Nagarjuna’s Treatise on the Ten Grounds Volume I

Glossary

Abhidharma: A category of Buddhist texts devoted to detailed scholastic analyses of the teachings contained in the sutras.

afflictions: Otherwise known as "the three poisons" (triviṣa), these are (1) greed, including lust and desire in general; (2) hatred, including all of the permutations of aversion such as irritation, anger, and rage; and (3) delusion or ignorance. There are many subcategories of afflictions (kleśas) listed in the various dharma schemas. For example, in the Sarvāstivāda school, there are six root afflictions and ten subsidiary afflictions. aggregates: See five aggregates.

anāgāmin: A "nonreturner," one who has gained the third of the four fruits of the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple. anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi: The "utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment" of a buddha. arhat: One who, having put an end to all of the afflictions, fetters, and contaminants; and, having put an end to rebirth, has gained the fourth and final fruit on the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple.

ārya: One who has realized one of the fruits of the path from which they can never fall away. This includes any of the eight fruits of the arhat path, or any of the irreversible stations on the bodhisattva path to buddhahood.

asaṃkhya/asaṃkhyeya: In Sanskrit, an incalculably and infinitely large number. asura: As one of the paths of rebirth, this refers to a demigod or titan. More generally, beings characterized by much anger, hatred, jealousy, and contentiousness who may also appear as humans, animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), or hell-dwellers. avadāna stories: Stories of the previous lives of a buddha.

avaivartika: One who has become irreversible on either the individual liberation path of the arhats or on the universal liberation path of the bodhisattvas and buddhas. Throughout this text, "stage of certainty" (必定, 必定地) is most likely a translation of avaivartika.

bases of psychic powers: The four bases of psychic power (catvāra ṛddhi-pāda) are zeal (chanda), vigor (vīrya), [concentration of] mind/thought (citta), and reflective or investigative consideration, examination, or imagination (mīmāṃsā). 343

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Bhagavat: One of the titles of a buddha, variously translated as "Blessed One," "Lord," or in Chinese Buddhist texts, "World-honored One" (shizun 世尊). bhikṣu: A fully ordained celibate Buddhist monk within one of the traditional schools of Buddhism.

bhikṣuṇī: A fully ordained celibate Buddhist nun within one of the traditional schools of Buddhism.

bhūta ghost: According to Monier Williams' A Sanksrit-English Dictionary, one of the many meanings of bhūta is "a spirit (good or evil), the ghost of a deceased person, a demon, imp, goblin." The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism has "A class of harm-inflicting and formless obstructing spirits (i.e., 'elemental spirits')"; "sometimes equivalent to preta (hungry ghosts)"; "Because they obstruct rainfall, the bhūta are propitiated by rituals to cause precipitation."

bodhi: "Enlightenment" or "awakening." In its most exalted form this refers exclusively to the utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi) of a buddha.

bodhimaṇḍa: The "site of enlightenment" where enlightenment is cultivated and fully realized. It may be used as a general reference to Buddhist temples, though it often refers specifically to the site beneath the bodhi tree where a buddha gains complete realization of utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment.

bodhisattva: Beings who, in their pursuit of the utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment of buddhahood, is equally dedicated to achieving buddhahood for themselves while also facilitating all other beings' achievement of buddhahood. Their primary practice is classically described as focusing on the six (or ten) "perfections" (pāramitās): giving, moral virtue, patience, vigor, meditative skill (dhyāna), and world-transcending wisdom (prajñā). See also pāramitās. bodhi tree: The tree in Bodhgaya in the Indian state of Bihar under which the Buddha reached enlightenment approximately two thousand six hundred years ago. Brahmā: Per The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism: "An Indian divinity who was adopted into the Buddhist pantheon as a protector of the teachings . . . and king of the Brahmaloka ["Brahma world"] (in the narrow sense of that term)." "Brahmaloka" here refers to the first three heavens of the form realm. brahmacārin: Per Monier Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: "A young brahman who is a student of the Vedas (under a preceptor) or who practices chastity, a young brahman before marriage (in the first period of his life)."

brahmacarya: Celibacy.

brahman: Someone who belongs to the highest caste in Hinduism; a member of the Hindu priestly caste.

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Glossary

buddha: Anyone who has achieved utmost, right, and perfect enlightenment (anuttarasamyaksaṃbodhi), whether referring to the Buddha of the present era in this world, Śākyamuni Buddha, any of the seven buddhas of antiquity, or, in Mahayana cosmology, any of the countless buddhas of the ten directions and three periods of time.

clear knowledges: Refers to the "three knowledges" (trividyā): (1) remembrance of previous lives (pūrvanivāsānusmṛti), (2) knowledge of beings' rebirth destinies (cyutyupapādajñāna), and (3) knowledge of the destruction of the defiling contaminants or "taints" (āsravakṣaya). contaminants (Skt. āsrava): These are usually defined as either threefold or fourfold: (1) sensual desire (kāma); 2) [craving for] becoming (bhāva), i.e., the craving for continued existence; (3) ignorance (avidyā), i.e., delusion; (4) views (dṛṣṭi). This fourth type is not included in some listings. Common alternate translations include "taints" and "outflows" and, less commonly, "influxes" and "fluxes." dāna-pāramitā: The perfection of giving.

desire, form, and formless realms. See three realms of existence. devas: Divinities residing in the heavens that collectively constitute the highest of the six rebirth destinies within the realm of samsara. There are twenty-seven categories of devas and their heavens in the desire realm, form realm, and formless realm. Although the lifespans of the devas in these various heavens may be immensely long, when their karmic merit runs out they are all still destined to eventually fall back into the other five paths of rebirth, where they are reborn in accordance with their residual karma from previous lifetimes.

dhāraṇī: There are many types, but the two main types are (1) mantra-like spells that serve the purpose of protection from negative spiritual forces such as ghosts and demons, and (2) formulae that aid the retention even for countless lifetimes of the Dharma teachings one has acquired in this and previous lives. Dharma: The teachings of the Buddha.

dharmas: (1) Fundamental constituent aspects, elements, or factors of mental and physical existence, as for instance, "the one hundred dharmas" in which Vasubandhu analytically catalogued all that exists. In this sense, dharmas are somewhat analogous to the elements of the periodic table in chemistry. (2) Any individual teaching, as for instance in "the dharma of conditioned origination."

Dharma realm: As a Buddhist technical term, "Dharma realm" or "dharma realm" (Skt. dharmadhātu) has at least several levels of meaning. (1) At the most granular level, "dharma realm" refers to one of the eighteen sense realms, dharmas as "objects of mind" (dharma-āyatana). (2) In the most cosmically and metaphysically vast sense, "Dharma realm" refers in aggregate to all conventionally existent phenomena and the universally pervasive noumenal "true suchness" (tathatā) that underlies 345

Glossary

and characterizes all of those phenomena. In this sense, it is identical with the "Dharma body" (Skt. dharmakāya). (3) As a classifying term, "dharma realm" is used to distinguish realms of existence, as in the ten dharma realms consisting of the realms of buddhas, bodhisattvas, śrāvaka disciples, pratyekabuddhas, devas, asuras, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell-dwellers; or metaphysical modes of existence, as in the "four dharma realms" of the Huayan hermeneutic tradition that speaks of the dharma realm of the "noumenal" (synonymous with emptiness or śūnyatā); the dharma realm of the "phenomenal"; the dharma realm of the unimpeded interpenetration of the phenomenal and the noumenal; and the dharma realm of the unimpeded interpenetration of all phenomena with all other phenomena (in a manner that resonates somewhat with quantum entanglement and nonlocality). Dharma wheel (Skt. dharmacakra): Refers to the eight-spoked wheel emblematic of the Buddha's teaching of the eightfold path of the āryas or "noble ones," consisting of right views, right volition or intentional thought, right speech, right physical action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditative concentration. This term is also synonymous with the three turnings of the four truths as initially taught by the Buddha to his original five disciples.

dhūta, dhūtaṅga, or dhūtaguṇa austerities: In contrast to the nonbeneficial ascetic practices of non-Buddhists (lying on a bed of nails, etc.), these are practices that are beneficial to progress on the path, such as wearing only patchwork robes sewn from discarded cloth, eating only food obtained on almsrounds, eating only a single meal each day, always sitting and never lying down, dwelling at the base of a tree, and residing in a charnel field where one observes the stages of the body's decomposition.

dhyāna: A general term broadly corresponding to all forms of Buddhist meditative skill. The Chinese chan (禪) and the Japanese term zen are transliterations of the same Sanskrit word dhyāna. All forms of Buddhist "calming" and "insight" meditation are subcategories of dhyāna.

dhyāna-pāramitā: The perfection of meditative skill.

eight difficulties: Birth in the realms of hells, as a hungry ghost, as an animal, as a longlived deva; birth in a border region (where there is no Buddha Dharma); birth as someone who is blind, deaf, mute, or otherwise has impaired physical or mental faculties; birth as someone who possesses merely worldly knowledge and intelligence (and hence who uses their cleverness to deny the truth of the Dharma); and birth at a time before or long after a buddha appears in the world. eight precepts: Eight vows involving abstaining from (1) killing; (2) taking what is not given; (3) sexual misconduct; (4) false speech; (5) ingesting intoxicants; (6) using perfumes, wearing jewelry or other personal adornments, and dancing, singing, or watching such performances; (7) sleeping on a high or wide bed; and (8) eating after midday.

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Glossary

eighteen sense realms: The six sense faculties of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind; their corresponding six sense objects (visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, touchables, and ideas, etc. as objects of mind); and the six sense consciousnesses (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental). fetters: (Skt. saṃyojana): Ten mental characteristics of unenlightened existence that bind beings to uncontrolled rebirths in the six destinies of rebirth: (1) "truly existent self view," the wrong view that believes in the existence of an eternally existent self in association with the five aggregates; (2) "skeptical doubt" about the truth of the Dharma and the path to enlightenment; (3) "clinging to [the observance of] rules and rituals" in and of themselves as constituting the path to spiritual liberation; (4) sensual desire; (5) ill will; (6) desire for rebirth in the heavens of the form realm; (7) desire for rebirth in the heavens of the formless realm; (8) "conceit," i.e., the belief that "I" exist; (9) "agitation" or "restlessness" that prevents deep concentration; and (10) "ignorance." five aggregates: (1) form; (2) feelings (i.e., sensations as received through the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind); (3) perceptions; (4) karmic formative factors (such as volitions); and (5) consciousness (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental).

five desires: Desire for wealth, sex, fame, flavors, and leisure; or, alternatively, the objects of the five basic sense faculties (i.e., visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, and touchables).

five faculties: Faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. five powers: When the five faculties of faith, vigor, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom are fully developed, they bceome the five powers.

five precepts: Five vows involving abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and ingesting intoxicants.

four bases of meritorious qualities: Truth, relinquishment, quiescence, and wisdom. Per Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi, the Sanskrit correlates of the Pāli terms saccādhitthāna, cāgādhitthāna, upasamādhitthāna (= base of peace), and paññādhitthāna are satyādhiṣṭhāna, tyāgādhiṣṭhāna, upaśamādhiṣṭhāna, and prajñādhiṣṭhāna. four bases of supernatural power: Zeal, vigor, mind, and investigation. four great elements: Earth, water, fire, and wind.

four requisites: Food obtained on almsrounds, robes, residences, and medicines, which are necessary for monastic life.

four right efforts: Causing already arisen evil to cease; causing not yet arisen evil to not arise; causing already arisen goodness to increase; causing not yet arisen goodness to arise.

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Glossary

four stations of mindfulness: Mindfulness of the body; mindfulness of feelings or sensations (experienced via the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind consciousnesses); mindfulness of thoughts or mind states; mindfulness of dharmas. four truths/four truths of the āryas: The fundamental Buddhist teaching of suffering, the origination of suffering, the possibility of the cessation of suffering; and the path to its cessation.

gandharva: A type of celestial music spirit that is said to rely on fragrances as its means of survival.

garuḍa: A type of spirit that manifests as an immense golden-winged bird that feeds on young dragons.

ground/grounds: Levels or planes of spiritual development through which a practitioner proceeds on the way to complete enlightenment.

hindrances: Usually refers to "the five hindrances" of desire, ill will, lethargy and sleepiness, excitedness and regretfulness, and afflicted doubtfulness. These five hindrances must be overcome in order to successfully enter deep states of meditation. individual enlightenment path: This refers to the paths to transcendence of samsara and realization of nirvana taken by those who choose to cultivate either the path to arhatship or the path to pratyekabuddhahood. An alternate designation for these two types of individuals is the two vehicles. See also two vehicles. inverted views: The four inverted views (Skt. viparyāsa-catuṣka) consist of imputing permanence to the impermanent, pleasure to what cannot deliver it, self to what is devoid of any inherently existent self, and purity to what does not actually possess that quality. Standard objects of such upside-down perceptions are thought or mind states, the six categories of "feeling" manifesting in association with the six sense faculties, dharmas (as components of the falsely imputed "self"), and the body. kalaviṅka bird: The Himalayan cuckoo bird that sings with an incomparably beautiful sound even before it breaks out of its shell.

kalpa: A Sanskrit term that roughly corresponds to the English term "eon," with the primary distinction that in Buddhist and Hindu cosmology kalpas occur in various relatively precisely designated immensely long durations.

kāṣāya robe: The robes of a fully ordained bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī. kiṃnara (Pāli kinnara):A type of celestial music spirit with the body of a human and the head of a horse.

kumbhāṇḍa: According to Monier Williams' A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: "Having testicles shaped like a kumbha [a winter melon]," a class of demons (at whose head stands Rudra). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism has: "In Sanskrit, a type of evil spirit, and typically listed along with especially rākṣasa, but also piśāca, yakṣa, and bhūta spirits. Virūḍhaka, one of the four world-guardians, who protects 348

Glossary

the southern cardinal direction, is usually said to be their overlord, although some texts give Rudra this role instead. The kumbhāṇḍa are also sometimes listed among the minions of Māra, evil personified."

koṭī: A number defined in chapter 30 of the Flower Adornment Sutra as the product of multiplying a lakṣa (100,000) by a lakṣa, equaling 10,000,000, i.e., ten million. kṣaṇa: A micro-moment, variously defined; one traditional definition is "a ninetieth of a finger-snap." Elsewhere in the text, it may appear as "a single thought," "mind-moment," or "thought-moment" as approximate translations of the term. kṣānti-pāramitā: The perfection of patience.

kṣatriya: The second of the four castes of traditional Indian society consisting primarily of the warrior and royalty class.

kṣetra: Refers to a land or realm or field; in Buddhist texts it may refer specifically to a "buddha land."

mahāsattva: A great bodhisattva, one who has cultivated the bodhisattva path for countless kalpas. mahoraga: A type of serpent spirit often portrayed as having the upper body of a human and the lower body of a snake.

Māra/māra(s): In Buddhism, Māra is generally regarded as the personification of evil and death, a particular deity dwelling in one of the heavens of the desire realm who delights in interfering with spiritual liberation from perpetual rebirths in samsara. More specifically, there are said to be four kinds of māras: (1) the māra of the five mental and physical aggregates in association with which all beings wander endlessly in samsara; (2) the māra of the afflictions consisting of the three poisons of greed, hatred, and delusion and all of their subcategories; (3) the māra of death; and, as mentioned above, (4) the deity known as Māra as well as all of his devaputra minions. Additionally, there are also "ghost and spirit" māras who may manifest in countless ways to interfere with a practitioner's cultivation of the path. mātṛkā: "Matrices" consisting of lists of dharmas, technical terms, and concepts discussed in the sutras. They served as the basis for the Abhidharma. mind-moment: See kṣaṇa.

nayuta: A very large number, usually defined as one hundred billion. nirvana: The ultimate goal of the path of Buddhist spiritual cultivation that corresponds to the elimination of the three poisons (greed, hatred, and delusion) and the end of compulsory and random rebirth in samsara, the cycle of existences in the six realms of rebirth, those of devas, asuras (demigods), humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and the hells. In the case of the individual liberation path practitioner exemplified by arhats and pratyekabuddhas, all future existence ends for them with the acquisition of nirvana. In the case of the universal liberation practitioners exemplified by 349

Glossary

bodhisattvas and buddhas, they achieve the direct cognition of the emptiness of all beings and phenomena and realize an ongoing realization of a nirvana-like state even though they have vowed to take on intentional rebirths within samsara in order to facilitate the spiritual liberation of all beings.

nirvana without residue: The final nirvana realized at death by fully awakened beings whether they are arhats, pratyekabuddhas, or buddhas.

nivāsana robe: The monastic's skirt-like inner robe.

once-returner. See sākṛdāgāmin.

pāramitās: The six (or ten) "perfections" cultivated and perfected by the bodhisattva on the path to buddhahood.

Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven: The Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven is the sixth of the six desire realm heavens. The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism has: "The heaven of the gods who have power over the creations of others, or the gods who partake of the pleasures created in other heavens."

piśāca: As per The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism: "In Sanskrit, 'flesh-eater,' a class of ogres or goblins, similar to rākṣasa and yakṣa, who eat human flesh." The female is called piśācī.

prajñā: World-transcending wisdom that cognizes and understands all phenomena associated with "self," others, and the world as they truly are and in accordance with ultimate reality.

prajñā-pāramitā: The perfection of wisdom.

pratyekabuddha: One who, on his own and in the absence of a buddha or the teaching of Dharma, achieves a level of enlightenment comparable to that of an arhat through the contemplation of the cycle of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Mahayana literature attributes this ability to awaken in the absence of a buddha or the Dharma to direct exposure to the Dharma in previous lives, the seeds of which enable enlightenment in the present life. See also two vehicles. pratyutpanna samādhi: A samādhi in which one becomes able to see the buddhas of the present and listen to them teach the Dharma.

provisions (for enlightenment) (Skt. bodhisaṃbhāra): The spiritual prerequisites for enlightenment that must be accumulated in order to fully realize the path to buddhahood, usually considered to be merit (puṇya) and knowledge (jñāna). pūtana: As per The Princeton Dictonary of Buddhism: "Stinking hungry demons." rākṣasa: A swift-flying malignant flesh-eating demon that changes its form to seduce humans and eat them.

sakṛdāgāmin: "Once-returner," one who has gained the third of the four fruits of the individual liberation path of the śrāvaka disciple.

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Glossary

samādhi: This refers both to any single instance of one-pointed concentration and also, more usually, to enduring states of persistently maintained one-pointed concentration. saṃghāṭī robe: The monastic's outer robe.

saṃkakṣikā robe: The monastic's robe that is worn over the left shoulder and under the right arm.

samsara: Usually rendered in Sino-Buddhist translation as "birth and death" (shengsi 生死), this refers to the endless cycle of rebirths in the six realms of rebirth,. those of devas (gods), asuras (demigods or titans), humans, animals, hungry ghosts (pretas), and hell-dwellers. sangha/Sangha: A community of at least ten fully ordained bhikṣus in Buddhist countries or at least five fully ordained bhikṣus in countries where Buddhism is being established for the first time. As the third object of refuge in the Three Refuges or the Three Jewels, it refers exclusively to those who have already acquired one of the fruits of the path from which they can never fall away, whether on the individual liberation paths of arhats or pratyekabuddhas or the bodhisattva path. śarīra: The remains or "relics" of eminent monks, bodhisattvas, or buddhas that are contained in their cremation ashes.

seven enlightenment factors: Assessment or skillful selection of dharmas, vigor, joy, mental pliancy, mindfulness (the Pāli tradition often places "mindfulness" first in this list of seven), concentration, and equanimity with respect to the saṃskāra (karmic formative factors) aggregate.

śīla-pāramitā: The perfection of moral virtue.

six rebirth destinies: The realms of rebirth as gods (devas), asuras (demigods or titans), humans, hungry ghosts (pretas), animals, and hell-dwellers.

skandha. See five aggregates.

skillful means (Skt. upāya): Individually tailored skillful techniques adopted by the bodhisattva in teaching various kinds of beings. A variety of techniques are adopted precisely because all beings possess different capacities, karmic obstacles, and predilections, due to which they respond best to teachings that are directed specifically to them. spiritual superknowledges: The usual Sanskrit antecedent for "spiritual superknowledges" is abhijñā ("superknowledges") or ṛddhi ("supernatural powers"). This includes such abilities as the six superknowledges of spiritual powers, the heavenly eye, the heavenly ear, cognition of others' thoughts, past life recall for both self and others, and complete elimination of all "defiling contaminants" or "taints" (āsravas).

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Glossary

śramaṇa: Generally, a mendicant, one who has left the home life and relies on alms for sustenance. In the Buddhist context, this refers specifically to a bhikṣu, i.e., a Buddhist monk.

śrāvaka/śrāvaka disciple: A follower of the individual liberation path to arhatship. See also two vehicles.

stream-enterer (Skt. srota-āpanna) One who has gained the first of the four fruits of the path to arhatship.

śūdra: A member of the fourth and lowest caste of traditional Indian Hindu society, consisting primarily of servants and menials. The Buddha and Buddhism do not recognize any of the castes as valid distinctions among human beings. sutra: A scripture attributed to the Buddha.

Tathāgata ("Thus Come One"): One of the ten primary titles by which all buddhas are known.

tathatā: "Suchness," i.e., the true nature of the ultimate reality of any and all things as they really are.

ten directions: North, south, east, west, the four midpoints, zenith, and nadir. thirty-seven wings of enlightenment/thirty-seven enlightenment factors: These consist of the four stations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four bases of supernatural powers, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven enlightenment factors, and the eightfold path of āryas.

Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. See also Three Refuges. three periods of time: Past, present, and future.

three realms of existence: The desire realm ((kāma-loka), the (subtle) form realm (rūpaloka), and the formless realm (ārūpya-loka) constitute the three spheres of existence in which all of the many different classes of beings endlessly take rebirth unless and until they transcend samsara and realize nirvana.

Three Refuges: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, the Three Jewels in which one "takes refuge" to become a Buddhist disciple and upon which one must rely to advance on the Buddhist path.

three vehicles: The śrāvaka disciple vehicle, the pratyekabuddha vehicle, and the great vehicle (Mahayana), which culminate in arhatship, pratyekabuddhahood, and buddhahood, respectively. three wretched destinies: The three lowest realms of rebirth as either an animal, hungry ghost (preta), or hell-dweller.

trichiliocosm: A world system consisting of countless worlds. 352

Glossary

Tripiṭaka: The three divisions of the threefold Buddhist canon: sutras (scriptures attributed to the Buddha or disciples authorized by the Buddha), commentarial treatises (śāstras), and moral codes (Vinaya).

Tripiṭaka master: One who has completely mastered the three divisions of the threefold Buddhist canon.

twelve sense bases: The six sense faculties of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind and their respective sense objects (visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, touchables, and ideas, etc. as objects of mind).

two vehicles: The two individual liberation paths taught by the Buddha, those of the śrāvaka disciple that leads to arhatship and of the pratyekabuddha that leads to pratyekabuddhahood.

vaiśya: A member of the third caste in traditional Indian society, comprised primarily of the merchant and agricultural classes.

vajra: An indestructible substance equated with the substance of diamond; a symbol of indestructibility. Also, a pestle-shaped scepter or "thunderbolt" weapon held by Dharma protectors and deities.

vibhāṣā: An extensively detailed explanatory treatise.

vinaya(s)/Vinaya: The Buddhist moral codes. Capitalized, the third part of the Tripiṭaka. vīryapāramitā: The perfection of vigor.

wheel-turning king (Skt. cakravartin): In Buddhism, a universal monarch. worthy (Skt. bhadra): In Mahayana literature, a "worthy" is a bodhisattva practitioner who has brought forth the bodhisattva vow but who is still cultivating the preparatory stages and thus has not yet reached the ten bodhisattva grounds and has not yet become an ārya.

yakṣa: A kind of either good or evil spirit that possesses supernatural powers and may either serve as a guardian or a demon.

yojana: A measure of distance in ancient India usually defined as being the distance an ox cart could travel in one day without unharnessing (somewhat less than ten miles). 353

Bibliography

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Burlingame, Eugene, Buddhaghosa, and Charles Rockwell Lanman. Buddhist Legends. Harvard Oriental Series vols. 28-30. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921.

Buswell, Jr., Robert E., and Donald S. Lopez, Jr., eds. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014. Conze, Edward, and Gakujutsu Zaidan Suzuki. Materials for a Dictionary of the Prajñāpāramitā Literature. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1967. Dharmamitra, trans. Nāgārjuna's Guide to the Bodhisattva Path: Treatise on the Provisions for Enlightenment. The Bodhisaṃbhāra Śāstra by Ārya Nāgārjuna. Seattle: Kalavinka Press, 2009.

—, Nāgārjuna on the Six Perfections: An Ārya Bodhisattva Explains the Heart of the Bodhisattva Path. Exegesis on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra Chapters 17-30 by the Great Indian Buddhist Patriarch Ārya Nāgārjuna. Seattle: Kalavinka Press, 2009.

—. The Bodhisaṃbhāra Treatise Commentary: The Early Indian Exegesis on Ārya Nāgārjuna's Treatise on the Provisions for Enlightenment (The Bodhisaṃbhāra Śāstra). Seattle: Kalavinka Press, 2009

—. The Flower Adornment Sutra: An Annotated Translation of the Avataṃsaka Sutra Including a Commentarial Synopsis of the Flower Adornment Sutra, Vol. 2, Chapter 26, "The Ten Grounds," pp. 871-1056. Seattle: Kalavinka Press, 2023. —. The Ten Grounds Sutra: The Daśabhūmika Sūtra. The Ten Highest Levels of Practice on the Bodhisattva's Path to Buddhahood. Seattle: Kalavinka Press, 2020. Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. 355

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Bibliography

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357

Index

A

Abhidharma, 24, 188, 287, 290, 299, 332n207, 342n301

Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, 329n168 abstinence, xvi

days of observance, 267-268 See also celibacy; precept(s), eight Āgama(s), 287, 339nn273, 276 See also Ekottara Āgama Sutra; Madhyama Āgama (MĀ); Nikāyas Ajātaśatru, 192

Ajita Kesakambali, 319n88, 331n190 Ājīvikas, 319n85

Akṣayamati, xviii, 27, 30, 163, 199-202 Akṣayamati Bodhisattva Sutra, 234-236, 335n230

"Dāna-pāramitā" chapter, 205 See also Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra all-knowledge, 24, 27, 46, 54, 59, 66, 119, 159, 204, 206, 212, 253, 263, 275, 317n74, 331n198, 337n252, 339n272 almsman, 252-254, 337nn249-253, 255 See also mendicant(s); śramaṇa(s) Amitābha, 152, 153, 154, 298, 328n165 bearing in mind/mindfulness of, 45, 154-158, 167

anāgāmin, 183, 187

See also four fruitions Ānanda, 20, 102, 187, 219, 224-225, 272-273, 274, 310n24, 340n277 Aṅguttara Nikāya (AN), 308nn7-8, 310n24, 322nn106-107, 323n114, 324nn127-128, 328-329n166, 332n205, 337n247, 339n273, 340nn277-278

"A Lump of Salt" story, 330n180 Aṅgulimāla, 192

animal realm(s), 90, 120, 169, 170, 258, 289, 328n166

annihilationism and eternalism, 128, 134, 273

anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi, 24, 36, 37, 41, 46, 55, 85, 86, 88, 98, 99, 106, 154, 159, 169, 172, 179, 189, 200, 261, 265, 273, 277, 292, 316n71, 321-322n101

dedicating merit to, 110, 175, 176, 178, 185, 210, 211, 212, 213, 229, 244, 254, 291, 338n259

irreversibility of attaining, 126, 146, 147, 149, 152, 223

path to, 44, 223

resolve/vow to attain, 69, 106, 107, 108, 111, 121, 123, 144, 183, 184, 185-186, 286, 289

See also awakening(s); enlightenment arhats and arhatship, 20, 52, 63, 107, 139, 140, 169, 187, 193, 274, 288-289, 310n24, 323n112, 329nn168, 173; 333n218

path/vehicle, xix, 93, 120, 174, 183, 192, 317n75, 323n112, 324n121, 328n165

See also four fruitions; individual liberation path(s) 359

Index

ārya(s), 11, 12, 14, 19, 36, 37, 52, 72, 106, 152, 155, 156, 158, 160, 171, 179, 189, 225, 250, 254, 268-269, 275, 276, 278, 285, 314-315n54, 336-337n245, 338n261

asceticism and ascetic practices, 52, 85-86, 346

See also dhūta(s) and dhūtaguṇa austerities Assalāyano, 287

Aśoka, King, 193

asuras, 3, 13, 41, 86, 146, 176, 286, 328n164; realm, 120, 155, 170 See also destinies, six avaivartika (irreversibility), xv, 125-127, 130, 137, 140-141, 143, 144, 152, 167, 290, 341n293

ground of, xv, 88, 137, 141, 144-146, 165

See also bodhisattva(s), avaivartika Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, 165, 328n165 Avataṃsaka-sūtra, xiii, 328n165 "Ten Grounds" chapter, 308n11 awakening(s), 8, 107, 171, 308-309n12, 332n203

See also anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi; bodhi; enlightenment

B

Banzhou sanmei jing, 312n44 bhikṣu(s), 8, 19, 36, 64, 70, 115, 119, 219-221, 256, 269-270, 272, 276, 277, 278, 286-288, 289, 290 See also monastic(s); monk(s) bhikṣuṇī, 115, 119

See also monastic(s); nun(s) bhūta ghosts and spirits, 12, 81, 309n16 See also hungry ghosts

bodhi, xv, 68, 105-106, 110, 111, 113-114, 116, 118, 121-124, 129, 134, 139, 323n112, 324nn118, 124; 360

325-326n144, 326n145, 331n197, 337n291

See also anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi; awakening(s); enlightenment bodhimaṇḍa, 70, 71, 86, 159, 200, 201, 206, 321-322n101

Bodhisaṃbhāra-śāstra, 39, 143, 144, 313nn45, 47; 323n112, 325n144, 326nn145-146

bodhisattva(s), xiv-xv, xvii, xviii, xix, 5, 6, 8-9, 13-14, 21-23, 29-30, 33, 37-41, 43-62, 65-70, 84-88, 91-93, 95-99, 102, 105, 108-114, 116-117, 121, 124-126, 129-130, 132, 134-139, 143-146, 151-152, 156, 163, 165, 167, 169-172, 175, 177-179, 182-186, 189, 195-196, 229, 239-241, 246-247, 249, 253-255, 257, 261, 265-266, 273-274, 277-278, 288-296, 298, 299, 308-309n12, 309n18, 310-311n29, 313n45, 320-321n99, 323nn113, 115; 325-326n144, 326n145, 331n197, 332n203, 333n216, 336n244, 337n254, 338n256

avaivarika/irreversible, xiii, xv, 125, 127, 130, 137, 143

canon/canonical texts, xiii, xx, 286, 287, 290

community/sangha, 3, 8, 18, 123, 233, 237, 298

giving, practice of, 196, 197-198, 201-202, 204-213, 217-218, 219, 222, 229, 244-245

ground(s), xiii, xix, 3-4, 5, 7, 16, 22-23, 24, 37, 44, 61, 109, 114, 126, 292, 294, 313n45, 317n43 householder/lay, xiv, xvi, 229, 239, 243-245, 252-253, 256, 258, 260, 265-267, 269-270, 276-277, 284, 286, 288-290, 292, 293, 339n271

named, 163-165

path, xiii, xiv, xvii, xix, xx, xxi, 97, 107, 109, 186, 285, 290, 308-309n12, 317n75, 318n76, 321n100, 323n112, 330n186, 332n209, 333n217, 339n271, 341n293 practice(s), xiv, xvii, 27, 112, 145, 149, 230, 240, 266, 292, 317n73, 320-321n99, 321-322n101

vaivartika (reversible), 125, 127, 129 vow(s), xv, 69-99, 103, 138, 139, 199-200, 316nn70-71, 316-317n72, 317nn73-74, 318nn77, 79; 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101 See also ten grounds of the bodhisttva path

Bodhisattva, 87, 95, 198 See also Śākyamuni

Bodhisattva-piṭaka,126

bodhi tree, 85, 94, 95, 158, 159, 201, 327nn153, 156

See also tree(s)

Brahmā, 22, 41, 110, 203, 301, 304 See also heaven(s), Brahma brahmacarya, 268, 270

See also celibacy

Brahmajāla Sutta, 319n89 See also Dīgha Nikāya (DN) brahman(s), 22, 41, 79, 91, 187, 188, 201, 217, 249, 331n199

See also caste(s)

buddha(s), xv-xvii, xix-xx, 3, 5-8, 14, 21-23, 27, 30, 36-38, 41, 45, 47, 52, 59-61, 65-66, 69-71, 85-92, 96, 98, 99-103, 107-109, 111, 114, 121, 124, 125, 129, 130, 134-135, 136-137, 140, 144, 146-158, 160-163, 167-173, 175-179, 181-182, 185, 195, 213, 247, 256, 271, 277, 280, 286, 295-296, 298, 308-309n12, 309-310n19, 311n34, 312n44, 313n45, 316nn70-71, 316-Index 317n72, 317n75, 318n79, 320-321n99, 327nn150-151, 157-158; 329n168, 333n216, 337n252, 339n276, 341n290 body(ies), xvi, xvii, 88, 106, 111, 140, 148, 211, 320-321n99, 336n239 characteristics, eighty, xvi, 294 dharmas of, 27, 28, 34, 37, 44, 45, 46, 88, 102, 114

eighteen exclusive to, 107 forty exclusive to, xv, 96, 102 eye, 106, 178, 199

family/lineage of, 36, 37, 38-39, 40, 41, 59, 64-66

ground of, xviii, xix, 137 land(s)/realms, 77, 98, 99-100, 101, 146-149, 212, 318n79

marks, thirty-two, xvi, 110-111, 112, 294, 299-304

mindfulness of, xv, xvi, 45, 46, 47, 181, 327n148

offering(s) to, 18, 25, 27, 71, 109, 267, 297

path, 49, 60, 93, 318n76, 321-322n101 power(s), xx, 35, 85, 87, 88, 90, 96, 102 ten, 32, 231

vehicle, 27, 128, 174, 294 vows, 87, 88, 89, 90, 147, 156 See also buddhas, named; tathāgata(s) Buddha, 3, 7, 18, 19, 25, 30, 32, 34, 36, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52, 54, 61, 64, 65, 70, 72, 91, 101, 102, 106, 111, 121, 122, 128, 131, 140, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 169, 170, 172, 175, 177-178, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188-190, 192, 193, 209, 213, 219-221, 224-225, 229, 230, 232, 233-234, 236-237, 240, 249, 256, 261, 267, 270-272, 276, 277, 283, 284, 286, 290, 295, 297, 300, 310n24, 317n74, 319n86, 320n93, 321n100, 323n115, 327n153, 361

Index

Buddha (continued):

330n183, 332nn202, 207; 334n226, 340n284

mindfulness of, xvi, xvii, 90, 233-234, 236, 334n219, 335n236

words/scriptures/utterances of, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 62, 66, 138, 143, 213, 271

See also Bodhisattva; Śākyamuni Buddhabhadra, 308n11

buddhas, named, 153-154, 161-162, 327nn150-151, 157-158; 328n159 Brilliant Qualities, 145, 149, 152 Burning Lamp, 33, 45

Candana Qualities, 145, 147, 150, 327n149

Emblematic Qualities, 145, 148, 150 Floral Garden, 154, 327n152 Floral Qualities, 145, 148, 151 Giver of Jewels, 145, 148, 151 Jeweled Traveler, 161, 162 Kanakamuni, 158, 160

Kāśyapa, 52, 54, 158, 160 King of Measureless Qualities' Brilliance, 161

King of the Marks, 161, 327n158 Krakucchanda, 158, 159, 274, 339n276 Light, 154, 327nn150-151 Limitless Light/Measureless Light, 145, 148, 150

Marks of the Sovereign/Marks of the Sovereign's Canopy, 161, 327n157 Meritorious Qualities/Oceanic Meritorious Qualities, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152

Mountain King, 154, 161, 162 Peacefully Abiding/Peacefully Established, 161, 162, 328n159 Precious Flower, 161, 162 Radiance, 154, 327nn150-151 Śikhin, 158, 159

362

Sorrowless Qualities, 145, 148, 150 Sovereign Mastery, 161 Supreme in Meritorious Qualities, 161 Three Practices/Three Vehicles' Practices, 145, 148-149, 151, 326n147 Unimpeded Medicine King, 161 Universal Illumination, 161 Vast Multitude of Qualities, 145, 149, 152

Victorious Over Adversaries, 161 Vipaśyin, 70, 158

Viśvabhū, 158, 159

See also Amitābha; Śākyamuni Buddha Dharma, 46, 328-329n166 Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, xvi, 44, 97, 229, 328n165, 334n219 See also Three Jewels; Three Refuges buddhahood, xix, 5, 30, 37, 68, 71, 86, 87, 97, 98, 99, 105, 107, 113, 143, 145, 147, 152, 160, 170, 171, 174, 175, 185, 188, 196, 229, 230, 231, 237, 265, 269, 274, 295, 309n18, 316-317n72, 321-322n101, 323n112, 327n148, 338n259

path to, xiii, xv, xix, 72, 117, 157, 177, 178, 230, 273, 321-322n101, 323n113, 333n217, 336n240, 341n293

Buddhayaśas, xiii, 310n25, 310-311n29, 313n45, 316nn70-71, 316-317n72, 317nn73-74, 318nn77, 79; 319n91, 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101, 322n110, 334n227

C

candana, 147, 327n149

caste(s), 82, 187, 234, 271, 331nn199-201; 332n202, 335n231, 340n284 kṣatriya, 52, 187, 217, 315n61, 331n200

vaiśya, 187, 217, 331n201

śūdra, 217, 332 n202

See also brahman(s)

celibacy, 80, 339n271

See also abstinence; brahmacarya Chang'an, xiii

Chinese, xiii, 1, 307nn1-4, 309n13, 310n21, 310-311n29, 311n35, 312n44, 314n53, 318n82, 319n92, 322n107, 323nn115, 117; 327nn150-151, 158; 330nn182, 184; 331nn192-193, 332nn204-206, 208; 334nn223, 227; 336nn241, 243-244; 336-337n245, 338n257, 341nn291, 295-296 citta (mind/thought), 308n7, 310-311n29 compassion, 6, 8, 15, 30, 44, 139, 173, 196, 268, 278, 309n18, 333n271 great, xix, 5, 7, 14, 34, 39, 44, 46, 54, 59, 60, 88, 105, 108, 109, 111, 176, 229, 230, 242, 247,

mind of, 13, 35, 46, 59, 60, 88, 111, 195-196, 198, 229, 230, 242 as the mother of buddhas/tathāgatas, 39, 313n45

as one of the four immeasurable minds, 35, 278, 329n171, 340n282 See also four immeasurable minds Comprehensive Giving Bodhisattva, 197, 330n182

contemplation(s), xvi, 28, 73, 75, 132, 236, 253, 257, 258-260, 278, 293, 294, 295, 336n241, 337n252, 338n264, 338-339n265, 339nn267-268 threefold, 252-253, 257-260, 261, 338-339n265, 339n266

See also meditation

cyclic existence, 328n164, 334n222 See also samsara

D

Dānapāla, 334n223

Index

dāna-pāramitā, 196, 202, 205, 210, 213, 218, 244, 254, 265

See also giving; pāramitā(s), six Daśabhūmika-sūtra, xiii, 322n102, 334n227

See also Ten Grounds Sutra Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā, xiii, 1, 307n1 See also Shizhu piposha lun; Treatise on the Ten Grounds

Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śāstra, 307nn1-2 See also Shizhu piposha lun destinies, 146, 270

six, 3, 6, 15, 66, 101, 106, 125, 262, 317n74, 328n164

wretched, 40, 48, 51, 54-55, 78, 107, 108, 137, 155, 167, 168, 189, 190, 191, 193, 226, 247, 250, 271, 275, 279, 314n50

See also rebirth(s); three realms deva(s), 13, 22, 41, 52, 71, 81, 85, 86-87, 95, 96, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 169, 173, 176, 184, 188, 201, 267, 278, 286, 295 of the desire, form, and formless realms, 270, 328n164

king(s), 41, 50, 124, 127, 197 rebirth as, 3, 294

See also destinies, six

dhāraṇī(s), 223, 294, 332n209, 341n296 dharma(s), xvi, xvii, xviii, 5, 8, 9, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26-27, 30, 32, 34, 37-40, 44-46, 50, 52-53, 56, 59-62, 65-69, 71-77, 85-88, 101-103, 106, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 121, 123-126, 128, 129, 131-133, 135-140, 145, 160, 173, 176-179, 184, 186, 201, 203, 206, 212-213, 218, 220-224, 226, 227, 230, 233-236, 240, 245, 246, 249, 253, 254, 263, 268 270, 272, 280, 284, 285, 287, 294, 296-297, 299, 302, 308n7, 311n34, 314-315n54, 317n73, 363

Index

dharma(s) (continued):

321-322n101, 322n108, 324n118, 325n134, 332n206, 333n217, 334n223 bad/evil/false/inferior/unwholesome, 24, 67, 71, 76, 92, 113-114, 115, 116, 117-118, 121, 127-128, 129, 168, 281, 298, 324n118

beneficial/good/of goodness/wholesome, 22, 24, 26, 27, 38, 39, 48, 60, 67, 71, 75, 76, 77, 103, 108, 109, 121, 124, 127-128, 137, 216, 218, 228, 230, 281, 285, 295, 296, 302, 322n106, 323n112, 334n226 conditioned, 36, 101, 262, 297 eight, of a bodhisattva, 14, 23, 26, 309n18

eight worldly, 126, 233, 324n127, 334n222

eighteen, exclusive to buddhas, 107 of emptiness/of emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness, 44, 53, 57, 58, 127, 129, 134-135

forty, exclusive to buddhas, xvii, 46, 48, 96, 102, 314-315n54

four black, 122-123

great/superior/supreme, 27, 30, 43, 45, 46, 54, 66, 68, 73

morally indeterminant, 168, 328 n162 profound/sublime, 28, 59, 60, 61, 87, 121, 125, 138

true character of, 36, 53, 56, 88, 126, 179, 220-223, 233, 272, 324n126, 332n206, 335n228

twenty-seven, of the first ground, xv, 60, 68

worldly, 59, 66, 68, 100, 240, 285 world-transcending, 59, 66-67, 222, 224

See also patience, unproduced-dharmas Dharma, xx, xxi, 6, 14, 17-19, 22, 23, 27, 30, 34, 40, 46-48, 61, 64, 66, 69-72, 85-87, 90- 92, 96, 101, 105-107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116-123, 126, 128-132, 134, 138-140, 143, 145, 147-149, 151, 156, 161-162, 169, 170, 172-173, 175, 176, 182, 183, 189, 190, 193, 200-202, 205, 206, 213, 216, 219-225, 227-233, 236-237, 239, 242, 243, 245, 265, 266, 267, 271, 272-273, 277, 278, 280, 286, 288-290, 292 -296, 302, 309n18, 309-310n19, 311n34, 312-313n44, 313n45, 314-315n54, 316n71, 316-317n72, 317nn73-74, 321n100, 328-329n166, 332nn202, 209; 336n240, 337n255, 341n296

assemblies/community/congregation, 296, 297, 302, 329n169, 342n300 banner, 18-19, 169, 172

body, xvii, 336n239

eye, 200

giving of, xvi, 19, 169, 201, 219-226, 227, 229, 231, 284, 289, 293-294, 296

king, 22, 200, 213

lamp/torch, 18, 172-173

mindfulness of, xvi, 90, 91, 236, 334n219

obstacles, 118, 121, 324n124 position, 46, 72, 231-232, 277, 289, 317n75, 333n217

profound/sublime/supreme, 19, 25, 71, 121, 125, 126, 151, 160, 163, 195, 224, 230, 270

protectors, 139, 325n143 pure/true, 128, 188, 195 rain, 23, 169

right, xx, 18, 27, 38, 106, 146, 169, 170, 240, 291, 295, 309-310n19, 336n240

364

robe(s), 276, 285

treasury of, 106, 200

wheel, 70, 71, 97, 98, 169, 171, 172, 173, 182, 314-315n54, 316-317n72, 321n100, 321-322n101 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Dharma master/teacher(s); Dharma realm

Dharmakṣema, 330n184

Dharma master/teacher(s), 125, 126, 170, 222, 303, 324n125, 328n163, 329n169, 342n306

"Dharma of Greatly Supreme Buddha," 65, 316n59

Dharmapada, 31, 287

Dharmarakṣa, xiii, 307n2, 336n243 Dharma realm, 99-100, 316nn70-71, 317nn72-74, 318nn77, 79; 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101 dhūta(s) and dhūtaguṇa austerities, xviii, 62, 224, 311n32, 319n90, 332n210 twelve, xviii, 332n210

See also asceticism and ascetic practices dhyāna(s), 25, 28, 173, 190, 310nn23, 28;

absorption(s), 5, 32, 35, 70, 92, 139, 228, 232, 234

concentration/meditation, 18, 28, 37, 66, 97, 109, 116, 117, 139, 173, 174, 175, 186, 200, 210, 212, 222, 254, 259, 278, 285, 287, 296, 329n170, 334n226

four, 92, 139, 183, 329n170, 335n234, 341n297

See also meditation(s)

dhyāna-pāramitā, 118, 254 See also pāramitā(s), six Dīgha Nikāya (DN), 319nn86-88, 327n154, 332n205

Index

E

eight difficulties, 170, 296, 328-329n166 eightfold path, 37, 64, 67, 158 Ekottara Āgama Sutra, 334n226 emptiness, 51, 53, 57, 58, 127, 129, 133, 134, 201, 202, 205, 206-207, 237, 277, 293, 296-297, 325n132, 330n186, 333n217

emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness, 36, 44, 61, 67, 77, 114, 121, 126, 186, 232, 236, 294, 330n186, 340n281

See also liberation, three gates to enlightenment, 14, 86, 192, 193, 308-309n12, 328-329n166 perfect/right/unsurpassable, xv, xix, 108, 109, 168, 254, 308n11, 323n112, 337n252

seven limbs of, 64, 67, 72, 148, 151 See also anuttarāsamyaksaṃbodhi; awakening(s); bodhi

equal regard toward beings, mind/practice of, 125, 126, 242, 260, 261, 263, 293, 298, 320-321n99

equanimity, 35, 278, 329n171, 340n282 six kinds of, 233, 334n223 See also four immeasurable minds Exegesis on the Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra, 334n220 F

female body/form, rebirth as male, 87, 89, 137

See also woman/women, body, transformation of five aggregates, 61, 66-67, 73, 130, 131, 137, 147, 234, 257, 320n93, 335n235 five hindrances, 81, 233, 318n81, 334n225

365

Index

Flower Adornment Sutra. See Avataṃsaka-sūtra forest hermitage, 29, 62, 228, 286, 287, 311n32

four bases of meritorious qualities, 19, 37, 38, 39, 41, 64-65, 97, 126, 230, 307n5, 310n21, 313n47, 33n216 four bases of psychic power, 67, 199 four continents, 52, 98, 200, 315n61 See also Jambudvīpa; Uttarakuru four fruitions, 231, 333n218 Four Heavenly Kings, 86, 95, 187, 203 See also heaven(s)

four immeasurable minds, 92, 183, 312n40, 329n171, 340n282 G

gandharvas, 41, 81, 176, 201, 286 Ganges River(s), 4-5, 43, 55, 96, 146, 147-149, 162, 181, 182-186, 278 garuḍa(s), 41, 81, 86, 176, giving, xv, xvi, 18, 19, 22, 26, 35, 37, 50, 55, 97, 105, 109-110, 112, 118, 122, 151, 173-175, 184-185, 195-214, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 237, 244, 245, 252-255, 278, 288-289, 291, 296-298, 302-303, 331n191, 333n214, 337nn249-254; 338nn256, 259-260 of Dharma, xvi, 19, 169, 173, 201, 219, 221-222, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 284, 289, 293, 294, 296

four kinds/types of, 207-209, 211, 218 impure, xv, 204, 206, 208, 209 material/of wealth, xvi, 17, 19, 218, 219, 222, 227, 228-229, 231, 232, 241, 256, 284, 289

pāramitā/perfection of, 118, 196, 210, 254, 265

pure, xv, 207-211, 291

See also dāna-pāramitā

366

Great Compilation Sutra. See Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra/Mahāvaipulyamahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra in 25,000 Lines. See Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra Great Vehicle, xviii, 4, 21, 27, 55, 69, 90, 91, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 139, 145, 170, 172, 174, 200, 211, 212, 292

See also Mahayana; vehicle(s) greed, hatred, and delusion, 24, 169, 196, 249, 298, 328n161, 333n213, 336-337n245, 340n285

See also three poisons

ground(s), xiv-xv, xix, xx, 9, 21, 23-24, 27, 30, 37, 39, 40-41, 43, 45, 59, 67-68, 69, 129, 137, 141, 143, 294, 313n45, 317n73, 321-322n101 avaivartika/of certainty/of irreversibility, xv, 88, 137, 141, 143-146, 165 buddha/of buddhahood, xviii, xix, 37, 137

pratyekabuddha, xviii, xix, 137, 143, 144, 211, 325-326n144

śrāvaka disciple, xviii, xix, 137, 143, 211, 325-326n144

See also ten grounds of the bodhisattva path

H

Harivarman, 330n178

heaven(s), 55, 120, 139, 192, 203, 267, 310n24, 328-329n166, 337n254 Akaniṣṭha Heaven, 86, 95 Brahma Heaven, 81, 86, 95, 98, 187, 303

Heaven of the Four Heavenly Kings, 86, 95, 187, 203

Nirmāṇarati Heaven, 86, 95, 187

Index

Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven, 20, 86, 95, 187

Pure Abodes Heavens, 184 Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, 86, 95, 187, 328n164

Tuṣita Heaven, 70-71, 86, 95, 187, 226, 316-317n72

Yāma Heaven, 86, 95, 187 heavenly ear, 155, 199, 297 heavenly eye, 155, 198, 296, 297, 330n177 See also buddha(s), eye; Dharma, eye; wisdom, eye of

hell(s), 3, 9-11, 13, 55, 66, 78, 90, 107, 120, 138, 143, 146, 155, 168-170, 190-192, 242, 258-259, 270, 289, 309nn13-14; 314n50, 323n112, 325-326n144, 328-329n166 See also destinies, six householder(s)/household life, 25, 80, 83, 139, 227-229, 232, 242, 256, 260, 265, 278, 310n28, 338-339n265 faults/problems of, xvi, 249-252, 278-284, 310n28

See also bodhisattva, householder/lay; laity; lay/laypeople/layperson hungry ghosts, 3, 12-13, 78, 90, 120, 128, 146, 168, 169, 170, 258, 270, 289, 309n14, 314n50, 328-329n166; See also bhūta ghosts and spirits I

immortality, elixir of, 281, 340n285 India/Indian, xiii, 307n3, 307-308n6, 323n112, 325n144, 327n153, 331n196, 332n202, 336n241, 337n246, 340n284, 342nn302, 304-305, 308

individual liberation path(s), xix, 317n75, 324n121, 329n173, 333n217 See also arhat(s) and arhatship; pratyekabuddha(s); śrāvaka(s)/ śrāvaka disciple(s); vehicle(s), two Inquiry of Ugra. See Ugraparipṛcchā(-sūtra) Itivuttaka, 64, 316n68

J

Jain(s), 314n53, 319nn83-84 Jambudvīpa, 98, 147, 193, 200 See also four continents Jātaka, 323n115, 330n183 Jeweled Ornament Sutra, xviii Jiazhanyannizi, 81, 319n87 K

karma, xv, 3, 20, 32, 84, 89, 167-168, 188, 256-257, 328-329n166 bad/evil/offense-generating, xv, 19, 168, 169, 170-171, 188, 189, 257, 258, 260, 310n23, 328n161 fortuitous/good/meritorious, 29, 169, 186, 282

karmic, 187-188, 260, 296, 299, 309-310n19, 329n168, 332n209, 337n250, 343-342n298

action(s)/deed(s), xvii-xviii, 22, 52, 56, 67, 84, 187-188, 239, 257, 299, 319n91

bad, xviii, 138, 169

good, xviii, xix, xx, 61, 137-138, 182, 245, 271

cause(s), xvi, 93, 257, 302-305, 331n190

fruits, 208-210, 212, 281, 284 obstacles, 89, 118, 121, 186, 187, 193, 276, 324n124

offense(s)/transgressions, xv, 19, 54, 56, 63, 117, 121, 157, 167-170, 176-177, 187-193, 208, 244, 246, 247, 259, 282, 296

propensities, 297, 319n91, 341-342n298 367

Index

karmic (continued):

result(s), 19, 75, 181, 198-201, 217, 226, 253, 294, 297, 298, 337n253 retribution(s), 167, 172, 188, 189, 191, 257, 258

reward(s), xv, xvii, xviii, 20, 138, 198, 200, 203, 213, 214, 217, 223, 254, 255, 289, 291, 294, 330-331n189 See also ten courses of karmic action Karmic Retribution Sutra, 188 Kashmir, xiii

kiṃnaras, 41, 86, 176, 286 kindness(es), 6, 7-8, 15, 27, 28, 34, 35, 45, 54, 56, 59, 60, 139, 162, 163, 173, 176, 196, 198, 204, 205, 214, 215, 240, 241, 245, 253, 260, 261, 268, 278, 282, 329n171, 333n217, 339n271, 340n282

See also four immeasurable minds; loving-kindness

King Crown-born, 52

King Joy-to-behold, 52 King Radiant Brilliance, 52 Kumārajīva, xiii, 1, 307n1, 310n25, 310-311n29, 311n32, 312n38, 313n45, 315n64, 316nn70-71, 316-318n72, 317nn73-74, 318nn77, 79; 319n91, 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101, 322nn102, 110; 324nn125-126, 328n163, 329nn174, 176; 331n198, 332n206, 334n227, 335n228, 339n272, 342n306

kumāra virgins, 81

Kuchā, 1

L

laity, 25, 115, 228, 291, 333nn211-212 lay/laypeople/layperson, xiv, 117, 227, 228, 229, 243, 276, 285, 290, 299, 302, 338-339n265, 339n271 See also bodhisattva, householder/lay; precept(s), lay

368

liberation, 5, 7, 23, 28, 30-31, 72, 92, 93, 96, 108, 119, 135, 158, 159, 175, 176, 179, 185, 200, 201, 206, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 250, 279, 285

of beings, 7, 13, 15, 30, 71, 85, 96, 106, 108, 138

eight, 92, 106, 233 (n94) from samsara/six destinies, 5, 64, 106, 139

three gates to, 36-37, 67, 129, 223 unimpeded, 9, 46, 107, 233 (n12) See also individual liberation path(s) livelihood:

deviant/wrong, 62, 78, 92, 139, 189, 318n80

pure/right, 25, 122, 268, 279 Lotus Sutra, 317n75

loving-kindness, 196, 322n107 See also kindness(es) M

Madhyama Āgama (MĀ), 310n21, 330n180, 331n194

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, 231, 308n11, 329nn174,176, 332n209 "Rejoicing and Dedication" chapter, 182, 184

See also Prajñāpāramitā Mahāprajñāpāramitā-upadeśa, 341n296 Mahāsaṃgīti-sūtra, 334n223 Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra/Mahāvaipulyamahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, 330n187, 335n230

"Akṣayamati Bodhisattva Assembly" chapter, 202

"Akṣayamati" chapter, 35, 311n31, 312n41, 330n184

Akṣayamati-nirdeśa, 335n230 mahasattva(s), 175, 179 See also bodhisattva(s)

Mahāsthāmaprāpta, 165, 328n165 Mahayana, xiii, 138, 272, 276, 308-309n12, 324n221, 333n217, 338n261 See also Great Vehicle

mahoragas, 41, 86, 176, 286 Maitreya, 45, 158, 160, 163, 189 Majjhima Nikāya (MN), 310n21, 312n37, 322n106, 331n194 Mañjuśrī, 164, 192, 328n165 māra(s), 22, 33, 46, 87, 91, 118-119, 121, 139, 140, 152, 162, 206, 324n124, 334n226, 340n286 Māra, 22, 55, 67, 71, 86, 98, 138, 140, 150, 160, 233, 253, 255, 259, 280, 284, 290, 334n221, 337n254 mark(s), 38, 106, 110-111, 112, 151, 152, 188, 214, 299-305

major, xvi, 47, 94, 96, 156, 294, 299 and minor/secondary characteristics, xvi, 47, 94, 156, 200, 294 thirty-two, xvi, 52, 96, 110, 199, 299 Maskarī Gośālīputra, 81, 319n85, 331n190 mātṛkās, 220, 286-287, 290, 332n207 meditation, 66, 201, 310n28, 311n32, 320n95, 334nn225, 234; 339n274, 341n297

path of, 35, 77

ten universal bases of, 92, 296, 341n297

See also contemplation(s); dhyāna(s), meditation

mendicant(s), 80, 254

See also almsman; śramaṇa(s) merit(s), xv, 7, 17, 34, 43, 49-51, 54, 63, 84, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108, 128, 138, 158, 173-178, 181-186, 190-193, 195, 201, 202, 222, 229, 241, 255, 267, 269, 275, 278, 310n24, 328n164, 329n168, 330-331n189, 336n240, 337nn249-251, 254; 338nn259, 262; 339n271

Index

dedication of, xv, 34, 77, 110, 167, 174-179, 181-183, 185, 186, 210, 211-212, 213, 231, 237, 244, 253, 291, 338n259

field(s) of, 28, 29, 202, 203, 205, 249, 254, 286, 291, 330-331n189, 331n191

halls, 304, 342n308

mindfulness, 14, 17, 25, 35, 46, 60, 91, 196, 236-237, 244, 295, 322n106, 333n215

of the buddha(s)/Buddha, xv, xvi, xvii, 90, 233-234, 236, 327n148, 335n236

of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha/Three Jewels, xvi, 18, 231, 236-237, 334n219

four stations of, 67, 278 right, 61, 245, 277, 278, 285, 294, 295 monastic(s), xvi, 115, 116, 117, 122, 170, 227-228, 232, 278-284, 290, 291, 293, 299, 303, 318n80, 324nn125, 128; 328n163, 330-331n189, 331n191, 333n212, 338-339n265, 339n271, 340n284, 342n306 bodhisattva(s), xiv, xvi, 292, 293 community/sangha, 116, 266, 323n116, 324n119, 333n212

moral code/precepts, 79, 323n116, 324n120

preceptor(s), 122, 170, 303, 324n125, 328n163, 342n306

See also bhikṣu(s); bhikṣuṇī; monk(s); nun(s)

monk(s), xviii, 220, 278, 324n128, 329n169

See also bhikṣu(s); monastic(s) moral code, 79, 81, 122, 219, 220, 221, 323n116

See also Vinaya

369

Index

moral virtue, xviii, 18, 22, 35, 37, 109, 118, 228, 254, 338n259 perfection of, xviii, 254 See also pāramitās, six Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā, 324n130 N

Nāgārjuna, xiii, xiv, xix-xxi, 1, 224, 307nn2-3, 308n11, 309nn14, 18; 310-311n19, 310n25, 312n42, 313nn45-47, 315n61, 316nn66-67, 318n80, 319n90, 322n105, 323n112, 324n130, 325-326n144, 328-329n166, 329nn168, 171; 332n209, 333nn214-217, 334n220, 335n236, 336n242, 338n264, 341n296 Nanda, 65

Nikāyas, 320n93, 339nn273, 276 See also Āgamas; Aṅguttara Nikāya; Dīgha Nikāya; Majjhima Nikāya; Saṃyutta Nikāya

nirvana, 5, 13, 20, 28, 36, 39, 40, 70, 82, 98, 99, 100, 101, 120, 163, 167, 172, 175, 176, 192, 204, 219, 225, 236, 237, 246, 273, 280, 296, 311-312n35, 314n51, 319n89, 321-322n101, 332n207, 342nn299, 301 bliss of, 172, 196

great, 316-317n72, 321-322n101 final, 98, 319n89

without residue, 5, 70, 71, 99, 128, 175, 211, 286

non-Buddhist(s), 33, 85, 86, 90, 91, 122, 128, 137, 223, 272, 290, 319n90, 331n190, 334n226

nondual/nonduality, 132, 298 nonself, 57-58, 243

See also self

nun(s), 324n128, 329n169, 338n264 See also bhikṣuṇī; monastic(s) O

offense(s), 29, 114-115, 116-117, 122, 167, 168, 169-171, 177, 186, 189, 193, 229

duṣkṛta, 114, 115, 323n116 karmic, xvi, 19, 54, 56, 63, 117, 121, 157, 167, 168, 169-170, 176, 177, 187-193, 208, 244, 246, 247, 259, 296

pārājika, 114, 115, 116, 323n116, 324n119

pāyantika, 114, 115

saṃghāvaśeṣa, 114, 115, 116, 323n116, 324n119

sthūlātyaya, 114, 115

See also transgression(s) offering(s), 15, 18, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 41, 56, 59, 62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 86, 87, 95, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 137, 138, 156, 162, 182, 183, 184-185, 186, 223, 224, 228, 230, 239, 267, 277, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 295-296, 297, 302, 303, 304, 313n35, 316n70, 316-317n72

P

Pakudha Kaccāyana, 319n86 Pāli, 310nn21, 24; 312n43, 315n57, 316n68, 319nn86, 92; 320nn94-95, 323n115, 324n128, 328-329n166, 330n183, 331n196, 333n215, 337n247, 340nn277-278, 283, 288 pāramitā(s), 27, 118-119, 121, 138, 140, 230, 314 -315n54, 317n73 six, 37, 39, 41, 44, 61, 65, 97, 103, 114, 126, 175, 211, 253-254, 287, 294 See also dāna-pāramitā; dhyānapāramitā; prajñā-pāramitā 370

patience, 18, 26, 35, 37, 44, 79, 97, 109, 118, 147, 223, 228, 241, 245, 254, 293, 294, 313n45, 325-326n144, 339n271, 342n294

perfection of (kṣānti-pāramitā), 254 unproduced-dharmas, 39, 46, 108-109, 114, 147, 323n112

See also pāramitā(s), six Piluochizi, 81, 319n87 piśāca and piśācī, 12, 81, 258 Poisonous Snake Man, 192 Prajñāpāramitā, 126, 137, 177 See also Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra prajñā-pāramitā, 38, 39, 65, 108, 119, 184, 185, 254

See also pāramitā(s), six; wisdom, perfection of

pratyekabuddha(s), xix, 3, 5-6, 7, 14, 41, 46, 52, 54, 94, 107, 119, 149, 175, 187, 192, 280, 297, 309-310n19 ground, xviii, xix, 137, 143, 144, 211, 325-326n144

path, 64, 71, 72, 140, 183, 317n75, 324n121, 328n165

vehicle, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 35, 55, 69, 90, 91, 144, 170, 172, 174, 203, 230, 294, 326n146

See also individual liberation path(s); vehicle(s), three

Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sutra, The (Harrison), 312n44 precept(s), xviii, 25, 28, 59, 65-66, 67, 70, 81, 92, 97, 98, 115, 122, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 185, 190, 201, 203, 210, 223, 229, 230, 232, 234, 250, 252, 259, 267, 269-271, 273, 276-277, 278, 285, 302, 324n120, 333n215, 335-336n237, 336n242, 339n271 codes, 67, 170, 285, 287 eight, xvi, 267, 339nn271, 273 five, xvi, 239, 243-244, 335-336n237 Index

lay, xvi, 243, 244

recitation, 285, 324n120 Precious Moon, 146-147, 149 Precious Summit Sutra, Chapter Thirty, "On the Meaning of Dāna-pāramitā," 199-201

Provisions Essential for Bodhi. See Bodhisaṃbhāra-śāstra

pure land(s), 85, 95, 297, 298 See also buddha(s), land(s) Pure Land (tradition), 328n165 Pure Vinaya Sutra, 54

Q

quiescence/quiescent, 19, 31, 35, 37, 38, 44, 64, 97, 132-133, 134, 135, 136, 218, 228, 235, 236, 237, 307n5, 310n23, 311-312n35, 333n216, 341n294

R

rākṣasa(s), 3, 12, 258 Ratnāvalī, 313n47

realm(s), 32, 36, 40, 90, 99-102, 146, 149-151, 312n38, 314n51, 322n102, 328n164

of animal(s), 90, 120, 169, 170, 258, 289, 314n50, 328-329n166 of asura(s), 120, 155, 170 of beings/human, 99, 100, 101, 192, 199

of empty space, 99, 100-101 hell(s), 90, 289, 309n14, 314n50, 325-326n144, 328-329n166 of hungry ghost(s), 90, 120, 170, 258, 289, 309n14, 314n50, 328-329n166 of Māra, 233, 344 n221 of nirvana, 70, 99, 100, 101 of samsara, 29, 120

See also Dharma, realm; three realms 371

Index

rebirth(s), 3, 6, 15, 20, 63, 66, 87, 89, 101, 106, 120, 125, 139, 140, 155, 168, 169, 203, 212, 223, 226, 262, 271, 298, 314nn50-51, 317n74, 320-321n99, 328n164, 328-329n166, 338n259

See also destinies; samsara repentance, xv, 114, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 181, 186-187, 189, 195, 296 requisites, 49, 64, 232, 286, 288 four, 27, 290

resolute intention(s), xvii, 23, 25, 27-30, 34, 68, 88, 282, 310-311n29 resolve, xv, 6, 8-9, 11, 14, 17, 24, 25, 32-36, 38, 40, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 64, 66, 69, 93, 105-112, 113-114, 116, 118, 121, 122-123, 124, 129, 138-139, 144, 160, 168, 170, 175, 183, 184, 185-186, 191, 193, 206, 213, 229-230, 231-232, 233, 237, 241, 246, 247-248, 254, 266, 278, 286, 289, 290, 296, 308n11, 317n73, 321n100, 322n105, 323n112, 324n118, 334n226, 338nn259-260, 341n277 solid, xx, 3, 8, 9, 13, 14, 140, 186, 197, 240, 242, 266, 284, 285, 323n112 weak, 9, 11-13, 121, 285, 324n124 robe(s), 63, 69, 70, 80, 81, 94, 109, 118, 126, 133, 138, 199, 232, 278, 286, 288, 289, 313n45, 333n215, 340n289 Dharma, 276, 285

coarse/patched/rag, 62, 285, 286-287 saṃghāṭī, 64, 340n289

three-part, 286 , 340n289 See also requisites

roots:

of evil/karmic offenses/non-goodness, 24, 50, 157

of goodness, xvi, 21, 23-25, 27, 28, 29, 33, 36, 43, 48, 50, 67, 76, 88, 89, 96, 100-102, 106-109, 116, 118, 138, 139, 141, 147, 152, 156, 372

175-178, 182, 184, 185, 206, 210, 242, 249, 250, 261, 266, 275, 276 S

Sadāprarudita, 198, 330n182 Śakra, 203

sakṛdāgāmin, 183, 187

See also four fruitions

Śākyamuni, 33, 158, 160, 308-309n12, 328n165

See also Buddha

samādhi(s), xvii, 32, 88, 223, 312n44, 313n45, 320n94

āsvādana-, 335n234

mindfulness of the Buddha, xvii, 234 pratyutpanna, xvi, xvii, 39, 223, 312n44, 313n45, 335n236

vajra, 308-309n12, 314-315n54 samsara, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 29, 39, 41, 43, 51, 52, 54, 66, 97, 107, 108, 120, 128, 139, 150, 201, 232, 236, 246, 262, 280, 296, 334n221

liberation from, 5, 64, 138, 139, 159, 246

See also destinies; rebirth(s) Saṃyutta Nikāya (SN), 320n93, 325n142, 333n215, 340nn283, 288 sangha, 109, 116, 158, 170, 220, 221, 232, 237, 297, 298, 323n116, 324n119, 333n212, 334n226, 340n284 bodhisattva, 3, 8, 9, 18 śrāvaka disciple, 14, 92, 233 Sangha, 6, 161-162, 169, 231-232, 237 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha Sanskrit, xiii, 307n1, 309nn13, 16; 310nn21, 27; 310-311n29, 311n32, 312n38, 315nn58-59, 62, 64; 316nn66-67, 318n82, 322nn102-103, 110; 323nn115-116, 324n126, 325n143, 327nn150-151, 329n167, 330n182, 331nn192, 196; 332n206, 333n211, 334n227, 335n232,

339nn267, 272; 340n285, 341nn291, 295-296; 341-342n298

Saqizhezhi, 81, 319n87

Śāriputra, 27, 182, 192

śarīra relics, 286, 297

Sañjaya Vairaṭīputra. See Piluochizhi Sarvadā, 110

Sarvadāna, 163, 198-199, 330n182 See also Comprehensive Giving Bodhisattva Sarvadharma-apravṛtti-nirdeśa-sūtra. See Sutra on the Inaction of Dharmas Satyasiddhi-śāstra, 330n178 Seals of the Dharma Sutra, 36 self, xvi, 3, 14, 48, 56-58, 78, 82, 129, 130-132, 223, 234, 257, 265, 272-273, 308n7, 315n63, 325n142, 329n172, 331n192

See also nonself; view(s), of self sense bases, six/twelve, 61, 67, 73, 130, 257, 320n93

sense faculty(ies)/gates, 67, 77, 224, 228, 234, 252, 276, 281, 285, 308n7, 333n215, 334n223, 335n232 sense fields/realms, eighteen, 61, 67, 130, 234, 257, 319n91

sense objects, 67, 334n223 seven precious things, 146, 182, 315n60 Shizhu piposha lun. See Daśabhūmikavibhāṣā Śibi, King, 110, 163

Śikṣānanda, 310-311n29, 339n273 śīla/śīla-pāramitā. See moral virtue; pāramitā(s), six

skillful means, xix, 14, 38, 39, 49, 65, 67-68, 69, 91, 93, 102, 108, 109, 144, 145, 167, 210, 212-213, 247, 266, 267, 309n18, 338n256

Small Vehicle, 34, 69, 116, 211, 292 See also vehicle(s)

Index

spiritual friend(s)/guide(s), 14, 23, 25, 27, 59, 61, 114, 116, 117, 122, 123, 189, 204, 213, 214, 216, 242, 252, 256, 336n240

spiritual power(s), 35, 71, 91, 98, 286, 320-321n99, 321-322n101

śramaṇa(s), 22, 41, 79, 81, 188, 201, 249, 284

non-Buddhist, 91, 137

See also almsman; mendicant(s) śrāvaka(s)/śrāvaka disciple(s), xviii, 3, 5, 6, 7, 14, 27, 41, 46, 54, 64, 85, 87, 102, 119, 149, 175, 185, 231, 232, 233, 280, 296, 297, 308-309n12, 309-310n19,

assembly/congrergation/sangha, 14, 92, 151, 156, 233, 237, 298

grounds, xviii, xix, 137, 143, 211, 325-326n144

path/vehicle, xviii, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 35, 55, 64, 71, 72, 90, 91, 92, 140, 144, 170, 172, 174, 187, 230, 231, 294, 309n18, 326n146, 333nn217-218 See also four fruitions; individual liberation path(s)

stage of certainty, 23, 30, 32-33, 35-36, 46-48, 65, 87-89, 108, 109, 154, 155 , 310n27, 312n42, 313n46, 323nn112-113

See also avaivartika (irreversibility) stream-enterer(s)/stream-entry, 40, 93, 120, 183, 187, 193, 274, 313n49, 314n51, 333n218

See also four fruitions; individual liberation path(s)

stupa(s), xvi, 69, 170, 193, 286, 297, 302, 304

Subhūti, 177-178, 182-184, 231 suchness. See tathatā

373

Index

Sumeru, 9, 66, 87

superknowledges, 48, 52, 90, 91, 183, 232, 318n79, 320-321n99, 321-322n101 See also three clear knowledges Sutra of the Resolute King, 222, 272, 332n208, 339n275

Sutra on Benefiting the Many, 287 Sutra on the Factors Assisting the Path, 38

Sutra on the Inaction of Dharmas, 276, 340n279

Sutra on the Questions of Ugradatta. See Ugraparipṛcchā(-sūtra)

Sutra on the Screaming Hells, 55 Sutra on the Wisdom Seal of the Tathāgata, 189-190, 330n179 Sutra on the Youth Precious Moon's Questions on Dharma, 327n148 Sutra Spoken in Response to the Questions of the Youth Precious Moon, 146-147

"Avaivartika" chapter, 146 sympathetic joy, 35, 278, 329n171, 340n282

See also four immeasurable minds T

tathāgata(s), 21, 36, 37-39, 71, 105, 114, 162, 321-322n101

family/lineage of, 23, 36, 37-39, 40, 41, 47, 312n42, 313n46

See also buddha(s)

Tathāgata, 92, 122, 224-226, 253, 276, 290, 328-329n166

See also Buddha

tathatā, 36, 37, 335n228 ten courses of karmic action, xviii, xix, 61, 137, 138, 169, 182, 271 See also karmic

374

ten grounds of the bodhisattva path, xiii, xiv-xv, 3-9, 14, 16-17, 19-20, 21-23, 27, 30, 37, 44, 46, 61, 103, 114, 126, 139, 308n11, 310-311n29 Difficult-to-conquer/fifth, 21, 22, 37 Far-reaching/seventh, 21, 22, 37, 109 first/Ground of Joyfulness, xiv, xv, xvii, 9, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33, 37, 40-41, 43-48, 58, 59-60, 66-68, 69, 96, 307n3, 310n26, 312n42, 313n46 Ground of Blazing Brilliance/fourth, 21, 22, 37

Ground of the Dharma Cloud/tenth, 21, 23, 37, 96, 109

Ground of Direct Presence/sixth, 21, 22, 37, 313n45

Ground of Excellent Intelligence/ninth, 21, 22, 37, 109

Ground of Immovability/eighth, 21, 22, 37, 109

Ground of Stainlessness/second, xiv, xvii, xviii, 37, 292, 307n3 Ground of Shining Light/third, 21, 22, 37, 44

Ten Grounds Sutra, xiii-xx, 8, 17, 30, 310nn25-26, 313n45, 315n57, 316n70, 319n91, 322-323n110 See also Avataṃsaka-sūtra, "Ten Grounds" chapter; Daśabhūmikasūtra ten powers, xx, 23, 32, 152, 231, 233, 234, 312nn37, 42; 313n46, 314-315n54 tetralemma, 324n131, 325n140 Three Branches Sutra, 182, 329n175 three clear knowledges, 187, 232, 330n177 See also superknowledges Three Jewels, 6, 18, 35, 64, 237, 239, 328n165

See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Refuges

three matters, 231, 334n219 See also mindfulness, of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha/Three Jewels three poisons, 97, 147, 150, 228, 253, 271, 333n213, 340n285 See also greed, hatred, and delusion three realms, 22, 40, 45, 61, 66, 67, 101, 106, 156, 159, 160, 174, 175, 179, 200, 233

desire, 24, 101, 139, 146, 168, 179, 328n164, 337n254

form, 24, 101, 120, 146, 168, 179, 270, 329n170, 341n297

formless, 24, 101, 120, 146-147, 168, 179, 183, 270, 314-315n54, 329n170

See also destinies; world(s), triple Three Refuges, 229, 243 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Jewels

transgression(s), 23, 29, 39, 41, 68, 84, 97, 115-116, 117, 122, 125, 126, 271, 272-274, 276-277, 282, 287, 289, 296, 312n42, 313n46, 324n119 five classes of, 115-116, 323n116 See also offense(s)

Treatise Commentary on the Sutra of Ten Stages. See Daśabhūmikavibhāṣa-śāstra Treatise on the Ten Grounds, xiii-xxi, 1 See also Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā tree(s), 10, 81, 94-95, 146, 149, 151, 188, 210, 245, 247, 282, 287, 304, 321n149, 327n153, 342n304 aśoka, 94, 158, 327n153 āśvattha, 94, 160, 327n156 medicinal/medicine, 321n100 nāga, 94, 160

nyagrodha, 110, 160, 301, 304, 342n304 puṇḍarīka, 159

śāla, 94, 159

Index

śirīṣa, 94, 159, 327n155 udumbara, 94, 160

See also bodhi tree

U

Udānas, 287

Ugradatta/Ugra the Elder, 249, 276 Ugraparipṛcchā(-sūtra), 336n243, 339n266, 340n280

"Unity Chapter," 27

See also Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra/ Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipātasūtra, "Akṣayamati" chapter Uttarakuru, 328-329n166 See also four continents V

Vaiśravana, 81

vajra, 9, 34, 81, 95, 139, 188, 200 path, 9, 308-309n12

See also samādhi, vajra Vajragarbha, 163, 310n26 Vajrayana, 308-309n12 Vasubandhu, 329n168

vehicle(s), 27, 33, 35, 36, 114, 122, 128, 229, 230

arhat, 174

buddha, 27, 128, 174, 294 pratyekabuddha, xviii, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 35, 55, 69, 90, 91, 144, 170, 172, 174, 203, 230, 294, 326n146 śrāvaka/śrāvaka disciple, xviii, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 35, 55, 90, 91, 92, 144, 170, 172, 174, 203, 230, 231, 294, 309n18, 326n146, 329n173 three, 5, 6, 14, 55, 172, 173, 174, 200 two, 9, 117, 128, 143, 144, 324n121 See also Great Vehicle; Small Vehicle Velāma, 110, 163, 323n14 "Verse of the Worthies and Āryas," 188-189

375

Index

view(s), 201, 203, 273, 308n7, 314n53, 328-329n166

deviant/erroneous/false/wrong, xx, 6, 61, 78, 80, 83, 91, 116, 189, 195, 236, 267, 325n132, 328-329n166 sixty-two, 128, 273

inverted, 73, 251

four, 3, 308n7

right, 122, 242, 270, 325n132 of self, 56, 57, 78, 132, 272, 328n162, 329n172

vigor, 13, 14, 17, 18, 25, 28, 35, 37, 46, 67, 84, 97, 107, 109, 117, 118, 130, 139, 140, 144, 145, 149, 186, 196, 223, 228, 245, 246, 286, 322n106, 326nn145-146

perfection of, 254, 309n14, 338n260 See also pāramitā(s), six Vinaya, 92, 193, 220-221, 290 See also moral code

Viśvantara, 110, 323n115 vow(s), xv, xix, 13, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 48, 52, 66, 69, 105, 109, 114, 121, 123-124, 144, 145, 147, 156, 199, 289, 298

great, xv, 30, 35, 54, 103, 124, 316nn70-71, 316-317n72,

317nn73-74, 318nn77, 79; 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101 original, 152, 154

right, 293, 297, 298

ten bodhisattva, xv, 69-103, 298, 316nn70-71, 316-317n72,

317nn73-74, 318nn77, 79; 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101 W

white-robed, 81, 227, 333n211 See also laity; lay/laypeople/layperson wheel-turning king(s), xviii, 38, 47, 52, 123, 124, 197, 299, 302, 315nn60-61 376

wisdom, xvi, xix, xx, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 28, 34-39, 49, 50, 55, 64, 66, 70, 87, 91-93, 97, 102, 109, 118, 132, 136, 148-152, 154, 159, 168, 176, 178, 179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 201, 202, 210, 215, 218, 222, 228, 232, 234, 240, 243-245, 250, 254, 259, 275, 277, 281, 285, 294, 295, 307n5, 313nn45, 47; 322n106, 333n216, 339n271 of all-knowledge/omniscience, 24, 46, 187

deep/great/perfect/unimpeded, 15, 17, 19, 34, 48, 93, 159, 162, 187, 199, 261, 320-321n99, 321-322n101 eye of, 262

four types of, 93

path of, 320-321n99, 321n100, 321-322n101 perfection of, 38, 254

power of, 15, 162, 260-261 right/true, 255, 271, 275 sharp, 56, 61, 93

solidity in, 201, 330n185 stable, 223, 314-315n54

three types of, 218

See also four bases of meritorious qualities; pāramitā(s), six; prajñāpāramitā woman/women, 119, 140, 216, 222, 225, 226, 333n215, 338n264

body, transformation of, 87, 89 See also female body/form, rebirth as male

world(s)/world system(s), xix, 6, 7, 14, 23, 25, 32, 36, 38, 40, 47, 49-51, 53, 64, 67, 70, 71, 73, 85-88, 91, 95-103, 109, 120, 122, 123, 128, 138, 145, 146-152, 154, 159, 161-162, 163, 169, 172, 173, 175, 177, 181, 182-186, 217, 225, 233, 240, 243, 247, 262, 267, 274, 286, 295, 296,

Index

309n18, 309-310n19, 316-317n72, 318n77, 321-322n101, 328-329n166, 334n226

triple, 317n74

See also realm(s); three realms worldly, 48, 66, 78, 82, 119, 131, 212, 216, 240-241, 268, 310-311n29, 317n74, 318n78, 328-329n166, 334n226

dharmas, 59, 66, 68, 100, 222, 224, 240, 285,

eight, 324n127, 334n222 path, 23, 39-40

Y

Yāma, King, 81, 188 See also heaven(s), Yāma Heaven 377