法師傳) 2049 Eng. Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Datang Daciensi Zanzang fashi zhuan (大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳) 2053 Eng. A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci' en

Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty(1995) Ch. Gaoseng zhuan (高僧傳) 2059 Ch. Biqiuni zhuan (比丘尼傳) 2063 Eng. Biographies of Buddhist Nuns (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) Ch. Gaoseng Faxian zhuan (高僧法顯傳) 2085 Eng. The Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian (in Lives of Great Monks and Nuns,2002) 172

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Ch. Datang xiyu ji (大唐西域記) Eng. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions(1996) 2087

Ch. Youfangjichao: Tangdaheshangdongzheng zhuan 2089-(7) (遊方記抄: 唐大和上東征傳)

Ch. Hongming ji (弘明集) 2102 Eng. The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism (Volume I, 2015) Ch. Fayuan zhulin (法苑珠林) 2122 Ch. Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan (南海寄歸内法傳) 2125 Eng. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia(2000) Ch. Fanyu zaming (梵語雑名) 2135 Jp. Shōmangyō gisho (勝鬘經義疏) 2185 Eng. Prince Shōtoku

'

s Commentary on the Śrīmālā Sutra(2011) Jp. Yuimakyō gisho (維摩經義疏) 2186 Eng. The Expository Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sutra(2012) Jp. Hokke gisho (法華義疏) 2187 Jp. Hannya shingyō hiken (般若心經秘鍵) Jp. Daijō hossō kenjin shō (大乘法相研神章) Jp. Kanjin kakumu shō (觀心覺夢鈔) 2203 2309

2312

Jp. Risshū kōyō (律宗綱要) 2348 Eng. The Essentials of the Vinaya Tradition(1995) Jp. Tendai hokke shūgi shū (天台法華宗義集) 2366 Eng. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School(1995) Jp. Kenkairon (顯戒論) 2376 Jp. Sange gakushō shiki (山家學生式) 2377 Jp. Hizōhōyaku (秘藏寶鑰) 2426 Eng. The Precious Key to the Secret Treasury(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Benkenmitsu nikyō ron (辨顯密二教論) 2427 Eng. On the Differences between the Exoteric and Esoteric Teachings(in Shingon Texts, 2004) 173

173

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Title Taishō No.

Jp. Sokushin jōbutsu gi (即身成佛義) 2428 Eng. The Meaning of Becoming a Buddha in This Very Body (in Shingon Texts, 2004)

Jp. Shōji jissōgi (聲字實相義) 2429

Eng. The Meanings of Sound, Sign, and Reality(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Unjigi (吽字義) 2430

Eng. The Meanings of the Word Hūṃ(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Gorin kuji myōhimitsu shaku (五輪九字明秘密釋) 2514 Eng. The Illuminating Secret Commentary on the Five Cakras and the Nine Syllables(in Shingon Texts, 2004) Jp. Mitsugonin hotsuro sange mon (密嚴院發露懺悔文) 2527 Eng. The Mitsugonin Confession(in Shingon Texts,2004) Jp. Kōzen gokoku ron (興禪護國論) 2543

Eng. A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish to Protect the State (in Zen Texts,2005)

Jp. Fukan zazengi (普勧坐禪儀) 2580

Eng. A Universal Recommendation for True Zazen (in Zen Texts,2005)

Jp. Shōbōgenzō (正法眼藏) 2582

Eng. Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume I, 2007) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume II, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume III, 2008) Shōbōgenzō: The True Dharma-eye Treasury(Volume IV, 2008) Jp. Zazen yōjin ki (坐禪用心記) 2586

Eng. Advice on the Practice of Zazen(in Zen Texts,2005) Jp. Senchaku hongan nembutsu shū (選擇本願念佛集) 2608 Eng. Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shū: A Collection of Passages on the Nembutsu Chosen in the Original Vow(1997) Jp. Kenjōdo shinjitsu kyōgyō shōmon rui (顯淨土眞實教行証文類) 2646 Eng. Kyōgyōshinshō: On Teaching, Practice, Faith, and Enlightenment(2003)

Jp. Tannishō (歎異抄) 2661

Eng. Tannishō: Passages Deploring Deviations of Faith(1996) 174

BDK English Tripiṭaka

Title Taishō No.

Jp. Rennyo shōnin ofumi (蓮如上人御文) 2668 Eng. Rennyo Shōnin Ofumi: The Letters of Rennyo(1996) Jp. Ōjōyōshū (往生要集) 2682

Jp. Risshō ankoku ron (立正安國論) 2688 Eng. Risshōankokuron or The Treatise on the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation (in Two Nichiren Texts,2003) Jp. Kaimokushō (開目抄) 2689

Eng. Kaimokushō or Liberation from Blindness(2000) Jp. Kanjin honzon shō (觀心本尊抄) 2692 Eng. Kanjinhonzonshō or The Most Venerable One Revealed by Introspecting Our Minds for the First Time at the Beginning of the Fifth of the Five Five Hundred-year Ages (in Two Nichiren Texts,2003) Ch. Fumu enzhong jing (父母恩重經) 2887 Eng. The Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love (in Apocryphal Scriptures,2005) Jp. Hasshūkōyō (八宗綱要) extracanonical Eng. The Essentials of the Eight Traditions(1994) Jp. Sangō shīki (三教指帰) extracanonical Jp. Mappō tōmyō ki (末法燈明記) extracanonical Eng. The Candle of the Latter Dharma(1994) Jp. Jūshichijō kenpō (十七條憲法) extracanonical 175