T2025 The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

Fascicle II

The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

cloud cover, drought, wind, rain, darkening, and gloaming) to occur. Thus, in order to rescue the people from their fear and protect them from confusion, we rely on the power of the buddhas. Teams of practitioners have respectfully conducted uninterrupted prayer through chanting the sacred scriptures and esoteric verses in order to extend our help and protection. May the spirit of the sun promptly regain its light so that its five variegated rays spread wide, illuminating the earth's surface below and causing shadows to disappear, and the sun shines brightly throughout the sky.

6. The Prayer Invocation for a

Day of Lunar Eclipse

The moon is the master of the night through its shining nature of yin. The faintness of its illumination during an eclipse reveals heaven's inauspicious omen to the people. Humans rely on the moon's illumination, and heaven demonstrates its power of punishment to the people for their transgressions by inducing a lunar eclipse. Because they have subjected themselves to the rules of restraint by avowing their past transgressions, the practitioners of the sangha are deemed able to generate utmost sincerity and attempt to restore the illumination from this inauspicious phenomenon through chanting the sacred scriptures and esoteric verses in order to proffer their assistance. May the flowery moon promptly return to its brightness, so that evil darkness extinguishes its trace and the clear light may once again manifest itself over the earth's land, hills, and rivers. May the moon maintain long life so as to include myriads of phenomena in its vast and cool palace. End of Chapter II: Discharging Indebtedness to the State End of Fascicle One

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Fascicle Two

Chapter III

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Discharging Religious

Indebtedness

I. Preface to the Chapter

Buddha-nature is the fundamental basis of humanity. It is neither possible to know its origin even if one were to shake heaven and earth, nor to know its fulfillment by exhausting myriads of years. Buddhas and sentient beings are equally endowed with this nature. By acquiring insight into this nature, one reaches the summit of wondrous enlightenment; by straying from it, one is washed away by the waves of life and death. From one kalpato the next, one goes through different births in the sixfold cycle of rebirth in accordance with one's karmic retribution, and finds no end to this process. The sacred teaching of the Buddha, upon which we rely, is vast and open to anyone to follow for refuge.

We Zen practitioners have reverently inherited the formality of the (Buddha's) attire and the lineage of his Dharma transmission. What we advocate as his principle of practice are the codes of discipline and morality (vinaya); what we propagate as his word of truth is the body of teachings (śāsana); and what we transmit as his mind of transcendence is the state of meditation (dhyāna). Moreover, our compliance with the so-called Great Origin is to identify ourselves with the totality of the Buddha's wondrous faculty, alone through which, for the first time, we are called the Buddha's disciples and transmit the life of his insight. Is it then [merely] worldly convention to conduct services on the memorial days of the patriarchs? 27

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II. The Buddha's Birthday Commemoration

1. The Ascent to the Dharma Hall

Prior to the day, the practice hall official collects contributions from the practitioners and entrusts the collection to the head administrative official in order to obtain various offerings. He is also obliged to have the word of tribute composed and approved. (The procedure is identical to that of the imperial birthday rite.) When the appointed day comes, the head administrative official respectfully sets up a small pavilion decorated with flowers in the Buddha hall and places in it a statue of the infant Buddha with a tray of scented water, and provides a pair of small dippers and various offerings in front of the pavilion. When everything is ready, the abbot ascends the main rostrum seat [of the Dharma hall], and after offering incense, says: On the felicitous morning of the Buddha's birthday, disciple So-andso, abbot of Such-and-such Temple in charge of the Buddha's teaching, reverently offers fragrant incense to express care and devotion for the sake of the Original Patriarch, Śākyamuni Tathāgata, the Great Preceptor (maho pādhyā ya; daheshang). In response to his great compassion, I earnestly pray: May all the buddhas manifest themselves in this world within every successive moment of our consciousness so as to rescue all beings of this Dharma world (dharmadhātu).

Next, the abbot sits down cross-legged and says:

On this eighth day of the fourth month, we greet the commemorative morning of the birth of the Original Patriarch Śākyamuni Tathāgata, the Great Preceptor. By assembling all the disciples of this temple, and also by offering incense, flowers, candles, sweet water, and tea, as well as fruit and delicacies, we hereby express our care and devotion for him. Disciple So-and-so, abbot of this temple, a remote descendant in charge of the Buddha's teaching, has ascended this main rostrum seat to offer the teaching of [the Buddha's] vehicle of religious salvation. With the special merit thereby accrued, we wish, in part, to discharge our indebtedness to the refuge bestowed upon us by his compassion and, in part, along with all sentient beings of the Dharma world, to 28

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express our celebration for the event of the Buddha's birth that was indeed of rare occurrence.

2. The Celebration of the Buddha's Birth

Next, after preaching, the abbot addresses the assembly once again: I respectfully announce that after leaving here we shall proceed to the Buddha hall with proper attire and dignity and commemorate the day by bathing the [statue of the infant] Buddha and chanting sutras. The abbot descends the rostrum seat and leads the practitioners toward the Buddha hall. When the practitioners have taken their respective positions, facing the Buddha image, the abbot burns incense and performs three prostrations with half-opened sitting cloth before the altar. Without folding his sitting cloth, he proceeds to the altar and conducts the offering of sweet hot water and food. His guest reception assistant hands him the offerings, while the incense offering assistant places them on the altar. The abbot returns to his position and again performs three full prostrations, and once again proceeds to the altar to offer incense, a monetary gift, and tea. Once again he returns to his position, performs three prostrations, and stands, folding his sitting cloth. With a bow, the director of practitioners' affairs signals the dual order officials to step forward for incense offering, in pairs, while the rest of the practitioners perform three prostrations with opened sitting cloth. In the meantime, the abbot kneels to offer incense at a portable incense burner, while the director begins to read the word of tribute, addressing the Buddha: The single moon, abiding in the sky, magnanimously imprints its image into the multiple waves of water,

The single Buddha, coming into this world, has made multiple buddhas appear and sit on a lotus flower,

The single light issuing from the Buddha's forehead illuminates all three worlds,

The single flow of nectar benefits all sentient beings born through the four different modes at once.

Completing the word of tribute, he immediately calls for chanting the verse of bathing the [image of the infant] Buddha: 29

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Now I respectfully bathe the Tathāgatas,

The merit body (sambhogakāya) that embellishes their pure insight, I wish all sentient beings to be freed from the five kinds of defilement, And equally realize the pure Dharma body (dharmakāya) of the Tathāgata.

When all the practitioners complete their circuit around [the hall] and bathing of the statue, [using the dippers to pour sweet water from the tray over the figure,] the director calls for the chanting of the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs and concludes with the following invocation of merit transference: We dedicate the merit accrued from this chanting to the absolute truth and ultimate reality for the sake of adorning the bodhithat is the fruit of buddhahood. We wish thereby to discharge the four kinds of indebtedness and help those who abide in the three worlds to equally realize enlightenment and, together with all sentient beings of the Dharma world, we wish to perfectly realize omniscient knowledge (sarvajñāna). Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on.

3. The Word of Tribute

The Great Ocean is profoundly quiescent, and we hear nothing but the rumbling vibration of its current. The Great Void is totally transparent, and we see nothing but the latitudinal movement of its respective weft and warp. Due to the greatness of the Dharma body, it manifests itself within phenomenal traces by having sentient beings respond to an appointed time, helping them all to realize perfect enlightenment. In the time of moral and social degeneration, it manifests itself as Śākyamuni's birth. [The Śākya prince] abandoned his luxurious garments and took up filthy clothes in order to wander [in pursuit of enlightenment]. He abandoned the illusory treasure city and ascended the summit of the treasure mountain. Yet he returned [to this world] to lead others, hand in hand. Though his initial birthday has been honored repeatedly ever since, we can never fully repay our indebtedness. We earnestly wish and implore: May the winds of truth be fanned into this latter-day world, and the shining sun of insight be raised in the center of the sky. Though there 30

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is neither Buddha nor [Māra], may each of all dharmas proclaim the precious verses of bathing the Buddha. Though there is neither filth nor purity, may particle after particle of dust cleanse the golden body. III. The Buddha's Enlightenment

and Nirvana

1. The Buddha's Enlightenment Day

Prior to the day marking the Buddha's enlightenment, the practice hall official collects contributions from the practitioners and entrusts the collection to the head administrative official in order to obtain various offerings. He is also obliged to have the word of tribute composed and approved. (This process is identical to that of the Buddha's birthday commemoration.) [On the day commemorating the Buddha's enlightenment,] the abbot ascends the rostrum seat of the Dharma hall and celebrates the day by offering incense and addressing [the assembly] as follows: On the day of the Buddha's enlightenment, So-and-so Bhikṣu, abbot of Such-and-such Temple, remote descendant of the Buddha's teaching, respectfully offers precious incense for the Great Teacher and Original Patriarch Śākyamuni Tathāgata, to express our care and devotion on behalf of all the sentient beings of the Dharma world. We wish, in part, to discharge our indebtedness to the compassion bestowed upon us and, in part, to wish that all sentient beings of the Dharma world will equally realize perfect enlightenment.

Next, the abbot sits cross-legged on the rostrum seat and says: On the eighth day of the twelfth month, we reverently greet the commemorative day on which the Original Patriarch Śākyamuni Tathāgata, the Great Teacher, realized enlightenment. Assembling all the practitioners of this temple and offering incense, flowers, candles, and tea, as well as fruit and delicacies, we have expressed our care and devotion to the original master of our religion. From now, I, So-and-so Bhikṣu, abbot of Such-and-such Temple, remote descendant of the Buddha's 31

The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

teaching, shall preach the vehicle of his religious salvation from this rostrum seat. With the special merit thereby accrued, we wish in part to discharge our indebtedness to the compassion bestowed upon us and, in part, along with all sentient beings of the Dharma world, wish for them to discover their own insight and turn the great wheel of the Dharma by entering into each infinitesimal particle. Next, the abbot preaches and afterward addresses the assembly again, as follows:

I respectfully announce that we shall leave this hall and, with proper dignity and decorum, proceed to the hall of the great Buddha to chant sutras.

The abbot then descends the rostrum seat and leads the assembly. Entering the Buddha hall, he offers incense, performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth, and conducts the rite of offerings. When he kneels to burn incense on a portable incense burner, the director of practitioners' affairs begins to read the word of tribute for the Buddha:

Perceiving the morning star over Mount Perfect Enlightenment (Zhengjueshan), the Buddha realized the path. Lifting the sun of insight in the great universe composed of a thousand universes, he thereby let its illumination flow forth [from generation to generation]. When the word of tribute is completed, the director immediately calls for chanting the sutras and concludes with the same invocation of merit transference as before. 2. The Buddha's Nirvana Day

On the day of commemoration for the Buddha's nirvana, initially the abbot offers incense at the Buddha hall to conduct the mid-month prayer chanting for imperial well-being, and following that he ascends the rostrum seat at the Dharma hall for preaching as usual. At the moment of incense offering, he addresses the assembly:

On this day of the Buddha's nirvana, So-and-so Bhikṣu, abbot of Suchand-such Temple, remote descendant of the Buddha's teaching, respectfully 32

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offers precious incense to express our care and devotion for the Great Teacher and Original Patriarch Śākyamuni Tathāgata. We wish, in part, to discharge our indebtedness for his compassion in bestowing refuge on us and, in part, to express, along with all sentient beings of the Dharma world, our dear remembrance of him. May his Dharma body be ever present, may his Dharma wheel turn once again, and may all sentient beings attain insight into the nature of true existence as neither origination nor cessation (anutpattikadharmakṣānti; wushengren). Next, the abbot sits cross-legged on the rostrum seat and says: On the fifteenth day of the second month, we reverently honor the commemorative day of parinirvāṇaon which the Original Patriarch, Great Teacher Śākyamuni Tathāgata, entered total cessation. Assembling the practitioners and reverently offering incense, flowers, candles, tea, fruit, and delicacies, we express our care and devotion to the master. I, So-and-so Bhikṣu, abbot of this temple, remote descendant of the Buddha's teaching, have ascended this rostrum seat in the Dharma hall and now preach the wondrous mind of nirvana. With the special merit accrued thereby, we wish, in part, to discharge our indebtedness to the compassion bestowed on us, and in part, along with all sentient beings of the Dharma world, to perfectly realize omniscient knowledge. Next, the abbot preaches, and afterward addresses the assembly again: I respectfully speak to you. Upon descending from our seats, we shall leave this hall and proceed to the Buddha hall with dignity and decorum and chant sutras for this Nirvana Day.

The abbot descends the rostrum seat and leads the practitioners. Entering the Buddha hall, he offers incense, performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth, and kneels to burn incense on a portable incense burner. Meanwhile the director of practitioners' affairs begins to read the word of tribute for the Buddha:

The pure Dharma body essentially has neither phenomenal appearance nor disappearance but, through the power of the vow of great compassion, it shows [its traces] as phenomenal appearance or nonappearance. 33

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When the word of tribute is completed, he immediately calls for chanting the sutras and concludes with the same invocation of merit transference as before.

3. The Word of Tribute for Enlightenment Day

Since enlightenment has originally been accomplished in the immemorial past, how should one rely on one's experience and practice for becoming a Buddha? People use it in daily life, they are not aware of it, only attributing it to the enlightened [beings] of the past. It is only when one realizes insight oneself, and helps others realize the same insight, that the ultimate path of enlightenment is accomplished. The Buddha is called the World-honored One because he knows both the world of convention and its transcendence. He initiated the path of conversion through his entire career by following the standard tradition of the past buddhas. When he sat under the bodhitree, the Evil One's (Māra's) palace darkened the entire world, but the Buddha made the lotus flower (utpala) bloom and the wheel of the Dharma forever turn brightly. Thus, enlightenment is compared to the initial moment of brilliant illumination and only later, upon reflection, did he demonstrate the authentic transmission of that enlightenment to his disciples by [silently] lifting a flower by its stalk. At the moment when one fully realizes what is truly eternal, both existence and nonexistence disappear, enlightened and unenlightened become equally a dream or illusion. While myriad phenomena continue to change, past and present become one moment in which heaven and earth are lost in a dazzling ray of light. Indeed, what do any of the remote descendants really know? They only chant the words that have been left by the Original Teacher and are anxious about [their lack of real insight]. It is earnestly wished: May form and non-form, light and darkness, all equally express the miraculous sound of the Dharma, and may squirming worms and living creatures equally realize ultimate insight and meritorious virtue. 4. The Word of Tribute for Nirvana Day

When the Buddha preached his teachings to people, he did so in 34

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accordance with their respective individual capacities. The Lotus Sutra informs us that he entrusted to his disciples the future task of religious propagation and granted them the certificate of authentication of their future realization. To encourage and restrain his disciples, the Buddha instructed in his last teaching the strict observance of Vinaya rules and disciplines and spoke of what is permanent. How much more authentic could a transmission be when the realization of buddhahood was directly transmitted to [the second patriarch, Kāśyapa,] who understood the meaning that Śākyamuni imparted by [silently] lifting a flower by its stalk. Thus, at the moment when the fallen leaves (i.e., the sensory faculties) returned to their source, he was gratified with the completion of the tasks he was given.

Whoever is trapped in the world of illusion is bound to reach its end according to the universal fact of impermanence. Abiding in multiple illusions, one is obliged to return to what they really are; this is called "ultimate quiescence.

" Yet, the mysterious gem (i.e., the mind)

always illuminates turbidity and filth without discrimination, and the precious moon does not avoid casting its reflection onto polluted water. Great concentration has no limit in space and always abides through myriads of kalpas as many as the sands of the Ganges River. The one who is perfectly endowed is able to respond anywhere and at any time, manifesting myriads and myriads of forms of his body. Nevertheless, we cannot forget the historical aspect of the Buddha and we feel that his memory is ever more dear to us on this memorial day. We earnestly wish: May the Buddha rectify wrong views entertained by those of us who are remote descendants of his teaching, reverse the trend of this degenerate period to that of Right Dharma in which both [supreme] concentration and insight are equally practiced, and convert the Evil One (Māra) and his entire clan to be leading protectors of the religion. 5. A Brief Biography of the Buddha

The Buddha was born on the continent of India. His family belonged to the noble class (kṣatriya), and his family name was Gautama. This Sanskrit name is translated as "Sweet Beet" in Chinese. The first ancestor, a royal sage, was shot with a hunter's arrow. At his death, his blood flowed into the ground, 35

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from which two sugarcane stalks sprouted. One grew into a male child called King Gautama, and the other a female child called Queen Sumatī. Together they bore a child who then became a universal ruler (cakravartin), turning the wheel of governance over his realm. Because the king came from a descendant of the sun, his race was also called "the sun's race.

" From that time, after seven

hundred generations, the lineage reached the time of King Śuddhodana. Because [during his previous lifetimes] the Buddha had fulfilled meritorious deeds for myriads of kalpas, he entered the womb of Queen Māyā by descending from the Tuṣita Heaven. He was born on the eighth day of the fourth month in the twenty-sixth regnal year, Jia and Yin of King Shao (r. 1052-1001 B.C.E.) of the Zhou dynasty. He was named Sarvasiddhārtha ("One Whose Every Goal Has Been Accomplished"). On the seventh day after his birth, his mother died and he was raised by his mother's younger sister, Mahāprajāpatī. At the age of twenty-five, Prince Siddhārtha left the palace and went to the forest of the sage Bhārgava. He cut off his hair and became a mendicant. He exchanged his luxurious garments for a hunter's clothing, crossed the Ganges River to the south, and reached the hills of Gayā, where he practiced meditation and austerities. For six years, Siddhārtha toiled hard, maintaining his endurance with only a single grain of hemp and rice [a day]. He thought to himself that if he continued the ascetic way, heretics would claim that self-abnegation is the way to reach nirvana. So, instead he bathed in the Nairañjaṇā River and accepted a meal of milk-rice gruel from the cowherd maiden Sujātā. The god Indra made a seat out of kuśa grass and bade him sit on it cross-legged. [Māra,] the king of the evil ones, mobilized his army to try to disrupt Siddhārtha's meditation, but none of Māra's attempts could prevail in disrupting his determination. Thus, [Māra] departed after saluting the Buddha with apologies and repentance. On the morning of the eighth day of the second month, when he saw the morning star, Siddhārtha suddenly attained a great intuitive understanding and realized the highest path, highest, perfect enlightenment (anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi). (Some traditions hold that this occurred on the eighth day of the twelfth month, the first year of Zhengjian of Zhou; there are different interpretations in other traditions.) He was then thirty years old.

Immediately, the Buddha is said to have preached the Flower Ornament Sutraat the seat of enlightenment (bodhimaṇḍa) in the forest of Magadha. 36

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The listeners, [whose understanding] had not yet ripened, were unable to comprehend the teaching as if they were deaf and dumb. For three weeks, the Buddha meditated under various trees and thought of entering nirvana. Meanwhile Brahmā and Indra respectfully requested the Buddha three times to remain and teach what he had realized. Thus, the Buddha traveled to the Deer Park where he conducted the First Turning of the Great Wheel and taught the three vehicles (i.e., the śrāvakayāna,the pratyekabuddhayāna, and the bodhi sattvayāna) initially to his five disciples, including Kauṇḍinya. Here he taught the Four Noble Truths, the twelve links of the chain of causation (pratītyasamutpāda), the six principles (pāramitās) of practice, and so forth. Twelve years later, at the age of forty-two, the Buddha introduced a more advanced teaching, recorded in the general Mahayana texts (the Vai pulya sutras), and thereby was able to educate more disciples and consolidate a firm basis of his sangha. It was during this period that he criticized the shortcomings of the Hinayana and praised the perfect teaching of the Mahayana. From this time on, for thirty years, the Buddha taught the general Mahayana teachings in such texts as the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra, the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs, the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra,and so forth. By then, having reached his seventy-second year, he began to teach the Lotus Sutraand thereby entrusted his [evangelical] task to his disciples and assured their future realization of buddhahood. Yet, in the following eight years, he continued to detail his original intent.

In the fifty-third regnal year of King Mu, year of Ren and Shen, at the age of seventy-nine, the Buddha for the first time visited the Tuṣita Heaven to preach for his mother. In his absence, King Udayana, who yearned for his master, ordered a golden image to be cast, and when the Buddha descended from heaven the golden statue is said to have welcomed his return. The Buddha's aunt Mahāprajāpatī and her five hundred female followers, as well as such saintly disciples as Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana, seventy thousand arhats, and so forth, felt unable to bear the passing of their master and hence passed away at the same time. The bodhisattvas, the four groups of followers (i.e., monks [bhikṣus], nuns [bhikṣuṇīs], laymen [upāsakas], and laywomen [upāsīkās]), the eight groups of demigods, and the kings of the birds and animals all assembled, while the Buddha allowed Cunda, a smith, to make the last food offering. For the sake of his disciples, the Buddha preached the 37

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principles of impermanence (anitya), suffering (duḥkha), and emptiness (śūnyatā).

The Buddha also announced that the supreme Right Dharma had already been entrusted to his primary disciple Mahākāśyapa, and that Mahākāśyapa would become a great refuge for the rest of the disciples in the same way as the Tathāgata himself had been. He also knew that Ānanda had been waylaid by the Evil One (Māra) outside the śālaforest, and he summoned Mañjuśrī to call him back, saying that Ānanda was his brother who had served him well for over twenty years, that he learned the Dharma as seamlessly as water poured into a vessel of any form [takes the shape of that vessel], and hence he wanted Ānanda to record his last teaching in the Nirvana Sutra.Mañjuśrī conveyed the Buddha's wish to Ānanda and brought him back to the place. Furthermore, the Buddha told Ānanda that the brahman Subha dra, who was one hundred and twenty years old and who had not yet discarded his attachment to self, must be brought to listen to the Tathāgata's last teaching by being informed that the Buddha would enter nirvana that night. At once, Subhadra came to listen to the Buddha's teaching and immediately attained the state of arhatship. Thus, the Buddha announced: "Immediately after I realized the path, I converted Kauṇḍinya, and now I have converted Su bhadra at last. I have thus completed my task. What ought to be done has been done. "

At midnight of the fifteenth day of the second month, he once again addressed his disciples: "O disciples, after my death, you must pay respect to the prātimokṣarules and disciplines. [The prātimokṣa] is your master regardless of whether I am or am not in this world. There is no lessening of its importance. "

He lay his right side on a cloth decorated with seven kinds of precious gems. There was not a single voice heard anywhere, and the Buddha passed away. Aniruddha immediately went to the Tuṣita Heaven to tell Queen Māyā that the Buddha had entered parinirvāṇa.As she came down from heaven, the Buddha once again raised himself to preach, in order to console his mother, and then said to Ānanda,

"You must know that because I fear there

might appear some unfilial people in the future, I have exemplified filial piety by coming out of the golden coffin to greet my mother. " At that moment,

Mahākāśyapa, leading the group of five hundred disciples, arrived running from the hills of Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak) and greeted him with lamentation. Once again the Buddha miraculously revealed the mark of the 38

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sacred symbol of the "Wheel of One Thousand Spokes" on the soles of his feet. Heavenly beings brought aromatic woods to the cremation site, and the cremation fire continued to burn by itself for seven days. Lay followers deposited the Buddha's relics in eight golden vases. King Ajātaśatru as well as the kings of eight countries, the god Indra, and other gods as well as the nāgakings, all vied for acquisition of the relics. Minister Upakitta remonstrated with them to stop fighting [over the relics] and advised them to divide and distribute them among themselves. Thus, they divided the relics into three portions, one for the heavenly gods, a second for the nāgakings, and the third was further divided among the eight kings. King Ajātaśatru obtained eighty-four thousand pieces, placed each within a purple and gold case, and enshrined them in stupas he had built in the regions of the five major rivers that flow into the Ganges River.

IV. Nirvana Day of the Emperor's

Religious Counselor

1. The Memorial Rite for the Master

When the memorial day comes, the tablet of the master's name must be respectfully placed on the altar and properly enshrined. Offerings of incense, flowers, candles, tea, fruit, and delicacies should be carefully prepared. The director of practitioners' affairs is obliged to have the word of tribute composed and approved. (The procedure is identical to that of the Buddha's Memorial Day.) In the evening before the day [of the memorial], the attendants of the practice hall official are instructed to inform the practitioners of the following day's event and post the signboard indicating the sutra chanting. On the appointed day, the bell is tolled to assemble the practitioners, and they line up facing the rostrum seat. Notified of their readiness, the abbot comes out to offer incense, sweet hot water, food, a monetary gift, and tea, and then performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth. When he picks up incense and utters the word of insight, the director of practitioners' affairs with a bow signals the dual order officials to step forward, in pairs, to offer incense, while the practitioners perform prostrations with opened sitting cloth in unison. The abbot kneels to offer incense at a portable incense burner, while at the same 39

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time the director [of practitioners' affairs] reads the word of tribute. He then subsequently calls for the chanting of the prayer verses and concludes with the following invocation of merit transference:

The merit accrued from the foregoing deed of chanting shall be dedicated to the one [designated] "Above the Emperor" under the imperial heaven (i.e., the emperor), the great sage who assisted imperial governance by introducing religion and propagating letters, the spiritual ruler who, endowed with supreme virtue, universal enlightenment, and true illumination, unfailingly assisted the throne in ruling the nation, the Buddhist disciple from the Western Heaven (i.e., Tibet) and the imperial counsel of the great Yuan. We wish to discharge our indebtedness to him for the compassionate refuge bestowed upon us. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on.

2. The Word of Tribute

Heaven inaugurated the nation of Yuan and magnanimously created the great sage as its counselor. The path he followed was honorable and supreme, and he indeed became a spiritual ruler by creating the Mongol script. He quietly helped the foundation of cultural conversion and privately assisted the imperial rule. When he spoke, his speech became a religious text. When he lifted his foot, his act became rule. His rank was among a thousand buddhas, the generosity he extended matched that of earth, and his supreme intelligence matched that of heaven. The highest honor was shown him by the posthumous title, "Above the

Emperor.

" Honoring his memorial day today, we look upon his gracious illumination more admiringly than ever. We earnestly pray that his holiness may once again ride on the carriage of vows and help the governance and transformation of the populace with the universal language of all seas, and, taking pity in the present age of spiritual decline, rekindle the principle of religion unchanged for a thousand years. 3. A Brief Biography of the Religious Counselor

The imperial counselor of religion, Baheshiba ('Phags-pa), whose ordained name was Huichuangxianjixiang, was a man of Tibet. He was born on the 40

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thirteenth day of the fourth month in the year of the "sixth stem and boar. "

His father was called Suo nan gancang. During the beginning of Tibet, there was a national master of Buddhism, Śāntarakṣita (Chanhengluojida) by name. He realized the supreme insight and acquired the supernatural powers, and his descendants equally excelled in spiritual matters and religious practice through successive transmission. The rulers of that country honored them as their religious counselors. The man of the seventeenth generation, Sasijiawa (Sakya-pa) by name, was the paternal uncle of the master. As he was by birth well endowed [in intelligence], he studied under his uncle and was able to chant from memory a thousand or two of the sacred gāthās and secret verses just by silently reading through them. At the age of seven, he gave his first lecture and demonstrated his speech, showing himself to be well versed and totally commanding.

At the age of fifteen, in the year of the "tenth stem and ox, " he came to

know that the heavenly mandate would fall to Emperor Shizu, Longdeyuanqian (Kublai Khan). He traveled swiftly on horseback to reach the capital in order to officiate for him at the ordination ceremony of the Buddhist laity for Xianzong, his queen Zhongwei, and the Crown Prince (i.e., Shizu), imparting special meaning to the event of their conversion. After six years had passed, in the year of the "seventh stem and monkey,

" Shizu ascended the throne and established the

Yuan dynasty in the Zhongtong era. Thereupon, the master was appointed "national master" and granted the imperial seal to administer Buddhist religious affairs throughout the country, separating, for the first time, religious matters from secular affairs. Four years later, bidding farewell to the emperor, he returned west. However, he was called back before a year had passed. In the seventh year of Zhiyuan, the "seventh stem and horse,

" he was entrusted with the task

of creating a new set of scripts as standard for the great Yuan empire. Singlehandedly he carried out the task, and before even a day had passed he successfully formulated patterns and strokes into a system of letters. Since his accomplishment was profoundly satisfactory to imperial expectation, a decree was immediately issued for the prompt enactment of its usage throughout the respective divisions of capitals, provinces, prefectures, and districts. The system of the new scripts became the greatest law of the age. The master was appointed religious counselor to the throne, the spiritual ruler embodying the great treasure of the Buddha-Dharma, and was granted the imperial seal. 41

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Once again the master returned to the west. Eleven years later, the emperor sent a special envoy to officially invite him back to the capital. During his visit to the capital, he refused the emperor's request to stay there and returned to his temple [in Tibet]. Despite imperial efforts, he could not be persuaded to remain in the capital. On the twenty-second day of the eleventh month in the seventeenth year of Jiyuan, the master passed away. Upon learning of his death, the emperor could hardly bear his dear memory and ordered a great stupa built in the capital in order to enshrine the ashes of the master. The circular structure of this stupa was beautifully decorated in gold and dark blue, and indeed the building had no equal, past or present. (The foregoing biography is found in the epigraphy composed by Hanlin scholars such as Wangpan and others, under imperial edict.) In later years, the master was given the following posthumous title: The one [designated] "Above the Emperor" under the imperial heaven, the great sage who assisted imperial governance by introducing religion and propagating letters, the spiritual ruler who, endowed with supreme virtue, universal enlightenment, and true illumination, unfailingly assisted the throne in ruling the nation, the Buddhist disciple from the Western Heaven (Tibet) and the imperial counselor of the great Yuan. End of Chapter III: Discharging Religious Indebtedness 42

Chapter 4: Honoring the Patriarchs of the Zen Tradition

Chapter IV

Honoring the Patriarchs

of the Zen Tradition

I. Preface to the Chapter

The reason that each person should enshrine his ancestors is to regard the beginning of his form and life as important. Form and life begin with love, and yet forms change in time, and so does love exhaust itself in time. Yet the spiritual aspect of the essential nature (i.e., buddha-nature) is never obscured, because it neither depends on life nor does it disappear when life ends. Therefore, the Buddha taught that humans must acquire clear insight into this nature. And yet, misguided by words and statements, scholars of later periods cannot grasp the true meaning, as if a doctor were to adhere to the medical textbook too well and forsake actual treatment with medicine and acupuncture. What value is there in this? Only when the patriarch of our school, Bodhidharma (Puti Damo), came to China and taught the path of direct experience for the first time were people awakened clearly to neither search for the miraculous nature of the self through the use of words nor through its total rejection but to see why [the essential nature] must be realized beyond sounds of the voice and forms of expression. Thus, any one of us who succeeds in the lineage and hands it on to another must accomplish this just as fire naturally burns fuel or water takes the form of the vessel [into which it is poured]. There is no difference, not even as slight as a single hair, between past and present. Doesn't this tradition emphasize the meaning of original form and life? In later days, Zen Master Bai zhang Dazhi instituted the Zen monastic regulations so that the practitioners of our tradition could abide by their own standards, and this was, indeed, the origin of the Zen monastic community. The Venerable Shouduan of Haihuiyuan Temple advised that it is our duty to enshrine [a figure of] Bodhidharma in the center, Baizhang to his right, 43

The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

and the founder of each temple to his left. Look for this information in the introductory chapter of the Regulatory Rules of the Patriarchal Hall(Zutanggangji). II. The Memorial Day of Bodhidharma

1. The Memorial Rite for the

Patriarch Bodhidharma

Prior to the appointed day, the practice hall official is obliged to organize the memorial service by collecting contributions and see that word of tribute is composed and approved. (The procedure is identical to that of the Buddha's nirvana day.) In the evening before the day [of the rite], the ceremonial place should be prepared in due manner in the Dharma hall, by enshrining solemnly the patriarch's portrait on the rostrum seat, and arranging an incense burner, flower vases, and an incense table in front of it. At the right-hand side of the rear of the hall a meditation couch, a brush duster, and a clothes rack with robes hung upon it (it is not correct to set up a bed couch and fan) should be set up, and at the left-hand side of the rear of the hall a chair, desk, incense burner, vases, incense, and candles should be set up and some scriptures placed on the desk. The practice hall novice attendants notify the practitioners of the coming event and post the signboard indicating sutra chanting, and also announce to them:

There will be the memorial service with sutra chanting this evening, and also another for fulfillment chanting tomorrow mid-morning. Please be reminded of proper attire.

Before the evening Zen session, the practice hall bell is tolled to assemble the practitioners at the Dharma hall. Meanwhile, notified of the assembly, the abbot arrives at the hall. Drumming signals the special rite of offering sweet hot water. The abbot burns incense and performs three prostrations [with opened sitting cloth]. Without folding his sitting cloth, he proceeds to the altar to offer hot water, and, returning to his place, performs another three prostrations. Once again he proceeds toward the altar and salutes it with a gesture of offering the hot water. Then he returns to his seat, performs two 44

Chapter IV

prostrations, and folds up his sitting cloth. A signal of three drumbeats is given, and immediately after the hand bell is struck by the novice attendant, the director of practitioners' affairs steps forward from his east-order column and leads the prayer service, saying:

Ernestly reflecting upon the tradition, our religion transmits Zen experience in the manner of direct finger-pointing [by the patriarch Bodhidharma] and gratefully depends on the reverberation of the subsequent waves of descendants who transmit it. The ultimate Way is vast and difficult to name; we hesitate to enjoin this brilliant luster of the Way to any of those remote future generations. May the practitioners pray for the gracious assistance of the buddhas by intoning their ten sacred names: the Luminous Pure Dharma Body Vairocana Buddha, and so on. The prayer concludes with the director intoning the following invocation of merit transference:

We respectfully dedicate the merit accrued from the foregoing prayer to the First Patriarch Bodhidharma, perfectly enlightened Great Master. We wish to discharge our indebtedness to the compassion bestowed upon us as our refuge. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on.

After the practice hall bell tolls three times, the practitioners leave the hall, or they may be invited to take their seats for an evening meal. While the evening bell tolls, the practice hall bell signals the practitioners to assemble and proceed toward the Dharma hall once again. The abbot offers incense, and the director of practitioners' affairs leads the chanting of the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs and concludes by intoning the following invocation of merit transference:

The pure Dharma body has essentially neither phenomenal appearance nor disappearance, but because of the great compassion and power of its vow, it shows, as it were, phenomenal appearance as well as disappearance. We implore: May compassion shine its bright mirror reflection upon us. On the fifth day of this month, the memorial day has arrived on which the First Patriarch Bodhidharma, the perfectly enlightened Great Master and Great Priest, entered absolute quiescence. Assembling 45

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all the disciples and offering incense and provisions, we thereby express our care and devotion for the master. We humbly dedicate the merit accrued from chanting the [dhāraṇīs of the] Śūraṃgama-sūtrafor the sake of discharging our indebtedness to the compassion which has bestowed refuge upon us. We humbly pray: May unerring practitioners endeavor to promulgate the tradition of Bodhidharma and thereby realize the wondrous insight that is limitless, and become a worthy receptacle of Mahayana Buddhism. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on.

Next, the ceremonial leader leads the novice attendants to line up before the [image of the] patriarch, and in unison they say, "We are here, sir,

" perform

prostrations, and chant the sutras. Lastly, lay devotees line up to worship the patriarch.

Early the next morning, the abbot burns incense, performs prostrations, offers sweet hot water and rice gruel, and participates in the rice gruel breakfast, sitting to the side of the [image of the] patriarch. After breakfast, he once again burns incense and offers tea, while the director of practitioners' affairs leads the chanting of the Mahā kāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs,concluding with the following invocation of merit transference: The merit accrued by the foregoing chanting shall be respectfully dedicated for the sake of the First Patriarch Bodhi dharma, perfectly enlightened Great Master and Great Priest. May this help us discharge our indebtedness to the compassionate refuge he bestowed on us. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on. Between breakfast and the noon meal, the practice hall bell is rung to assemble the practitioners at the Dharma hall, where they line up facing the altar. The abbot offers incense, performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth, and proceeds toward the incense burner, leaving his sitting cloth open, to offer sweet hot water and food. He is aided by the guest reception assistant, who hands the offerings [one by one] from the abbot to the incense offering assistant, who respectfully sets them on the table beside the patriarch's tablet. When this is completed, the abbot returns to his position and performs three prostrations as before, then once again immediately goes forward to burn 46

Chapter IV

incense and offer a monetary gift. Upon returning [to his position, the abbot] peforms another three prostrations, then stands, folding his sitting cloth. Thereupon, drumbeats signal the special serving of tea. (This procedure is identical to that of the special serving of sweet hot water.) After the special serving of tea, the abbot offers incense with prayer and utters a word of tribute. When his address is over, the attendants play cymbals to create musical sounds; simultaneously, the director of practitioners' affairs steps forward from the east- order column and, bowing with palms together, invites the abbot to offer incense. The latter's assistant, carrying a portable incense case, hands him incense before the burner. Next, the director invites the ranking practitioners of the east and west halls, followed by the dual order officials, to proceed in pairs to offer incense at the incense burner. When this is over, the entire assembly performs in unison three prostrations with opened sitting cloth, and facing the altar the director says:

The pure Dharma body has in essence neither phenomenal appearance nor disappearance. Only because of great compassion and the power of its vow, it manifests, as it were, phenomenal appearance as well as nonappearance.

The director continues to read the word of tribute as the abbot kneels to burn incense at a portable incense burner. Next, the director calls for the chanting of the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs and concludes with the following invocation of merit transference: The merit accrued by the foregoing chanting shall be respectfully dedicated for the sake of the First Patriarch Bodhidharma, perfectly enlightened Great Master and Great Priest. May this help us discharge our indebtedness to the compassionate refuge he bestowed upon us. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on. Next follows sutra chanting by the novice attendants.

2. The Word of Tribute

How great was the authentic transmission of the Dharma to China by the distinguished descendant of the enlightened spiritual ruler. His 47

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The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

insight,

"vast, limitless openness and nothing especially holy, " indeed

broke the vital point of the pedantic scholasticism then prevalent. When hundreds of rivers reach the vast ocean they all lose their singularity. When the bright sun shines in mid-sky there is no shadow to follow anything on the ground. Pointing to the mind of humans, he enabled us to see that "to become a Buddha" means to become mind itself. Experiencing the wondrous path, one forgets words; while, having lost words, one [directly] sees the path. As this is a greatly beneficial teaching in the world, it should widely flourish in terms of its tradition. Making a rare appearance in this turbid world by becoming the First Patriarch, he found a Mahayana receptacle [in Huike, the Second Patriarch] in the country of China and totally immersed him in the grain. Today, we honor the day when he left the single sandal behind (i.e., the memorial day) and we have prepared in our best manner an exquisite vegetarian dish. The robe of faith symbolizes the weightiness of the buddhas and patriarchs and the strength capable of bearing a thousand weights. May a single flower once again bloom in the spring of heaven and earth, so that its fragrance may be transmitted through tens of thousands of generations.

3. A Brief Biography of Bodhidharma

The patriarch was born the third son of the king of Xiangshi in South India. His family belonged to the noble class, and his own name was originally Bodhitāra. Later, along with his two brothers he happened to meet the twentyseventh patriarch Prajñātāra. Because the master saw the innate capacity of the patriarch, he tested him and his brothers in debate on the meaning of his gift of a gem to them. [After years of study and practice under Prajñā tāra,] the patriarch had already discovered and cultivated the essential nature of the mind. Prajñātāra told him,

"You have acquired the whole inclusive principle and since 'Dharma' conveys the entire inclusive meaning of the Mahayana, your name should be changed to 'Dharma.

'" Thus, the patriarch's

name became Bodhidharma.

The patriarch asked his master,

"As I have accomplished the essentials

of the religion, in which country should I propagate Buddhism? Please, give me a suggestion, sir.

"

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Chapter IV

Prajñātāra replied,

"Although you have obtained the essential of my religion, you shall not go anywhere far distant. Just stay in South India and wait for an opportunity sixty-seven years after my death. Then you should go to China where you can set up a great Dharma session to teach the best qualified, but do not leave India immediately lest you become quickly exhausted by the troublesome environment of China's capital city.

"

On the twenty-first day of the ninth month in the eighth year of Putong of Liang, in the year of the "fourth stem and sheep,

" Bodhidharma arrived

in Southern China. Suang, the prefect of Guangzhou, sent an official report to Emperor Wu of Liang (r. 464-549). The emperor dispatched his envoy with a decree inviting the patriarch to his imperial court. Bodhidharma arrived in Jinling on the first day of the tenth month and spoke with the ruler, but they did not reach an accord in their meeting. Thereupon Bodhidharma crossed the Yangtze River to the north on the nineteenth day and reached Luoyang on the twenty-third day of the eleventh month, which was the tenth year of Taihe under the reign of Emperor Xiaoming of the Wei dynasty. He stayed in Shao linsi, the temple of Mount Songshan, and spent years facing the wall in silent meditation. No one was able to fathom his purpose; he was called the "wall-facing brahman.

" On the fifth day of the tenth month in the nineteenth year of Taihe ("fourth stem and dragon"), he passed away while sitting upright in meditation. He was buried on Mount Xiongershan on the twentyeighth day of the twelfth month of the year, and a memorial stupa was erected within Dinglinsi. During the Tang dynasty, Bodhidharma was honored by the title Yuangue Dashi ("Fully Enlightened"), and the stupa is called Kongguan ("Contemplation of Emptiness"). III. The Memorial Day for Baizhang

1. The Memorial Rite for Baizhang

Prior to the appointed day, the practice hall official collects contributions to obtain various offerings. On the evening before the day, the ceremonial place should be set up properly in the Dharma hall. The portrait of the master is placed on the rostrum seat and various vessels for the rite of offerings are solemnly set up on the central altar as well as on tables on the right and left sides at the rear 49

The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

of the hall. There will be a memorial service with sutra chanting in the evening, and also another for the fulfillment of the memorial service on the following day, including a special serving of tea, the word of insight and prayer with incense offering, and the word of tribute, as well as incense offering by the dual order officials and three prostrations with opened sitting cloth performed by all the practitioners in unison (so far, the proceedings are identical with those of the memorial rite for Bodhidharma), but excluding the prayer chanting. The invocation of merit transference for the evening rite is as follows: The pure Dharma body has essentially neither phenomenal appearance nor disappearance, but because of great compassion and the power of its vow, it shows, as it were, phenomenal appearance as well as nonappearance. We implore: May compassion shine its bright mirror reflection upon us. On the seventeenth day of the first month, we have respectfully honored the memorial day on which Baizhang Dazhi, Jiaming Huangcong Miaoxiang Changshi, entered absolute quiescence. Assembling all the disciples and offering incense and provisions, we thereby express our care and devotion for the master. We humbly dedicate the merit accrued from chanting the [dhāraṇīs] of the Śūraṃgama-sūtra for the sake of discharging our indebtedness for the compassion which has bestowed refuge upon us. We humbly pray: May the rare flower of the uḍumbaratree once again appear to herald springtime in the garden of enlightenment, and the insight of the sun extend daylight to forever illuminate the night of dark delusion. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on. 2. The Word of Tribute

He spoke, it became the law of the land. It exactly marks the norm and establishes the standard. Through tens of thousands of generations, the Way he established has been known as worthy of reverence. It contains principles and precedences, on the basis of which the harmonious life of the Zen monastic institution has flourished, creating many notable personalities. The Chinese expressions in the Book of Regulations(Qingguai) exactly correspond to those of the Sanskrit Vinaya. The richness of the content is comparable with that of the literary works of Shiqu and 50

Chapter IV

Tianlu. In content, the discourses of teaching (sutras) and the rules of restraint (Vinaya) are combined in a mutually complementary form, and the precision represents a specimen of golden sentences and gemlike phrases combined. The rules of regulation are ceremonial forms that display footprints inside the building; they do not represent the manner of footsteps by which men collect silk floss outside in the field. Whether one should follow a certain norm or leave it, the words avoid the weight and subtlety of thought. Whether one should depart from an occasion or enter into it, the principle permeates every wonder. He ought to be enshrined along with every Zen patriarch. Why should he be enshrined only on his memorial day? May the victorious flags of Indra in his strife overcome all evil ones and heretics, and may great trees of shady coolness such as Linji fill the Buddhist world.

3. A Brief Biography of Baizhang

The master was a native of Changle of Fuzhou province, son of the Wang family. He renounced the world in childhood and was broadly trained in the three areas of Buddhist study (śīla, samādhi, and prajñā). He sought out Mazu for instruction and training in Jiangxi province and joined his flourishing Zen community. Among Mazu's able young disciples, Dazhu, Nanquan, Guizong, and so forth were called great figures, yet the master was appointed primary seat official. When Mazu passed away in Letan, Baizhang succeeded to his position, but due to the increase in the number of practitioners the place became overcrowded with little extra space, and he decided to leave. While traveling, he passed Xinwu and took a rest below Che lun Peak. A man called Ganzhenyuochang donated land and requested him to stay. In the meantime many more practitioners had gathered around him, and finally he decided to build a temple, naming it Datuoti ("Great Development and Improvement"). He passed away on the seventeenth day of the first month in the ninth year of Yuanhe. It is said that the forest of fir trees appeared to look fiery, as if burned, and the beautiful gorge dried up by springtime. The four groups of followers mournfully buried his ashes on Daxiong Peak ("Great Virility"). Prior to this event, a foreign ascetic monk, Sima (Dhutadhara; Tou tuo zhe) by name, had chosen this place as the burial site, saying, "Since

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The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations

this peak is linked to three other peaks but has not been fully appreciated for its wonderful beauty, if his holiness [were buried] on this mountain, it would enhance his stature as a spiritual ruler and command reverence throughout the land.

" It is said that the people of that period all agreed with him. The Tang imperial court granted Baizhang the title Dazhi Chan shi ("Chan Master Great Wisdom") in the first year of Chang qing. The stupa erected at the burial site was called Dabaoshenglun ("Great, Precious, Victorious Wheel"). The Song imperial court further added the title Juezhao ("Mirror of Enlightenment") in the first year of Daguan, and the commemorative tower built was called Hui ju ("Assembly of Wisdom"). In the third year of Yuantong the great Yuan court further added another title, Zen Master Hong zong miaoxing ("Grand Master Wonderful Practice"). IV. The Memorial Rites for the

Founder and the Patriarchs

The founder's memorial day and the successive patriarchs' religious deeds should be properly honored. Whoever contributed to the temple must be enshrined in the Dharma hall the evening before each memorial day. (The procedure is identical to that of the memorial service for Baizhang.) The word of tribute may be exempted. The head administrative official should prepare various offerings. If the word of tribute is omitted for the memorial days of the successive patriarchs, it is not necessary to conduct the special serving of tea and sweet hot water.

Prior to the appointed day, the practice hall official notifies the head administrative official to prepare a set of offerings to be placed on the altar. The tablet of the patriarch in question must be placed at the western end of the rostrum seat. In the morning, after breakfast, the abbot and the dual order officials stand in a single horizontal line facing the altar. The director of practitioners' affairs steps forward and salutes the officials, inviting them to offer incense in pairs. When this is completed and the officials have returned to their positions, the entire assembly performs in unison three prostrations with [opened sitting cloth.] The abbot's assistant does the same at the end of the 52

Chapter IV

east-order column. (The Zhida Regulationssuggest that though the memorial rite of chanting is directed to a particular patriarch, it is not appropriate to prepare only a single set of meal offering.) The director calls for the chanting of the Mahā kāruṇika citta-dhāraṇīs and concludes with the following invocation of merit transference: The vast ocean of illumination of the Tathāgata's insight comprises the waves of whirlpools like the cycle of birth and death (samsara). The teaching of great concentration (samādhi) dissolves the distinctions of coming and going, past and present. We implore: May compassion shine its bright mirror reflection upon us.

On this day of such-and-such month, the temple respectfully honors the memorial day of So-and-so, Patriarch and Zen Master, of such-andsuch generation in the succession of this temple. By offering various delicacies, we express our care and devotion for him, and the assembly of practitioners has chanted the Mahā kāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs. The merit thereby accrued shall be dedicated to enhance the enshrinement of the patriarch with ever more reverence. We respectfully implore: May the sun of insight once again shine, illuminating the luminous seed in the patriarchal room, reviving the springtime of trees and flowers [that flourished] in Shaolinsi, and so on.

Alternatively, the same sacred verses may be chanted by those [who come from the same region as the honored patriarch] or by those who have gathered for an annual retreat for the sake of a particular patriarch. It concludes with the following invocation of merit transference: The merit accrued by the foregoing chanting shall be dedicated for the sake of the great master and teacher So-and-so to enhance his enshrinement with ever more reverence. Veneration to the buddhas of the ten directions and the three times, and so on.

If monetary alms are again distributed, the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs may be chanted and [the ceremony] concludes with the same invocation of merit transference as before.

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V. The Memorial Rite for the

Master of the Dharma Succession

1. Sutra Chanting

Virtuous patriarchs of the past devoted themselves sincerely to the task of promulgating the Zen vehicle of Buddhist spirituality, to the discovery and cultivation of the essential nature of one's self, and to the instruction of junior practitioners in order to teach them what one should receive from one's predecessor and what one should transmit to one's successor. This was the way they paid their debt, just as citing the three crucial passages uttered by Haojian of Ba ling became the honorable act to discharge indebtedness at the memorial service of Yunmen. The predecessors had profound thoughts, and honoring them is the path of grave importance that should not be abandoned. Prior to the appointed day, the abbot requests the head administrative official to prepare a set of offerings and provisions with his own money. The evening before the day [of the memorial], the altar should be set up in the Dharma hall in due manner. The attendants of the practice hall official are obliged to notify the practitioners about the coming event and post the signboard indicating the sutra chanting. That evening, the Śūraṃgama-dhāraṇīs are chanted; those who are from the same province [as the honored master] and those who are related in his Dharma lineage may chant the Mahā kāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs. This is followed by the novice attendants' chanting; the invocation of merit transference is the same as before. Early the next morning, the abbot offers rice gruel at the altar and participates in the breakfast meal, and upon completion of this rite, the practitioners chant the Mahā kāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇīs, while those who come from the same province and who are related in Dharma lineage intone the Śūraṃgamadhāraṇīs. At mid-morning, there should be the sutra chanting for the rite of fulfillment. The abbot offers food, conducts a special serving of tea, and utters the word of insight and the prayer for offering incense. (The proceeding is identical to that of Bodhidharma's memorial service.) The officials of the dual orders jointly offer incense, while the entire assembly performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth. (Since all practitioners, from the senior onward, have originally gathered to receive the abbot's instruction, they are obliged to pay their respects to the abbot's master as well.) 54

Chapter IV

At the time of the midday meal, the abbot enters the practice hall, burns incense, and performs prostrations with opened sitting cloth [before the altar of the sacred guardian image], and returns to his position. The abbot's personal assistant presents a monetary gift to the altar. (If he happens to be at the Dharma hall to conduct the same rite, it is not appropriate to present a monetary gift during the sutra chanting, because to do so would be impolite.) After the noon meal, the abbot serves tea and the incense offering assistant carries out the proceeding.

2. The Special Serving of Tea for the Portrait

After the noon meal is over, the abbot's guest reception assistant delivers to the west hall guest resident and the dual order officials an invitation to participate in a special serving of tea to be conducted before the patriarch's portrait that evening. As the participants move their respective seat markers to the right side of their seats, the abbot makes a gesture of greeting to request them to take their seats. He then proceeds to offer incense and sweet hot water at the altar, and then serves sweet hot water to the participants. Returning to his position, the abbot again burns incense, performs three prostrations with opened sitting cloth, and stands up to bow toward the invitees, thanking them for their presence. Three drumbeats signal the end of the serving of sweet hot water, and the participants leave the hall. If there are three or five guests of the west hall, their seats must be assigned symmetrically opposite the dual order officials. The abbot himself serves sweet hot water to the west hall residents of the first seat section, whereas his assistant serves the dual order officials of the second seat section. If there is no west hall guest in attendance, the first serving is exempted, and fruit or cake are served when the sutra chanting is over. The retired dual order officials must be invited beforehand, and senior or junior practitioners related in the Dharma lineage or colleagues trained under the same master must be also invited. Novices and those who are indirectly related are not entitled to participate in the event. When all participants are seated, the abbot stands to offer incense and sweet hot water. Thereupon, his assistant burns incense and proceeds to serve sweet hot water and fruit or cake. End of Chapter IV: Honoring the Patriarchs

of the Zen Tradition

55