T1593 The Summary of the Great Vehicle, Revised Second Edition

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Notes

1 Paramårtha, one of four translators of the Summary of the Great Vehicle (Mahåyånasaµgraha) into Chinese, is crucially important not merely as a textual witness to Asaçga's basic text but also as an advocate of the teaching of pure consciousness. In his other works, he teaches that the structure of consciousness is grounded on "

amala-vijñåna,

"i.e., pure consciousness. Paramårtha evidently favored Tathågatagarbha teachings. Indeed, he appends the concluding verses from the principal Tathågatagarbha treatise, the Treatise on the Jeweled Nature(Ratnagotra- vibhåga), to his translation of Vasubandhu's Commentary on the Summary of the Great Vehicle(Mahåyånasaµgraha-bhå≈ya). Paramårtha lends support to Chinese notions of one's "original enlightenment" or "basic nature, "

ideas with strong Taoist antecedents. His translation of the Mahåyåna saµgrahais important not only because it is one witness to an ancient Indian treatise but also because it is formative of a host of later Chinese treatises in a number of Chinese schools of Buddhism. At times Paramårtha may be idiosyncratic, and when he is so, I have tried to the best of my ability to reflect his understandings, without homogenizing his Chinese into what we know from the Tibetan or the other three Chinese translations. 2 The other translations refer to an unknown text, the "Abhi dharmamahåyåna s¥tra, "as the source for the present stanza. Paramårtha is not so clear, saying literally,

"this is the teaching of the Abhidharma and the

scriptures of the Great Vehicle,

" which parataxis I take to mean an Abhi dharma-like (i.e., systematic) teaching about the sutras of the Great Vehicle. 3 In broader terms perhaps, the text treats: 1) the structure of mind that supports knowing (Chapter I), 2) the three patterns of knowing in which it can function (Chapter II), 3) the critical theory of conscious construction-only whereby one truly understands that knowing (Chapter III), 4) the path of practice that leads toward the conversion that results in such understanding (Chapters IV to VIII), and 5) the final result of awakening (Chapters IX and X).

4 These ten constitute the systematic treatment of the following ten chapters. 5 Here again the other translations refer to a specific sutra, while Paramårtha attributes the stanza to "the basic or root verses that summarize the Abhi -121

Notes

dharma.

"

6 This is the famous verse from the Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning(Saµdhinirmocana-s¥tra), chapter 5, section 7. A slightly di›erent version of it appears at the bottom of page 29 of the BDK English Tripi†aka edition of this sutra, translated by John P. Keenan (Berkeley, CA: Numata Center, 2000).

7 Note that here the bodhisattvas are taught to understand understanding—in modern parlance, to embrace a critical understanding of mind in order benefit sentient beings. The recommendation is for a hermeneutical approach grounded in critical theory.

8 Here this deep understanding of dependent co-arising found in the Yogåcåra understanding of mind is also the profound teaching of emptiness, for the mind—itself empty—distinguishes and engenders ideas of essences. 9 Thus, this Summary of the Great Vehicleadmits no immanently or originally pure mind, for the world-transcendent mind is elicited from hearing teachings that flow from the reality of awakened Buddhas. 10 Yogåcåra shares the Abhidharma teaching that our actions (karma) bring about the very world we inhabit, the world that receives us, but regards that action as mental action engendered by constructs of consciousness. Perhaps every attempt at critical philosophy tends to flirt with or even adopt idealist positions, because it abandons the naive realism of an inner subject looking at outer objects and turns to an examination of the structure and functioning of sensation, understanding, and judgment. There is an argument whether Yogåcåra itself simply flirts with or embraces such a position, for often passages negate the reality of external objects, while many other passages speak of knowing reality just as it is. 11 Note how dominant a role Yogåcåra philosophy assigns to language in the conscious construction of the other-dependent pattern (paratantra), i.e., the basic pattern of our conscious life, regularly mistaken as imagined realities out there for our pleasure or pain, but recoverable by a conversion of support to the perfected pattern (parini≈panna).

12 Paramårtha uses the term "reality" pattern where the other translators speak of the "perfected" pattern (parini≈panna).

13 A slightly di›erent version of this passage appears on page 53 of the BDK English Tripi†aka edition of the Scripture of the Explication of Underlying Meaning(see note 6, above).

14 Note how here Yogåcåra employs as elsewhere its critical theory of the three patterns of consciousness (including understanding) to interpret the earlier Prajñåpåramitå teachings.

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Notes

15 At issue, perhaps, is how one is to understand the reality pattern. Imagined states are declared nonexistent, other-dependent stages understood on analogy with fleeting realities, but the perfected reality pattern by means of the perfections of these four purities. How is one to understand "original purity"? Perhaps as the original potential of sentient beings to respond to teaching. Perhaps as the seed of awakening (tathågatagarbha). Para mårtha, in his translation of "original, essential purity, " perhaps favors

the latter understanding.

16 This is explicit hermeneutical advice: Read the doctrine of the scriptures within the framework of the three patterns of Yogåcåra critical theory. This philosophy is not therefore a philosophical notion that parallels earlier Mahayana thinking, as does Mådhyamika thought, but is first and foremost a method for exegesis.

17 In this section, the entire hermeneutic is outlined: First, understand the structure of mind and how language permeates it; then how it functions in the three patterns that arise in dependence on that structure; and finally, apply that understanding of consciousness to the interpretation of the scriptures, as exemplified in the next two sections, 33 and 34, where given scriptural terms are read in terms of later commentaries. These two examples are not very exciting perhaps, and it may be di‡cult to discern the import of the critical hermeneutic, but perhaps it is enough for the Yogåcåra scholar to inculcate the principle, which can then be applied with vigor and zest to other, more controversial readings.

18 It is noteworthy that initial insight, i.e., entry into the features of the knowable, is performed not by some wordless concentration but by "correct reflection" into doctrine. Yogåcåra is philosophy based on the practices of yogic concentration but not simply wordless wonder.

19 Even the critical philosophy of Yogåcåra is abandoned in nonimaginative wisdom, for without images there is no insight, and without insight no critical philosophy at all. This is perhaps a Yogåcåra version of the Mådhya mika maxim that one must see the emptiness even of emptiness. 20 The Ornament of the Scriptures of the Great Vehicle(Mahåyånas¥trålaµkåra) is the most frequently cited authority in Asaçga's Summary. Especially frequent are the many citations in chapter ten on awakening as the term of all practice.

21 This is a classic issue in Western theology,

"the problem of evil.

" How can

such su›ering and evil exist if God is all-powerful and all-loving? Here the terms are di›erent but the structure is parallel: How can bodhisattvas, so powerful and capable of alleviating poverty and su›ering, so compassionate and kind toward sentient beings, not actually do so—that is, eliminate poverty and su›ering? The answer here echoes one Western response: 123

Notes

Bodhisattvas are functioning from a higher perspective and here see the full unfolding of possible future karmic results, and so even though they may not alleviate present pain and su›ering, they are nonetheless acting for the true, although unseen, benefit of sentient beings. 22 Literally,

"the six times.

" The Treatise on the Stages of Yogic Meditation

(Yogåcårabh¥mi, Taishø Vol. 30, No. 1579, p. 499b), has: "Thus the Tathågata of the six times—the three [divisions] of day and the three [divisions] of night—by means of his Buddha-eye, constantly perceives the world. "

23 Paramårtha's order of the remaining sections di›ers from the other translations. I have enumerated them as they are found in Lamotte's La Somme du Grand Véhicule d'Asa√gato highlight the textual di›erences. In his translation of Vasubandhu's Commentary on the Summary of the Great VehicleParamårtha adds stanzas taken from the Treatise on the Jeweled Nature,the principle commentary of the Tathågatagarbha tradition. Perhaps Paramårtha wants readers to understand Yogåcåra exclusively in terms of the the Tathågatagarbha lineage. See Gri‡ths, et al., The Realm of Awakening,pp. 272-3.

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Glossary

Abhidharma: Philosophical analysis. Specifically, texts so named which attempt systematic understanding of the Buddha's teaching, commenting on it and arranging it into analytic categories. More generallly, any analytic commentary. Early Mahayana scriptures refute the realism of earlier Abhidharma theory. Later Mahayana thinkers—such as Yogåcåra philosophers—reclaim theory in a context of conventional discourse, e.g., the Treatise on the Stages of Yogic Meditation(Yogåcårabh¥mi). Asaçga wrote a glossary entitled Abhidharma-samuccaya(Compendium of Abhidharma Terms).

Abhidharma Scripture(Abhidharma-mahåyåna-s¥tra): An early Yogåcåra text preserved only in fragments. See alsoYogåcåra.

active consciousnesses (prav®tti-vijñåna): The seven consciousnesses of thinking, perceiving, and the fivefold sense consciousnesses, to be distinguished from the latent container consciousness. See alsocontainer consciousness; perceiving consciousness; sense consciousnesses; thinking consciousness. Analysis of the Middle and the Extremes(Madhyånta-vibhåga): A Yogåcåra text attributed to Maitreya.

appropriating consciousness (ådåna-vijñåna): The consciousness that appropriates the sense body and supports transmigration; a synonym for the container consciousness. See alsocontainer consciousness; transmigration. Asaçga (ca. 310-390 C.E.): With his brother Vasubandhu, co-founder of the School of Conscious Construction-only (Vijñaptimåtratå), also known as the Yogåcåra; author of the Summary of the Great Vehicle(Mahåyåna saµgraha). See alsoVasubandhu; Yogåcåra. asura:A class of superhuman beings that are in constant conflict with the gods.

Asvabhåva (ca. sixth century C.E.): Author of the Interpretation of the Summary of the Great Vehicle(Mahåyånasaµgrahopanibandhana). 125

Glossary

bodhisattva ("enlightenment being"): The spiritual ideal of the Mahayana, a selfless being with universal compassion who sees the universal emptiness of phenomena and has generated the profound aspiration to achieve enlightenment in order to benefit sentient beings. In the course of their spiritual careers, bodhisattvas engage in the practice of the six perfections and pass through ten stages of increasingly higher levels of spiritual accomplishment. See alsoemptiness; Mahayana; six perfections; ten stages.

Bodhisattva Stages(Bodhisattvabh¥mi): A basic Mahayana text. Buddha factors: Six factors that comprise the Dharma body—purification, maturation, dwelling, mastery, verbal expression, and alleviation. Buddha-nature: The basic enlightened nature of sentient beings, which is chronically obscured by their ignorance. The complete unfolding of the Buddha-nature is enlightenment itself.

concentration (samådhi, samåpatti): Any of various states of meditative absorption, each characterized by di›erent qualities. Nonconceptual concentration (nirvikalpa-samåpatti) is fundamental wisdom, apart from any content but poised to reengage in a dependently co-arisen world. The concentration of destruction (nirodha-samåpatti), by contrast, is a transient state that suspends all mental activity whatsoever. condition (pratyaya): The entity whereby something comes to be. The Yogå cåra posits a fourfold schema of conditions: the direct cause (hetupratyaya); the dominant condition (adhipati-pratyaya), which leads a direct cause to exercise its e‡cacy; the immediately antecedent condition (samanantara-pratyaya), whereby, in a constant state of momentariness, the instantaneous state of a thing causes its immediately subsequent state; and the objective cause (ålambana-pratyaya), the object that causes a corresponding consciousness to arise. Yogåcåra thinkers inherited this schema from Abhidharma philosophy.

conscious construction-only (vijñapti-måtratå): The central teaching of the Yogåcåra school of Buddhism, which indicates that we mistakenly take mental constructions (vijñapti) as presenting realities external to the consciousness (vijñåna) in which they appear, yet they are only mental constructs and not ultimate truth. See alsoYogåcåra. container consciousness (ålaya-vijñåna): The latent, seminal consciousness that supports karmically defiled awareness; the storehouse of all the seeds, imprints of mental defilements, that generate delusion. See also seed.

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Glossary

conversion of support (åΩraya-paråv®tti): Refers to the conversion, or turning around of consciousness from the imagined (parikalpita) to the reality pattern (parini≈panna). See alsoimagined pattern; reality pattern. correct reflection (yoniΩo-manaskåra): Insight into the mental words of doctrine. defiled and pure aspect: A term used in the Abhidharma Scripturefor the other-dependent pattern (paratantra).See alsoother-dependent pattern. defiled aspect: A term used in the Abhidharma Scripturefor an imagined pattern (parikalpita).See alsoimagined pattern.

dependent co-arising (prat∆tyasamutpåda): The doctrine that all things come into being only in dependence upon other things; mutual causality between things; in this text it refers to the mutual causality between the di›erent levels of consciousness.

destiny (gati): Any of the six realms of existence in which sentient beings are born in the cycle of transmigration—the realms of the gods (devas), angry titans (asuras), humans, animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), or hell (naraka). Birth in these various destinies is conditioned on one's karmic past. See alsotransmigration.

deva: A god; a divine being.

Dharma body (dharmakåya): The sphere of ultimate reality characterized by the conversion of support, by radiant qualities, by nonduality, by eternity, and by inconceivability. See alsothree bodies. emptiness (Ω¥nyatå): The absence of permanent essence in things.All phenomena are devoid of independent, permanent existence, self-nature (svabhåva), and instead exist only in dependence on a complex web of causes and conditions and go on existing only as long as those causes and conditions prevail. The doctrine of emptiness is the central teaching of Mahayana Buddhism. In Yogåcåra philosophy, the term is used to refer to the absence of the imagined pattern in the other-dependent pattern. See alsoimagined pattern; Mahayana; other-dependent pattern; Yogåcåra.

enjoyment body (saµbhogakåya): An apparent material or activated body supported on the Dharma body and appearing for the sake of bodhisattvas. See alsobodhisattva; Dharma body; three bodies. eon (kalpa): An immeasurably long period of time, thought to be necessary to uproot one's karmic past by the practice of the path. 127

Glossary

essence body (svåbhåvikakåya): Same as the Dharma body. See alsoDharma body.

evolutions of consciousness (vijñåna-pari√åma): The karmic developments of consciousness.

experiential consciousness: The active consciousness of sense experience, discrimination, and activity. foundational consciousness (m¥la-vijñåna): Synonym for the container consciousness, foundational because it is the latent source of karmic conditioning for the active consciousnesses. See alsoactive consciousnesses; container consciousness.

four inquiries: Four correct doctrinal insights into names, objects, essences, and di›erences.

four intentions and four aims: The intentions and aims of Buddhas, according to which one must interpret scripture.

four kinds of birth: According to Buddhism, the four possible ways that a being may be born, i.e., 1) from a womb, 2) from an egg, 3) from moisture, or 4) through metamorphosis or spontaneous generation. four kinds of pure states: Original purity, undefiled purity, purity of path, and purity of object.

four wisdoms: The four types of transformed consciousness discussed in Yogåcåra philosophy—1) clear manifestation (ådarΩa-jñåna), 2) equality (samatå-jñåna), 3) returning insight (pratya vek≈a√å- jñåna), and 4) duty fulfillment (k®tyånu≈†håna -jñåna). These wisdoms emerge from the eight forms of consciousness when illusion is destroyed and enlightenment is realized. See alsoYogåcåra.

garu∂a: A mythological being in the form of a giant bird. Hinayana ("Lesser Vehicle): A generic term applied by Mahayanists to the vehicles of the word-hearers and the solitary enlightened ones, characterized by insight into emptiness of self but not the emptiness of things. See alsoemptiness; Mahayana; solitary enlightened one; word-hearer. Hui-k'ai (517-568): Paramårtha's disciple and amanuensis. imagined pattern (parikalpita-svabhåva): The appearance of nonexistent objects, which are only conscious constructs, as real. 128

Glossary

kiµnara:A class of mythical beings, either half human and half bird or half human and half horse, that make celestial music.

Mådhyamika: Någårjuna's philosophy of the Middle Way, explaining emptiness. See alsoNågårjuna. Mahayana ("Great Vehicle"): A form of Buddhism that developed in India around 100 B.C.E.and which exalts as its religious ideal bodhisattvas, great beings who are willing to delay their own enlightenment until they can save all sentient beings. Such selfless compassion becomes possible only when the practitioner grasps the central Mahayana doctrine of emptiness. See alsobodhisattva; emptiness.

mahoraga:A class of snake-like mythical beings.

masteries: Five masteries of the Dharma body—in manifesting Buddha lands, over pleasant abodes, in teaching, in transformations, and in the four wisdoms. See alsoDharma body.

maturing consciousnesses (vipåka-vijñåna): The basic character of the container consciousness permeated by karmic seeds. See alsocontainer consciousness; seed. mind (citta): A synonym for the container consciousness. See alsocontainer consciousness.

Någårjuna (second-third century B.C.E.): The principal philosopher of the Mahayana teaching of emptiness. See also emptiness; Mahayana. non-abiding cessation (aprati≈†hita-nirvå√a): Bodhisattvas' attainment of cessation whereby they abandon defilement but not transmigration. See alsobodhisattva; transmigration.

nonimaginative wisdom (nirvikalpa-jñåna): Nondiscriminative wisdom; wisdom apart from any image, concept, or judgment that might distinguish or discriminate one thing from another. Silent, wordless wisdom. original purity (prak®ti-vyavadåna): Essential purity, suchness, the reality limit, the imageless, reality, the reality realm.

Ornament of the Sutra of the Great Vehicle(Mahåyånas¥trålaµkåra): A basic Yogåcåra text attributed to Maitreya. See alsoYogåcåra. other-dependent pattern (paratantra-svabhåva): The consciously constructed di›erentiations that have the container consciousness as their seed and that are included within unreal imagining. See alsocontainer consciousness. 129

Glossary

outflow from the pure reality realm (dharmadhåtu-ni≈yanda): A characterization of the purity of object, i.e., the doctrine, as coming directly from the realm of reality.

Paramårtha (499-569): One of the four Chinese translators of the Summary of the Great Vehicle.

perceiving consciousness (manovijñåna): The mind that perceives that which has been contacted through a sense organ and its corresponding sense consciousness. See alsosense consciousnesses.

perfection (påramitå): The Mahayana understanding of wisdom and virtue, perfected by insight into emptiness to go beyond the previous attachment to "good works.

" See alsoMahayana.

permeation (våsanå): The influence of karmic seeds upon consciousness. See alsoseed.

permeation of hearing (Ωruta-våsanå): The imbuing of the mind with the hearing of doctrine.

Prajñåpåramitå ("Perfection of Wisdom"): The name of a body of Mahayana scriptures that emphasize the doctrine of emptiness, and which served as the fundamental texts for a number of important Buddhist schools, including Yogåcåra. See alsoemptiness; Mahayana; Yogåcåra. primal ignorance (avidyå): The unenlightened state. pure aspect: A term in the Abhidharma Scripturefor the reality pattern (parini≈panna). See also reality pattern.

purity of object (ålambana-vyavadåna): The true doctrine of the Great Vehicle (Mahayana), which is the object of teaching and meditation. purity of path (mårga-vyavadåna): The path of practice leading to undefiled purity.

quietude and insight (Ωamatha-vipaΩyanå): The two traditional phases of meditative concentration. See alsoconcentration.

reality pattern (parini≈panna-svabhåva): The eternal nonexistence in the other-dependent pattern of nonexistent objects. See alsoother-dependent pattern.

saint (arhat): An accomplished practitioner, the highest degree of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana. While the term sometimes comes under criticism by Mahayana thinkers as exemplifying an inferior practitioner, 130

Glossary

it is often applied to Buddhas and bodhisattvas, no doubt due to the force of the ancient traditions. See alsoHinayana; Mahayana. Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning(Saµdhinirmocanas¥tra): A foundational Yogåcåra scripture. See alsoYogåcåra. seed (b∆ja): The inner habit energies that lie in the container consciousness. See alsocontainer consciousness.

sense consciousnesses: The consciousnesses, i.e., visual consciousness, aural consciousness, olfactory consciousness, gustatory consciousness, and tactile consciousness, that arise from contact between the five sense organs of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body with their respective objects.

single vehicle (ekayåna): The one Buddha vehicle of the Mahayana. See also Mahayana.

six perfections (paråmitås): The traditional six bodhisattva virtues—giving (dåna), discipline (Ω∆la), patience (k≈ånti), zeal (v∆rya), meditation (dhyåna), and wisdom (prajñå).

solitary enlightened one (pratyekabuddha): A sage who attains enlightenment by directly observing the dependent co-arising of phenomena, without the guidance of a teacher, and who intends neither to guide others nor to expound the teaching to others. One of the two kinds of Hinayana sages. See alsodependent co-arising; Hinayana.

subsequently attained wisdom (p®≈†halabdha-jñåna): Correct discriminative wisdom realized after nonimaginative wisdom, in virtue of which a bodhisattva carries out the tasks of compassion. See alsobodhisattva; nonimaginative wisdom. suchness (tathatå): The content of wisdom insight into things as they really are; ultimate truth; ultimate reality. The content of the perfect wisdom (prajñåpåramitå) insight into the nature of reality just as it is, i.e., empty of self-nature and dependently arisen. Apprehension of this state is enlightenment. See alsodependent co-arising; emptiness. Tathågata: An epithet for the Buddha. It means "one who has gone to (gata) and come from (ågata) the truth of suchness (tathå), " i.e.,

"one who

embodies the truth of suchness (tathå).

" See alsosuchness.

tathågatagarbha:Another name for the Buddha-nature that is within all beings, conceived of as a kind of storeroom or receptacle where the embryo of the Tathågata is retained and matured. See alsoBuddha-nature; 131

Glossary

Tathågata.

ten distractions: The varieties of distracted imaginings that must be countered by nonimaginative wisdom. See alsononimaginative wisdom. ten stages: The stages (bh¥mis) of bodhisattva practice—joy (pramuditåbh¥mi), stainlessness (vimalå-bh¥mi), bright radiance (pra bhå kar∆bh¥mi), blazing fire (arci≈mat∆-bh¥mi), di‡cult to conquer (sudurjayåbh¥mi), presence (abhimukh∆-bh¥mi), far-reaching (d¥raµ gamå-bh¥mi), imperturbability (acalå-bh¥mi), subtle wisdom (sådhumat∆-bh¥mi), and the Dharma cloud (dharmameghå-bh¥mi). See also bodhisattva. thinking consciousness: Each of the sense organs, including the perceiving mind, has a corresponding consciousness by which its objects are known. The thinking function of the mind arises from and leads to defilement by giving rise to discriminative thoughts and false ideas. See alsocontainer consciousness; perceiving consciousness; sense consciousnesses. thought (manas): This term comprises both the immediately disappearing consciousness and defiled thinking.

three bodies (trikåya): The three bodies of the Buddha—1) the Dharma body (dharmakåya), which is the Buddha as suchness or ultimate reality, 2) the enjoyment body (saµbhogakåya), acquired by Buddhas through absolute perfection of their practice; this body can go everywhere, is omniscient, etc., and 3) the transformation body (nirmå√a kåya), whereby, out of compassion, the Buddha manifests in an infinite number of forms in order to assist sentient beings. See alsosuchness. three patterns (trisvabhåva): The three modes of consciousness—imagination (parikalpita), other-dependence (paratantra), and reality (pari ni≈panna). See alsoimagined pattern; other-dependent pattern; reality pattern. three themes: The summary themes of the Great Vehicle (i.e., the Mahayana) according to Yogåcåra philosophy—the dependent co-arising of the consciousnesses; dependently co-arisen states or the active evolutions of consciousness; and the meaning of what has been taught, i.e., a hermeneutic drawn from Yogåcåra critical theory. See alsoMahayana; Yogåcåra. three vehicles: The paths of the word-hearers, solitary enlightened ones, and bodhisattvas, respectively. See alsobodhisattva; solitary enlightened one; word-hearer.

transformation body (nirmå√akåya): A fictive body supported on the Dharma body and appearing for the sake of word-hearers and solitary enlightened 132

Glossary

ones. See alsoDharma body; solitary enlightened one; three bodies; wordhearer. transmigration (samsara): The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth to which sentient beings are subject as a result of their past actions (karma). See alsodestiny.

triple word: 1) The world of desire (kåmadhåtu), 2) the world of form (r¥pa dhåtu), experienced by those who have severed all desires but still experience the world as form, and 3) the world of formlessness (år¥pya dhåtu), experienced by those who have severed all desires and attachment to form but have still not attained enlightenment.

two vehicles: The two Hinayana paths of the word-hearers and solitary enlightened ones. See alsoHinayana; solitary enlightened one; wordhearer. undefiled purity (vaimålya-vyavadåna): Original purity separated from all adventitious defilements.

Vasubandhu (ca. 320-400 C.E.): The brother of Asaçga and co-founder of the School of Conscious Construction-only (Vijñaptimåtratå), also known as the Yogåcåra;author of the Commentary on the Summary of the Great Ve hicle(Mahåyånasaµgraha-bhå≈ya). See alsoAsaçga; Yogå cåra. wisdom of omniscience (sarvajñå): The all-knowing wisdom of a bodhisattva. See alsobodhisattva.

word-hearer (Ωråvaka): Originally, a disciple of the Buddha, one who directly heard his teachings; a practitioner who follows a literal interpretation of scripture; later generally used by Mahayanists to refer to followers of the Hinayana. See alsoHinayana; Mahayana.

yak≈a:A class of demonic beings.

Yogåcåra: Literally, the practice of meditative union (yoga); an alternate name for the School of Conscious Construction-only (Vijñaptimåtratå) developed by the Indian masters Asaçga and Vasubandhuin the fourth century C.E.. The name may indicate that the original members of this school focused on practices of yogic meditation. See alsoAsaçga; conscious construction-only; Vasubandhu.

133

Bibliography

Anacker, Stefan. Seven Works of Vasubandhu, the Buddhist Psychological Doctor.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984. Gri‡ths, Paul J. On Being Mindless: Buddhist Meditation and the Mind-Body Problem.LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1986. Gri‡ths, Paul J., Noriaki Hakamaya, John P. Keenan, and Paul Swanson. The Realm of Awakening: Chapter Ten of Asaçga's Mahåyåna-saµgraha. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hakamaya, Noriaki.

"The Realm of Enlightenment in Vijñaptimåtratå: The Formulation of the Four Kinds of Pure Dharmas. " Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies3 (1980): 21-41. Hall, Bruce Cameron.

"The Meaning of Vijñapti in Vasubandhu's Concept of Mind.

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Hattori, Masaaki.

"The Transformation of the Basis (åΩraya-paråv®tti) in the Yogåcåra System of Philosophy.

" In All-Einheit: Wege eines Gedankens in Ost und West,edited by Dietrich Heinrich, pp. 100-8. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981. Keenan, John P.

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.

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Lamotte, Étienne. La Somme du Grand Véhicule d'Asaçga (Mahåyåna-saµgraha).2 vols. Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut Orientaliste, Université de Louvain, 1973. This French translation is the standard Western-language translation of the Summary of the Great Vehicle. Lindtner, Christian.

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Bibliography

Nagao, Gadjin. The Foundational Standpoint of Mådhyamika Philosophy. Translated by John P. Keenan. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989.

—

. Shødaijøron: Wayaku to ch¥kai(Summary of the Great Vehicle:Japanese Translation and Notes). 2 vols. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1982 and 1987. Japanese translation based on all four Chinese translations and Tibetan translation. Sanskrit reconstruction appended. The standard study. —

. Mådhyamika and Yogåcåra: A Study of Mahåyåna Philosophies: Collected Papers of G. M. Nagao.Edited, collated, and translated by L. A. Kawamura in collaboration with G. M. Nagao. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991. Paul, Diana. Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China: Paramårtha's "Evolution of Consciousness.

"Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press,

1984. A well-researched and readable book on Paramårtha and his thought.

Schmithausen, Lambert. Ålayavijñåna: On the Origin and Early Development of a Central Concept in Yogåcåra Buddhism.2 vols. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1987.

Tatz, Mark. Asaçga's Chapter on Ethics with the Commentary of Tsong-Khapa, the Basic Path to Awakening, the Complete Bodhisattva.Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986. 136

Index

A

Abhidharma xiv, 9, 13, 121, 122 Abhidharma-mahåyåna-s¥tra(see also Abhidharma Scripture) 51, 121

Abhidharma Scripture (see also Great Vehicle Abhidharma; Mahayana Abhidharma) 51 abiding 42, 69,72, 83, 97, 112 five kinds of 97

abode(s) (see alsoBuddha abode; four Brahmå abodes) 7, 68, 105, 114, 115

of Tathågatas 114 of the unconscious gods 32 action(s) 6, 21, 24, 25, 26, 35, 41, 56, 58, 70, 75, 80, 97, 98, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122

good 28, 35, 51

defiled, of defilement 25-6 evil 30, 35, 51, 76 five 115

nondual 55

passionate, of the passions 54, 90, 99

activity(ies) (see alsofour immeasurable activities; mental activity) 23, 43, 44, 45, 51, 56, 74, 77, 91, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114

acts (see alsodeeds) 104 of body and speech 42, 85, 86 of body, speech, and mind 85, 86 evil 94

of imagining 44

of lust 19

of reflective listening 19 ten sinful 86

of volition 42

ådåna-vijñåna. Seeconsciousness, appropriating

adepts 35

aggregate(s) 17, 48, 97, 105-6, 111, 112

five appropriated 17-18 aid(s) 91, 93

four 67

to memory 21

ålaya. Seepossessions ålaya-vijñåna. Seeconsciousness, container

Analysis of the Middle and the Extremes(see also Madhyåntavibhåga) xiii, 23, 80 anger (see alsohatred) 74, 77 animals 43, 44, 96 anuttara-samyak-saµbodhi. See awakening, supreme appropriation(s) (see alsoconsciousness, appropriating) 16, 17, 26, 33, 41

arhat. Seesaint

år¥pyadhåtu. Seeworld of formlessness 137

Index

Asaçga xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, 7-8, 121, 123

asceticism 103

aspect(s) 34, 51, 99, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117

defiled 51, 52, 99, 104 five, of practice 105 pure, purified 51, 52, 82, 99, 104 six 76

three 22, 51-2, 62 aspiration(s) 11, 57, 83, 86, 107, 108, 110, 116, 118 six 75-6

two 116

asuras 114

Asvabhåva xvi, xvii attachment(s) 18, 48, 63, 72, 77, 110

avarice (see alsogreed) 89 awakening 39, 50, 63, 72, 76, 80, 83, 88, 107, 110, 112, 117, 121, 123

highest 11, 30

perfect 103, 104, 107, 112 purified 75, 77

supreme 11, 16, 54, 62, 63, 73, 75, 76, 82, 86, 113, 118 wisdom 39, 40

B

Bahuratna 54

being (see alsononbeing) 11, 26, 33, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56

benefit 114

for both self and others 80, 109 for others 51, 74, 75, 76, 111 for sentient beings 57, 58, 73, 75, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 97, 98, 100, 110, 114

138

bh¥mi. Seestage

b∆ja. Seeseed

birth(s) (see alsodestiny; rebirth) 23, 24, 51, 77, 104, 112 defilement of 26, 28 four kinds of 21

birth and death, cycle of (see also rebirth; transmigration) 51, 53, 57

bodhisattva(s) xv, 10, 11, 16, 30, 32, 35, 40, 43, 47-8, 51, 55, 56, 58, 61-70, 71-2, 75-6, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88-90, 91-6, 97-8, 99-100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123-4

four deportments of 75 innumerable 76, 104, 107, 116 practice(s) of 11, 55, 58-9, 76 and six perfections (see alsoperfections, six) 71-3, 75-6, 77, 82

ten distractions of 47-8 ten stages of. Seestage thirty-two qualities of 57 three trainings of 11 Bodhisattvabh¥mi. See Bodhi sattva Stages bodhisattva-pi†aka 114 Bodhisattva Stages 85 body(ies) (see alsoBuddha body) 14, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 56, 87, 100, 103, 105, 109, 112, 113, 116 apparitional 118

of essence (see alsoDharma body; essence body) 10

liberation 30

of good qualities 55 of reward (see alsoenjoyment body) 10

three (see alsothree bodies of the Buddha) 93, 110

of transformation (see alsotransformation body) 10, 106 ultimate. SeeDharma body bondage 35, 36, 42, 108 Book of Gradual Sayings 16-17 brahman 4

Buddha 3, 10, 13, 14, 16, 39, 90, 95, 106, 111, 114, 117, 118 and Maitreya 39

qualities of (see alsoBuddha qualities) 55, 108, 110 teaching, word(s) of 5, 9, 11, 16, 29, 39, 43, 54, 55, 67, 70, 86, 95, 115-16

Buddha abode 56

Buddha body(ies) (see alsothree bodies of the Buddha) 103, 118 Buddha-Dharma 3, 5 Buddha-eye 124

Buddha factors, six kinds of 106-7 Buddhahood 53, 96, 105, 116 Buddha land(s) 34, 56, 57, 90, 103, 105, 113, 115

Buddha-nature xv

Buddha qualities (see alsoBuddha, qualities of) 68, 72-3, 85, 90, 110

Buddhas xv, 9, 30, 49, 53, 54, 56, 61, 66, 72, 74, 90, 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113-14, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122 BuddhaΩånta xv

Buddha sons 39, 68 Buddha Tathågatas (see also Tathågata) 53, 88, 89, 106, 107, 114, 115

Buddha vehicle (see alsovehicle, single) 115

Buddhism, Buddhist xiii, xv, 121 Index

C

cakravartin. Seeuniversal monarchs causal, causality 22, 23, 35, 66, 116 cause(s) 11, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 32, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 55, 65, 71, 72, 79, 82, 85, 91, 92, 96, 98, 103, 110, 114, 115, 119 direct 28

generative 19, 20

immediately antecedent 23 reciprocal 20, 23

and result(s) 9, 10, 11, 21, 33, 66, 71, 79

cessation 11, 13, 28, 51, 53, 68, 97, 100-1, 111, 112, 116, 118, final 57, 103, 113 non-abiding 10, 68, 97, 99 original 53

without remainder 97 characteristic(s) 11, 13, 19, 54, 66, 71, 73, 79, 85, 87, 91, 99, 103, 104, 105

of the container consciousness 19, 22

of the knowable 11, 37, 61, 66, 71, 79

charity 54, 57

Chi 3

Chien-yeh 5

Chih-chih Temple 6, 7 China 3

Chin-chiang 5

Chin dynasty 3

Chinese xv, xvi, xvii, 7, 121 Chou 3

Chung-ch'ing 6

Chung Tzu-chi 5

citta(see alsomind) 14, 16 cognition-only (see alsorecognition) 64

139

Index

Commentary on the Summary of the Great Vehicle xv-xvi, 7, 8, 121, 124

compassion 57, 98

great 3, 108, 110

concentration(s) 15, 27, 28, 31-2, 43, 67, 73, 74, 80, 81, 87, 90, 96, 97, 98, 105, 109

of the acquisition of clarity 67 that destroys thought 15, 31, 32 of destruction 32

diamondlike 105

four 66-7

Great Vehicle light 87 of the heroic march 10, 87 illustrious protector 87 of increased clarity 67 irreversible 117

merit-accumulation royal 87 nonconceptual 15

noncontentious 107, 108 nonimaginative 43

of partially penetrating reality 67 of the space storehouse 10 uninterrupted 67

yogic 123

conceptualization 27-8, 31, 48, 106 condition(s) 11, 14, 88, 100, 106, 112

dominant 23, 28

confreres 115

conscious construct(s), construction(s) 37-8, 39, 40-1, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 55, 62, 64, 66, 97, 114, 122

conscious construction-only xv, 8, 10, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 61, 64-5, 66-7, 69, 71, 121 conscious interiority xiii, xiv consciousness(es) xiii, xiv, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24-5, 140

26, 29, 30, 31, 33-4, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45-6, 48, 52, 61, 82, 106, 107, 121, 123 active xiv, 23, 24, 31, 116-17 actively evolving 55 appropriating 14, 26, 27 container xiv, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20-1, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26-7, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 61, 66, 106, 116

defiled 14, 26, 27 ear 29

experiential 23

eye (see alsoconsciousness, visual) 40

foundational 17, 20, 30, 31, 34, 37, 43, 46, 87

fundamental 17, 45, 52, 66 maturative, maturing 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 55 mental 25, 40

other-dependent 45 perceptive, perceiving xiv, 26 seminal 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32 sense, sensing xiv, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47

supported 26

supporting 43, 99-100 thinking (see also manas) xiv, 26-7, 29, 41-2, 43, 44-5, 95 visual (see alsoconsciousness, eye) 24, 25, 40

womb 26

conversion(s) xiii, 33, 99-100, 106-7, 116, 121

of support 31, 32, 33, 68, 99-100, 104, 105, 106, 122 countering 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 54, 56, 62, 87

cultivation(s) 9, 10, 11, 25, 62, 74-

Index

5, 77, 96, 97, 98 five 74

D

dåna(see alsogiving) 71, 74 DaΩabh¥mika-s¥tra. See Scripture on the Ten Stages deeds 87-8, 95, 110 of bodhisattvas 75, 86 of Buddha(s), Tathågata(s) 74, 95, 106, 107, 111, 113 ten true, that are di‡cult to practice 88 defilement(s) 15, 20, 25, 26, 29, 38, 40, 95, 99

of action 25-6

of birth 26, 28

of passion(s) 25, 108 and purification 46, 49, 62 two 109

delight (see alsojoy) 16, 17, 18, 71, 76, 89

in doctrine 81, 82, 103, 106, 114 spiritual 75, 76 deliverance (see alsoliberation) 109, 114

delusion(s) 16, 45, 50, 77, 90 four 16

demons 109

dependent co-arising xiii, xiv, 20, 23, 54, 122

twelvefold 11, 21, 26, 81 two levels of 20-1 desire(s) 5, 18, 24-5, 28, 31, 35, 77, 90, 103, 105, 111, 118 sensual (see alsolust) 85, 89, 117 world of. Seeworld of desire desirelessness (see alsonon-desire) 114

destiny(ies)

evil 18, 21, 30, 35, 37, 112, 115 good 21, 35, 37, 115 of neither conceptualization nor nonconceptualization 27-8 of nonbeing 28

pleasant and joyful 62 six 14, 21, 33, 51 detachment 112

devotion xv

Dharma (see alsoBuddha-Dharma; Period of the Counterfeit Dharma) 112

wheel of the 103 Dharma body (see alsoessence body; three bodies of the Buddha) xv, 30, 56, 57, 66, 81, 82, 90, 103, 104-8, 110-11, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118-19 eight governing spheres of 107, 108

inconceivability of 105, 113 ten entire spheres of 107, 108 Dharmagupta xv, xvii dharmakåya. See Dharma body Dharma realm 69, 115 five functions of 115 dhyåna(see alsomeditation) 71, 74 di›erences 9, 10, 11, 41, 54, 58, 116 eleven, of the path of insight of word-hearers and bodhisattvas 58

five, of actions 115 D∆paçkaraΩr∆jñåna xvii disciple(s) 4, 5 discipline 5, 6, 10, 54, 57, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 85-6, 87, 89, 98, 104 bodhisattva 80, 85-6 perfection of. See perfection, of discipline

of word-hearers 85 distractions 48, 74 ten 47-8

141

Index

doctrine(s) (see alsoteaching) 5, 17, 19, 29, 43, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 81, 82, 90, 95, 104, 106, 114, 117, 118, 123

of conscious construction-only 10 false 47

great 5, 80

of the Great Vehicle 50, 54, 61, 68, 87, 103, 105

heretical 56

of no-self 19

true 5, 7, 17, 18, 19, 47, 56, 57, 58, 68, 70, 115

doubt(s) 3, 6, 50-1, 56, 63, 110 dream(s) (see alsomagic; mirage) 35, 38-9, 40, 43, 50, 51, 96 dual, duality (see alsonondual, nonduality) 42, 56, 64, 68, 69 E

East China Sea 3

e›ort(s) 8, 17, 43, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 88, 93, 118, 119 Ekottarågama-s¥tra. See Book of Gradual Sayings

embodied person 37, 38, 41 embryo 26-7

emptiness xiii, xv, 42, 48, 50, 52, 89, 104, 114, 122, 123 and form 48

enjoyment (see alsodelight; joy) 17, 18, 113, 114, 115, 117 enjoyment body(ies) (see alsothree bodies of the Buddha) xv, 56, 103, 106, 107, 116-17, 118 enlightenment (see alsoawakening) 121 eon(s) 67, 75, 82-3 four 83

seven 82, 83

142

thirty-three 82, 83 three 11, 82-3

equality 100, 106, 115 essence(s) (see alsonon-essence) 20-1, 48, 52, 64, 68, 72, 91, 110, 122

imagining of 45, 46 original 21

three absences of 53, 69 essence body (see alsoDharma body; three bodies of the Buddha) 103, 116-17 eternity 90, 105, 114 excellence(s) 11, 58, 79, 83, 85-6 four, fourfold 85-6 of quiescent abandonment 99, 103 six kinds of 73

of thinking 87

of training in discipline 87 of training in thinking 87, 91 of wisdom 103

of wisdom training 91, 99 Extensive Scripture on the Call to Discipline 86

F

fabrication (see alsononfabrication) 35, 110

factor(s) (see alsoBuddha factors) 106-7

of awakening 50, 112 of existence 37, 41 faith (see alsomind, of faith) 5, 32, 63, 76, 83, 86, 89 Fan-yü 5

fearlessness(es) 68, 76, 109, 115 four 107

Fen pieh kuan lun. See Treatise on Meditating on Conscious Construction

form(s) 17, 32, 87, 95 and emptiness 48 immaterial 41

material 17, 38, 40, 41, 65, 87 perceptible 39, 48, 46 world of. Seeform realms; world of form

formlessness. Seeworld of formlessless form realms (see alsoworld of form) 42

four aims 53, 54 four barriers 62, 63 four Brahmå abodes 58 four continents 117 four enticement(s) 57-8 four immeasurable activities 106, 107, 108

four inquiries 58, 64, 67, 68 four intentions 53-4 four Vedas 4

friend(s) 4, 57 evil 58

good 57, 58, 59 function(s) 110, 115 five 115

G

Ganges River 54, 75 garu∂as 114

gate(s) 114, 115 giving (see also dåna) 63, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88-9, 98 perfection of. Seeperfection, of giving

god(s) 21, 96, 111, 114, 116 unconscious 15, 25, 32 good roots 31, 32, 61, 62, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 86, 106 gradations 63, 82-3 five 82-3

Index

Great Vehicle 5, 7, 8, 9-11, 20, 50, 54, 58, 61, 63, 67, 68, 87, 88, 103, 105, 109, 115, 116, 121 ten themes of 9-10, 11 three themes of 54 Great Vehicle Abhidharma (see alsoAbhidharma-mahåyånas¥tra;Mahayana Abhidharma) 119

greed (see alsoavarice) 77 Gri›iths, Paul xvi, 124 H

Hakamaya, Noriaki xvi haµsa 31

Han dynasty 3

hatred (see alsoanger) 74, 90 hearing 29-31, 61, 63, 76, 92, 99 doctrine 47, 57, 58, 61, 65 permeation of. Seepermeation, of hearing

hells 47

Heng-chou 6

heretic(s), heretical 56, 97, 103, 115, 117

Hinayana (see alsovehicle, lesser) 8 Hsüan-tsang xv, xvii Hui-chih 6

Hui-k'ai xvi

human(s) 43, 44, 96, 111, 112, 114 realm. Seerealm, human Hung-chou 5

hungry ghosts 43, 44, 96 I

idealism, idealist xv, 122 ignorance(s) 80 primal 14, 21, 23 solitary 15-16

ten 79

143

Index

illusion(s) xiii, xiv, 3, 6, 15, 38, 65, 66, 99, 100

optical 35, 38

image(s) xiv, 15, 33, 34, 39-40, 41, 43, 45, 46-7, 48, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 81, 83, 96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 123

of being 47, 48

and insight 41, 55, 64 of nonbeing 47, 48 of self, selfhood 13, 33 six 64, 65

imageless, imagelessness 50, 92, 114 imagination 46, 52, 70, 91, 97 five varieties of 46 pattern of. Seepattern, imagined imagined pattern. Seepattern, imagined

imagining xv, 44-5, 46, 65 pattern of. Seepattern, imagined ten varieties of 46-7 three kinds of 44-5 unreal 35, 37, 38 insight(s) xiv, 3, 16, 25, 34, 41, 43, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 81, 91, 97, 100, 105, 114, 123 into conscious construction-only 61, 64, 66, 67, 71 into dependent co-arising xiii five classes of 4 path of. Seepath, of insight into suchness xv

into the ten themes 11 true 29, 33

interdependence of name and object 68

Interpretation of the Summary of the Great Vehicle(see also Mahåyånasaµgrahopaniban dhana) xvi, 7 144

J

Jambudv∆pa(s) 117 Japanese xvii

Jinamitra xvii

joy (see also delight; enjoyment) 6, 58, 63, 75, 86, 87, 106, 114 fivefold 106

stage of. Seestage, of joy Ju lai ch'u shih ssu chung kung te ching. See Scripture on the Four Kinds of Good Qualities of the Tathågata's Appearance in the World

K

kalpa. Seeeon

karma. Seeaction

karmic

formations 26, 33 results 20, 124

seeds xiv

Kawamura, Leslie xvii Keenan, John P. xvi, xvii kiµnaras 114

knowable(s) 9, 10, 11, 92, 97, 123 characteristics of, characteristic patterns of 10, 11, 37, 61, 66, 71, 79

support for 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 37 knowledge(s) 65, 89, 96 obstacle to 99, 100, 113 perfection of. Seeperfection, of knowledge

supernatural 107, 108-9, 113 k≈ånti(see alsopatience) 71, 74 Kumåraj∆va 3

L

Lamotte, Étienne xvi, xvii, 124 land(s) (see alsoBuddha land; Land

of Bliss) 38, 80, 96 of concentration 27 pure xv, 68, 114 Land of Bliss 54 language xiii, 8, 33, 37, 41, 45, 48, 51, 55, 67, 92, 108, 122, 123 four kinds of 45 permeation. See permeation, of language

La Somme du Grand Véhicule d'Asa√ga (Mahåyånasaµgraha) xvi, 124

Liang dynasty 3, 5 Liang-tai-ching 5 liberation(s) 35, 36, 73, 100, 108, 116

body 30

eight 107

from five states 91 gates 114

ten stages for (see alsostages, ten) 68

wisdom 56

lineage(s) 105 of Buddhas, Tathågatas 66, 68 determined 116 of the Great Vehicle 8 undetermined 116 lust (see alsodesire, sensual) 19, 47 M

Mådhyamika school xiii, 123 Madhyånta-vibhåga(see also Analysis of the Middle and the Extremes) xiii magic, magical (see also dream; mirage) 35, 38, 40, 49, 50, 66, 96, 112

Mahåsåµghika school 17 Mahayana (see alsoGreat Vehicle) xiii, 123

Index

Mahayana Abhidharma 23 Mahåyånasaµgraha(see also Summary of the Great Vehicle) xiii, xvii, 121

Mahåyånasaµgraha-bhå≈ya(see also Commentary on the Summary of the Great Vehicle) xvi, xvii, 121

Mahåyånasaµgrahopaniban dhana (see also Interpretation of the Summary of the Great Vehicle) xvi, xvii

Mahåyånasupravi√†a 9 Mahåyånas¥trålaµkåra. See Ornament of the Scriptures of the Great Vehicle

Mah∆Ωåsaka school 17 mahoragas 114

Maitreya, Maitreyan xiii, 7, 39 manana(see also manas) 14, 15 manas(see alsoconsciousness, think ing; mind, defiled) xiv, 14, 15 ma√i-jewels 95 marks, major and minor 105, 109 eighty minor 107 thirty-two major 107 mastery(ies)

eight 87

five 105-6

four kinds of 80 ten 98, 104

maturation, maturing xiv, 33, 35, 41, 106

of sentient beings 72, 73, 85, 112, 118

meditation(s) (see also dhyåna) xv, 5, 11, 18, 25, 28, 30, 40, 58, 61, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 89, 104

fourth 18

path of. Seepath, of meditation 145

Index

meditation(s) (continued) perfection of. Seeperfection, of meditation

practitioner(s) of 34, 40, 42, 64, 69 memory 21, 40, 70, 87, 96, 114 mental action, activity(ies) 32, 81, 122

mental states (see alsostates) 13, 20, 23, 93

defiled 13

evil 15

good 15, 62

morally neutral 15 merit(s) 68, 76, 77, 82, 86, 87, 98, 100

store(s) of 61, 68, 69 mind (see also citta) xiv, 4, 5, 14, 15-16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 27-8, 29-30, 32-3, 34, 39, 40, 43, 51, 54, 62-3, 65, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 85, 86, 90, 97, 104, 107, 108, 114, 122

awakened, of awakening 57, 73 concentrated 39, 40, 51 defiled (see also manas) 15, 16, 27

of faith 63, 76, 86 good 27, 28, 32

one-pointedness of 71 pure, purified, purity of 29, 30, 58, 59, 109, 122 sharpened, sharpening of 62 structure of 121, 123 undefiled 59

without outflows 25, 27, 28 world-transcendent 28, 29, 30, 122

mindfulness 107, 109 mind-only. Seeconscious construction-only Min-yüeh 5

mirage (see alsodream; magic) 35, 38, 50, 57

N

Nagao, Gadjin M. xvii någas 114

names 22, 23, 24, 26, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 64, 65, 68, 77, 105 naming 27, 49, 66 nirmå√akåya. Seetransformation body

nirvana. Seecessation non-abiding 97, 109, 11, 112 cessation 68, 97, 99 nonbeing 28, 33, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56

non-Buddhist 4

nonconceptualization 27, 28 nondefilement 90 non-desire (see alsodesirelessness) 111

nondistraction 72 nondual, nonduality 53, 55, 56, 69, 104

non-essence(s) 52, 53, 92 nonexistence 38, 96, 104, 111 nonfabrication 96 nonforgetfulness 108, 110 nonimagination 65, 77, 82, 91, 95, 96

nonimaginative wisdom. Seewisdom, nonimaginative non-self 18, 19, 52, 68, 88, 100, 116 O

object(s) (see alsosubject and object) 11, 16, 22, 23, 26, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43-4, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 87, 146

91, 92, 94-5, 96, 97, 105, 122 external 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 97 objectivity 38, 64, 65, 67 obstacle(s) 11, 16, 62, 76, 79, 80, 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 98, 104, 105, 108, 109, 116

gross 81

to knowledge, the knowable 56, 73, 99, 100, 113

of passion 35, 73, 113 six defiled 72-3

subtle 105

two 40, 73

to wisdom 35

o›erings 59, 75

One Hundred Thousand-Stanza Scripture 114

Ornament of the Scriptures of the Great Vehicle xiii, 69, 123 other-dependent pattern. See pattern, other-dependent outflow(s) 15, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34, 50, 72, 79, 80, 91, 93 Ou-wang Wei 5

Ou-yang Ho 6

P

Pai ch'ien ching. See One Hundred Thousand-Stanza Scripture Pai-yüeh 5

Pamir Mountains 3

parable of the blind men and the elephant 21

Paramårtha xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, 4-6, 121, 123, 124

påramitå(s) (see alsoperfection) 10, 74

paratantra(see alsopattern, otherdependent) xiv, 10, 122 parikalpita(see alsopattern, imagined) xiv, 10 Index

parini≈panna(see alsopattern, perfected; pattern, reality) xiv, 10, 122

passion(s) 15, 16, 24, 25, 35, 36, 54, 68, 73, 77, 90, 99, 104, 108, 112, 113, 114

basic 24

delusory 24, 25, 30, 34, 35 four 14

secondary 24

path(s) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 50, 62, 66, 115, 117

holy 86, 115

of insight 62, 66, 67, 68 of meditation 25, 62, 67 of practice 121

of the three vehicles 86, 117 two 93

of vision 25

patience (see also kŌnti) 71, 72, 73 perfection of. Seeperfection, of patience

pattern(s) 10, 11, 20, 21, 24, 35, 45-6, 48-9, 51-2, 54, 64, 82, 104 imagined, of imagining xiv, 10, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 65, 82

other-dependent xiii, xiv, xv, 10, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48-9, 50, 51, 52, 55, 65, 99, 104, 122 perfected (see alsopattern, reality) xiv, 122, 123 reality (see alsopattern, perfected) xv, 10, 37, 38, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 65, 122, 123

three xiv-xv, 8, 10, 45, 48, 53, 54, 55, 121, 123

Paul, Diana xvi

perception 14, 41

147

Index

perfected pattern. See pattern, perfected

perfection(s) (see also påramitås) xv, 11, 46, 50, 54, 59, 63, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 77, 82, 88, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 115, 123

of the Buddha abode 56 of Buddha lands 34 of the Dharma body 57, 81 of discipline (see alsodiscipline) 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 104 of giving (see alsogiving) 62, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 104 of knowledge 82

of meditation (see alsomeditation) 71, 72, 74, 76, 88, 104 of patience (see alsopatience) 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 104 of powers 82

six 10, 11, 58, 71-7, 104 of skillful means 82 ten 82

of wisdom (see alsowisdom) 47, 48, 71, 72, 74, 77, 81, 88, 97, 104

of vows 82

of zeal (see alsozeal) 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 88, 104

Perfection of Wisdom (see also Prajñå påra mitå) 47, 48 Period of the Counterfeit Dharma 8 permeation(s) 19, 20, 22, 24, 30-1, 33, 55, 61, 68

of belief in self, selfhood 33, 37 of delusory passions 24, 25 of hearing 29-31, 61, 63, 65, 92, 99

of language 33, 35, 37, 45, 55, 123 of learning 19, 22 seminal 16, 24, 37, 44, 45, 46 three kinds of 33

148

Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China: Paramårtha's "Evolution of Consciousness" xvi Pien-ho 5

P'i na yeh ch'ü sha p'i lüeh ching. See Extensive Scripture on the Call to Discipline P'o lo men wen ching. See Scripture of Brahmå's Questions possessions 15, 16-19, 72, 75, 76 power(s) 59, 82, 93, 96, 99, 104, 105, 109

supernatural. Seesupernatural faculties, powers

ten 68, 107

Po-ya 5

practice(s) (see also spiritual practice) 4, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 28, 47, 48, 54, 56, 57, 58-9, 67, 68, 72, 75, 76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 93, 99, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123 di›icult 88

evil 74

five 81, 105

good 74

ten 81, 83

various aims of 55, 57 prajñå(see alsowisdom) 10, 71, 74 Prajñåpåramitå (see also Perfection of Wisdom) xiii, 47, 122 pratyekabuddha. Seesolitary enlightened one

pride (see alsoself-pride) 57 profundity(ies) 4, 85, 86, 90, 91, 95, 103, 111

twelve kinds of 112-13 purification(s) 11, 29, 40, 46, 49, 50, 52, 68, 73, 103, 106, 109 four 107

worldly 24, 28

world-transcendent 24, 29

Index

purity(ies)

of Buddha lands 68, 113, 114-15 four 50, 123

of mind 58, 59

of the object 50

original 50, 123

of the path 50

of suchness 50, 56, 105 undefiled 50

Q

qualities 9, 57-8, 108, 110, 111 of the Buddha. SeeBuddha, qualities of; Buddha qualities good 55, 56-7, 59, 68, 70, 76, 77, 103, 114, 115

radiant 71, 104

specific 46, 47, 48 true 66, 72

two 36

quiescence 52-3, 69, 83 quiescent abandonment 99, 103 quietude 16, 43, 91 and insight 62, 66, 67, 81, 100 R

Ratnagotra-vibhåga. See Treatise on the Jeweled Nature reality (see alsoreality realm) 7, 38, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 62, 67, 83, 91, 92, 97, 99, 100, 110, 111, 116, 118, 122 limit 50

wisdom. Seewisdom, reality reality pattern. See pattern, reality reality realm 29, 30, 50, 56, 65, 66, 69, 70, 79-80, 81 realm(s) (see alsoDharma realm; form realms; reality realm; world realms) 13, 18, 28, 42, 44, 56, 69, 71, 106, 116

human 62, 63

nonconcentrated, of nonconcentration 26, 31 of sentient beings 41, 113 Realm of Awakening: Chapter Ten of Asaçga's Mahåyånasaµgraha xvi, 124

rebirth(s) (see alsobirth and death, cycle of; transmigration) 14, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 41, 62, 66, 68, 117

recognition (see alsocognition-only) 31, 67

recollection(s) 103, 113 of Buddhas 113-14 reflection(s) 30, 48, 58, 69, 74, 75, 95

correct 29, 61, 63, 92, 123 incorrect 47

of spiritual relish 71, 75 results 9, 11, 13, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 35, 51, 68, 71, 73, 77, 85, 86, 98, 99, 100, 110, 115 cause and. Seecause, and result five 81-2

retrogressing, retrogression 58, 72 reward(s) 76, 91, 93 body of. See body, of reward rope and snake, simile of 65 r¥padhåtu. Seeworld of form S

sage 69, 70, 108

saint(s) 32, 35

saµbhogakåya. Seeenjoyment body

Saµdhinirmocana-s¥tra. See Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning samsara. Seebirth and death, cycle of

149

Index

¸åriputra 47-8

School of the Summary. SeeShelun Tsung scripture(s) (see alsotext) 4, 9, 14, 17, 18, 39, 40, 42, 47, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 82, 88-9, 90, 97, 117, 118, 123

of the Great Vehicle 9, 50, 67, 119, 121

Perfection of Wisdom 47, 48 twelvefold 67

Scripture of Brahmå's Questions 51 Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning xiii, xiv, 14, 39, 122

Scripture on the Four Kinds of Good Qualities of the Tathågata's Appearance in the World 17 Scripture on the Ten Stages 39 seed(s) 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22-3, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33-5, 37, 45, 61, 66, 123 of the major and minor delusory passions 25, 34

six qualities of 22 self, selfhood (see alsonon-self) 7, 14, 15, 18-19, 21, 23, 33, 37, 47, 55, 112

clinging to an image of 13, 14, 18, 33, 97, 104

eight inherent qualities of 21 and others 41, 74, 80, 109 and things 92, 97

self-clinging (see alsoself, clinging to an image of) 15, 16, 33 self-love 14, 18-19 self-pride (see alsopride) 14, 15 Seng-chao 3

Seng-jui 3

sensation(s) 17, 18, 31, 34, 47, 48, 105

150

twelve spheres of 42 sense(s) 23, 38, 41, 42 five 42, 94-5

six 112

sense consciousnesses. See consciousness(es), sense, sensing sense organs 14, 24, 27, 38, 107 five 15

sentient beings 3, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 25, 27, 28, 35, 41, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 68, 72, 73, 75, 76, 82, 86, 88, 89, 98, 107, 108-9, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 123 aspirations of 57, 116 benefit for, benefiting 57, 58, 73, 75, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 97, 100, 114, 122, 124

dispositions of 3, 54 eighty-four thousand passionate actions of 54, 90

maturation of 58, 72, 73, 82, 85, 90, 112, 113, 118

minds of 18, 107

realm of. Seerealm, of sentient beings

She-Lun Tsung xv

Shødaijøron: wayaku to ch¥kai xvii

Shun 3

Ω∆la(see alsodiscipline) 10, 71, 74 simultaneity 23, 35 skandha. Seeaggregate skillful means 57, 58, 73, 74, 82, 83, 86, 117

solitary enlightened one(s) 30, 35, 63, 74, 106, 115

space 56, 94, 95

spiritual practice 4, 6 spiritual relish, pleasure, and delight 71, 75, 76

Ωråvaka. Seeword-hearer

stage(s) xv, 64, 66, 68, 79, 81-2, 98, 99, 105, 111, 123 of blazing fire (see alsostage, fourth) 79, 80

of bright radiance (see alsostage, third) 79, 80

of the Dharma cloud (see also stage, tenth) 79, 81 di›icult to conquer (see also stage, fifth) 79, 80 eighth (see alsostage, of imperturbability) 80, 81 far-reaching (see alsostage, seventh) 79, 81 fifth (see alsostage, di›icult to conquer) 79, 80

first (see alsostage, of joy) 66, 67, 79, 80, 83, 99

fourth (see alsostage, of blazing fire) 79, 80

of imperturbability (see also stage, eighth) 79, 81 of joy (see alsostage, first) 66, 79, 80

ninth (see alsostage, of subtle wisdom) 80, 81

of presence (see alsostage, sixth) 67, 79, 81

of purified disposition 72 second (see alsostage, of stainlessness) 79, 80 seventh (see alsostage, far-reaching) 80, 81, 83 sixteenth 99

sixth (see alsostage, of presence) 79-80, 81, 83

of skillful means 83 of stainlessness (see alsostage, second) 79, 80

of subtle wisdom (see alsostage, ninth) 79, 81

Index

ten 7, 10, 11, 67, 68, 79-83, 93 tenth (see alsostage, of the Dharma cloud) 80, 81, 83, 100 third (see alsostage, of bright radiance) 79, 80

states (see alsomental states) 15, 16, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 44, 49, 50, 55, 58, 61, 64, 69, 72, 77, 112

bodhisattva 100, 104-5 of concentration 28, 31, 87 defiled, of defilement 14, 15, 19, 20, 24, 32, 49

dependently co-arisen 54, 55 evil 35, 74, 98

five 91

good 15, 34, 35, 44, 57, 74, 85, 114

imagined 123-4

neutral 15, 31

pure, purified, of purification 24, 28-9, 32, 40, 49, 50, 106 four kinds of 50

undefined, unmarked 16, 55 worldly 27, 30, 31, 56, 67 subject and object xv, 64, 65, 122 suchness 39, 40, 44, 50, 55, 90, 100, 105, 111, 113, 118

reality realm of 65, 81 true 56, 92, 118

su›ering 18, 52, 58, 71, 76, 86, 88, 98, 123, 124

Summary of the Great Vehicle xiii-xvii , 3, 7, 9, 119, 121, 122, 123

supernatural faculties, powers 58, 76, 87, 104

five 58, 104

supernatural knowledge. See knowledge, supernatural 151

Index

support(s) 9, 13, 14, 15, 22, 24-5, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 38, 42, 43, 44, 55, 56, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 80, 81, 85, 86, 91-2, 93, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 115 conversion of 31, 32-3, 66, 68, 99-100, 104, 105, 116, 122 for the knowable 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 37

toward the maturation of all sentient beings 72, 73 two 116

Swanson, Paul L. xvi, xvii synergy 14, 30, 41

T

Tao-an 3

Taoist 121

Tao-sheng 3

Tathågata(s) (see alsoBuddha Tathågatas) 7, 17, 24, 35, 51, 54, 56, 74, 75, 88, 112, 113-14, 117, 124

abode of 114

Dharma body of 103, 111, 113, 118

doctrine of 16, 17

lineage of 68

qualities of 66, 72 teaching, words of 9, 10, 67 tathågatagarbha 123 Tathågatagarbha tradition 121, 124

teacher(s) 4, 7, 42, 108, 117 good 57, 58

teaching(s) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 18, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 59, 67, 82, 100, 108, 121, 122, 123

heterodox 8

ten 9, 10

true 69, 100, 105, 107 152

text(s) (see alsoscripture; treatise) 4, 5, 7, 8, 55, 66, 95, 119 thinking, thought 4, 14-15, 16, 17, 19, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 40, 42, 43, 58, 62, 63, 66, 69, 75, 87, 89, 91, 92, 111

consciousness. Seeconsciousness, thinking

training 9, 10, 87, 91 two kinds of 14

three bodies of the Buddha (see also Dharma body; enjoyment body; essence body; transformation body) xv, 10, 57, 68, 93, 103, 110, 111

Tibetan xv, xvi, xvii, 121 training(s) 9, 11, 86, 87, 91, 98, 99 moral 9, 10

thought 9, 10, 87

three 11, 98

wisdom 10, 44, 91, 99 transformation(s) 50, 51, 86, 106, 109

transformation body(ies) (see also body, of transformation; three bodies of the Buddha) xv, 90, 93, 103, 106, 107, 117-18 transmigration (see alsobirth and death, cycle of) xiv, 17, 21, 23, 88, 97, 98, 99, 100-1, 112 treatise(s) (see alsotext) 7, 8, 90, 121

Treatise on Meditating on Conscious Construction 69 Treatise on the Jeweled Nature 121, 124

Treatise on the Stages of Yogic Meditation 124

trichiliocosm 75, 117 trikåya. Seethree bodies of the Buddha

Tripi†aka 4

triple world (see alsoworld of desire; world of form; world of formlessness) 27, 114, 115, 116 trisvabhåva. Seepattern(s), three True Teacher 118 truth(s) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 25, 67, 71, 72, 80, 83, 88, 97 conventional 54, 58 Tu≈ita Heaven 103, 117 U

Ujjayan∆ 4

understanding(s) 4, 10, 11, 17, 19, 39, 43, 49, 51, 56, 63, 64, 65, 82, 88, 100, 104, 109, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123

of conscious construction-only 42, 64, 65, 66, 67 four 43, 107

intelligent 11, 62 of the knowable 66, 97 objects of 16, 96 ten 11

unimpeded 107, 108 unity 47, 48, 81, 104, 105 universal monarchs 117 upåya. Seeskillful means V

Vasubandhu xiii, xvi, xvii, 8, 121, 124

vehicle(s) 72, 97, 114, 115 great (see alsoGreat Vehicle) 10, 54

lesser 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 54, 58, 100 single (see alsoBuddha vehicle) 115-16

three 86, 100, 117 two 7, 80, 106, 110 word-hearers' 16, 17 Index

view(s) 81

false 74, 90

perverse 109

sixty-two 47

two extreme 97 vijñapti-måtratå. Seeconscious construction-only Vinaya 5

VipaΩyin 53

virtue(s) 3, 4, 6, 8, 72, 75, 80, 107, 110

v∆rya(see alsozeal) 71, 74 volition, volitional 42, 48, 106 vow(s) 54, 82, 83, 88, 104, 105, 118 wisdom 107, 108 W

Waldron, William S. xvii Way 5, 6

wisdom(s) (see also prajñå) xiv, xv, 9, 10, 11, 16, 30, 35, 47, 48, 56, 57, 58, 61, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106-8, 109, 110 awakening to suchness 39, 40 false 72, 74

four 64, 67, 105 nonimaginative xv, 10, 43, 47, 52, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 82, 91-4, 95-7, 105, 123 of omniscience 16, 57, 66 perfection of. Seeperfection, of wisdom

preparatory 91, 94, 96 purest 55, 56

of quietude and insight 66, 67 reality 64, 67, 68 of skillful means 57, 74 subsequently attained 66, 82, 91, 94, 95, 96, 105 153

Index

wisdom(s) (continued) subtle 79, 81

three 43-4, 94-5 training 9, 10, 44, 91, 99 transcendent 66, 67 two 80

universal, of universal understanding 10, 73, 112 vow 107, 108

of word-hearers 16, 97 word(s) 3, 5, 7, 46, 55, 58, 64, 89, 92, 105, 109

of the Buddha(s), Tathågata(s) 9, 10, 11

mental 61, 63, 64, 65 written 64

word-hearer(s) 16, 17, 30, 35, 63, 68, 74, 85, 97, 100, 106, 115, 116 world(s) 16, 17, 25, 29, 34, 38, 56, 61, 74, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98, 100, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 122

environmental 41 external 34, 65 material 103

objective 50

physical 33, 34 three (see alsotriple world) 21, 39 World-honored Buddha(s) (see also Buddha) 10, 14, 29, 39, 43, 49, 53, 54, 55, 114 World-honored One(s) (see also Buddha) 9, 13, 17, 39, 47, 51, 52, 77, 109, 112 worldliness 90

worldlings, common 14, 100 worldly thing(s) 90, 94, 113 world of desire (see alsotriple world) 26, 28, 47 world(s) of form (see alsoform realms; triple world) 16, 28 world(s) of formlessness (see also triple world) 16, 27, 57 world realm(s) 56, 62, 87, 107, 113, 114, 117

seven-jeweled 75 world-transcendence 29, 114 Wu-ling 5

Y

yak≈as 114

Yang-shang 5, 6 Yao 3

Yogåcåra xiii, xv, 122, 123, 124 Yogåcårabh¥mi. See Treatise on the Stages of Yogic Meditataion Z

zeal (see also v∆rya) 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 89, 104, 118 perfection of. Seeperfection, of zeal

154