T2025 The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

Fascicle VIII

The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations Tenth Lunar Month

the group interview.

First Day: The opening of the hearth in the practice hall and granting of Fifth Day: The Memorial Day of Bodhidharma. Eleventh Lunar Month

Twenty-second Day: The Imperial Councilor's Memorial Day. Winter Solstice Day: The administrative office beforehand purchases fruit to be served to the practitioners. Appointments to and resignations of official positions should be completed during this month; this may be conducted on New Year's Day. The abbot's office serves light refreshments for the residents prior to the winter season.

Twelfth Lunar Month

Eighth Day: The Commemorative Day of the Buddha's Enlightenment. The administrative office beforehand prepares special rice gruel cooked with red beans.

Thirty-first Day: Closure of all record books. End of Chapter VIII: The Annual Celebration Days and Calendar

End of Fascicle Seven

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Chapter IX

The Monastic Sound

Instruments

1. Preface to the Chapter

In ancient times, conversion [to Buddhism] was spontaneous and there was no need of [external] teaching. Only when conversion became less than perfect did the discipline of interpersonal propriety and of musical harmony become necessary. Even a peasant's spontaneous singing accompanied by rhythmic striking of the ground is better than the most skilled performance of musical instruments, and better also is the taste of a wine fermented in a simple cask than those of wine products fermented in five different stages. Hence, a word born of spontaneous inner conversion is most valuable, because it has derived from that essential conversion.

The founding father of our religion in India initially revealed such spontaneous conversion in which, insofar as it is concerned with the wondrous enlightenment originally within each person, there is no difference whether one is saintly or worldly. Since actual things that are equally real rather have purity and defilement, the insight of nondifference does not depend on [the depth or shallowness of an individual's] practice and realization, nor does it refer to [the superiority or inferiority of his] effcacy and usage. And yet those who have no insight are dazed and stupefied like someone who is deaf and dumb. Because of this, the Buddha set forth his teaching in compliance with the different capacities of individual disciples and introduced various sound 361

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signals to assemble them. His teaching became the literature of the three baskets (i.e., the Tripiṭaka: Sutra-piṭaka,Vinaya-piṭaka,and Abhidharma-piṭaka), and his [principal] practice was meditation and concentration (dhyānaand samādhi). His career promoting the method of conversion continued for forty-nine years before [his parinirvāṇa).

The Sanskrit term ghaṇṭā(jianzhu) means a bell, [an object,] whether made of clay, wood, copper, or iron, that when struck creates a sound—a metallic bell, a stone bell, a cymbal, a drum, a wooden post and mallet, a wooden sounding block, or a conch shell. Following the practice of the sound instruments used in Indian monastic temples, the Zen institution has continued to use various sound instruments after their fashion even today for the purpose of warning against confusion and idleness, encouraging compliance with the teachings and regulations, giving guidance for those who abide in dark subhuman states, and pleasing gods and humans. If great concentration (dading) is always maintained and if transcendent function (dayong) always remains quiescent, while hearing one does not hear, and while being aware one has no awareness. Thinking thus, one strikes a sound object and the mysterious wind [of religion] should suddenly arise (i.e., spontaneous transformation). There is neither thinking (wusi), nor is there any orientation toward achieving a goal (wuwei), the Buddha's spontaneous conversion in itself shines forth forever, and the world of his benevolent longevity opens limitlessly. Is this not the veritable capital city of purity and peace? 2. The Large Bell

The large bell (dazhong) has its origin in assisting commands in monastic temples. When tolled in the early morning, it breaks the long night and warns those who linger in sleep. When tolled in the evening, it creates awareness of dark ignorance and reveals the state of delusion. It is better to draw its wooden striker leisurely rather than hurriedly, because the longer the sound lasts the more desirable it is. When [the large bell is] tolled, there should be three cycles, each consisting of thirty-six tolls, altogether making one hundred and eight. In addition, there should be three rather rapid tolls to signal the beginning and ending.

When a novice attendant tolls the bell, he should mentally intone the following verse:

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May the sound of this bell reach beyond the Dharma world, so that it may be heard by all those who suffer, imprisoned in gloomy darkness.

May their hearing and the sound be purified and may they realize total comprehension.

May all sentient beings thus realize perfect enlightenment. After chanting this, he should call the name of Guanyin Bodhisattva (Avalokiteśvara). If he calls the name before each time he tolls the bell, the benefit will be very great.

The large bell should be tolled eighteen times on other occasions: 1) on the day of the imperial birthday festivity, sutra chanting, and assembly at the Buddha hall and recess from it; 2) on the three days of each month ending in eight (the eighth, eighteenth, and twenty-eighth) to conduct the prayer chanting (sanbaniansong); 3) on the commemorative days of the Buddha's birthday, enlightenment, and nirvana; 4) on the inauguration and fulfillment days of the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs prayer session and chanting; 5) during the proceeding of the morning rice gruel and noon meal at the practice hall and also during evening zazen practice before opening the bedding; and 6) on the day the temple will receive government officials, [a new] abbot, or renowned guest officials, and also when these people depart the temple and are seen off. In the last case, however, the tolling of the bell is not confined to the specific number cited above; the administrative official is in charge of this matter. 3. The Practice Hall Bell

Whenever the practitioners are to assemble [at the practice hall], the practice hall bell (sengtangzhong) is tolled. This bell is tolled seven times to signal the abbot's entrance into the practice hall to meet with practitioners. The following occasions are signaled by tolling the bell three times: the abbot's departure from the hall after the breakfast and the noon meal; to announce the cancelation of the evening session; when the abbot makes a round through the hall on the first day of the month and the mid-month day; and when the abbot leaves the hall after drinking tea. (If the abbot does not leave the hall, or if he is away from the temple at the time, there is no tolling of the practice hall bell.)

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During the time of prayer chanting in the outer practice hall, a gentle tolling of the bell is required for each instance of calling the sacred names of the buddhas; at the last calling of the name, another toll is added to signal the end. The practice hall official is in charge of this. 4. The Buddha Hall Bell

The Buddha hall bell (dianzhong) is tolled when the abbot comes to offer incense at the morning and evening service. The bell is tolled seven times to call the practitioners to assemble at the Buddha hall, but the tolling of this bell must be coordinated with the tolling of the practice hall bell without fail. The hall master is in charge of this matter.

According to the Records on All Things Concerned(Gantong chuan,by Vinaya Master Daoxuan), it is said that the Buddha Krakucchanda made a bell out of a granite rock at the Temple of Sutras in India. At sunrise, many buddhas manifested themselves along with it and esoterically exhorted and revealed the twelve categories of sutras. Thus, it was impossible to count the number of those who had realized arhatship after listening to the teachings of those buddhas [that were revealed through the sound of the bell]. The Ekottara Āgama (i.e., Aṅguttara Nikāya) has the following passage: "Whenever a bell is tolled, all evil paths and all suffering ceased to be.

" Again, in the Chronicle of Jinling

(Jinlingzhi) [written in the Yuan period (in the southern capital city of Jinling), it is said that there was a man who died a sudden, violent death and went down to the place of the underworld ruler. There he saw a man totally imprisoned and fettered by a wooden [torture] rack. This man told him that he was formerly the ruler of the Southern Tang but because Song Jiqiu mistakenly killed those of Hezhou who had surrendered, this suffering had been imposed upon him. When he listened to the sound of bells, his suffering ceased temporarily. Therefore, he requested the man to convey to the present ruler who had succeeded him his desire that a large bell be put up on behalf of his well-being. The man, thus instructed, returned to this world and reported the matter to the ruler. Thus the grand bell was built and dedicated to Qingliangsi. Engraved on this bell was the phrase: "This is presented to the eminent ancestor ruler, Emperor Xiaogao, so as to help him be liberated from darkness and suffering. "

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5. The Large Metal Gong

The large metal gong (daban) is struck for three long rounds on two occasions during the day, as part of the breakfast and noon meal proceedings. After the fish-shaped wooden gong (muyu) is sounded, the metal gong is struck three times to signal the beginning of the meal and then struck continuously in diminishing intervals. This is called "the long metal gong" (changban). On occasions of prayer chanting and the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīprayer session, the metal gong should be sounded three times for each occasion, to warn against fire and candle flames. When used to announce night watches, it is to be struck according to their respective numbers.

6. The Small [Wooden] Blocks

The abbot's office, the administrative office, the quarters of the primary seat official, and the other quarters each keep their own small wooden sounding blocks (xiaoban), and at the time of the release from silence in the early morning, all these blocks are struck simultaneously for one long round. When used to signal an event to a small group of people, each block is struck three times. The practitioners' quarters have small wooden sounding blocks in both the inner and outer areas. The wooden sounding block located outside should be struck three times at the time of the practitioners' greeting each day, and at the time of regular zazen practice as well as zazen practice prior to the evening session. It is also sounded before the practitioners' return to their quarters. On the occasions of servings of tea and sweet hot water, the small wooden sounding blocks are also struck for a long round [at diminishing intervals]. The block located inside the quarters is struck three times on the occasion of the establishment of residency, two times when cups are delivered to the hall for tea or sweet hot water, once when the cups are retrieved, and three times when the practitioners leave the practice hall. In case of the minor propriety of serving sweet hot water, it is sounded for one longer round. 7. The Fish-shaped Wooden Gong

On the occasions of breakfast and the noon meal, the fish-shaped wooden gong (muyu) is struck for two long rounds with diminishing intervals. For 1156a

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all-out mobilization of the practitioners to perform a task requiring physical labor, it is struck for a single long round; for a similar mobilization of the novice attendants, it is struck for two long rounds.

Tradition holds that the fish is always awake, day and night, and therefore carving a fish form out of wood and striking it every day is intended to warn against human ignorance and indolence.

8. The Mallet [and Octagonal

Wooden Post]

During the two occasions of breakfast and the noon meal at the practice hall, prior to opening the almsbowl sets, the mallet is used to make a [sharp] sound by striking it against [the octagonal wooden post], which signals the prayer of intoning the names of the buddhas. It is also used to signal the intoning of the almsgiving verse and the completion of the first serving, as well as to signal the occasion of almsgiving [by lay donors], and for any public announcement. The director of practitioners' affairs is responsible for executing these signals. The assistant of the the guardian bodhisattva signals the practitioners to leave the practice hall by making a single sound [with the mallet and post]. This [instrument] is also used by the head administrative official to announce his resignation from office as well as to announce a new official's appointment. [Finally,] it is used by the representative official of the neighboring temples before announcing the new abbot's inauguration preaching. This is called "the mallet signal for public announcement.

"

Śākyamuni Buddha one day ascended the rostrum seat before an assembly of all his disciples. Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī signaled an announcement with a mallet, saying: "We have clearly understood the Dharma of the Dharma King. That Dharma of the Dharma King is indeed like this.

" Śākyamuni Buddha

then descended the rostrum seat. [This shows another use of this instrument.] 9. The [Stand-set] Bell and

Small Hand Bell

The stand-set bell (qing) is used during the morning and evening incense offering at the Buddha hall by the abbot or the head administrative official, as well as during the practitioners' religious service of chanting the sacred 366

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scriptures or intoning esoteric prayers. [Sounding this instrument] is the responsibility of those who are in charge of the Buddha's shrine hall. It is also used by the director of practitioners' affairs during the auction of the possessions of a deceased practitioner, and by the master of ceremonial chanting when the novice attendants undergo the rite of head-shaving. The small hand bell (xiaoshouqing) is always carried by the practice hall office attendant and is used to punctuate the beginning and ending of chanting or intoning by the practitioners.

10. The Cymbals

The cymbals (maobo) are played by the novice attendant when the director of practitioners' affairs requests the abbot and the dual order officials to conduct the ceremonial rite of successive offering of incense by the abbot and both dual order officials; and at the first day and mid-month day prayer celebrations held at the Tripiṭaka hall as well as during the ceremonial rite of circumambulation of the hall. They are also played at the welcome reception for guests, at the time of sending the dead to the funeral site, at the time of the novice attendants' head-shaving, at the time of the ceremonial circumambulation, and at the reception for the new abbot on the day of his inauguration at the temple. 11. The Drum

In general, the drum (gu) is played to signal the abbot's ascent to the Dharma hall, his supplementary session, his general exhortation, and his individual instruction for a visitor to his office. For the ascent to the Dharma hall, the drum should be sounded for three consecutive rounds.

(First, three light beats are made to signal the beginning; next, with a stick in each hand, beat the drum so as to gradually shorten the intervals between strikes, reciprocating heavy and light beats, so that the sound is harmoniously lengthened, arising and receding repeatedly, tremulous and reverberant like the resounding of spring thunder. The first round consists of striking with a long interval and lengthened reverberation; the second round is begun with a short and halting stroke, a little faster but with a level continuity in its sounding; the third round is a somewhat muffled sounding throughout and ends at the 367

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moment the abbot ascends the rostrum seat. The end signal is three beats made with both sticks simultaneously.)

One round of drumbeats signals the supplementary session, a series of five beats signals the general exhortation, and three beats signals the practioners' visit for individual instruction; these drumrolls are done with somewhat longer intervals between strikes. The tea reception is signaled by a long round of drumming; the assistant official is in charge of this. The noon meal is signaled by three rounds of drumbeats identical to the manner of announcing the abbot's ascent to the Dharma hall, but this can be shortened and abruptly ended [by a single round]. A long roll of drumbeats [with increasingly shorter intervals] signals the mobilization of all members for a task of labor. The drum signal for night watches is three equal beats in the early evening, the number increasing according to the number of the hour. Timekeeping is the responsibility of the administrative official. The drum signal for bathing is communicated by four different rounds, reflecting the different groups of bathers, and each round gradually culminates in accordance with the number of practitioners who have already bathed. The bath hall official is in charge of this matter. (For details, see chapter VI, part II, section 6.) The foregoing methods of drumming must be maintained consistently regarding the forms and occasions. One should never let these [viable] methods of communication lapse. At the time when a new abbot inaugurates his appointment at the temple, all the instruments should be played together.

It is said in the Sutra of Golden Splendorthat Bodhisattva Ruciraketu (Xinxiangpusa) dreamed of a golden drum during the night. Its form was elegant and great, and it emitted brightness in all directions like the sun. Within this illumination, he saw all the buddhas of the ten directions, on seats of lapis lazuli under a tree bearing numerous jewels, surrounded by hundreds of thousands of disciples listening to their preaching. A man who looked like a brahman struck the drum with a piece of aspen wood and uttered in a loud voice some verses that conveyed the meaning of repentance. When Bodhisattva Ruciraketu awakened from the dream, he went to the Tathāgata and told of the golden drum and the verses of repentance of which he had dreamed. Also, in the Śūraṃgama-sūtra,the Buddha is said to have asked Ānanda, "Ānanda,

moreover, do you hear in this Jetavana Monastery the sound of the drum that 368

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conveys the time of meals, and the sound of the bells that call the monks to assemble? As the drums and bells resound from one preceding moment to another subsequent moment in continuity, what do you understand [with these sounds]? Do the sounds come to your ears, or do your ears go to the origin of the sounds?"

End of Chapter IX: The Monastic Sound Instruments

369

Back Matters

Glossary

Amitābha ("Immeasurable Light"): A transcendental buddha associated with great compassion, who resides over a blissful realm, or Pure Land, into which believers in his salvific power will be reborn. See alsoPure Land.

Ānanda ("Joy"): The name of Śākyamuni's cousin, close disciple, and personal attendant. anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi:Unsurpassed, ultimate awakening or bodhi. See also bodhi. arhat ("worthy one"): A saint who has completely eradicated the passions and attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara); the highest stage of spiritual achievement in the Hinayana. See alsoHina yana.

Avalokiteśvara: A great bodhisattva who represents great compassion. birth and death: The cycle of transmigration or rebirth in samsara, the world of suffering, to which sentient beings are subject as a result of their actions (karma). See also karma.

bodhi:Enlightenment; a state in which one is awakened to the inherent enlightened nature, or buddha-nature, of all reality; a direct experience of ultimate truth or ultimate reality. See alsobuddha-nature.

bodhicitta("enlightenment mind"): The aspiration to achieve enlightenment. Bodhidharma (470-543?): An Indian monk who came to China and became the First Patriarch of the Chan/Zen school. He is said to have spent nine years facing a wall in zazen at Shaolinsi. See alsoZen school; zazen.

bodhisattva ("enlightenment being"): One who has given rise to the profound aspiration (bodhicitta) to achieve enlightenment in order to help liberate all sentient beings from samsara (birth and death); the spiritual ideal of the Mahayana. Bodhisattvas undertake a course of practice of the pāramitās (perfections ) and attain various stages (bhūmis) on the way to buddhahood. See alsoMahayana; pāramitās. buddhahood: The state of being or becoming a Buddha; the goal of the bodhisattva path. 371

Glossary

buddha-nature: The basic enlightened nature of sentient beings, which is chronically obscured by their ignorance and attachment to dualistic views. According to the Zen school, enlightenment is nothing other than the complete unfolding of one's inherent buddha-nature. See also Zen school.

buddhas of the ten directions and the three periods of time: Buddhist cosmology postulated that there existed and will exist an innumerable number of worlds in the universe throughout past, present, and future, and hence, believed that innumerable numbers of buddhas appeared, are appearing, and will appear in these worlds. Ten directions refers to the four cardinal directions (north, east, south, west), the four intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, northwest, southwest) and the zenith and nadir, thus meaning all directions, everywhere.

Chan school. SeeZen school.

dhāraṇī:A mystic or incantatory phrase or formula, particularly emphasized in the rituals of Esoteric Buddhism. See alsoesoteric.

dharma:A phenomenon, thing, or element; the elements that make up the perceived phenomenal world. Dharma: The Buddhist teachings; part of the Three Treasures. See alsoThree Treasures. Dharma body. See three bodies.

Dharma-nature: The essential nature of all that exists, synonymous with ultimate reality. Dharma world (dharmadhātu): The realm (dhātu) or world of Dharma, ultimate reality. dhyāna(Ch.: chan; Jp.: zen): Meditation, a state of meditative concentration and absorption. The primary practice of the Chan/Zen school. See also zazen; Zen school. esoteric: A reference to teachings and practices of the Esoteric Buddhist tradition, which emphasize the recitation of mystical phrases called dhāraṇīs or mantras. See also dhāraṇī.

First Turning of the Great Wheel: A reference to the Buddha's first teaching, or "turning of the wheel of Dharma,

" in which he taught the Four Noble Truths. See alsoFour

Noble Truths.

four groups of followers: The four main classes of Buddhist followers: monks (bhikṣus), nuns (bhikṣuṇīs), laymen (upasākas), and laywomen (upāsīkās).

four modes of birth: According to Buddhism, the four ways that sentient beings may be born—(1) from a womb (viviparous), as with mammals; (2) from an egg (oviparous); (3) from moisture or water born; and (4) through metamorphosis. 372

Glossary

Four Noble Truths: The fundamental Buddhist teaching, given by the Buddha in the First Turning of the Great Wheel—(1) the truth of suffering; (2) the truth of the cause of suffering; (3) the truth of the cessation of suffering; and (4) the truth of the eightfold path that leads to the cessation of suffering, i.e., right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation. See alsoFirst Turning of the Great Wheel. Great Vehicle. SeeMahayana.

Hinayana ("Small Vehicle"): A term used by Mahayana Buddhists to describe the teachings of early Buddhism, which had as its spiritual ideal the arhat. The two paths of Hinayana practice are the śrāvakayānaand the pratyekabuddhayāna.See also arhat; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka;Mahayana.

incarnate body. Seethree bodies.

kalpa:An eon, an enormously long period of time.

karma: Lit.,

"action,

" any act of body, speech, or mind, which leads to rebirth in samsara according to whether it is morally good, evil, or neutral. See alsobirth and death. kaṣāya:A monk's robe. In the Zen tradition, it embodies faith in the Dharma. Kauṇḍinya: One of the five original disciples of the Buddha. kōan:A conundrum or paradoxical phrase, story, or episode from the life of an ancient master used as an object of meditation, which cannot be grasped or solved by reason, thus forcing the practitioner to break through to a deeper level of comprehension. Though not exclusive to it, kōanpractice is especially emphasized in the Linji (Rinzai) sect of Chan/Zen. See alsoLinji sect; Zen school.

Linji sect (Jp.: Rinzai): Along with the Sōtō sect, one of the two main branches of Chan/Zen. Originating with the ninth-century Chinese master Linji, it was brought to Japan at the end of the twelfth century by Eisai and emphasizes the study and practice of kōans. See also kōan; Sōtō sect; Zen school.

Mahākāśyapa: The disciple whom the Buddha designated as his successor, according to the Chan/Zen school. Also called Kāśyapa.

mahāsattva("great being"): An epithet for a great bodhisattva. See also bodhisattva. Mahayana ("Great Vehicle"): A form of Buddhism that developed in India around 100 B.C.E. and which exalts as its religious ideal the bodhisattva, great beings who aspire to enlightenment on behalf of all sentient beings. See alsobodhisattva. Mañjuśrī: A great bodhisattva who exemplifies transcendent wisdom. 373

Glossary

Māra: In Buddhist texts, the personification of death or evil; a symbol of the afflictions that hinder progress on the path to buddhahood.

nāga:In Indian mythology, a type of supernatural being in the form of a dragon or serpent; one of eight such supernatural beings that serve as protectors of the Dharma. nirvana: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), a state in which all passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom (prajñā) attained; bodhi,enlightenment. See alsobirth and death; bodhi; prajñā.

pāramitās: Six practices, or qualities, perfected by bodhisattvas on the path to buddhahood—(1) generosity (dāna), (2) morality or precepts (śīla), (3) patience (kṣānti), (4) energy (vīrya), (5) meditation (dhyāna), and (6) wisdom (prajñā). See also dhyāna; bodhisattva; buddhahood; prajñā; śīla.

parinirvāṇa:Complete nirvana, commonly used to describe the nirvana of the Buddha. See alsonirvana.

patriarchs: The lineage of masters in the Chan/Zen school, beginning with the First Patriarch, Bodhidharma, an Indian monk who, according to tradition, established the Chan teaching in China in the fifth century. See alsoBodhidharma; Zen school. prajñā:Nondiscriminating or transcendental wisdom, the understanding of the emptiness (śūnyatā) of all phenomena in their actual realities. One of the pāramitās of a bodhisattva. See alsobodhisattva; pāramitās; śūnyatā. prātimokṣa:A part of the Vinaya which contains the disciplinary rules for monastics. See alsoVinaya.

pratītyasamutpāda:A basic Buddhist doctrine that all phenomena come into being only in dependence on causes and conditions and exist only as long as those causes and conditions prevail. Also called the chain of causation.

pratyekabuddha("solitary enlightened one"): One who has attained enlightenment through direct observation and understanding of the principle of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda) without the guidance of a teacher, and who does not teach others. One of the two Hinayana paths. See alsopratītyasamutpāda;Hinayana. precepts: Vows concerning moral conduct (śīla) taken by lay Buddhists and monastics. The five basic precepts are: (1) not to kill, (2) not to steal, (3) not to commit adultery, (4) not to lie, and (5) not to take intoxicants. In addition, there are two hundred fifty monastic rules for monks and three hundred forty-eight for nuns. See also śīla. Pure Land: A blissful, transcendent buddha land or realm presided over by Amitābha Buddha, in which believers in his salvific power will be reborn. Also the name of a major East Asian Buddhist school which emphasizes the practice of worshiping Amitābha. See alsoAmitābha.

374

Glossary

reward body. Seethree bodies.

Śākyamuni: The historical Buddha who lived in India in the fifth century B.C.E., and whose life and teachings form the basis of Buddhism.

samādhi:A meditative state of concentration, focusing the mind on one point; also a transcendent mental state attained by the repeated practice of meditative concentration. śāmathaand vipaśyanā:Meditative practices which entail calming the mind (śāmatha), stilling discursive thought, in order to prepare a stable base for the practice of meditative insight (vipaśyanā). samsara. Seebirth and death.

sangha: The community of Buddhist monastics. Capitalized, it is part of the Three Treasures of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. See alsoThree Treasures. Śāriputra: One of the original disciples of the Buddha, called "foremost of the wise. "

śīla:Moral conduct or the practice of the precepts; one of the six pāramitās. See also pāramitās.

śīla, samādhi, and prajñā:The practices of morality, meditation, and wisdom, which are also part of the pāramitās. See alsopāramitās.

Sōtō sect (Ch. Caodong): One of the two main branches of Chan/Zen Buddhism, along with the Linji (Rinzai) sect; founded in China during the Tang dynasty and brought to Japan in the early thirteenth century by Eihei Dōgen. See also Linji sect; Zen school. śramaṇa:Mendicant; another name for a Buddhist monk, originally applied to those who maintained an ascetic practice.

śrāmaṇera:A male Buddhist novice.

śrāvaka ("word-hearer"): Originally, a disciple of the Buddha, one of those who heard him expound the teachings directly; later, the term came to refer to one of the two kinds of Hinayana followers, along with pratyekabuddhas, to distinguish them from followers of the Mahayana. See also Hinayana; Mahayana; pratyekabuddha. srota-āpanna("stream-enterer"): The first of four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana; one who has entered the stream of the Dharma. See alsoHinayana. śūnyatā:"Emptiness,

" a central and fundamental Buddhist teaching that all phenomena arise only in dependence on causes and conditions (pratītyasamutpāda) and thus are "empty" of self-existence or inherent nature; nothing, therefore, has "real, " independent, permanent existence. See alsopratītyasamutpāda. 375

Glossary

Tathāgata: An epithet for a buddha, meaning one who has gone to (gata) and come from (āgata) suchness (tathā), or ultimate reality.

three bodies: The three bodies in which a buddha may appear—(1) the Dharma body (dharma kāya), synonymous with ultimate truth or ultimate reality; (2) the merit body (saṃbhogakāya), which a buddha receives as a reward for eons of practice and in order to expound the Dharma to bodhisattvas and others; and (3) the incarnate body (nirmāṇakāya), the physical form of a historical buddha, such as Śākyamuni. See also Śākyamuni.

Three Treasures: The Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddhist teachings), and the Sangha (the community of Buddhist followers).

three vehicles: The Buddhist paths followed by śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas respectively. See alsobodhisattva; pratyekabuddha;śrāvaka. Tripiṭaka: The three divisions or "baskets" (piṭakas) of the Buddhist canon: the Sutras, discourses and teachings of the Buddha; the Vinaya, codes of monastic discipline; and the Abhidharma, scholastic treatises on the Buddhist teachings. universal ruler (cakravartin): The ideal king, as conceived of in Indian philosophy. Also called wheel-turning king.

Vaipulya sutras: "Extensive" sutras, another name for the Mahayana sutras. See also Mahayana.

vinaya:Moral conduct or precepts, as practiced within the monastic community. Individual moral conduct is referred to as śīla. See also śīla.

Vinaya: Texts containing precepts and rules of conduct for monastics; along with the Abhi dharma and the Sutras, one of the three divisions of the Tripiṭaka. See also Tripiṭaka.

Way (Ch. Dao): The Buddhist path; the ultimate state of enlightenment, bodhi. See also bodhi.

yinand yang: A Chinese Daoist concept of the balance of negative and positive principles, or energies, of the universe.

zazen: Seated (za) meditation (zen,from dhyāna), the practice of sitting meditation emphasized in Zen Buddhism. See also dhyāna; Zen school.

Zen school: A major school of East Asian Buddhism that developed in China (where it was known as Chan) in the sixth and seventh centuries, and was subsequently transmitted to Japan. The Chan/Zen school evolved new approaches to religious practice based on a lineal succession of buddhas and patriarchs through direct transmission from master 376

Glossary

to disciple, and emphasizes the practice of meditation (Skt. dhyāna;Ch. chan;Jp.: zen) as the best means to a direct experience of enlightenment (bodhi) and realization of one's own buddha-nature. See alsobodhi;buddha-nature; patriarchs. 377

Bibliography

Contemporary Studies and Translations Buswell, Robert E., Jr. The Zen Monastic Experience.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Foulk, Griffith: "The 'Ch'an School' and Its Place in the Buddhist Monastic Tradition. "

Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1987. —

.

"Myth, Ritual, and Monastic Practice in Sung Ch'an Buddhism, " in Patricia Buckley

Ebrey and Peter N. Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T' ang and Sung China,

Chapter 3, pp. 147-208. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1993. Ichimura, Shohei, trans. and ed. Zen Master Dogen '

s Monastic Regulations (Institute Series 1). Daihonzan Eiheiji (Japan) and North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies. Tokyo: Tōkō Printing Co., 1993. —

. Zen Master Keizan

'

s Monastic Regulations(Institute Series 2). Daihonzan Sojiji (Japan) and North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies. Tokyo: Tōkō Printing Co., 1994.

Kagamishima, Genryū, et al., eds. The Monastic Regulations of the Zen Garden with Translation and Notes (Yakuchū Zennen Shingi).Tokyo: Sōtō Shū Shūmuchō, 1972. Leighton, Taigen D., and Shohaku Okumura, trans. Dōgen '

s Pure Standards for the Zen

Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi.Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995.

Miyata, Hishido, trans.

"A Japanese Translation of the Ch'ih-hsiu Pai-chang Ch'ing-kuei (Choku-shu Hyakujo Shingi) with an introduction and sub-notes. " Kokuyaku-issaikyo,Shoshubu 9, pp. 191-369. Nishimura, Eshin. The Thought and Method of Self-Enquiry(Koji-kyūmei-shisō-to-hōhō). Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1993.

Yokoi, Yuhō, trans. Regulations for Monastic Life by Eihei Dōgen—Eihei-Genzenji-Shingi.Tokyo: Sankibō Buddhist Bookstore, 1973. 379

Bibliography

Editions of the Text(listed chronologically)

Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(Revised under the Yuan Imperial Edict) (Chixiu baizhangqinggui), eight fascicles. Compiled by Dongyang Dehui and edited by Xiaoyin Dasu, China, 1336.

Five Monasteries (Gozanban) edition, Japan, 1356; Chōroku reprint edition, 1462; Kannei edition, 1629; Manji edition, 1661.

Zhengtong Ming edition, China, 1442 (Ming Tripiṭaka 204, 1-2). Kyōho Edition, Japan, 1720, edited by Mujaku Dōchū; Meiwa reprint edition, 1768. Qing edition, China, 1871.

Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyōedition, Japan, 1924-36, Taishō Vol. 48, No. 2025. Commentaries(listed chronologically)

Yangyi: "A Summary of the Baizhang Ancient (Original) Regulations" (Baizhanggugui) in his epilogue to the "Chapter of Baizhang,

" in "Codes of Monastic Regulations

of the Zen Tradition,

" fascicle six of the Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Flame of Dharma(Jingdechuandenglü), thirty fascicles, compiled by Yongan Daoyuan, China, 1004.

Unshō and Tōgen: A Commentary on the Baizhang Monastic Regulations (Hyakujōshingishō), twelve fascicles. Japan, 1462. Mujaku Dōchū: A Commentary on the Baizhang Monastic Regulations with Left-side Notes (Hyakujōshingisakei), twenty fascicles, Japan, 1718. A contemporary edition of this commentary was published as the eighth title in the Zen Studies Series (Zengaku Sōsho), two volumes (Kyoto: Chubun Shuppansha, 1977; second edition, 1986).

Yuanguang Yirun: Record of Testimony and Meaning of the Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(Baizhangconglinqingguizhengyiji), nine fascicles. China, 1823. Sources on Zen Monastic Regulations(listed chronologically) Monastic Regulations of the Zen Garden (Chanyuanqingui), ten fascicles. Zhanglu Zongze, China, 1103. Also known as the Chongning Monastic Regulations. Daily Monastic Regulations for Entering the Zen Community (Ruzhongri yongqinggui). Chongshou, China, 1209.

Eihei Zen Monastic Regulations(Eiheishingi), two fascicles. Eihei Dōgen, Japan, 1237-1249. 380

Bibliography

Monastic Regulations Indispensable for Entering the Zen Community (Ruzhongxuji qing gui). Author unknown, China, 1263. Collected Essentials of the Revised Zen Monastic Regulations (Cong lin jiao ting qing gui zong yao), two fascicles. Weimian, China, 1274. Also known as the Xianshun Regulations. Zen Monastic Regulations Ready for Use(Chanlinbeiyun qinggui), ten fascicles. Yixian, China, 1311. Also known as the Zhida Regulations.

Huanzhuan Monastic Regulations(Huanzhuanqinggui), one fascicle. Mingben, China, 1317.

Enichisan Ancient Monastic Regulations(Tōfukujishingi). Enni, Japan, 1318. Keizan Monastic Regulations(Keizanshingi). Jōkin Keizan, Japan, 1324. Daikan Monastic Regulations(Dajianqinggui), one fascicle. Qingzhuo Zhengdeng, Japan, 1332.

Monastic Regulations for Village Temples(Cunsiqinggui), two fascicles. Danliao Jihong, China, 1341.

Indispensable Knowledge on Zen Monastic Dual Order Offices(Conglinliangxuxuzhi), one fascicle. Feiyin Tongrong, China, 1639.

Ōbaku Monastic Regulations(Huangpiqinggui), one fascicle. Yinyuan Longqi, Japan, 1670.

Documents of Zen Monastic Symbols and Implements(Zenrin Shōkisen), twenty-one fascicles. Mujaku Dōchū, Japan, 1741. An encyclopedic volume on the codes, proceedings, systems, and various implements of Zen monastic temples; for monastic regulations, see the "List of Transmitted Codes of Regulations" (Jusho moku roku shingi). Texts Mentioned or Cited in theBaizhang Zen Monastic Regulations Amitābha-dhāraṇī (Wuliangshouzhou; Immeasurable Life Dhāraṇī) in Sukhāvatīvyūha (Amituojing; Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus), Taishō vol. 12, no. 366, 348a29-348b18. English translation by Hisao Inagaki in The Three Pure Land Sutras(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2003, Revised Second Edition). Also in the Ritual of Meditative Practice and Worship Dedicated to the Tathāgata Amitāyus (Wuliangshourulaiguanxinggo gyang yi gui), Taishō vol. 19, no. 930, 71b-71c.

An Exposition on the Model Zen Principles of Conduct(Guijingwen). Zongze, twelfth century.

381

Bibliography

A Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas(Nanhaijigui neifachuan), four fascicles. Yijing (635-713). Taishō vol. 54, no. 2125. English translation by Li Rongxi, Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2000).

Book of Regulations(Qingguai). No specific book.

Brahmajāla-sūtra.(Fanwangjing), two fascicles. Translated by Kumārajīva. Taishō vol. 24, no. 1484.

Chronicle of Jinling (Jinlingzhi). Probably refers to the Zhida Jinlingxinzhiby Zhang Xuan, fourteenth century.

Chronicle of the Wei Dynasty(Weilu, refers to the lost Weishilu), compiled by Shi Daoliu and completed by Zhu Daozu, ca. 419. See Paul Pelliot, T' oung Pao22 (1923):

102.

Collection of Middle-length Discourses (Madhyama Āgama; Pāli: Majjhima Nikāya; Zhongahanjing), sixty fascicles. Translated by Saṅghadeva, 397-398. Taishō vol. 1, no. 26.

Collection of Records of the Patriarchal Courtyard(Zutingshiyuan), eight fascicles. Compiled by Muan Shanqing, 1098-1100.

Dhāraṇī for Changing Disaster to Fortune(Xiaozaijixiangtuoluoni), two fascicles. Translated by Amoghavajra. Taishō vol. 19, no. 963. Dhāraṇī for Rebirth in the Pure Land(Wangshengzhou). Translated by Kumārajīva. Appears at the end of the Sukhāvatīvyūha (Amituojing; Smaller Sutra on Amitāyus), Taishō vol. 12, no. 366. Also in Ba yi qie ye zhanggenbendeshengjingtushenzhou, translated by Guṇabhadra, Taishō vol. 12, no. 368.

Dhāraṇī for Inviting Great Rain(Dayunzhou), two fascicles. Translated by Amoghavajra. Taishō vol. 19, nos. 991-993.

Diamond Sutra(Vajracchedikāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra; Dachengjingangbanruoboluomijing), one fascicle. Translated by Kumārajīva. Taishō vol. 8, no. 235. Translations by Bodhiruci and Paramārtha also extant.

Ekottara Āgama.(Pāli: Aṅguttara Nikāya), fifty-one fascicles. Translated by Gautama Saṅghadeva. Taishō vol. 2, no. 125.

Flower Ornament Sutra(Avataṃsaka-sūtra; Huayanjing), eighty fascicles. Taishō vol. 10, no. 278.

Great Collection of Sutras of the Mahāsaṃghika School(Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra; Dajijing), sixty fascicles. Translated by Dharmakṣema, et al. Taishō vol. 13, no. 397. 382

Bibliography

Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra(Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra; Banruo poluomituojing), twenty-seven fascicles. Also simplified to Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (Prajña pāramitā-sūtra; Banruojing). Translated by Kumārajīva. Taishō vol. 8, no. 223. Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions(Datangxiyuji), twelve fascicles. Xuanzang. Taishō vol. 51, no. 2087. English translation by Li Rongxi (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1996).

Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra; Dachengmiaofalianhuajing), seven fascicles. Translated by Kumārajīva, 406. Taishō vol. 9, no. 262. English translation by Tsugunari Kubo and Akira Yuyama (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1993).

Mahākāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs (Dabeixinuoluoni; Esoteric Prayer Verses Praising Great Compassion), one fascicle. Translated by Bhagavaddharma. Taishō vol. 20, no. 1060. Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya(Mohesengqilü), sixty fascicles. Translated by Buddha bhadra and Faxian. Taishō vol. 22, no. 1425.

Manual of Practice and Realization(Xiuzhengyi), eighteen fascicles. Zongmi (780-841). Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya(Genbenpinaiyea), fourteen fascicles. Translated by Yijing. Taishō vol. 24, no. 1458.

Nirvana Sutra(Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra;Dabanniepanjing), forty fascicles. Translated by Dharmak ṣema (385-433). Taishō vol. 12, no. 374.

One Hundred and One Formal Acts of Resolution(Genbenbaiyijiemo), ten fascicles. Translated by Yijing. Taishō vol. 24, no. 1453.

Outline of the History of Zen Practitioners(Sengshilüe), three fascicles. Zanning, 978-999. Taishō vol. 54, no. 2126. Pewter Staff Sutra(Dedaotichengxizhangjing), one fascicle. Translator unknown. Taishō vol. 17, no. 785.

Precious Mirror of Human and Heavenly Worlds(Rentianbaojian), two fascicles. Tanxiu, 1230.

Record of the Rising Splendor of the Tradition(Zenghuiji). Probably refers to the Tiantai Sijiaoyijizhu zenghuiji(Tendai shikyō gishucchū zōkiki) by Hōtan Sōshun (1654-1738). Records on All Things Considered(Gantongchuan). Daoxuan (596-667). Regulatory Rules of the Patriarchal Hall(Zutanggangji). Haihui Shouduan (1025-1071). Sage Mandala Sutra (Munimaṇḍala-sūtra*; Mounimantuoluojing). Perhaps lost. 383

Index

Bibliography

Soapberry Tree Sutra(Ariṣṭaka-sūtra*; Muhuanzijing), one fascicle. Translator unknown. Taishō vol. 17, no. 786.

Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs and Śūraṃgama-sūtra(Dafodingwanxingshou leng yen jing; Sutra on the Buddha

'

s Omnipotent Valiant March), ten fascicles. Taishō vol. 19, no. 945. Sutra of Golden Splendor(Suvarṇaprabhāsottama-sūtra; Dacheng jinguang mingjing), four fascicles. Translated by Dharmakṣema (385-433). Taishō vol. 16, no. 663. Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment(Yuanjuejing), one fascicle. Taishō vol. 17, no. 842. English translation by Peter N. Gregory, in Apocryphal Texts(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004).

Sutra of the Collection of the Original Acts of the Buddha (Buddhacarita saṃgraha; Fobenxingjijing), sixty fascicles. Taishō vol. 3, no. 190. Sutra of the Heap of Jewels(Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra; Dabaojijing), one hundred and twenty fascicles. Translated by Bodhiruci. Taishō vol. 11, no. 310. Sutra of the Benevolent King (Renwangbanruoboluomijing). Taishō vol. 8, no. 245. Sutra of the Garland of the Bodhisattva(Yingluojing), two fascicles. Translated by Jufonian. Taishō vol. 24, no. 1485.

Sutra on the Bodhisattva Precepts(Bodhisattva-prātimokṣa-sūtra; Pu sa jie jing), one fascicle. Translated by Dharmakṣema. Taishō vol. 24, no. 1500. This is the earliest translation of several similar texts, such as nos. 1501, 1579, 1581, and 1583. Tiantai Practice of Śamatha and Vipaśyanā (Tiantaizhiguanfamen), twenty fascicles. Zhiyi (538-597). Taishō vol. 46, no. 1911.

Treatise on Vocal Sound(Shenglun) refers to the Vyākaraṇaor Śabdavidyā-śāstra,a treatise on Sanskrit sounds and structure.

Verses of Adoration for the Buddha. Not specific; perhaps refers to the Vandana. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra(Weimojiesuoshuojing), three fascicles. Translated by Kumāra jīva. Taishō vol. 14, no. 475. English translation by John R. McRae, The Vimalakīrti Sutra(Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004). Vinaya in Five Divisions(Mahīśāsaka-vinaya; Wufenlü), thirty fascicles. Translated by Buddhajīva. Taishō vol. 22, no. 1421.

Vinaya in Four Divisions(Dharmaguptaka-vinaya; Sifenlü), sixty fascicles. Translated by Buddhayaśas with Zhufonian, 405. Taishō vol. 22, no. 1428. Vinaya in Ten Chapters(Sarvāstivāda-vinaya; Shisonglü), sixty-one fascicles. Translated by Puṇyatara in collaboration with Kumārajīva. Taishō vol. 23, no. 1435. 384

Index

A

Abhidharma-piṭaka(see alsoTripiṭaka) 361

Adamantine Immeasurable Life Buddha, Tathāgata 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19 Ajātaśatru, King 39

Ājñātakauṇḍinya 320

Amitābha 10, 133, 135, 293, 294, 304 Amitābha-dhāraṇī 18

Ānanda 38, 157, 220, 330, 368 Ancient Regulations(see also Bai zhang Zen Monastic Regulations) xiii, xiv, 12, 70, 73, 74, 76, 111, 152, 153, 159, 163, 170, 175, 228, 235, 244, 252, 264, 267, 269, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 322, 328, 346 An Exposition of the Model Zen Principles of Conduct 282-92 Aṅguttara Nikāya. See Ekottara Āgama Aniruddha 38

anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi 36 arhat(s) 22, 37, 161

Arhat. SeeŚākyamuni

arhatship 38, 151, 364 Ariṣṭaka-sūtra. See Soapberry Tree Sutra Assaji 278

Avalokiteśvara (see alsoGuanyin) 239, 294, 314, 363

Avataṃsaka-sūtra. See Flower Ornament Sutra

Ayuwangsi 77, 245

B

Baheshiba 40

Baizhang Dazhi xiii, xiv, xvi, 43, 49, 50, 51-52, 57, 58, 75, 265, 266, 356 Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations (Revised under the Yuan Imperial Edict) xvii, xviii

Five Monasteries Edition xvii Kyōho Edition xviii

Zhengtong edition xvii Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(see also Ancient Regulations) xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, 12, 75 Baizhangqinggui. See Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations; Ancient Regulations

Baizhangqingguizhengyiji. See Record of Testimony and Meaning of the Baizhang Monastic Regulations Balijia 222

Baling 54

Bamboo Forest 146

Banruojing. See Perfection of Wisdom Sutra

Banruopoluomituojing. See Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra Benevolent King 9, 16, 18 Bhaiṣajyaguru. SeeMedicine Buddha Bhallika. SeeBalijia

Bhārgava 36

bhikṣu(s) (see alsomonk) 37, 62, 75, 217, 224, 228, 330, 331 385

Index

bhikṣuṇī. Seenuns

Bhīṣmagarjita ghoṣasvararāja 320 birth and death 53, 135

bodhi 30, 305, 329

bodhicitta 213

bodhimaṇḍa 36

bodhitree 15, 34

Bodhidharma xiii, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48-49, 50, 54, 57, 68, 69, 70, 135, 282, 359

bodhisattva(s) 22, 37, 133, 213, 218, 255, 294, 329, 330

guardian 6, 71, 72, 86, 87, 94, 95, 101, 102, 111, 112, 115, 125, 129, 133, 137, 155, 158, 162, 163, 176, 178, 181, 183, 186, 191, 202, 203, 207, 208, 214, 216, 217, 238, 254, 255, 259, 260, 262, 263, 277, 303, 313, 314, 315, 323, 339, 340, 348, 351, 354, 366

stages 208, 330

Bodhisattva-prātimokṣa-sūtra. See Sutra on the Bodhisattva Precepts bodhisattvayāna(see alsothree vehicles) 37

Bodhitāra. SeeBodhidharma Boliuli 225

Book of Regulations 50

Brahmā 37, 203

Brahmajāla-sūtra 219

brahman(s) 38, 49, 269, 368 Buddha (see also Śākyamuni; Tathāgata) 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35-39, 43, 48, 71, 75, 76, 98, 109, 119, 132, 133, 146, 153, 161, 163, 197, 199, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 245, 268, 270, 276, 286, 291, 292, 293, 294, 301, 308, 328, 331, 332, 336, 361, 362, 368 altar, shrine 11, 18, 21, 277, 278, 332, 366

386

birth, birthday 28, 29, 31, 156, 327, 328, 363

enlightenment 15, 31, 359, 363 hall 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 28, 29, 32, 33, 70, 77, 103, 115, 201, 202, 263, 277, 278, 297, 315, 323, 327, 328, 329, 336, 363, 364, 366 image, statue 8, 9, 29, 201, 292 infant 28, 29, 156, 357

nirvana, parinirvāṇa 331, 32, 38, 44, 363

relics 39

teaching(s) 21, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 38, 361

vehicle 28

Buddhacaritasaṃgraha-sūtra. See Sutra of the Collection of the Original Acts of the Buddha

Buddha-Dharma 17, 22, 41, 109, 219 Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha (see also Three Treasures) 204, 209-210, 225 buddhahood 21, 30, 35, 37, 279 buddha-nature 3, 27, 43, 156, 286, 329 buddhas 22, 24, 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30, 34, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 69, 71, 88, 121, 130, 133, 139, 144, 150, 157, 203, 204, 213, 217, 220, 222, 224, 262, 266, 293, 294, 297, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309, 329, 330, 338, 364, 368 sacred names of 11, 13, 16, 72, 121, 122, 130, 132, 133, 137, 140, 157, 162, 204, 268, 271, 294, 301, 303, 306, 364, 366

Buddha with the Perfect Reward Body 162

Buddhism xiii, 41, 46, 48, 57, 361 Buddhist(s) xiii, xiv, xviii, 3, 12, 21, 40, 41, 42, 51, 54, 57, 60, 75, 76, 85, 146, 149, 151, 153, 172, 175, 211, 212, 219, 221, 226, 269, 289, 292, 317, 336, 337

funeral rites 125, 298, 313

C

cakravartin. Seeuniversal ruler Central Asia 235, 317 Chan. See Zen

Changle 51

Changlusi 227

Changqing era 52 Chanhengluojida. SeeŚāntarakṣita Chanlinbeiyunqinggui. See Zen Monastic Regulations Ready for Use Chanyuanqinggui. See Monastic Regulations of the Zen Garden Chanyue 154

Chelun Peak 51

Chijueh Chonggong 117 China xiii, xv, xvii, 43, 47, 48, 49, 57, 135, 226, 318

Chinese language xiv, xv, xviii, 35, 50, 163, 202, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 Chongning era 226 Chongning Monastic Regulations (see also Monastic Regulations of the Zen Garden) xiv, xvi, xvii, xviii Chongshou xv

Chronicle of Jinling 364 Chronicle of the Wei Dynasty 221 Chuangzhao 62

Chuyuan 62

Cijiao. SeeZongze Ciming 62, 161

Collected Essentials of the Revised Zen Monastic Regulations(see also Xianshun Regulations) xv Collection of Middle-length Discourses 220

Collection of Records of the Patriarchal Courtyard 151

Commentary on the Baizhang Monastic Regulations with Left-side Notes xvii, xviii, 73

Index

Confucian 57

Conglinjiaotingqingguizongyao. See Collected Essentials of the Re vised Zen Monastic Regulations Cunda 37

D

Dabaojijing. See Sutra of the Heap of Jewels

Dabaoshenglun stupa 52 Dabeixintuoloni. See Mahā kāruṇika cittadhāraṇīs Dacheng jing ang ban ruo bo luo mi jing. See Diamond Sutra

Dachengjinguangmingjing. See Sutra of Golden Splendor

Dachengmiaofalianhuajing. See Lotus Sutra

Dachuan 296

Dade era 320

Dafanghuangyuanjuexiuduoluoliaoyijing. See Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment Dafodingwanxingshoulengyenjing. See Śūraṃgama-sūtra

Daguan era 52

Dahui Zonggao 77, 152 Daikan Monastic Regulations xv Daily Monastic Regulations for Entering the Zen Community xv, 265 Dajianqinggui. See Daikan Monastic Regulations

Dajijing. See Great Collection of Sutras of the Mahāsaṃghika School Dailongxiangjiqingsi. SeeGreat Dragons Flying to Assemble for Celebration Temple

Daoist 12, 57

Daoxuan 364

Darenwanghuguojing. See Sutra of the Benevolent King

Dasu xvi, 1

387

Index

Datangxiyuji. See Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions Datuoti Temple 51

Dawei Shangao 124

Daxiong Peak 51

Dayang 222

Dayunzhou. See Dhāraṇī for Inviting Great Rain

Dazhishoushengchansi. SeeMaster Sage of Great Wisdom and Long Life Temple

Dazhu 51

Deer Park 37

Dehui xvi, xvii, xviii, 1 Dedaotichengxizhangjing. See Pewter Staff Sutra

deva(s) 213, 330

dhāraṇī(s) 16, 23, 46, 50, 298 Dhāraṇī for Changing Disaster to Fortune 23

Dhāraṇī for Inviting Great Rain 23 Dhāraṇī for Rebirth in the Pure Land 304 dharma(s) 31, 135, 199, 205 Dharma (see alsoBuddha-Dharma; Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Right Dharma) 8, 16, 34, 38, 48,57, 59, 62, 71, 72, 80, 81, 83, 84, 93, 98, 107, 109, 113, 119, 137, 146, 147, 150, 152, 156, 171, 204, 208, 209, 210, 213, 214, 218, 220, 225, 228, 235, 256, 271, 288, 291, 304, 330, 344, 350, 366 hall 5, 6, 7, 22, 28, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 49, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 88, 92, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 113, 117, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 136, 142, 145, 151, 157, 171, 172, 189, 191, 201, 214, 218, 232, 246, 260, 277, 278, 333, 341, 342, 344, 347, 349, 352, 354, 357, 359, 367, 368

388

heir, relations 88, 158 lineage 27, 54, 55, 82, 86, 87, 93, 98, 110, 117, 118, 119, 125, 128, 131, 134, 140, 142, 144, 146, 197, 243-44, 300, 302, 305, 308, 319 platform, seat 60, 98, 216, 218, 348, 349, 350

session 8, 49, 59, 60, 68, 70, 126 succession 54, 82, 86, 135 transmission 27, 47, 79, 80, 82, 88, 99, 107, 108, 124, 137, 206, 230 wheel 11, 17, 32, 33, 34, 71, 135, 204, 286

Dharma body 30, 33, 45, 47, 50, 221, 293 dharmadhātu. SeeDharma world Dharmaguptaka-vinaya. See Vinaya in Four Divisions

dharmakāya. SeeDharma body Dharma King (see alsoBuddha; King of the Dharma) 366

Dharma-nature 305

Dharma world 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 213, 268, 329, 363

dhyāna 27, 257, 362

Diamond Sutra 13

Dilifusuo 222

Dinglinsi 49

Dōchū, Mujaku xvii, xviii, 73 Dōgen, Eihei xv

Dongsou 158

Dongyang Dehui. SeeDehui Dragon God of Heaven 13 Duanqiao 159

Duanwu Festival Day 357 Duben xviii

E

Eihei Zen Monastic Regulations xv Eiheiji xviii

Eiheishingi. See Eihei Zen Monastic Regulations

Index

Ekottara Āgama 364 Enichisan Monastic Regulations xv Enni xv

Esoteric Prayer Verses Praising Great Compassion. See Mahā kāruṇikacittadhāraṇīs Evil One. SeeMāra F

Fanghui 62

Fayan 152

Fayunshan 256

Fenyang 62

Fenzhou 62, 260 First Patriarch (see alsoBodhidharma) 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 135 First Turning of the Great Wheel 37 Flower Ornament Sutra 13, 23, 36, 209 Fobenxingjijing. See Sutra of the Collection of the Original Acts of the Buddha four groups of followers 37, 51 Four Noble Truths 37 Foyan 152

Fozhao 245

Fuan 98

"Funeral Revenue and Expenditure Account Book" 308 Fuzhou province 51 G

Ganges River 35, 36, 39, 276, 278, 331 Gantongchuan. See Records on All Things Concerned Ganzhenyuochang 51 gāthās 41

Gautama Buddha (see alsoBuddha; Śākyamuni) 35, 157 Gautama, King 36 Gayā 36

Genbenbaiyijiemo. See One Hundred and One Formal Acts of Resolution Genbenpinaiye. See Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya Gozanban.See Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations,Five Monasteries Edition Great Collection of Sutras of the Mahāsaṃghika School 161 Great Dragons Flying to Assemble for Celebration Temple xvi, 1 Great Perfection of Wisdom. SeeMahā prajñāpāramitā Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (see also Perfection of Wisdom Sutra) 17 Great Preceptor (see alsoŚākyamuni) 28 Great Sage (see alsoBuddha; Sage; Śākya muni) 146, 205 Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions 223 Great Teacher (see alsoBuddha; Śākyamuni) 31, 33, 71 Great Vehicle (see alsoMahayana) 329 Guangzhou 49

Guanyin (see alsoAvalokiteśvara) 239, 249, 314, 325, 363 Guifeng. SeeZongmi Guijingwen. See An Exposition of the Model Zen Principles of Conduct Guizong 51

H

Haihuiyuan Temple 43 Hanlin xvii, 42 Haojian 54

heaven(s), heavenly 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 85, 99, 121, 134, 206, 213, 223, 291

Hezhou 364

Hinayana 37, 218 Hongjiyuan Monastery 226 Hongzhi 182

Huaihai. SeeBaizhang 389

Index

Huangbi 171

Huangbiqinggui. See Ōbaku Monastic Regulations

Huanzhuan Monastic Regulations xv Huayanjing. See Flower Ornamnent Sutra

Huayan universe 17 Huichuangxianjixiang. SeeBaheshiba Huiju stupa 52 Huike 48

Huinan 152

Huineng xiii Hunan province 85 Huyong xvii, xviii Hyakujōshingisakei. See also Commentary on the Baizhang Monastic Regulations with Left-side Notes I

Immeasurable Life Dhāraṇī. See Amitābha Dhāraṇī

Immeasurable Life Tathāgata. See Amitābha

incarnate body 21 India, Indian xiii, xiv, 35, 48, 49, 57, 221, 222, 235, 291, 317, 361, 362, 364 Indra 36, 37, 39, 51, 230 J

Japan xv, xvii Jetavana Monastery 331, 368 Jin and Yin era 36 Jingangwuliangshou. SeeAdamantine Immeasurable Life Buddha Jingcisi 296 Jingde Era Records of the Transmission of the Flame of Dharma xiv Jingdechuandenglü. See Jingde Era Records of the Transmission of the Flame of Dharma Jingshan 115, 245 390

Jinling 49, 364 Jinlingzhi. See Chronicle of Jinling K

Kaifu Daoning 124 Kaihuang era 19 kalpa(s) 27, 35, 36, 331 Kapilavastu 270 karma(s), karmic 23, 25, 27, 161, 204, 209, 213, 225, 257, 287, 301 Kāruṇikārāja. SeeBenevolent King kaṣāya 202, 208, 215, 226, 227, 228, 254, 259, 263, 265, 268, 270, 277, 280, 307

Kāśyapa (see alsoMahākāśyapa) 35, 224 Kauṇḍinya 37, 38 Keizan, Jōkin xv Keizan Monastic Regulations xv Keizanshingi. See Keizan Monastic Regulations

King of the Dharma (see alsoBuddha; Dharma King) 109 kōan 64, 349 Kongguan stupa 49 Krakucchanda 364 Kublai Khan. SeeShizu, Emperor Kumārajīva. SeeQiumoluoshi Kuśinagara 132, 133, 270 L

laity, lay, laypeople, layperson 39, 41, 46, 59, 95, 114, 125, 128, 140, 155, 161, 199, 206, 287, 289, 291, 292, 296, 344, 366 Laozi 318

laymen 37

laywomen 37

Letan 51

Lewan. SeeYishan Liang dynasty 49, 224 Lingshu 150

Lingyinsi 117

Linji 51, 222

Linji school, Yanyi sect xv Lizong, Emperor 117 Longdeyuanqian. SeeShizu, Emperor Lotus-store ocean 17 Lotus Sutra 13, 35, 37, 257, 320 Luminous Pure Dharma Body Vairocana Buddha (see alsoVairocana) 11, 45, 71, 72, 121, 122, 130, 132, 137, 162, 204, 293, 301, 303, 306 Luoyang 49

Lushan 117

M

Madhyama Āgama. See Collection of Middle-length Discourses Magadha 36, 270

Mahākaruṇā-dhāraṇī 297, 301, 302, 305, 309

Mahākāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs 17, 18, 23, 46, 53, 54, 88, 121, 130, 134, 144, 297 Mahākāśyapa (see alsoKāśyapa) 38, 135, 146, 224

Mahāprajāpatī 36, 37 Mahāprajñāpāramitā 9, 18, 22, 213, 330 Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. See Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra. See Sutra of the Heap of Jewels

Mahāsaṃghika-vinaya 75, 220, 221, 224 Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra. See Great Collection of Sutras of the Mahāsaṃghika School

mahāsattvas 22, 213, 330 Mahāsthāmaprapta 294 Mahayana 37, 46, 48, 209, 216, 217, 218, 219, 276

Mahīśāsaka-vinaya. See Vinaya in Five Divisions

Mañjuśrī 38, 150, 330, 366 Index

Manual of Practice and Realization 257 Māra 31, 34, 35, 36, 38 Master Sage of Great Wisdom and Long Life Temple xvi, 1 Mātaṅgī 330

Maudgalyāyana 37

Māyā, Queen 34, 38 Mazu 51

Medicine Buddha 10, 16, 18, 22 merit body 30

Mian 158

Minamizawa, Dōnin xviii Mingben xv

Ming dynasty xvi, xvii Mingjiao 146

Mohebanruoboluomi. SeeMahā prajñā pāramitā Mohesengqilü. See Mahāsaṃghikavinaya Monastic Regulations Indispensable for Entering the Zen Community xv Monastic Regulations of the Zen Garden (see also Chongning Monastic Regulations) xiv, 226 Mongol xv, 40

monk(s) (see also bhikṣu) 37, 51, 57, 62, 76, 142, 163, 190, 221, 235, 262, 291, 368

Mounimantuoluojing. See Sage Mandala Sutra

Mount Baizhang xvii Mount Dayang 154

Mount Dongshan 152 Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa (see alsoVulture Peak) 38, 291

Mount Huanglong 152 Mount Perfect Enlightenment 32 Mount Shishuang 154 Mount Songshan 49 Mount Sumeru 257, 293 Mount Wuzishan. SeeMount Dongshan 391

Index

Mount Xiongershan 49 Mount Yungai 89

Muhuanzijing. See Soapberry Tree Sutra Mu, King 37

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya 221, 226 Munimaṇḍala-sūtra. See Sage Mandala Sutra

Muzhou 150

N

nāga(s) 39, 213, 330 Nairañjaṇā River 36 Nanhaijiguichuan. See Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas, A

Nanquan 51

New Entitlement of the Patriarch Baizhang xviii

Niepanjing. See Nirvana Sutra nirmāṇakāya. Seeincarnate body nirvana 33, 36, 39, 130, 207, 208, 212, 304

of the Buddha (see also parinirvāṇa) 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 44, 146, 270, 356, 363

Nirvana Sutra 23, 38 non-Buddhist 152, 153, 292 Northern Song dynasty (see alsoSong dynasty) xiv

nuns 37

O

Ōbaku Monastic Regulations xv One Hundred and One Formal Acts of Resolution 226

"Ordination Record Book" 319, 357 Original Patriarch, Teacher (see also Śākyamuni) 28, 31, 33, 34 Outline of the History of Zen Practitioners 161, 227 Ouyangxuan xvii, xviii 392

P

pāramitās 37

parinirvāṇa 33, 38, 71, 362 Pariśuddhadharmakāyavairocanabuddha. See Luminous Pure Dharma Body Vairocana Buddha

Perfected One, Perfectly Enlightened One (see alsoBuddha; Tathāgata) 203, 210, 223

Perfection of Wisdom Sutra(see also Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra) 23, 37

Pewter Staff Sutra 223 'Phags-pa. SeeBaheshiba Pishamentian. See Vaiśravaṇa prajñā(see also śīla, samādhi, and prajñā) 213, 255, 257 Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra. See Perfection of Wisdom Sutra

Prajñātāra 48, 282 prātimokṣa 38

pratītyasamutpāda 37 pratyekabuddhayāna(see alsothree vehicles) 37

Precious Mirror of Human and Heavenly Worlds 85

Preface to the Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations(Revised Under the Yuan Imperial Edict) xvii "Preface to the Commemorative Tower of the Late Zen Master Baizhang Huaihai" xvii

"Preface to the Original Monastic Regulations" xiv, xvii Puhua 222

Pure Land 133, 135, 267, 294, 301, 305, 306

Pusajiejing. See Sutra on the Bodhi sattva Precepts

Puti Damo. SeeBodhidharma

Putong era 49

Q

Qing dynasty xvi, xvii Qingguai. See Book of Regulations Qinggui. See Xianshun Regulations Qingjingfashenpilushenafo. SeeLuminous Pure Dharma Body Vairocana Buddha

Qingliangsi 364

Qingruo 158

Qingyuan 152

Qingzhuo Zhengdeng xv Qiumoluoshi 298

Quanguyun 245

R

Rājagṛha 220, 291 "Record of Practice Hall Residency" 234, 237, 240

Record of Testimony and Meaning of the Baizhang Monastic Regulations xvii Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas, A 163, 225 "Record of the Ordination Year" 245 "Record of the Pavilion of the Model Master Baizhang Huaihai Enshrined at the Temple" xvii Record of the Rising Splendor of the Tradition 220, 235, 308 Records on All Things Concerned 364 Regulatory Rules of the Patriarchal Hall 44

Rentianbaojian. See Precious Mirror of Human and Heavenly Worlds Ren and Shen era 37 Renwangpusa. SeeBenevolent King Right Dharma 35, 38 Rinzai school. SeeLinji school Ruciraketu 368

Index

Ruzhongxujiqinggui. See Monastic Regulations Indispensable for Entering the Zen Community

Ruzhongzhiyongqinggui. See Daily Monastic Regulations for Entering the Zen Community S

Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra. See Lotus Sutra

Sage (see alsoBuddha; Great Sage; Śākyamuni) 15, 16, 146, 147 Sage Mandala Sutra 224 Śākya 30, 76

Śākyamuni xiii, 15, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 135, 150, 205, 223, 224, 291, 320, 323, 327, 328, 330, 356, 357, 366 Sakya-pa. SeeSasijiawa śālaforest, tree 38, 127 samādhi(see also śīla, samādhi, and prajñā) 22, 53, 255, 257, 362 śūraṃgama 332

tejodhātu 134

śamatha 332

sambhogakāya. Seemerit body saṃkakṣikā 221

samsara. Seebirth and death sangha 26, 37, 75, 134, 161, 163, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218 Sangha. SeeBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha

Sanskrit xviii, 35, 50, 151, 161, 163, 202, 221, 222, 223, 225, 329, 362 Śāntarakṣita 41

sarvajñāna 30

Sarvasiddhārtha (see alsoGautama; Siddhārtha) 36

Sarvāstivāda-vinaya. See Vinaya in Ten Chapters

sāśana 153

393

Index

Sasijiawa 41 Śāriputra 37, 57, 146 Sengshilüe. See Outline of the History of Zen Practitioners Shanzhao 260 Shao, King 36 Shaolinsi 49, 53 Shaotan. SeeXiyu Sheng 158

Shenglun. See Treatise on Vocal Sound Shichuang 161 Shi Gong. SeeQiumoluoshi Shiqiao 98

Shiqu 51

Shishuang 62 Shisonglü. See Vinaya in Ten Chapters Shizu, Emperor 21, 41 Shōichi. SeeEnni Shouduan 43

Shouyu 85

Shouzhi 62, 85 Shüehbao 154 Siddhārtha 36 Sifenlü. See Vinaya in Four Divisions śīla(s) (see alsośīla, samādhi,and prajñā) xiv, 161 śīla, samādhi,and prajñā 51, 146, 203 Sima 51

Sixth Patriarch. SeeHuineng Soapberry Tree Sutra 225 Song dynasty (see alsoNorthern Song dynasty; Southern Song dynasty) 52, 75, 117, 161 Song Jiqiu 364 Songyuan 98, 156 Sōtō school xv Southern Song dynasty (see alsoSong dynasty) xv, 177 Southern Tang dynasty (see alsoTang dynasty) 364 śramaṇa(s) 217 394

śrāmaṇera 201, 208, 211, 216 śrāvaka(s) 218 śrāvakayāna(see alsothree vehicles) 37 srota-āpanna 161 Suang 49

Subhadra 38

Subhūti 57

Śuddhodana, King 36 Sui dynasty 19 Sujātā 36

Sumatī, Queen 36 śūnyatā 38, 332 Suonangancang 41 Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs 9, 16, 18, 22, 30, 37, 45, 47, 53, 54, 88, 121, 130, 134, 143, 302, 305, 309, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 357, 358, 363, 365 Śūraṃgama-sūtra 13, 16, 46, 50, 257, 368 Sutra of Golden Splendor 13, 368 Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment 13 Sutra of the Benevolent King 13 Sutra of the Collection of the Original Acts of the Buddha 222 Sutra of the Garland of the Bodhisattva 276

Sutra of the Heap of Jewels 23 Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment 13, 257 Sutra on the Bodhisattva Precepts 220 Sutra on the Buddha '

s Omnipotent Valiant March. See Śūraṃgama-sūtra Sutra-piṭaka(see alsoTripiṭaka) 361 Suvarṇaprabhāsottama-sūtra. See Sutra of Golden Splendor T

Taideng era 175 Taihe era 49 Taiziyuan Temple 62 Tang dynasty (see alsoSouthern Tang dynasty) 19, 49, 52, 221, 222

Tathāgata(s) (see alsoBuddha) 11, 30, 38, 53, 71, 130, 137, 208, 210, 223, 270, 320, 368

Temple of Sutras 364 Three Treasures (see alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 15, 161, 208, 212, 225

three vehicles 37 Tianlu 51

Tiantai Practice of Śamatha and Vipaśyanā 257

Tiantaizhiguanfamen. See Tiantai Practice of Śamatha and Vipaśyanā Tibet 40, 41, 42, 235 Tōfukujishingi. See Enichisan Monastic Regulations

Trapuṣa. SeeDilifusuo Treatise on Vocal Sound 163 Tripiṭaka 23, 75, 153, 154, 276, 361 hall 14, 17, 67, 153, 180, 283, 285, 287, 289, 315, 367 Tuigeng 159

Tuohan, Grand Minister 175 Tuṣita Heaven 36, 37, 38 U

Udayana, King 37 uḍumbaraflower, tree 50, 130 Ullambana Day 358 universal ruler 36 upādhyāya 201, 207 Upakitta 39

Upāli 278

upasāka. Seelaymen upāsīkā. Seelaywomen V

Vaipulya sutras 37 Vairocana (see alsoLuminous Pure Dharma Body Vairocana Buddha) 15, 223

Index

Vaiśravaṇa 19, 223 Vajracchedikāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. See Diamond Sutra

Vajrāmitāyus. SeeAdamantine Immeasurable Life Buddha Vārāṇaṣī 270

vehicle(s) (see alsothree vehicles) 28, 32, 54

"Verse of Fivefold Reflection" 272 Verses of Adoration for the Buddha 339 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra 37 vinaya(s) xiv, 27, 153, 161 Vinaya xiii, xiv, 35, 50, 51, 75, 201, 217, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 245, 277, 318, 364

-piṭaka(see alsoTripiṭaka) 361 Vinaya in Five Divisions 221 Vinaya in Four Divisions 218 Vinaya in Ten Chapters 163, 224 Vinaya school xiii, 57 vipaśyanā 332

Vulture Peak (see alsoMount Gṛdhrakūṭa) 38, 146, 291, 331 W

Wang family 51

Wangpan 42

Wangshengzhou. See Dhāraṇī for Rebirth in the Pure Land Way 45, 50, 57, 60, 146, 203, 220, 230, 256, 291

Wei dynasty 49, 221 Weilu. See Chronicle of the Wei Dynasty Weimian xv, xvi, xvii Weiyinwang. SeeBhīṣmagarjita ghoṣa svararāja Western Heaven. SeeTibet Western Paradise, World (see alsoPure Land) 133, 135, 304 Western Sage. SeeBuddha Wheel of One Thousand Spokes 39 395

Index

World-honored One (see alsoBuddha) 34, 75, 222, 223 Wu, Emperor 49 Wufenlü. See Vinaya in Five Divisions Wuliangshou 265 Wuliangshourulai. See Immeasurable Life Tathāgata Wuliangshouzhou. See Amitābha-dhāraṇī Wuzhun 115-116 X

Xian 98

Xianglin 157 Xiangshi 48

Xianshun Regulations(see also Collected Essentials of the Revised Zen Monastic Regulations) xv, xvi, xvii, 177, 183 Xianzong 41

Xiaoan 98

Xiaogao, Emperor 364 Xiaoming, Emperor 49 Xiaowen. SeeDasu Xiaozaijixiangtuoluoni. See Dhāraṇī for Changing Disaster to Fortune Xingshengwanshousi 115, 245 Xinwu 51

Xinxianpusa. SeeRuciraketu Xiuzhengyi. See Manual of Practice and Realization

Xiyu 346

Xuanzang 222 Y

Yāma Heaven 225 Yangji 161

Yangqi 62

Yangtze River 49, 235 Yangyi xiv, xvii, 75 Yanshi 98

Yaoshirulai. SeeMedicine Buddha Yijing 163, 225 396

yinand yang 16, 25, 26 Yinglojing. See Sutra of the Garland of the Bodhisattva Yinyuan Longqi xv Yirun xvii

Yishan xviii, 346 Yixian xv, xvi, xvii Yongan Daoyuan xiv Yuan dynasty xv, xvi, 3, 15, 40, 41, 42, 52, 71, 175, 364 Yuangue Dashi. SeeBodhidharma Yuanhe era 51 Yuanjuejing. See Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment Yuantong 256 Yuantong era 52 Yuanwu Keqin 124 Yuanxi xviii Yuanzhen era 320 Yunmen 54, 150, 157 Yuwang 245

Z

Zanning 161

zazen 6, 60, 62, 73, 150, 151, 159, 186, 188, 241, 253-56. 259, 261, 262, 268-69, 275, 277, 279-80, 284, 322, 323, 358, 363, 365 Zen xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, 43, 45, 54, 55, 60, 75, 98, 112, 113, 122, 135, 139, 152, 153, 172, 199, 217, 227, 228, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 271, 282, 316, 317, 348, 349, 350 dusting brush 132, 172, 224, 347, 348, 349

master(s) 60, 61, 217, 228, 229, 248, 297, 327

monastery, monastic community, institution, temple(s) xvi, xvii, 43, 50, 51, 60, 64, 85, 107, 131, 152, 175, 220, 252, 282, 286, 315, 318, 319, 335, 362

monastic regulations xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xviii, 43, 295

patriarch(s) xiii, 51 practitioner(s) xiii, xvii, 27, 57, 62, 228, 264, 295

session 44, 259-61, 263, 264, 279, 284

school, tradition xiii, 57, 91, 99, 135, 146, 150, 151, 153, 228, 278, 291, 292

world 89, 107, 108, 142, 145, 197, 299, 302, 335, 342 Zenghuiji. See Record of the Rising Splendor of the Tradition Zen Monastic Regulations Ready for Use (see also Zhida Regulations) xv Zhengjian era 36 Zhengjueshan. SeeMount Perfect Enlightenment

Zhenxie Qingliao 327 Index

Zhida era 320

Zhida Regulations(see also Zen Monastic Regulations Ready for Use) xv, xvi, xvii, 53, 183 Zhiyi 257

Zhiyuan era 41, 71, 320 Zhongahanjing. See Collection of Middle-length Discourses Zhongtong era 41 Zhongwei 41

Zhongzhi xvii

Zhou dynasty 36 Zhudaozu 221

Zongmi 257

Zongze, Zhanglu xiv, xvi, xvii, 226-27, 282

Zutanggangji. See Regulatory Rules of the Patriarchal Hall Zutingshuyuan. See Collection of Records of the Patriarchal Courtyard, A 397