Nagarjuna’s Treatise on the Ten Grounds Volume ll

Glossary

Notes

320 Here and in the following three paragraphs, the text is referring to the four supreme bases for the generation of meritorious qualities, namely truth, relinquishment, quiescence, and wisdom. 321 "Stream-enterer" here is literally "one who has acquired the fruit of the path of a srota-āpanna."

322 "Marvelous phenomena" (希有事) is generally intended to refer to miraculous occurrences brought about by spiritual powers (希有= adbhuta, "supernatural"). 323 Venerable Bhikkhu Bodhi notes: "Aṅguttara Nikāya 9:5 mentions these four fears. See Numerical Discourses of the Buddha, p. 1255." This topic of the fears to which a bodhisattva is invulnerable is also extensively treated in Chapter 3 of this treatise (Nāgārjuna's Treatise on the Ten Grounds, Volume I) in the discussion of the characteristics of the bodhisattva who has reached the second bodhisattva ground. 324 See note 3 regarding the chapter numbering. (The Taishō edition calls this "Chapter Eight.")

325 As of the Tang dynasty, a couple hundred years after Kumārajīva made this translation, a Chinese "mile" (li = 里) was roughly 1,060 feet, i.e., a fifth of a U.S. mile or a third of a kilometer. As of the end of the Han dynasty, a couple hundred years before this translation was made, it was roughly 1,365 feet, i.e., a quarter of a U.S. mile or four-tenths of a kilometer. Using these measures as a basis, the circumference of this wheel would be between 3 and 3.9 U.S. miles, or between 5 and 6 kilometers. 326 Although this is literally "householder treasure" (居士寶, Skt. gṛhapati ratna), the literature makes it clear that this is a minister of the treasury. 327 To correct an apparent graphic-similarity scribal error, I emend the reading of the Taishō text here by preferring the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Gong editions' qing (青), "blue," to the Taishō edition's jing (睛), "eye."

328 A search of CBETA suggests that this is the only place in the entire Chinese Buddhist canon that this transliteration appears, hence any Sanskrit reconstructions I might suggest for this celestial maiden's name would be mere conjecture. 410

Glossary

Abhidharma: A category of Buddhist texts devoted to detailed scholastic analyses of the teachings contained in the sutras.

afflictions: Otherwise known as "the three poisons" (triviṣa), these are (1) greed, including lust and desire in general; (2) hatred, including all of the permutations of aversion such as irritation, anger, and rage; and (3) delusion or ignorance. There are many subcategories of afflictions (kleśas) listed in the various dharma schemas. For example, in the Sarvāstivāda school, there are six root afflictions and ten subsidiary afflictions. aggregates: See five aggregates.

anāgāmin: A "nonreturner," one who has gained the third of the four fruits of the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple. anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi: The "utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment" of a buddha. arhat: One who, having put an end to all of the afflictions, fetters, and contaminants; and, having put an end to rebirth, has gained the fourth and final fruit on the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple.

ārya: One who has realized one of the fruits of the path from which they can never fall away. This includes any of the eight fruits of the arhat path, or any of the irreversible stations on the bodhisattva path to buddhahood.

asaṃkhya/asaṃkhyeya: In Sanskrit, an incalculably and infinitely large number. asura: As one of the paths of rebirth, this refers to a demigod or titan. More generally, beings characterized by much anger, hatred, jealousy, and contentiousness who may also appear as humans, animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), or hell-dwellers. avadāna stories: Stories of the previous lives of a buddha.

avaivartika: One who has become irreversible on either the individual liberation path of the arhats or on the universal liberation path of the bodhisattvas and buddhas. Throughout this text, "stage of certainty" (必定, 必定地) is most likely a translation of avaivartika.

bases of psychic powers: The four bases of psychic power (catvāra ṛddhi-pāda) are zeal (chanda), vigor (vīrya), [concentration of] mind/thought (citta), and reflective or investigative consideration, examination, or imagination (mīmāṃsā). 411

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Bhagavat: One of the titles of a buddha, variously translated as "Blessed One," "Lord," or in Chinese Buddhist texts, "World-honored One" (shizun 世尊). bhikṣu: A fully ordained celibate Buddhist monk within one of the traditional schools of Buddhism.

bhikṣuṇī: A fully ordained celibate Buddhist nun within one of the traditional schools of Buddhism.

bhūta ghost: According to Monier Williams' A Sanksrit-English Dictionary, one of the many meanings of bhūta is "a spirit (good or evil), the ghost of a deceased person, a demon, imp, goblin." The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism has "A class of harm-inflicting and formless obstructing spirits (i.e., 'elemental spirits')"; "sometimes equivalent to preta (hungry ghosts)"; "Because they obstruct rainfall, the bhūta are propitiated by rituals to cause precipitation."

bodhi: "Enlightenment" or "awakening." In its most exalted form this refers exclusively to the utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi) of a buddha.

bodhimaṇḍa: The "site of enlightenment" where enlightenment is cultivated and fully realized. It may be used as a general reference to Buddhist temples, though it often refers specifically to the site beneath the bodhi tree where a buddha gains complete realization of utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment.

bodhisattva: Beings who, in their pursuit of the utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment of buddhahood, is equally dedicated to achieving buddhahood for themselves while also facilitating all other beings' achievement of buddhahood. Their primary practice is classically described as focusing on the six (or ten) "perfections" (pāramitās): giving, moral virtue, patience, vigor, meditative skill (dhyāna), and world-transcending wisdom (prajñā). See also pāramitās. bodhi tree: The tree in Bodhgaya in the Indian state of Bihar under which the Buddha reached enlightenment approximately two thousand six hundred years ago. Brahmā: Per The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism: "An Indian divinity who was adopted into the Buddhist pantheon as a protector of the teachings…and king of the Brahmaloka ["Brahma world"] (in the narrow sense of that term)." "Brahmaloka" here refers to the first three heavens of the form realm.

brahmacārin: Per Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: "A young brahman who is a student of the Vedas (under a preceptor) or who practices chastity, a young brahman before marriage (in the first period of his life)."

brahmacarya: Celibacy.

brahman: Someone who belongs to the highest caste in Hinduism; a member of the Hindu priestly caste.

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buddha: Anyone who has achieved utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi), whether referring to the Buddha of the present era in this world, Śākyamuni Buddha, any of the seven buddhas of antiquity, or, in Mahayana cosmology, any of the countless buddhas of the ten directions and three periods of time. clear knowledges: Refers to the "three knowledges" (trividyā): (1) remembrance of previous lives (pūrvanivāsānusmṛti), (2) knowledge of beings' rebirth destinies (cyutyupapādajñāna), and (3) knowledge of the destruction of the defiling contaminants or "taints" (āsravakṣaya). contaminants (Skt. āsrava): These are usually defined as either threefold or fourfold: (1) sensual desire (kāma); 2) [craving for] becoming (bhāva), i.e., the craving for continued existence; (3) ignorance (avidyā), i.e., delusion; (4) views (dṛṣṭi). This fourth type is not included in some listings. Common alternate translations include "taints" and "outflows" and, less commonly, "influxes" and "fluxes." dāna-pāramitā: The perfection of giving.

desire, form, and formless realms. See three realms of existence. devas: Divinities residing in the heavens that collectively constitute the highest of the six rebirth destinies within the realm of samsara. There are twenty-seven categories of devas and their heavens in the desire realm, form realm, and formless realm. Although the lifespans of the devas in these various heavens may be immensely long, when their karmic merit runs out they are all still destined to eventually fall back into the other five paths of rebirth, where they are reborn in accordance with their residual karma from previous lifetimes.

dhāraṇī: There are many types, but the two main types are (1) mantra-like spells that serve the purpose of protection from negative spiritual forces such as ghosts and demons, and (2) formulae that aid the retention even for countless lifetimes of the Dharma teachings one has acquired in this and previous lives. Dharma: The teachings of the Buddha.

Dharma realm: As a Buddhist technical term, "Dharma realm" or "dharma realm" (Skt. dharmadhātu) has at least several levels of meaning. (1) At the most granular level, "dharma realm" refers to one of the eighteen sense realms, dharmas as "objects of mind" (dharma-āyatana). (2) In the most cosmically and metaphysically vast sense, "Dharma realm" refers in aggregate to all conventionally existent phenomena and the universally pervasive noumenal "true suchness" (tathatā) that underlies and characterizes all of those phenomena. In this sense, it is identical with the "Dharma body" (Skt. dharmakāya). (3) As a classifying term, "dharma realm" is used to distinguish realms of existence, as in the ten dharma realms consisting of the realms of buddhas, bodhisattvas, śrāvaka disciples, pratyekabuddhas, devas, asuras, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell-dwellers; or metaphysical modes of existence, as in the "four dharma realms" of the Huayan hermeneutic tradition 413

Glossary

that speaks of the dharma realm of the "noumenal" (synonymous with emptiness or śūnyatā); the dharma realm of the "phenomenal"; the dharma realm of the unimpeded interpenetration of the phenomenal and the noumenal; and the dharma realm of the unimpeded interpenetration of all phenomena with all other phenomena (in a manner that resonates somewhat with quantum entanglement and nonlocality). dharmas: (1) Fundamental constituent aspects, elements, or factors of mental and physical existence, as for instance, "the one hundred dharmas" in which Vasubandhu analytically catalogued all that exists. In this sense, dharmas are somewhat analogous to the elements of the periodic table in chemistry. (2) Any individual teaching, as for instance in "the dharma of conditioned origination."

Dharma wheel (Skt. dharmacakra): Refers to the eight-spoked wheel emblematic of the Buddha's teaching of the eightfold path of the āryas or "noble ones," consisting of right views, right volition or intentional thought, right speech, right physical action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditative concentration. This term is also synonymous with the three turnings of the four truths as initially taught by the Buddha to his original five disciples.

dhūta, dhūtaṅga, or dhūtaguṇa austerities: In contrast to the nonbeneficial ascetic practices of non-Buddhists (lying on a bed of nails, etc.), these are practices that are beneficial to progress on the path, such as wearing only patchwork robes sewn from discarded cloth, eating only food obtained on almsrounds, eating only a single meal each day, always sitting and never lying down, dwelling at the base of a tree, and residing in a charnel field where one observes the stages of the body's decomposition.

dhyāna: A general term broadly corresponding to all forms of Buddhist meditative skill. The Chinese chan (禪) and the Japanese term zen are transliterations of the same Sanskrit word dhyāna. All forms of Buddhist "calming" and "insight" meditation are subcategories of dhyāna.

dhyāna-pāramitā: The perfection of meditative skill.

eight difficulties: Birth in the realms of hells, as a hungry ghost, as an animal, as a longlived deva; birth in a border region (where there is no Buddha Dharma); birth as someone who is blind, deaf, mute, or otherwise has impaired physical or mental faculties; birth as someone who possesses merely worldly knowledge and intelligence (and hence who uses their cleverness to deny the truth of the Dharma); and birth at a time before or long after a buddha appears in the world. eighteen sense realms: The six sense faculties of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind; their corresponding six sense objects (visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, touchables, and ideas, etc. as objects of mind); and the six sense consciousnesses (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental). 414

Glossary

eight precepts: Eight vows involving abstaining from (1) killing; (2) taking what is not given; (3) sexual misconduct; (4) false speech; (5) ingesting intoxicants; (6) using perfumes, wearing jewelry or other personal adornments, and dancing, singing, or watching such performances; (7) sleeping on a high or wide bed; and (8) eating after midday.

fetters: (Skt. saṃyojana): Ten mental characteristics of unenlightened existence that bind beings to uncontrolled rebirths in the six destinies of rebirth: (1) "truly existent self view," the wrong view that believes in the existence of an eternally existent self in association with the five aggregates; (2) "skeptical doubt" about the truth of the Dharma and the path to enlightenment; (3) "clinging to [the observance of] rules and rituals" in and of themselves as constituting the path to spiritual liberation; (4) sensual desire; (5) ill will; (6) desire for rebirth in the heavens of the form realm; (7) desire for rebirth in the heavens of the formless realm; (8) "conceit," i.e., the belief that "I" exist; (9) "agitation" or "restlessness" that prevents deep concentration; and (10) "ignorance." five aggregates: (1) form; (2) feelings (i.e., sensations as received through the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind); (3) perceptions; (4) karmic formative factors (such as volitions); and (5) consciousness (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental).

five desires: Desire for wealth, sex, fame, flavors, and leisure; or, alternatively, the objects of the five basic sense faculties (i.e., visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, and touchables).

five faculties: Faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. five powers: When the five faculties of faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom are fully developed, they bceome the five powers.

five precepts: Five vows involving abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and ingesting intoxicants.

four bases of meritorious qualities: Truth, relinquishment, quiescence, and wisdom. Per Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi, the Sanskrit correlates of the Pāli terms saccādhitthāna, cāgādhitthāna, upasamādhitthāna (= base of peace), and paññādhitthāna are satyādhiṣṭhāna, tyāgādhiṣṭhāna, upaśamādhiṣṭhāna, and prajñādhiṣṭhāna. four bases of supernatural power: Zeal, vigor, mind, and investigation. four great elements: Earth, water, fire, and wind.

four requisites: Food obtained on almsrounds, robes, residences, and medicines, which are necessary for monastic life.

four right efforts: Causing already arisen evil to cease; causing not yet arisen evil to not arise; causing already arisen goodness to increase; causing not yet arisen goodness to arise.

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Glossary

four stations of mindfulness: Mindfulness of the body; mindfulness of feelings or sensations (experienced via the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind consciousnesses); mindfulness of thoughts or mind states; mindfulness of dharmas. four truths/four truths of the āryas: The fundamental Buddhist teaching of suffering, the origination of suffering, the possibility of the cessation of suffering; and the path to its cessation.

gandharva: A type of celestial music spirit that is said to rely on fragrances as its means of survival.

garuḍa: A type of spirit that manifests as an immense golden-winged bird that feeds on young dragons.

ground/grounds: Levels or planes of spiritual development through which a practitioner proceeds on the way to complete enlightenment.

hindrances: Usually refers to "the five hindrances" of desire, ill will, lethargy and sleepiness, excitedness and regretfulness, and afflicted doubtfulness. These five hindrances must be overcome in order to successfully enter deep states of meditation. individual enlightenment path: This refers to the paths to transcendence of samsara and realization of nirvana taken by those who choose to cultivate either the path to arhatship or the path to pratyekabuddhahood. An alternate designation for these two types of individuals is the two vehicles. See also two vehicles. inverted views: The four inverted views (Skt. viparyāsa-catuṣka) consist of imputing permanence to the impermanent, pleasure to what cannot deliver it, self to what is devoid of any inherently existent self, and purity to what does not actually possess that quality. Standard objects of such upside-down perceptions are thought or mind states, the six categories of "feeling" manifesting in association with the six sense faculties, dharmas (as components of the falsely imputed "self"), and the body. kalaviṅka bird: The Himalayan cuckoo bird that sings with an incomparably beautiful sound even before it breaks out of its shell.

kalpa: A Sanskrit term that roughly corresponds to the English term "eon," with the primary distinction that in Buddhist and Hindu cosmology kalpas occur in various relatively precisely designated immensely long durations.

kāṣāya robe: The robes of a fully ordained bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī. kiṃnara (Pāli kinnara):A type of celestial music spirit with the body of a human and the head of a horse.

kumbhāṇḍa: According to Monier Williams' A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: "Having testicles shaped like a kumbha [a winter melon]," a class of demons (at whose head stands Rudra). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism has: "In Sanskrit, a type of evil spirit, and typically listed along with especially rākṣasa, but also piśāca, yakṣa, and bhūta spirits. Virūḍhaka, one of the four world-guardians, who protects 416

Glossary

the southern cardinal direction, is usually said to be their overlord, although some texts give Rudra this role instead. The kumbhāṇḍa are also sometimes listed among the minions of Māra, evil personified."

koṭī: A number defined in chapter 30 of the Flower Adornment Sutra as the product of multiplying a lakṣa (100,000) by a lakṣa, equaling 10,000,000, i.e., ten million. kṣaṇa: A micro-moment, variously defined; one traditional definition is "a ninetieth of a finger-snap." Elsewhere in the text, it may appear as "a single thought," "mind-moment," or "thought-moment" as approximate translations of the term. kṣānti-pāramitā: The perfection of patience.

kṣatriya: The second of the four castes of traditional Indian society consisting primarily of the warrior and royalty class.

kṣetra: Refers to a land or realm or field; in Buddhist texts it may refer specifically to a "buddha land."

mahāsattva: A great bodhisattva, one who has cultivated the bodhisattva path for countless kalpas. mahoraga: A type of serpent spirit often portrayed as having the upper body of a human and the lower body of a snake.

Māra/māra(s): In Buddhism, Māra is generally regarded as the personification of evil and death, a particular deity dwelling in one of the heavens of the desire realm who delights in interfering with spiritual liberation from perpetual rebirths in samsara. More specifically, there are said to be four kinds of māras: (1) the māra of the five mental and physical aggregates in association with which all beings wander endlessly in samsara; (2) the māra of the afflictions consisting of the three poisons of greed, hatred, and delusion and all of their subcategories; (3) the māra of death; and, as mentioned above, (4) the deity known as Māra as well as all of his devaputra minions. Additionally, there are also "ghost and spirit" māras who may manifest in countless ways to interfere with a practitioner's cultivation of the path. mātṛkā: "Matrices" consisting of lists of dharmas, technical terms, and concepts discussed in the sutras. They served as the basis for the Abhidharma. mind-moment: See kṣaṇa.

nayuta: A very large number, usually defined as one hundred billion. nirvana: The ultimate goal of the path of Buddhist spiritual cultivation that corresponds to the elimination of the three poisons (greed, hatred, and delusion) and the end of compulsory and random rebirth in samsara, the cycle of existences in the six realms of rebirth, those of devas, asuras (demigods), humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and the hells. In the case of the individual liberation path practitioner exemplified by arhats and pratyekabuddhas, all future existence ends for them with the acquisition of nirvana. In the case of the universal liberation practitioners exemplified by 417

Glossary

bodhisattvas and buddhas, they achieve the direct cognition of the emptiness of all beings and phenomena and realize an ongoing realization of a nirvana-like state even though they have vowed to take on intentional rebirths within samsara in order to facilitate the spiritual liberation of all beings.

nirvana without residue: The final nirvana realized at death by fully awakened beings whether they are arhats, pratyekabuddhas, or buddhas.

nivāsana robe: The monastic's skirt-like inner robe.

once-returner. See sākṛdāgāmin.

pāramitās: The six (or ten) "perfections" cultivated and perfected by the bodhisattva on the path to buddhahood.

Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven: The Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven is the sixth of the six desire realm heavens. The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism has: "The heaven of the gods who have power over the creations of others, or the gods who partake of the pleasures created in other heavens."

piśāca: As per The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism: "In Sanskrit, 'flesh-eater,' a class of ogres or goblins, similar to rākṣasa and yakṣa, who eat human flesh." The female is called piśācī.

prajñā: World-transcending wisdom that cognizes and understands all phenomena associated with "self," others, and the world as they truly are and in accordance with ultimate reality.

prajñā-pāramitā: The perfection of wisdom.

pratyekabuddha: One who, on his own and in the absence of a buddha or the teaching of Dharma, achieves a level of enlightenment comparable to that of an arhat through the contemplation of the cycle of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Mahayana literature attributes this ability to awaken in the absence of a buddha or the Dharma to direct exposure to the Dharma in previous lives, the seeds of which enable enlightenment in the present life. See also two vehicles. pratyutpanna samādhi: A samādhi in which one becomes able to see the buddhas of the present and listen to them teach the Dharma.

provisions (for enlightenment) (Skt. bodhisaṃbhāra): The spiritual prerequisites for enlightenment that must be accumulated in order to fully realize the path to buddhahood, usually considered to be merit (puṇya) and knowledge (jñāna). pūtana: As per The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism: "Stinking hungry demons." rākṣasa: A swift-flying malignant flesh-eating demon that changes its form to seduce humans and eat them.

sakṛdāgāmin: "Once-returner," one who has gained the third of the four fruits of the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple.

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Glossary

samādhi: This refers both to any single instance of one-pointed concentration and also, more usually, to enduring states of persistently maintained one-pointed concentration. saṃghāṭī robe: The monastic's outer robe.

saṃkakṣikā robe: The monastic's robe that is worn over the left shoulder and under the right arm.

samsara: Usually rendered in Sino-Buddhist translation as "birth and death" (shengsi 生死), this refers to the endless cycle of rebirths in the six realms of rebirth,. those of devas (gods), asuras (demigods or titans), humans, animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), and hell-dwellers. sangha/Sangha: A community of at least ten fully ordained bhikṣus in Buddhist countries or at least five fully ordained bhikṣus in countries where Buddhism is being established for the first time. As the third object of refuge in the Three Refuges or the Three Jewels, it refers exclusively to those who have already acquired one of the fruits of the path from which they can never fall away, whether on the individual liberation paths of arhats or pratyekabuddhas or the bodhisattva path. śarīra: The remains or "relics" of eminent monks, bodhisattvas, or buddhas that are contained in their cremation ashes.

seven enlightenment factors: Assessment or skillful selection of dharmas, vigor, joy, mental pliancy, mindfulness (the Pāli tradition often places "mindfulness" first in this list of seven), concentration, and equanimity with respect to the saṃskāra (karmic formative factors) aggregate.

śīla-pāramitā: The perfection of moral virtue.

six rebirth destinies: The realms of rebirth as gods (devas), asuras (demigods or titans), humans, hungry ghosts (pretas), animals, and hell-dwellers.

skandha. See five aggregates.

skillful means (Skt. upāya): Individually tailored skillful techniques adopted by the bodhisattva in teaching various kinds of beings. A variety of techniques are adopted precisely because all beings possess different capacities, karmic obstacles, and predilections, due to which they respond best to teachings that are directed specifically to them. spiritual superknowledges: The usual Sanskrit antecedent for "spiritual superknowledges" is abhijñā ("superknowledges") or ṛddhi ("supernatural powers"). This includes such abilities as the six superknowledges of spiritual powers, the heavenly eye, the heavenly ear, cognition of others' thoughts, past life recall for both self and others, and complete elimination of all "defiling contaminants" or "taints" (āsravas).

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Glossary

śramaṇa: Generally, a mendicant, one who has left the home life and relies on alms for sustenance. In the Buddhist context, this refers specifically to a bhikṣu, i.e., a Buddhist monk.

śrāvaka/śrāvaka disciple: A follower of the individual liberation path to arhatship. See also two vehicles.

stream-enterer (Skt. srota-āpanna) One who has gained the first of the four fruits of the path to arhatship.

śūdra: A member of the fourth and lowest caste of traditional Indian Hindu society, consisting primarily of servants and menials. The Buddha and Buddhism do not recognize any of the castes as valid distinctions among human beings. sutra: A scripture attributed to the Buddha.

Tathāgata ("Thus Come One"): One of the ten primary titles by which all buddhas are known.

tathatā: "Suchness," i.e., the true nature of the ultimate reality of any and all things as they really are.

ten directions: North, south, east, west, the four midpoints, zenith, and nadir. thirty-seven wings of enlightenment/thirty-seven enlightenment factors: These consist of the four stations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four bases of supernatural powers, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, and the eightfold path of āryas.

Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. See also Three Refuges. three periods of time: Past, present, and future.

three realms of existence: The desire realm ((kāma-loka), the (subtle) form realm (rūpaloka), and the formless realm (ārūpya-loka) constitute the three spheres of existence in which all of the many different classes of beings endlessly take rebirth unless and until they transcend samsara and realize nirvana.

Three Refuges: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, the Three Jewels in which one "takes refuge" to become a Buddhist disciple and upon which one must rely to advance on the Buddhist path.

three vehicles: The śrāvaka disciple vehicle, the pratyekabuddha vehicle, and the great vehicle (Mahayana), which culminate in arhatship, pratyekabuddhahood, and buddhahood, respectively.

three wretched destinies: The three lowest realms of rebirth as either an animal, hungry ghost (preta), or hell-dweller.

trichiliocosm: A world system consisting of countless worlds. 420

Glossary

Tripiṭaka: The three divisions of the threefold Buddhist canon: sutras (scriptures attributed to the Buddha or disciples authorized by the Buddha), commentarial treatises (śāstras), and moral codes (Vinaya).

Tripiṭaka master: One who has completely mastered the three divisions of the threefold Buddhist canon.

twelve sense bases: The six sense faculties of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind and their respective sense objects (visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, touchables, and ideas, etc. as objects of mind).

two vehicles: The two individual liberation paths taught by the Buddha, those of the śrāvaka disciple that leads to arhatship and of the pratyekabuddha that leads to pratyekabuddhahood.

vaiśya: A member of the third caste in traditional Indian society, comprised primarily of the merchant and agricultural classes.

vajra: An indestructible substance equated with the substance of diamond; a symbol of indestructibility. Also, a pestle-shaped scepter or "thunderbolt" weapon held by Dharma protectors and deities.

vibhāṣā: An extensively detailed explanatory treatise.

vinaya(s)/Vinaya: The Buddhist moral codes. Capitalized, the third part of the Tripiṭaka. vīryapāramitā: The perfection of vigor.

wheel-turning king (Skt. cakravartin): In Buddhism, a universal monarch. worthy (Skt. bhadra): In Mahayana literature, a "worthy" is a bodhisattva practitioner who has brought forth the bodhisattva vow but who is still cultivating the preparatory stages and thus has not yet reached the ten bodhisattva grounds and has not yet become an ārya.

yakṣa: A kind of either good or evil spirit that possesses supernatural powers and may either serve as a guardian or a demon.

yojana: A measure of distance in ancient India usually defined as being the distance an ox cart could travel in one day without unharnessing (somewhat less than ten miles). 421

Bibliography

Bodhi, Bhikkhu, trans. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya translated from the Pāli; original translation by Bhikkhu Bodhi, Teachings of the Buddha. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2000. —. The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya (Teachings of the Buddha). Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2012. Buddharakkhita, Acharya, trans. The Dhammapada: The Buddha's Path of Wisdom. Introduction by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1990; Onalaska, WA: Pariyatti Editions reprint 2019.

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425

Index

A

Abhidharma/Abhidharmic, 93, 383n36, 387n75, 393n139, 397n175 See also Theravāda, Abhidamma abstinence, precepts of, xvi, 144, 391n118 See also precept(s), eight; celibacy/ celibate

affliction(s), 13, 15, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 54, 57, 66, 72, 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 128, 134, 147, 148, 150, 167, 168, 178, 179, 186, 192, 193, 196, 206, 221, 247, 271, 272, 286-289, 293, 295, 297, 309, 315, 320, 322, 324, 343, 344, 356, 361, 365, 366, 367, 369, 377, 381n122, 397n177, 402n240

See also contaminant(s); defilement(s); fetter(s); three poisons Āgama, 406n276

See also Ekottara Āgama; Saṃyukta Āgama; Nikāya(s)

aggregate(s), 107, 108, 230, 269, 287, 304, 323, 342-343, 344, 353, 402n241, 408n303

five, 26, 147, 148, 149, 234, 269, 271, 273, 290, 319, 341, 342, 404n262 Agnidatta, 63

Ajātaśatru, King, 63

Akṣayamati, xviii, 294, 303, 306, 363, 403n248

all-knowledge, 5, 58, 59-62, 64, 68, 74, 87-89, 101, 113, 114, 127, 136, 160, 253, 290-291, 314, 319, 321, 323, 324, 339, 340, 360, 393n144 See also omniscience/omniscient alms/almsfood, 77, 146, 391-392n122, 398-399n192, 404-405n266 almsround, 63, 146, 260, 309, 310, 327, 341, 385n48, 404-405n266, 405n267, 406n287, 407n289

anāgāmin, 92, 259, 382n31 See also four fruits; nonreturner analogy(ies)/analogous, 5, 24, 69, 73, 80, 83, 93, 106, 111, 149, 152, 157-174, 204, 234, 273, 307, 345, 364, 394n151 of a guide on the path, xvii, 73, 164-166 of water that promotes growth, 27, 364 Ānanda, 54, 67, 91, 92, 98, 99, 115, 177, 241-242, 325, 388n80

Aṅguttara Nikāya, 383nn38, 40; 385nn49, 52; 386nn59, 64; 387n71, 388n80, 389nn88, 92, 94, 97, 98; 390nn100, 101; 392nn127-132; 397-398n181, 398nn187, 191; 399n193, 401n219, 404n258, 404-405n266, 407n293, 410nn319, 323

annihilationism/annihilationist and eternalism/eternalist, 108, 110, 269, 304, 340

See also view(s), annihilationist and eternalist/extreme

animal(s)/birds/insect(s), 93, 223, 249, 310, 314, 317, 328, 331, 341, 373, 385n48, 404-405n266, 406n279 427

Index

animal(s)/birds/insect(s) (continued): aiṇeya antelope, 25, 40 black bees, 43

bull(s), 26, 28, 31, 41, 373 cattle/cow(s), 71, 150, 167, 170, 185, 407n289

deer/musk deer, 28, 314 donkeys, 167

elephant(s), 28, 31, 35, 63, 77-78, 130, 167, 307, 316, 372, 373, 385n17 king(s), 28, 31, 372

fish, 373

geese/goose, 31, 43

horse(s), 63, 71, 130, 166, 167, 307, 372, 373

horseflies, 169, 309, 333 kalaviṅka bird, 41, 374, 376 lion(s), 26, 27, 28, 31, 35, 40, 41, 42, 150, 165, 169, 251, 268, 362 mandarin ducks, 373

monkey(s), 185, 314

mosquitoes, 169, 309, 333 peacock, 372

poisonous/venomous insects, 165, 166, 169, 309, 333

sheep, 185

snakes/serpents, 149, 150, 185, 230, 234, 274, 290, 317

tigers, 150, 165, 169, 362 wolves, 150, 165, 169, 362 See also garuḍa(s); mahoraga(s); realm(s), animal

anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi, 10, 13, 14, 55, 123, 141, 152, 171, 177, 181, 186, 233, 238, 247, 249, 253, 263, 265-266, 270, 281, 286, 368 See also bodhi; enlightenment Ārāḍa Kālāma, 67, 84, 85 arhat(s)/arhatship, 13, 65, 98, 118, 121, 194, 232, 259, 305, 317, 366, 428

381nn22, 27; 382n31, 393n137, 395-396n166,

path, xix, 38, 402n242 See also four fruits; individual liberation path(s) ārya(s), 39, 46, 49, 55, 82, 84, 96, 102, 111-112, 118, 119, 132, 145, 148, 167, 209, 211, 241, 242, 295, 303, 333, 360

community/Sangha, 312, 356, 358 eightfold path of, 73, 78, 87, 119, 127, 186, 206, 309, 356

great (eight), 36, 39, 84, 381n27 lineage bases (four), 4, 296, 320, 322, 326, 340, 355, 379-380n6, 406n282 psychic powers of, 45, 50, 125, 268, 382-383n35, 401n220

three classes/types of, 14, 127 See also Great Ārya/Honored One of the Āryas/Lord of the Āryas ascetic austerities/practices, 66, 130, 169, 174, 404-405n266

See also dhūta austerities asura(s), 36, 48, 78, 223, 225, 249, 266, 334, 361, 375

realm(s), 96, 213, 249, 289, 358 See also destiny(ies), six avaivartika (irreversibility), xv, 393n142 See also bodhisattva(s), avaivartika/ irreversible; certainty, stage of Avataṃsaka-sūtra, xx

"Ten Grounds" chapter, xiii, 403n246 awakening, 399n195, 401n210 See also bodhi; enlightenment B

Banzhou sanmei jing. See Pratyutpannasamādhi-sūtra Benares, 66

Bhadrapāla, 23, 149-152, 337-338

bhagavat(s), xx, 10, 39, 42, 50, 52, 56, 95, 121, 139, 140, 151, 241, 246, 250, 270, 280, 348, 349, 402n235 See also buddha(s)

Bhagavat, xx, 102-104, 109, 126, 128-130, 132-136, 138, 150, 248, 258, 317, 354, 402n235

See also Buddha, ten names; Lord(s); World-honored One

bhikṣu(s), 10, 24, 62, 63, 67, 68, 75, 79-82, 85, 93, 98, 101, 103, 110, 113, 119, 120, 144, 169, 192, 233, 234, 242, 243, 312-315, 317, 318, 321, 325, 327, 333, 334, 353-354 five, of Deer Park, 66, 85 sangha, 406n286

See also monk(s)

bhikṣuṇī, 242

See also nuns

bimba fruit, 33, 43, 373, 374 birth(s) and death(s), 26, 59, 135, 149, 228, 229, 247, 263, 286, 289, 290, 318

See also rebirth(s); samsara bodhi, xv, 11, 12, 14, 35, 73, 134, 135, 136, 141, 158, 161-162, 172, 180, 186, 189, 260, 323, 324, 325, 337, 360, 394-395n157

See also anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi; enlightenment; seven branches/ limbs of bodhi/enlightenment bodhimaṇḍa, 55, 135, 248 bodhi tree, 55, 271

See also tree(s)

Bodhisaṃbhāra-śāstra/Bodhisaṃbhāra [Treatise], 193, 394-395n157, 395-396n166 bodhisattva(s), xv, xvii, xviii, xix, 3-13, 15, 17-18, 21, 23, 29, 30, 35, 42, 45, 118, 124, 131, 134, 137-139, 149, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 161, 164-Index 166, 170-177, 182-185, 188, 190-197, 201, 215, 223, 224, 231, 233, 237, 239, 246, 248-254, 256-258, 262-265, 271, 273-281, 283, 285, 286, 288, 291-293, 298, 301, 303, 305, 306, 309, 319-321, 323-325, 333, 337, 339, 353, 357-362, 363, 366, 371, 382n33, 394-395n157, 395-396n166, 399-400n200, 400n205, 410n323

avaivarika/irreversible, xiii, xv, 152 canon/canonical texts, xiii, xx, 4, 107 genuine, xvii, 188, 190

ground(s), xiii, xix, 163, 164, 170, 175, 177, 260

first/first-ground, xv, xvii, 19, 21, 23, 155, 157-162, 164, 175, 176, 191, 222, 252, 291-293, 316, 377, 393nn140, 143; 399-400n200 second/second-ground, xvii, xviii, 162, 176, 191, 193, 195, 196, 222-223, 291-293, 371, 379n3, 395n164, 399-400n200, 403n246, 410n323

third, 162, 163

householder/lay, xiv, xvi, 5, 23, 143-144

imitation/in name only, xvii, 8-9, 188 monastic/renunciant, xiv, xvi, 5, 143, 144, 147, 313, 315, 319

path, xiii, xiv, xvii, xix, xx-xxi, 19, 141, 152, 171, 183, 194, 255, 313, 337, 395n160, 405n268

practice(s), xiv, xvii, 9, 19, 175, 183, 405n268

vow(s), 188, 248, 255, 367, 400n202 ten, xv, 252 (n202)

See also ground(s); ten grounds; vow(s) Bodhisattva, 124

See also Śākyamuni

429

Index

body, speech, and mind, 31, 37, 78, 103-104, 112, 127, 145, 163, 289, 304, 339, 377, 383n38, 386n59, 392n126, 397-398n181

Brahmā, 26, 48, 52, 55, 113, 114, 140, 163, 369

brahmacārin(s), 62-63, 68, 92, 103-104, 115

brahmacarya, 110, 300-301, 356, 364, 389n91, 404n257

See also celibacy/celibate brahman(s), 48, 55, 62-63, 64, 75, 77, 92, 113, 114, 140, 163, 173, 201, 216, 226, 318, 369, 375, 404n257 See also caste

Brahma world(s), 50, 51, 135 See also heaven(s), Brahma buddha(s), xv-xvii, xix, 6, 10, 13, 18, 19, 23-24, 27, 29, 35-37, 39, 42, 46-49, 51-57, 62, 68, 70, 72, 76-77, 79, 85, 94-102, 105-109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 118, 121-125, 129, 132, 135, 137-141, 148-152, 154, 157-159, 171, 172, 175-177, 183, 185, 188, 231, 241, 242, 245, 250, 253, 256, 258, 264, 265, 267, 270-272, 275, 280, 281, 292, 293, 295, 301, 303, 305, 321, 325, 333, 348, 349, 352, 353, 357, 359-362, 381n28, 382nn32, 34; 386n64, 393n137, 399n195, 400n202, 402n235

body(ies), xvi, 45, 49, 137, 310, 392n102, 391n117

contemplation/mindfulness of of, xv, xvi, xvii, 29, 30, 38-39, 42, 45, 138, 353

dharmas, 10, 31, 45, 124, 128, 175, 253, 254, 266, 291

forty exclusive to, xvii, 26, 45-124, 125, 292, 362

eighty minor/secondary/subsidiary characteristics, xvi, 24, 27, 30, 430

42-44, 45, 137, 292, 381n23, 390n102, 391n117

enlightenment of, xv, xix family/lineage, 81, 159, 305, 358, 382n33

ground, xviii, xix, 161, 163, 229 land/realms/worlds, 153, 172, 400n202 past, 72, 87, 130, 152, 171 power(s), xx, 47, 50, 53, 124, 245, 266, 267, 268

sovereign mastery(ies), xx, 27, 45, 46-49, 51-53, 245, 266, 267, 268 thirty-two (major) marks, xvi, 3, 24, 27, 44, 45, 129, 137, 292, 390n102, 391n117

transformation(s), 49-50 wisdom, xx, 54, 188, 245, 265-266, 401n215

wisdom eye, 267, 382n33

vehicle, 275

See also body(ies), buddha(s)/Buddha; tathāgata(s)

Buddha, 5, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 30, 36, 39, 46-49, 54-55, 61-70, 73-82, 84-87, 89, 91-93, 98-107, 109-124, 125, 126, 137, 142, 147, 149-150, 163, 169, 176-178, 182, 183, 233, 235, 241-242, 248, 251-253, 257, 258, 262, 265, 271, 272, 294, 298, 303, 310, 313, 316-318, 321, 324-326, 334, 337, 348, 352-354, 357, 360, 367, 382n30, 384n42, 386nn58, 65, 66; 388nn78, 81; 398-399n192, 401n223, 402n235, 407nn293, 295

body, 44, 45, 49, 105, 106, 123, 137 kalpa of, 14, 180

meritorious qualities, 45, 154 mindfulness of, xvi, xvii, 45, 125, 137-138, 292, 295, 313, 317, 325, 360 nirvana/parinirvāṇa, 87, 101, 241

path/way, 258, 259, 265 śarīra relics, 20

son(s), 262, 267, 291, 382n33 ten names, 138, 317

ten powers, 115-121

See also Bhagavat; Tathāgata; World-honored One

Buddha Dharma, 5, 18, 19, 61, 64, 72, 75, 81, 83, 87, 110, 111, 129, 137, 166, 167, 170, 174, 254, 258, 271, 272, 290, 292, 312, 313, 314, 323, 337, 338, 344, 363

Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, xvi, 143, 295, 313, 405n273

See also Three Jewels/Three Refuges buddhahood, 87, 123, 129, 137-139, 155, 164, 173, 179, 182, 185, 232, 242, 247, 251, 254, 255, 264, 280, 281, 340, 390n102

ground, xix, 245

path/way to, xiii, xv, xix, 23, 168, 173, 177-185, 188, 254, 256, 265 Buddhayaśas, xiii, 393n141, 403n246 Buddhism, xiii, 390n103, 402n235 Buddhist, 379n4, 395n158 canon/scriptures/texts, xiii, xx, 68, 379nn2, 3; 397n169, 410n328 See also Sino-Buddhist

C

caṇḍālas, 226, 314

caste, 62, 64, 65, 81, 120, 148, 198, 225 See also brahman(s); kṣatriya celibacy/celibate, 389n91, 391n118, 404n257

See also brahmacarya; precept(s), eight cessation, 30, 98-99, 268 eternal, 46, 98, 382-383n35 quiescent, 235, 256, 259, 303, 349, 351, 352, 385n50

See also nirvana

Index

chain of causation/causes and conditions, twelve/twelvefold, 29, 32, 322, 353 Chang'an, xiii

charnel field, 328, 329, 332, 341, 385n48 Chinese, xiii, 1, 379nn1-4, 380n8, 381n17, 382-383n35, 384n42, 385n51, 386n67, 387n71, 389n90, 390n104, 391n113, 393nn139, 148, 149; 385n158, 398n183, 402n235, 403nn245, 248; 405n267, 408nn303, 305; 410nn325, 328

Ciñcā, 62, 76, 385n53

compassion, 19, 106, 131, 147, 158, 188, 252, 257, 271, 285-287, 289, 296, 310, 314, 326, 332, 352, 368, great, xix, 9, 12, 19, 24, 36, 122, 136, 159, 179, 180-182, 189, 194, 229, 231, 233, 236, 238, 239, 245, 248, 256, 257, 265, 290, 306, 350, 353, 394-395n157, 395-396n166 See also kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity contaminant(s), 15, 92, 99, 113, 118, 121, 127, 128, 153, 154, 173, 201, 205, 207-212, 215, 228, 301-303, 406n281

See also affliction(s); fetter(s); four floods

contemplation(s), 45, 80, 109, 138-139, 149, 167, 232, 263, 287, 315, 344, 392n124, 394n151

of the body, 80, 392nn124, 125 of buddhas, xvi, 29, 30, 45 right, 15, 240, 320

See also meditation/meditative corpse, decomposition/deterioration of, nine signs/stages, 148, 392nn124, 125, 131

See also unloveliness, signs, of Cullavagga, 385nn47, 56 See also Vinaya

431

Index

D

Daśabhūmika-sūtra. See Ten Grounds Sutra

Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā, xiii, 1, 379n1 See also Shizhu piposha lun; Treatise on the Ten Grounds

Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śāstra, 307nn1-2, 404-405n266

See also Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā; Shizhu piposha lun

Deer Park, 66

defilement(s), 14-15, 24, 32, 117, 118, 146, 147, 175, 196, 238, 260, 275, 286, 287-288, 290, 293, 297, 304, 319, 386n64

See also affliction(s)

delusion, 27, 30, 108, 163, 168, 185, 192, 193, 215, 216-217, 234, 238, 279, 289, 305, 318, 319, 327, 365 See also ignorance

destiny(ies), 96, 120, 142, 182, 223, 361, 387n74

good, 222, 223

six, 120, 249

wretched, 117, 165, 213, 222-223, 272, 273, 288, 358, 360, 366, 375, 405n274

See also rebirth(s); samsara deva(s), 24, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 47, 48, 55, 66, 67, 70, 78, 85, 106, 113, 114, 123, 128, 132, 133, 136, 138, 151, 168, 172, 216, 220, 223, 225, 226, 229, 231, 242, 246, 248, 249, 253, 266, 267, 275, 276, 296, 306, 309, 317, 325, 334, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 369, 373, 374, 376, 398-399n192, 405n273 See also realm(s), deva; vehicle(s), deva

Devadatta, 62, 75-76, 106, 388n87 432

devaputras, 252

Dhammapada, 385n53, 386nn61-63 See also Dharmapada

dhāraṇīs, 314

dharma(s), xvi, xvii, xviii, 3, 5, 8-10, 12, 13, 15-18, 25, 29-31, 34, 35, 40, 43, 45, 54-57, 59- 61, 68-70, 76, 79-82, 87-89, 91, 93-95, 97-102, 105, 111-117, 120-122, 124-128, 130, 133, 137-145, 147, 148, 154, 155, 157, 159-164, 167, 173, 175-182, 186-188, 190, 193, 195, 207, 212-214, 219, 220, 222, 230, 232-235, 237, 240-243, 253, 254, 260-264, 266-269, 273, 279, 280, 286, 287, 291, 292, 296-298, 300, 302-304, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 318, 320-323, 326, 327, 332, 337, 339-342, 344-346, 348-353, 355-357, 363, 364, 366-368, 384nn44, 45; 385n48, 398n185, 401n214, 402n235, 409n307 bad/black/deviant/evil/unwholesome/ wrong, 33, 67, 86, 110, 180, 182, 193, 219, 238, 274, 319, 327, 355 conditioned, 142, 232, 233, 235, 346 deep/profound, 15, 32, 66, 78, 83, 142, 145, 236, 238, 242, 260, 326 eight (that cut off cultivation), 148, 164, 186

of emptiness/nonself, 9, 138, 353 of emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness, 145, 326, 327, 339, 350, 351, 355, 356

exclusive, xvii, 56, 93, 94, 106, 107, 112, 122-125, 386n67

of the first ground, xv, 158-162, 195 five repositories of, 29, 55, 56, 68, 87 forty, exclusive to buddhas, xvii, 26, 45-124, 128, 137, 262, 292, 362, 382-382n35, 390n110

four/fourfold, xvi, 3-7, 11-14, 80, 101, 112, 117, 140-142, 178, 324-327, 339-342, 346, 350, 353, 359-361 good, 8, 11, 12, 14, 25, 110, 119, 168, 172, 177, 190, 192, 197, 219, 224, 230, 250, 274, 275, 278, 280, 295, 310, 313, 314, 325, 363, 367, 377 great/pure/sublime/superior/supreme/ unsurpassed, 16, 25, 29, 30, 159, 160, 195, 261, 280, 356

ineffable (fourteen), 29, 56, 68, 87, 280-281, 384n44, 402n236 mental, 59, 97, 154, 202, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 219, 342

nature/true character of, 192, 247, 286, 289, 305, 323, 341-342, 356, 390n111, 391n117, 406n283 non-Buddhist/of the Vedas, 71-72, 142, 216

nonform, 46, 99, 100, 382-383n35 six, of mutual harmony, 148, 392n126 ten, 19-21

thirty-two, 188-190

unconditioned, 29, 346, 384n44 unfixed, xvii, 85, 91, 126 upoṣadha, 79, 386n60

worldly, 16, 20, 27, 28, 160, 263, 303, 351, 400n202

See also patience, unproduced-dharmas Dharma, xx, xxi, xvi, 3-8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30-34, 36-38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 55-56, 61, 64, 67, 72, 75, 76, 81, 83-87, 92, 102, 107, 109-111, 113, 114, 122, 124, 128-132, 135, 139-141, 144-146, 148, 155, 166, 167, 170, 174, 189, 193, 200, 231, 237, 240, 243, 247, 251, 254, 257, 258, 262, 267, 270-272, 278, 285, 290-292, 294, 295, 297, 305, 309, 311-315, 321, Index

323-325, 327, 334, 335, 337, 338, 344, 352-353, 356, 361-363, 366, 367, 375, 376, 381n28, 382nn29, 33; 382-383n35, 386n65, 397n170, 403n251

body, xvii, 45, 137-138, 305, 356, 391n117

eye, 376

giving, xvi, 12, 14, 15, 24, 141, 335 good, 8, 102, 103, 279

great, 25, 353

jewel(s)/Jewel, 25, 143, 336 master(s)/teacher(s), 6, 11, 144, 392n127

profound/sublime/unsurpassable, 6, 8, 11, 25, 55, 85, 88

protector, 390n103

repositories, five/four, 93, 116, 387n75 right/true, xx, 12, 13, 35, 66, 86, 141, 146, 163, 189, 245, 269-271, 353, 364

wheel, 25, 46, 49, 123, 359 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Dharma realm; monastic(s), Dharma teachers and preceptors

Dharma King, 136

See also Buddha

Dharmakṣema, 403n248

Dharmapada, 177

See also Dhammapada

Dharmarakṣa, xiii, 379n2 Dharma realm, 400n202, 406n283 See also realm(s)

dhūta austerities, xviii, 23, 82, 145, 262, 296, 309, 323, 327-328, 333, 406n287

twelve, xviii, 65, 327, 329, 340-341, 354, 385n48

See also ascetic austerities/practices 433

Index

dhyāna(s), 53, 117-118, 133, 153, 227-228, 236, 296, 407n293 absorption(s), 36, 64, 128, 133, 134, 147, 173, 192-193, 195, 226-227, 230, 235, 240, 241, 242, 247, 260, 261, 268, 278, 307, 324, 359, 392n133

concentration(s)/meditation(s), 10, 18, 26, 99, 118, 121, 139, 147, 148, 172, 173, 179, 230, 235, 237, 241, 272, 311, 324, 326, 330 four, 117, 120, 153, 227-228, 306, 315, 326

samādhis, 56

See also meditation/meditative; pāramitā(s), six, of meditative concentration/dhyāna-pāramitā Dīgha Nikāya, 386n58, 388n77, 389nn92, 96

Dīpaṃkara, 72, 87

dragon(s), 36, 48, 78, 111, 150, 151, 325, 334, 345, 360, 362, 381n28 See also nāga kings

E

East India, 216

eight difficulties, 66, 406n279 eightfold path, 15, 73, 78, 87, 120, 127, 186, 206, 269, 278, 309, 356, 366, 381n21

eight voice qualities, 41, 382n34 Ekottara Āgama:

Afuluo Sutra, 93, 387n72 Shejiali Sutra, 92, 387n70 element(s), 71, 230, 304, 408n301 four great, 149, 234, 290 six, 341, 342, 408n302

emptiness, 9, 15, 138, 263, 304, 312, 323, 339, 342, 348, 350, 355, 356, 391n117, 392n133

emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness, 145, 313, 315, 322, 326, 327 434

enlightenment, xv, xix, 49, 66, 67, 119, 386n65, 387n74

limbs of (seven), 15, 29, 154, 297 thirty-seven factors/wings, 29, 381n21 See also anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi; bodhi; seven limbs of bodhi/enlightenment equal-minded/mind of equal regard, 8, 26, 32, 106, 131, 133, 256, 298, 310, 401n214

equanimity, 24, 112, 142, 219, 296, 368, 395n162

mind of, 194-195, 326

See also four immeasurable minds expedient(s), 15, 17, 18, 92, 99, 107, 189, 278, 329, 337

See also skillful means F

faculty(ies), 29, 112, 118, 119, 128, 140, 172, 178-179, 365

of cognition, 88-89

dull, 82, 111, 119, 333 five, 15, 179, 381n21, 394n153 sharp, 34, 84, 86, 111, 119, 176 See also sense faculty(ies) faith, 5, 6, 19, 30, 67, 72, 86, 107, 119, 122, 140, 143, 145, 150, 155, 161, 162, 163, 168, 172, 173, 178, 179, 183, 186, 187, 219, 288, 294-295, 368, 369, 394n153

in karmic retribution(s), 6, 314 power of, 19, 140, 159

resolute, 6, 106, 141, 162, 163, 353 See also faculty(ies), five fearlessness(es), xv, 113-114, 317, 319, 367, 368

four types of, 46, 100, 113-115, 382-383n35 female, 59, 130, 320

See also woman/women

fetter(s), 35, 38, 64-66, 83, 84, 97, 99, 107, 111, 123, 219, 261, 287, 289, 305, 353, 402n243

See also affliction(s); contaminant(s) five characteristics, 133, 390n108 five desires, 134, 149, 171, 187, 290, 369, 390n108

five hindrances, 134, 169, 184, 390n108, 394n150

five powers. See faculty(ies), five flower(s), 149, 155, 165, 172, 242, 371, 373

māndārava, 242

mañjūṣaka, 369

See also offering(s); tree(s) Flower Adornment Sutra. See Avataṃsaka-sūtra forest hermitage, 11, 146, 189, 259, 296, 311-325, 327, 331, 333-334, 341, 356, 385n48, 406nn283, 287 See also tree(s); wilderness four continents, 41, 59, 101, 131, 223, 371, 375, 376

Aparagodānīya, 47, 226 Jambudvīpa, 47, 59, 60, 175, 222, 225, 226

Pūrvavideha, 47, 226

Uttarakuru, 47, 226

four floods, 290, 322, 406n281 See also contaminant(s) fourfold/four types of assembly(ies), 75, 321

four fruits, 37, 112, 172, 261, 387n69, 390n105

See also arhat(s)/arhatship; nonreturner(s); once-returner(s); streamenterer(s)/stream-entry Four Heavenly Kings, 47, 48, 151, 226, 334, 376

See also heaven(s); world-protecting lord/kings

Index

four immeasurable minds, 117-118, 190, 306, 315, 326, 395n162, 403n252, 405n269

See also kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity four means of attraction, 12, 142, 155, 189, 293, 297, 314

four necessities/requisites, 242, 292-293, 329, 332, 407n289

four seals, 270, 271, 401n223 four truths, 14, 34, 37, 99, 100, 111, 167, 261, 402n242

G

gandharvas, 36, 48, 78, 325, 334, 362 Ganges River(s), 30, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 120, 171, 194, 233, 265, 395-396n166

garuḍa(s), 36, 362, 371, 372, 381n28 ghost(s), 223, 225

See also hungry ghost(s); spirits giving, xv, xvi, 9, 15, 39, 40, 41, 131, 132, 133, 142, 150, 155, 163, 173, 175, 189, 200, 201, 259, 261, 262, 275, 278, 293, 296, 299, 310, 366, 375, 395n161

of Dharma, xvi, 12, 14, 15, 24, 141, 335

pāramitā/perfection of, 38, 162, 179, 260, 323

See also paramita(s), six, of giving/ dāna-pāramitā

Gotama, 92, 384n43

See also Buddha

Great Ārya/Honored One of the Āryas/ Lord of the Āryas, 41, 125, 134 See also Buddha

Great Jeweled Summit Sutra, 409nn314, 316

See also Jeweled Summit Sutra Great Nirvana Sutra, 92 435

Index

great ocean(s), 37 Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, 387n74, 390n102

Great Vehicle, xviii, 13, 17, 38, 97, 108, 170, 171, 183, 190, 194, 229, 245, 247, 251, 258, 260-262, 267, 268, 275, 288, 395-396n166 See also Mahayana; vehicle(s) greed, hatred, and delusion, 30, 163, 168, 192, 215, 289, 319 See also three poisons ground(s), xiv-xv, xix, 19, 157-158, 160-164, 168, 175, 195, 196-197, 240, 260-261, 286, 293-294, 300, 371, 377

of the bhagavats who possess the ten powers, xx, 246

of Buddha/buddha(s)/of buddhahood, xviii, xix, 161, 163, 229, 245 of pratyekabuddha(s), xviii, xix, 159, 182-183, 229, 232, 236-238, 243, 245, 394-395n157

of śrāvaka disciple(s), xviii, xix, 159, 182-183, 229-236, 245, 394-395n157 See also bodhisattva(s), ground(s); ten grounds

H

heaven(s), 27, 28, 51, 91, 93, 96, 134, 135, 184, 187, 216, 259, 261, 266, 267, 283, 300, 365, 395n159, 365-366n166 Akaniṣṭha, 48, 49, 228 Anabhraka, 227

Atapās/No Heat/Non-hot, 48, 227 Avṛha/Nonextensive/Not Vast, 48, 228, 398n183

Brahma, 26, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 84, 123, 124, 134, 151, 357 Brahma Assembly, 48 436

Brahmakāyika, 227

Brahmapurohita, 227 Brahma World, 48, 52, 134 Bṛhatphala, 227

Delightful Vision/Sudarśana, 48, 228 Great Brahma, 41, 48, 54 Infinite Consciousness, 228 Infinite Space, 228 Four Heavenly Kings, 47 form realm, 395n160, 406n284 Lesser Light, 48, 227 Lesser Purity, 48, 227 Light and Sound, 48 Limitless Light, 48, 227 long-life, 71, 106 Mahābrahma(n), 28, 37, 227 Measureless Purity, 48 Neither Perception nor Nonperception, 228

Nirmāṇarati, 47, 123, 226 Nonperception, 48, 227 Paranirmitavaśavartin, 47, 48, 123, 226 Puṇyaprasava, 227

Samtuṣita, 226

Skillful Transformations, 226 Station of Nothing Whatsoever, 228 Sublime Light, 227 Sublime Vision/Sudṛśa, 48, 228 Trāyastriṃśa, 47, 48, 226 Tuṣita, 47, 48, 123, 226 Universal Purity, 48, 227 Vast Fruition, 48

Yāma, 47, 48, 123, 226 See also realm(s), celestial heavenly, 35, 48, 123, 372, 374 ear, 23, 139, 315

eye, 23, 120, 128, 138, 139, 315 palaces, 51, 375

hell(s), 91, 93, 96, 183, 213, 219, 223, 225, 249, 257, 284, 289, 319, 358, 359, 361, 370, 394-395n157, 406n279

Ahaha, 249

Apalāla, 249

Arbuda, 249

Avīci, 184, 224, 225, 249 Black Line, 225, 249 of blackness, 223 Boiling Excrement, 249 cold, 169, 174, 223, 249 great, 183

Great Broiling/Roasting, 225, 249 Great Road, 225

Great Screaming, 225, 249 hot, 169, 174, 223, 249 Huhuva, 249

Kumuda, 249

Lesser Broiling/Roasting, 225, 249 Lesser Screaming, 225, 249 Living, 225, 249

Nirabudha, 249

Padma, 249

Puṇḍarīka, 249

River of Coals, 249 Saṃgata, 225

Sumanā, 249

Sword Forest, 225, 249 Unification, 249

Utpala, 249

See also destinies, six, wretched Horripilation Sutra, 55 householder(s)/household life, xvi, 4, 92, 143-144, 193, 242, 243, 259, 261, 310, 319, 321, 360, 363, 398-399n192, 404n259, 410n326 See also bodhisattva(s), householder/ lay; laity; lay/laypeople/layperson hungry ghosts, 96, 174, 213, 219, 223, 225, 249, 257, 284, 289, 319, 358, 361, 406n279

See also ghost(s); spirits Index

I

"I" and "mine," 302, 311, 346 See also self

ignorance, 29, 72, 121, 287, 289, 290, 304, 406n281

See also delusion immortality, elixir of, 272, 369 incense, 27, 155, 242, 369, 371, 374 candana/sandalwood, 242, 371, 374 See also offering(s) Indian, xiii, 379n3, 380n9, 394-395n157, 395n158, 395-396n166 See also East India individual liberation path(s), xix, 390n105 See also arhat(s)/arhatship; pratyekabuddha(s); śrāvaka(s)/śrāvaka disciple(s); vehicle(s), two Indra, 28, 47, 56, 374, 376 inherently existent, 145, 148-149, 173, 303, 320, 325, 326, 348, 350, 352, 398n182

Intermediate Vehicle, 268 See also vehicle(s) J

Jeta Grove, 62, 76 Jeweled Summit Sutra, xviii "Harmonious Dharma of the Buddha" chapter, 294

"Kāśyapa" chapter, 353, 354 See also Great Jeweled Summit Sutra K

kalpa(s), 29, 40, 48, 50, 51, 98, 101, 120, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 151, 176, 253, 256, 263, 265, 293, 335, 336 asaṃkhyeya(s), 233, 265 destruction at the end of, 48, 150, 161 great, 48, 124

worthy (bhadrakalpa), 98 437

Index

Kanakamuni, 98

karma, xv, 77, 93, 98, 104, 154, 216, 218, 221, 286, 316, 318, 397-398n181 bad/evil/offense-generating, xv, 80, 196, 225, 315, 403-404n255 physical, verbal, mental/three types of, 29, 32, 318

karmic, 250, 387n74, 403-404n255 action(s)/activity/deed(s), xvii-xviii, 39, 78, 92, 116-117, 120, 154, 181, 191, 197-198, 203, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217-223, 225, 263, 272, 288, 292, 297, 302, 307, 316, 372, 377

bad/evil, xviii, 15, 59, 106, 117, 187, 196, 197-198, 200, 201, 212, 215-218, 220-225, 228, 283-285, 287, 288, 299, 302, 371, 398n182, 399-400n200, 404n256

good/meritorious/pure/right, xviii, xix, xx, 59, 79, 112, 117, 143, 181, 187, 197-201, 206, 208-212, 215, 216, 219-237, 243, 245-247, 249-254, 263, 265, 269, 280, 281, 283-285, 288, 291, 293, 299-302, 306, 316-317, 323, 375, 398n182, 399-400n200, 403n249

cause(s) and conditions, xvi, 39, 76, 143, 224, 269, 286, 306, 316, 382n32, 387n74

effects/fruition/fruits/result(s), 127, 134, 200, 201, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211-214, 217, 225, 252, 253, 254, 261, 283, 305, 306, 387n71 merit, 82, 119, 155, 240, 286, 377, 391-392n122

obstacles, 66, 95, 170

offense(s)/transgressions, xv, 16, 17, 37, 77, 91, 187, 196, 201, 202-204, 213-218, 222, 247, 277, 286, 290, 295, 299, 303, 393n137, 399-400n200 438

propensities, 122, 128, 202, 315 retribution(s), 6, 9, 59, 76, 103, 104, 106, 116, 117, 120, 151, 216, 217, 225, 233, 283-285, 288, 314, 316, 393n137

reward(s), xv, xvii, xviii, 9, 37, 76, 92, 94, 109, 129, 143, 172, 371, 372 roots, 107, 117, 213, 214 See also ten courses of karmic action Kashmir, xiii

Kāśyapa, 251, 303-304, 353-357 Kāśyapa Buddha, 87, 98

Kāśyapa Sutra, 303

kiṃnaras, 36, 48, 334, 362 kindness(es), 12, 19, 20, 26, 27, 36, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 159, 184, 200, 201, 234, 257, 264, 265, 270, 286, 296, 311, 324, 336, 363, 368, 395n162, 398n189

great, 24, 122, 129, 136, 180, 181, 189, 194, 248, 277, 289, 395-396n166 mind of, 184, 188, 252, 285, 314, 326, 354

kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity, 142, 368, 395n162 See also four immeasurable minds Krakucchanda, 98

kṣatriya, 64, 226

See also caste

Kuchā, 1

Kumārajīva, xiii, 1, 379n1, 380nn7, 12; 382n31, 382-383n35, 384n41, 386n68, 390n111, 391nn120, 121; 393nn141, 144, 149; 399n198, 401n211, 403n246, 406n283, 408nn301, 303, 305; 410n325 kumbhāṇḍas, 150

L

laity, 13, 92, 313, 329, 391n118 See also householder(s)/household life; lay/laypeople/layperson

latent tendency(ies), 210, 397n177 ninety-eight, 287, 402n243 Later Qin, 1

lay/laypeople/layperson, xiv, xvi, 144, 325, 327, 341, 355, 386n60, 391n118, 406n286

bodhisattva(s), xiv, xvi, 5, 23, 142 precept(s), xvi, 391nn118, 119 See also bodhisattva(s), householder/ lay; householder(s)/household life; laity

liberation(s), 29, 31, 34, 38, 53, 57, 67, 70, 71-72, 77, 84, 85, 99, 107-109, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127-129, 133, 158, 173, 195, 230, 235, 239, 241, 255, 257-259, 262, 264-269, 271, 278, 286, 314, 318, 322-323, 340, 351, 356, 357, 359, 363, 368, 381n20, 392n127, 394n156, 395-396n166, 405n269 eight, 118, 133

five bases of, 148, 392n127 three types of, 121, 133 unimpeded, 46, 121, 128, 382-383n35 See also individual liberation path(s) lion seat, 35

livelihood(s), 78, 94, 383n38, 386n59 pure/right, 7, 78, 145, 301, 315 wrong, 4, 186, 289

Lord(s), 237, 240, 241, 402n235 See also bhagavat(s); Bhagavat M

Mahākāśyapa, 248

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, 248 Mahāprajñāpāramitā-upadeśa, 387nn74-75

Mahāratnakūṭa-sūtra, 404n260, 405n272, 406n278

Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, "Akṣayamati" chapter, 403n248

Index

Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, 404nn261, 263, 264

Mahayana, xiii, 386n66 See also Great Vehicle mahoragas, 36, 48, 151, 334, 362 maiden(s), 374

celestial/heavenly, 34, 300, 371, 374, 410n328

jade, treasure, 373-375 See also female; woman/women Majjhima Nikāya, 384n42, 385n52, 386nn58, 65, 66, 68; 387nn69, 73; 388nn79, 81-83, 86; 389nn91, 93, 94, 97-99; 405n271, 406n277 maṇi jewel(s), 372, 374 mantras, 262

See also dharanis

māra(s), 106, 123, 140, 163, 173, 319, 369

Māra, 11, 12, 39, 48, 49, 55, 63, 77, 106, 113, 114, 135, 168, 255, 271, 272, 290, 365, 384n43

Maudgalyāyana, 53, 248 medicine(s)/medicinal, 16, 41, 168, 293, 357, 365, 407n289

meditation/meditative, 147, 192, 262, 287, 326, 368, 382n34, 388n76, 390n108, 392n125, 394n150, 402n242 absorption(s), 24, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 46, 53, 54, 57, 58, 97-98, 133, 140, 148, 176, 189, 235, 241, 306, 322, 382-383n35

concentration(s), 7, 38, 78, 117-118, 121, 122, 159, 163, 175, 178, 180, 186, 219, 260, 278, 315 dhyāna, 10, 26, 118, 139, 147, 230, 235, 324, 326, 330

See also dhyāna(s); pāramitā(s), six, of meditative concentration/dhyānapāramitā 439

Index

merit(s)/meritorious, xv, 11, 16, 25, 27, 41, 42, 123, 129, 150, 151, 152, 159, 168, 171, 194, 207, 216, 243, 267, 291, 299, 306, 335, 367, 390n102, 395-396n166, 398-399n192, 405n267 actions/deeds, 91, 92, 109, 265 dedication of, xv, 3, 152, 181, 246, 250, 251, 252, 279, 280, 298, 339, 340 field(s) of, 123, 132, 237, 240-241, 248, 334

karmic, 82, 119, 155, 240, 286, 377, 391-392n122

roots of, 23, 360

meritorious quality(ies), xviii, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 29, 32, 33, 45, 56, 57-58, 64, 65, 75, 107, 119, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129, 144, 145, 149, 154, 159, 163, 166-167, 168, 172, 180, 188, 229, 231-232, 239, 242, 252, 253, 255, 262, 264, 266, 281, 288, 311, 313, 323, 325, 327-328, 333, 335, 337, 360, 363, 364, 365, 367, 368-369, 377 bases of, 133, 134, 136, 235, 236, 243, 260, 279

four, 24, 38, 100-101, 124, 129, 130, 167, 178, 379n5, 380n16, 381n17, 405n269, 410n320

store/treasure trove/treasury(ies), 29, 38, 40, 266, 281, 364

Middle Way, 340

mindfulness, xvi, 27, 38, 45, 54, 55, 68, 101, 110, 119, 125, 145, 161, 163, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 247, 263, 295, 313, 316, 394n153 of the buddha(s)/Buddha, xv, xvi, xvii, 23, 38, 42, 44, 45, 125, 137-138, 292, 295, 313, 317, 325, 353, 361 right, 78, 168, 214, 272, 273, 315, 324, 339, 364

six objects of, 314, 405n273 440

stations of (four), 29, 80, 101-102, 381n21

See also contemplation(s) monastic(s), xvi, 10, 13, 64, 68, 75, 81, 92, 132, 142, 144, 193, 237, 259, 312, 313, 321, 325, 331, 340, 341, 355, 363, 386n60

bodhisattva(s), xiv, xvi, 5, 143, 144, 147, 313, 319

community/order/sangha, 81, 82, 83, 393n137, 406n286

Dharma teacher(s) and preceptor(s), 6, 146, 380n7, 391n120

robe, 13, 381nn24-26

See also bhikṣu(s); bhikṣuṇī; monk(s); nun(s); robe(s)

monk(s), xviii, 62, 64, 65, 75, 379n4, 391-392n122, 397-398n181, 398-399n192 See also bhikṣu(s)

moral precepts, xviii, 7, 8, 12, 13, 18, 24, 27, 31, 33, 34, 64, 65, 76-82, 99, 106, 123, 133, 144-145, 148, 159, 173, 184, 185, 189, 198, 219, 220-221, 230, 235, 240, 247, 259, 260, 261, 267, 278, 283, 288, 291, 293, 295, 298-300, 309, 322, 327, 329, 331, 340, 354, 355, 357-362, 363, 371, 376, 377, 386n60 code/scriptures, 81, 354, 367 five, xvi, xvii, 143

See also precept(s); śīla; Vinaya moral regulations/prohibitions, 85, 99-100

moral virtue, xviii, 29, 37, 79, 144, 148, 161, 163, 173, 178, 179, 262, 272, 294-298, 300-302, 339, 340, 395n159, 403nn249, 250, 252, 253; 405n273 pāramitā/perfection of, xviii, 38, 162, 260, 293, 323

See also pāramitā(s), six, of of moral virtue/śīla-pāramitā; śīla

mountain(s), 48, 51, 59, 61, 78, 138, 139, 160, 165, 166, 370, 372, 377 Black Mountain, 138

Himalayas, 368, 398-399n192 Iron Ring Mountains, 48, 138 Mount Sumeru, 27, 138, 139, 377 Stone Mountain, 138

ten jeweled, 48, 138

Yugaṃdhara Mountain, 138 N

nāga kings, 225

See also dragon(s)

Nāgārjuna, xiii, xiv, xix-xxi, 1, 379nn2, 3; 381n17, 386n67, 387nn74, 75; 388nn78, 83; 390nn102, 110; 391n112, 393n149, 394n157, 395-396n166, 398nn183, 188; 403n248 Nāgārjuna's Treatise on the Ten Grounds, Volume I (Dharmamitra), 379n3, 382n32, 393nn140, 142, 143, 145, 146; 399-400n200, 400n202, 405n274, 408n306, 409nn307-311, 313; 410n323

Nālagiri, 385n17

See also animal(s)/birds/insects, elephant(s) Nārāyaṇa, 123, 390n103 Nikāyas, 382n30, 389n91, 398n191, 406n276

See also Aṅguttara Nikāya; Dīgha Nikāya; Majjhima Nikāya; Samyutta Nikāya

Nirgrantha(s), 67-68

nirvana, 9, 51, 70-73, 79, 87, 96-99, 105, 117, 123, 130, 135, 149, 165-168, 170, 173, 174, 188, 230, 231, 234, 235, 246, 247, 261, 267, 271-273, 306, 320, 355-357, 363, 365, 366, 367, 369, 385n50, 400nn202, 205 Index

bliss of, 252, 291

path to, 71, 80, 82, 99, 353 without residue, 55, 98, 101, 121, 173 with residue, 98

See also cessation

non-Buddhist(s), 10, 26, 28, 35, 68, 70, 84, 111, 142, 168, 169, 173, 185, 255, 258, 259, 268, 271, 272, 306, 312 nonreturner(s) 38, 92 See also anāgāmin; four fruits nonself, 9, 263, 303, 313, 353 See also self

nuns, 391-392n122

See also bhikṣuṇī

O

offense(s), 6, 81, 182, 202, 406-407n286 grave, 327, 406-407n286 karmic, xvi, 17, 37, 77, 91, 187, 201-204, 213, 214-218, 222, 247, 286, 290, 299, 303, 393n137, 399-400n200

pārājika, 406n286

saṃghāvaśeṣa, 327, 406n286 See also transgression(s) offering(s), 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17-20, 24, 39, 41, 64-66, 71, 78, 81-83, 86, 106, 122, 138, 140, 141, 144-146, 150, 154-155, 158, 159, 185, 240, 242-243, 270, 275, 292, 295, 312, 313, 317, 319, 321, 327, 333-335, 337, 357, 360, 368, 371 omniscience/omniscient, xvii, 59-60, 62-64, 66-70, 72, 74-77, 84-86, 89, 93-94, 127

See also all-knowledge once-returner, 38

See also four fruits; sakṛdāgāmin ordination, 64, 81, 83, 407n289 See also monastic(s)

441

Index

P

Pāli, 384n42, 385nn47, 49, 52, 54, 56; 387nn69, 71, 73; 388nn77, 83-85; 389nn92-94, 96; 390n106, 398nn185, 187; 403n251, 404n258, 259; 406nn275-277; 408n303

pāramitā(s), 38, 102, 112, 122, 168, 179, 188, 300, 311

of being foremost in training and subduing the mind, 53-54 four unimpeded knowledges, 46, 101-102, 382-383n35 great powers, 46, 100-101, 382-383n35 of perfectly complete replies and predictions, 46, 102, 105, 382-383n35 six, 4, 11, 24, 124, 184, 231, 253, 293, 313, 314

of giving/dāna-pāramitā, 24, 38, 162, 179, 323, 401n211

of meditative concentration/dhyānapāramitā, 24, 38, 118, 122, 179, 324, 401n211

of moral virtue/śīla-pāramitā, 24, 38, 162, 179, 293-294, 306, 323, 371, 401n211

of patience/kṣānti-pāramitā, 24, 38, 179, 324, 401n211

of vigor/vīrya-pāramitā, 8, 24, 38, 179, 324, 401n211

of wisdom/prajñā-pāramitā, 24, 38, 179, 324, 401n211

See also perfection(s)

Parthia, 216

Patakiputra, 92, 115

Pāṭaliputra, 67, 85, 92

patience, 12, 27, 38, 80, 142, 179, 180, 181, 189, 260, 296, 324, 376, 394-395n157 unproduced-dharmas, 142, 182, 304, 324 See also pāramitā(s), six, of patience/ kṣānti-pāramitā; perfection(s), six 442

Paṭisambhidāmagga, 401n219 perfection(s), 24, 26, 29, 32, 102, 105, 188, 239, 243, 401n211, 403n253 six, xvi, 179, 323, 403n253, 405n269 of dhyāna meditation/meditative concentration, 260, 324

of giving, 162, 260, 323 of moral virtue/śīla, xviii, 162, 260, 293-294, 298, 323

of patience, 260, 324

of vigor, 260, 324

of wisdom, 260, 324

See also pāramitā(s)

piśācīs, 150

pisuo ṛṣis, 74, 385n51

Pleiades, 71

Poheti, 112, 389n93

Potaliputta, 103-104, 388n84 Potaliya Sutta, 389n93

power(s), xix, xx, 18-19, 23, 27-29, 42, 45-53, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65, 73, 76, 78, 83, 91, 99, 100-101, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 120-121, 123-126, 128, 134-135, 137, 139, 140, 159, 163-166, 168, 173, 176, 192-195, 216, 236, 237, 245, 250, 255, 261, 266-269, 272, 273, 275, 278, 291-294, 300, 315-317, 345, 357, 367, 376, 382-383n35, 390n109, 395-396n166, 398n182, 401n219, 410n322 five, 15, 195, 306, 381n21, 394n153 ten, xx, 46, 100-101, 115-121, 158, 246, 266, 280, 382-382n35 See also psychic power(s) Prasenajit, King, 316

pratyekabuddha(s), xviii, xix, 13, 50, 53, 54, 95, 98-101, 105, 111, 120-121, 124, 173, 229, 232, 238, 239, 242, 246, 248, 261, 306, 388n79 ground of, xviii, xix, 159, 182, 183, 229, 232, 236, 237, 238, 243, 245, 394-395n157

moral virtue/śīla of, 301, 305, 306 names, 98, 388n79

path, 168, 170, 173, 258, 361 vehicle, xviii, 10, 38, 97, 108, 132, 194, 229, 233, 247, 255, 259, 267, 275, 276, 291, 395-396n166, 400n205 See also individual liberation path(s); vehicle(s), two

Pratyutpanna-samādhi-sūtra, 23, 337, 380n15, 391n114, 393n136 Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra, The (Harrison), 380n15

precept(s), xviii, 8, 13, 79, 81, 132, 133, 145, 150, 161, 198, 235, 247, 269, 287, 293, 296, 372, 386n60, 391n118, 392n126, 393n147, 406n286 eight, abstinence, xvi, 144, 391nn118, 119

lay xvi, 391nn118, 119

ordination, 81, 83

prātimokṣa, 145

See also moral precept(s); Vinaya Prince Fearless, 93

Prince Fearless Sutra, 93 psychic power(s), 29, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 125, 268, 382-83n35, 401n220 four bases/foundations, 120, 381n21 See also power(s); superknowledge(s) Pure Vinaya Sutra, 248, 251, 252 See also Vinaya

Pure Virtue, 357

Pure Virtue Sutra, 359

Q

quiescence/quiescent, 24, 26, 36, 38, 66, 133, 134, 137, 139, 148, 149, 167, 178, 191, 192, 199, 224, 235, 236, 243, 256, 259, 260, 297, 303, 309, 322, 349, 351-353, 366, 379n5, 380n16, 381n17, 385n50, 410n320 Index

R

Rāhula, 106, 236, 388n87 Rājagṛha, 63

rākṣasa(s), 150, 290

realm(s), 54, 96, 273, 384n41, 400n202, 406n283

animal(s), 96, 213, 219, 223, 225, 249, 257, 284, 289, 319, 358, 361 asura, 96, 213, 249, 289, 358 celestial, 21, 96, 185, 226, 249, 268, 273, 357, 369

deva(s), 38, 172, 220, 223, 249 hell(s), 96, 213, 219, 223, 225, 257, 284, 289, 319, 358, 361, 394-395n157 human(s), 21, 38, 96, 172, 220, 223, 249, 250, 273,

hungry ghost(s), 96, 174, 213, 219, 223, 225, 249, 257, 284, 289, 319, 358, 361

See also Dharma realm; sense realms; three realms

rebirth(s), 86, 96, 134, 135, 142, 185, 187, 189, 200-201, 216, 221, 223, 225-231, 233-234, 249, 261, 268, 283, 296, 306, 319, 324, 356, 357, 360, 365, 369, 375, 387n71, 395nn159, 160; 398n188, 406n284 See also birth(s) and death(s); destiny(ies); samsara renunciation, 9, 38, 66, 132, 180, 230, 232-233, 260, 267, 295, 302, 309, 313, 329, 332, 356, 405n271 resolute intention(s), 158, 168, 181, 188, 248, 250, 274, 279, 297 ten types, xvii, 191, 395nn164, 165 See also resolve

resolve, xx, 5, 13, 19, 57, 77, 129, 138, 154, 171, 180, 181, 188, 189, 194, 222, 223, 229, 232, 242-245, 248-249, 252-255, 257, 260, 264, 265, 443

Index

resolve (continued):

272, 273, 275, 291, 296, 310, 313, 317, 388-389n192, 399-400n200 for all-knowledge, 314, 317, 321 for anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi/bodhi/ buddhahood, xv, 11, 12, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 158-159, 161, 162, 171, 175, 188, 189, 253, 254, 260, 286, 323, 325, 360

See also resolute intention(s) Revata, 236

robe(s), 13, 18, 35, 40, 89, 146, 293, 309, 328-329, 331, 340, 355, 357, 392n126, 406n286

animal hair, 310, 328, 331, 341, 385n48, 404-405n266

cast-off rag(s), 310, 328, 329, 341, 385n48, 407n289

kāṣāya, 13, 310

nivāsana, 36, 381n25

saṃghāṭī, 36, 355, 381n26 saṃkakṣikā, 36, 381n24

six types of, 309, 310

three-part/set of three, 328, 330-331, 341, 385n48

See also requisites, four root(s), 107, 117, 172, 265, 287, 342, 364, 371, 394-395n157

bad/of bad action, 117, 213, 305 faculties, five, 15, 394n153 good/of goodness, xvi, 4-5, 10, 12, 23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 58, 92, 99, 109, 112, 123, 154, 155, 158, 167-169, 179, 181, 182, 189, 196, 210, 214, 221, 239-241, 250, 251, 267, 296, 297, 310, 324, 325, 353, 360

three types of, 172, 214 S

Śācī, 374

Śakra, 123, 151, 226, 334, 357, 360, 377 444

sakṛdāgāmin, 65, 259, 382n31 See also four fruits; once-returner samādhi(s), xvii, 23-24, 49, 53, 56-58, 59, 68, 117, 118, 128, 133, 139-141, 143, 144, 147-154, 173, 178, 241, 292, 298, 337, 368

āsvādana-, 388n76

five-factor/fivefold awareness, 120 mindfulness of the Buddha, xvii, 125, 137

pratyutpanna, xvi, xvii, 23, 139, 147, 149, 292

of seeing buddhas, 159, 292, 377 vajra, 45, 56-58, 59, 68, 89, 125, 128, 382-383n35

See also dhyāna(s); meditative concentration(s) Samiddhi, 103, 388n85

samsara, 5, 9, 32, 131, 135, 136, 149, 165, 174, 180, 182, 229, 232, 238, 247, 256, 257, 261, 277, 286, 291, 318, 357, 365, 394n155

See also birth(s) and death(s); rebirth(s) Saṃyukta Āgama, 408n303

See also Samyutta Nikāya Samyutta Nikāya, 384n43, 385n55, 386n65, 392n134, 393n135, 398n190, 406nn275, 276; 408n303

sangha/Sangha, 62, 148, 295, 305, 312, 313, 386n58, 393n137, 404n263, 406n286

See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha Sanskrit, xiii, 379n1, 380n8, 382-383n35, 385n51, 387nn70, 72; 380nn84, 85; 389n93, 390n111, 392n126, 393nn142, 144, 148, 149; 394n152, 395nn164, 165; 398n185, 401n211, 402nn235, 240, 241; 406n283, 408nn300, 301, 303; 410n328 Śāriputra, 53, 55, 99, 101, 102, 124, 152, 236, 298, 304-306

Sarvāstivāda, 383n36

Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, 387n69 self, xvi, 71, 107, 108, 141, 230, 232, 233, 234, 259, 269, 276, 277, 287, 290, 303, 304, 305, 306, 315, 316, 318, 319-321, 339, 340, 346, 350, 353, 354, 356, 367, 402n241, 405n274 See also nonself

self-benefit, 83, 230, 262, 355, 356, 399n195

sense bases, 107, 149, 234, 344, 353, 358 six, 230, 290

twelve, 147, 323

sense faculty(ies), 42, 107, 112, 119, 147, 179, 192-193, 259, 261, 271, 272, 273, 288, 295, 314, 390n106, 391nn115, 121

six, 29, 192, 193, 341, 342, 358, 390n106

sense objects, 112, 179, 321 sense realms, 107, 147, 344, 353 Sequential Explanation of the Initial Gateway into the Dharma Realm, A (Zhiyi), 382n34

seven branches/limbs of bodhi/enlightenment, 35, 154, 172, 297, 381n21 See also bodhi; enlightenment, limbs of (seven)

sexual, 217, 300

desire, 143, 217, 300

intercourse/relations, 62, 300-301, 406n286

misconduct/transgressions, 79, 181, 197, 198, 204, 208, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 283, 284, 298, 403-404n255

Shizhu piposha lun, 379n1, 388n78, 395nn164-165

See also Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śāstra sign(s), 139, 142, 165, 166, 174, 199, 348, 351, 352, 391n117, 409nn307, 311 Index

signless/signlessness, 261, 304, 350, 351, 352, 409n311

See also emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness

Śikhin, 98

Śikṣānanda, 403n246

śīla, xviii, 302-307, 309, 339-342, 346, 350, 353, 357, 359, 360, 363-370 sixty-five aspects, 294-298, 307 See also moral precepts; moral virtue; pāramitā(s), six; perfection(s), six Sino-Buddhist, 384n41, 385n50 Sīvalī, 236, 398-399n192 skillful means, xix, 20, 84, 94, 134, 160, 161, 163-165, 189, 194, 195, 236, 238-239, 245, 248, 250, 257-259, 261, 263, 275, 278, 287, 314, 315, 316, 395-396n166

See also expedient(s)

Small Vehicle, 8, 189, 268 See also vehicle(s)

spirits, 334, 361, 362

See also ghost(s); hungry ghost(s) spiritual friend(s)/guide(s), 9-10, 86-87, 111-112, 127, 140, 146, 158, 159, 186, 190, 297, 336-338, 380n8 śramaṇa(s), 48, 55, 80, 83, 113, 114, 140, 163, 172, 173, 201, 309, 314, 318, 319, 369

four kinds of, 354-357

See also four fruits

śrāvaka(s)/śrāvaka disciple(s), xviii, 47-48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 95, 98, 99, 100, 108, 112, 120, 124, 125, 173, 229, 230, 233-234, 236-238, 242, 246-248, 261, 301, 307, 395-396n166, 398n186

grounds, xviii, xix, 159, 182, 183, 229, 230, 231-236, 245, 394-395n157 path/vehicle/way, xviii, 10, 38, 97, 108, 132, 168, 170, 173, 194, 229, 233, 445

Index

śrāvaka(s)/śrāvaka disciple(s), path/ vehicle/way (continued): 247, 255, 258, 259, 267, 275, 276, 291, 302, 306, 337, 338, 361, 381n27, 390n105, 395-396n166, 400n205, 402n242

See also individual liberation path(s) Śreṇika, 104

stage of certainty, 158, 393n142 See also avaivartika (irreversibility) stainless/stainlessness, 196, 293, 366, 371 See also ten grounds, Ground of Stainlessness stream-enterer/stream-entry, 38, 65, 118, 259, 367, 381n27, 402n242, 410n321 See also four fruits

stupa(s), xvi, 18, 309, 312, 334 See also temple(s)

Śuka, 92

Śuka Sutra, 91

Sunakṣatra, 63, 78

Sundarī, 61, 76

superknowledges, 133, 139, 268, 315 five, 190, 314, 325

See also psychic power(s) Sutra of the Resolute King, 325 Sutra on Abandoning Fear, 318 Sutra on the Analogy of the Raft, 92 Sutra on the Buddha's Distinguishing of Karma, 91

Sutra on the Convocation of the Devas, 114

Sutra on the Great Spiritual Powers, 49 Sutra on the Seal of Dharma, 55 Sutra on the Seven Expedients, 54 Suyāma, 226

sympathetic joy, 24, 142, 326, 368, 395n162

See also four immeasurable minds 446

T

tathāgata(s), 158, 306

See also buddha(s)

Tathāgata, 36, 89, 91, 101-102, 104-105, 112, 129, 131, 138, 152, 242, 317, 334, 386n59, 391n113

See also Buddha

temple(s), xvi, 18, 144, 216, 309, 311, 312, 334

See also stupa(s)

ten courses of karmic action, xviii, xix, 79, 134, 143, 181, 187, 196, 197, 201, 206, 212, 215, 220-233, 235-227, 243, 245-247, 249-250, 263, 269, 280-281, 283-285, 288, 291-292, 299, 306, 375, 399-400n200, 403n249 ten grounds, xiii, xiv, 157, 166, 168-173, 262, 371

Difficult-to-Conquer, 38, 261 Far-reaching, 38, 261

Ground of Blazing Brilliance, 38, 261 Ground of Direct Presence, 38, 261 Ground of Excellent Intelligence, 38 Ground of Immovability, 38, 261 Ground of Joyfulness, xiv, 38, 158, 160, 166, 175, 191, 261 Ground of Shining Light, 38, 261 Ground of Stainlessness, xiv, 38, 176, 196, 261, 291, 292, 371 Ground of the Dharma Cloud, 38, 261 See also bodhisattva(s), ground(s) Ten Grounds Sutra, xiii-xx, 288, 388n78, 393n140, 403n246, 408n301 See also Avataṃsaka-sūtra, "Ten Grounds" chapter; Daśabhūmikasūtra Ten Grounds Sutra (DSBC), 395nn164-165 Theravāda, 386n66, 404-405n266 Abhidhamma, 383n36, 397-398n181

Three Jewels/Three Refuges, xvi, 143, 175, 310, 311, 358, 403n250 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha three poisons, 37, 106, 168, 381n22 See also greed, hatred, and delusion three realms, 14, 40, 129, 168, 206-212, 223, 229, 231-232, 287, 301, 303, 304, 356

desire, 51, 96, 153-154, 168, 201, 205-211, 298, 299, 301, 304, 306, 319, 358

form, 51, 96, 153-154, 168, 205, 208, 210, 211, 227, 299, 301, 304, 306, 319, 358, 395n160, 403-404n255, 404n256; 406n284

formless, 46, 53, 95, 96, 111, 117, 153-154, 189, 210, 211, 227, 304, 306, 319, 358, 382-383n35 See also realm(s)

Tiluoduoma, 374

See also maiden(s), celestial/heavenly transgression(s), 5, 6, 13, 16, 64, 78-80, 142, 143, 145, 146, 158, 171, 177, 181, 196, 198, 217, 218, 247, 277, 295, 298, 299, 329, 332, 337, 339, 367, 403-404n255

See also offense(s)

Treatise Commentary on the Sutra of Ten Stages. See Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣaśāstra Treatise on the Ten Grounds, xiii-xx, 1 See also Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā; Nāgārjuna's Treatise on the Ten Grounds, Volume I (Dharmamitra) tree(s), 5, 59, 101, 149, 317, 320, 328, 332-333, 341, 369, 373, 385n48, 407n289

banyan, 384n43

plantain, 373

tāla, 373

See also bodhi tree; forest hermitage Index

trichiliocosm(s), great, 47, 48, 50, 52, 59, 101, 121, 123, 124, 129, 149, 253 See also world(s)/world system(s) U

Udraka Rāmaputra, 67, 85 Ugra, 313, 318, 324, 405n272, 406n278 Ugraparipṛcchā-sūtra, 405n272, 406n278 unloveliness, signs of, 147, 392n125 See also corpse, decomposition/deterioration of upāsaka/upāsikā, 242

See also lay/laypeople/layperson uṣṇīṣa, 41, 129

See also buddha(s), thirty-two (major) marks

Uttara, 112, 389n93

V

vaiḍūrya, 35, 47, 51

Vaiśravaṇa, 377

vajra, 56

See also samādhi, vajra Vajragarbha, 288

Vedas/Vedic scriptures, 61, 70-74 vehicle(s), 262, 275-276, 295, 324 buddha, 253, 275

deva, 275, 276

three, 21, 155, 194, 229, 261 two, 170, 183, 255, 288 pratyekabuddha, xviii, 10, 38, 97, 108, 132, 194, 229, 233, 247, 255, 259, 267, 275, 276, 291, 395-396n166, 400n205

śrāvaka/śrāvaka disciple, xviii, 10, 38, 97, 108, 132, 194, 229, 233, 247, 255, 259, 267, 275, 276, 291, 302, 306, 381n27, 395-396n166, 400n205, 402n242

See also Great Vehicle; Intermediate Vehicle; Small Vehicle

447

Index

Verañjā, 63, 78

view(s), 11, 13, 26, 30, 32, 34, 41, 71, 108, 142, 269, 287, 289, 339-340, 354-356, 386n66, 392n126, 406n281, 407n299

annihilationist and eternalist/extreme, 30, 108, 110, 269, 287, 340 erroneous/perverse/wrong, xx, 30, 72, 79, 91, 92, 106, 110, 111, 115, 181, 186, 197, 200-201, 206, 214, 216-217, 219, 245, 268- 269, 272, 285-290, 360, 362

fourteen, 104-105

inverted (four), 70-71, 290, 320, 387n74 of personhood/self, 30, 108, 269, 287, 290, 305, 339, 340, 353, 354, 402n241

right, 72, 78, 91, 197, 201, 211-212, 215, 219, 220, 222, 284, 286, 289, 294, 314, 364

vigor, 24, 27, 38, 110, 119, 140, 145, 157, 161, 163, 175, 178-180, 184, 189, 194, 195, 252, 253-254, 260, 274, 275, 279, 291, 292, 296, 310, 313, 314, 326, 327, 332, 394n153 eight types of, 148

perfection of, 260, 324 See also faculty(ies), five; pāramitā(s), six, of vigor/vīrya-pāramitā Vimaladattā, 248

Vinaya, 385nn17, 56, 57; 387n75 See also Pure Vinaya Sutra Vipassī/Vipaśyin, 98, 398-399n192 Visuddhimagga, 404-405n266 Viśvabhū, 98

vow(s), xv, xix, 24, 30, 35, 77, 130, 158, 168, 169, 188, 245, 248, 253, 255-256, 260, 288, 298, 324, 367, 399n195, 400n202

ten, xv, 252, 260

448

W

wheel-turning king(s)/monarch, xviii, 28, 41, 175, 226, 359, 371-377 treasures of, 371-375

wilderness, 311, 317, 327, 333 See also forest hermitage; tree(s) wisdom, xvi, xix, 3-4, 10, 15, 16, 24, 37, 38, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75, 79, 83, 84, 93, 95, 101, 105, 107, 111, 119, 121, 124, 140, 154, 155, 161, 163, 167, 169, 173, 177-181, 189, 190, 204, 219, 230, 231, 235-238, 240, 243, 253, 254, 260-262, 266, 272, 273, 290, 296, 304, 307, 315, 322, 326, 327, 335, 336, 359, 363, 366-368 -based realization, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212

of Bhagavat/Buddha/buddhas/ Tathāgata, xx, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 45, 54-55, 91, 99, 101, 110, 122, 123, 126, 128, 130, 134-136, 188, 245, 265-266

deep/profound, 37, 241

eye, 40, 267, 289

great, 24, 167, 376

inferior/lesser/shallow, 68, 111, 183 life, 172, 234, 277, 365 light of, 237, 243, 289 perfection of, 260, 324 right, 170, 342, 369

sharp, 67, 140, 353

stable, 45, 54-55, 110, 130, 187, 295 See also four bases of meritorious qualities; pāramitā(s), six, of wisdom/prajñā-pāramitā

woman/women, 62-63, 76, 198, 217, 248, 263, 300, 310, 327, 375, 396n168, 404n259, 406n286 See also female; maiden(s)

Index

World-honored One(s), 281, 317, 402n235 See also Bhagavat; Buddha world(s)/world system(s), xix, 5, 16-18, 20, 28-30, 33, 48-53, 59-61, 64, 66, 68-70, 72, 73, 76, 83, 86, 88, 101, 103, 104-105, 106, 115-116, 119, 121-126, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140, 145, 147, 149-150, 153, 158, 163, 176, 177, 188, 194, 201, 215, 216, 223, 224, 228, 230, 233, 234, 245, 247-254, 256, 258, 263-266, 268, 271-275, 280, 303, 338, 343, 345, 360, 367, 368, 377, 394n152, 398nn182, 185; 400n202

worldly, 4, 10, 15-18, 20, 66, 68, 135, 158, 189, 198, 199, 230, 247, 259, 267, 326, 332, 335, 336, 342, 351, 368, 369

desires/pleasure(s), 71, 119, 142, 230, 276

dharmas, 16, 20, 27, 28, 160, 263, 303, 400n202

knowledge, 113-114

world-protecting lord/kings, 28, 123 See also four heavenly kings world-transcendent/world-transcending, 15, 20, 148, 168, 397n178 Y

yakṣa(s), 36, 48, 78, 111, 150, 151, 223, 225, 325, 358, 362, 371, 372 449