A Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden Volume VI

Bibliography

Glossary

prose; (3) vyākaraṇa, prophecies by the Buddha regarding his disciples' attainment of buddhahood; (4) gāthā, verses containing ideas not expressed in the prose section of a sutra; (5) udāna, an exposition of the Dharma by the Buddha without awaiting his disciples' questions or requests; (6) nidāna, narratives of one's past or events that explain their present state; (7) avadāna, an exposition of the Dharma through allegories; (8) itivṛttaka, narratives of past existences of the Buddha's disciples; (9) jātaka, narratives of the Buddha's past existences; (10) vaipulya, a detailed or extensive exposition of principles of truth; (11) adbhuta-dharma, accounts of miracles performed by the Buddha or other deities; and (12) upadeśa, doctrinal discussions. twelve sense fields (āyatanas; [shier]ru [十二]入): The six sense organs of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind, and their corresponding objects of form/color, sound, odor, taste, tangible objects, and mental objects. See also six sense conciousnessess. upādhyāya (heshang 和上 or 和尚): Originally, a preceptor; later used as a title of respect for a virtuous monk.

upāsaka (youposai 優婆塞 or qingxinnan 清信男): A Buddhist layman. upāsikā (youpoyi 優婆夷 or qingxinnü 清信女): A Buddhist laywoman. Way of the Spirit (shendao 神道): The unfathomable mysterious way, the transcendental religious world; also a synonym for a supreme spiritual being. The term shendao is found in the Book of Changes completed before the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.). After the introduction and adoption of Buddhism in China, the term began to appear in Buddhist texts.

yakṣa (yuecha 夜叉): A dangerous demon who harms people; one of the class of eight supernatural beings adopted into Buddhism as guardians and protectors. yojana (youxun 由旬): An Indian unit of measuring distance, usually defined as the distance that can be covered by the royal army in one day. Modern estimates vary widely; eight miles is often given as an approximation, although other estimates varying from four to ten miles are also found.

304

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Cheng, Hsiao-Chieh, et al., trans. Shan Hai Ching: Legendary Geography and Wonders of Ancient China. Taipei: Committee for Compilation and Examination of the Series of Chinese Classics, National Institute for Compilation and Translation, 1985. Kanaoka, Shōkō. Kan'yaku Butten. Tokyo: Gakushū kenkyūsha,1992. Kawaguchi, Yoshiteru. "Hōon jurin ni mirareru itsuzon betsuzon kyō nit suite," Nanto Bukkyō 37 (1976): 83-102.

Kawamura, Kōshō. Shin Kokuyaku Daizōkyō, Hon'enbu 2 and Monju kyōtenbu 1 and 2. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1993-1996.

Kokuyaku Issaikyō. Indo senjutsu bu, Hon'enbu 1 and 7 and Bidonbu 12. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1930-1932.

Kokuyaku Issaikyō. Wa-Kan senjutsu bu, Gokyōbu 5 and Shidenbu 6, 7, and 10. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1959-1964.

Le Blanc, Charles. Huai-nan Tzu: Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1985.

Legge, James, trans. Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji. Taipei: Wen xing shu ju, 1963. —. I ching: Book of Changes. Ch'u Chai with Winberg Chai, eds. With Introduction and Study Guide. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1964. —. The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vols. 1 and 3. Taipei: Wen shih che ch'u pan she, 1972, second revised ed.

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Makita, Tairyō. Gikyō kenkyū. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyūjo, 1976. Makita, Tairyō, and Toshinori Ochiai, eds. Nanatsudera koitsu kyōten kenkyū sōsho, vol. 2. Chūgoku senjutsu kyōten (sono 2). Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1996. Mizutani, Shinjō, trans. Daitō saiiki ki, vols. 1-3. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1999. 305

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Nagao, Gajin, Seizan Yanagida, and Yūichi Kajiyama, eds. Daijō Butten, Chūgoku Nihonhen, 3, Shutsusanzōki shū Hōon jurin. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1993. Nienhauser, William H., Jr., ed. The Grand Scribe's Records, vols. 1-2. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994-2002.

Ōchō, Enichi. "Jiku Dōshō sen Hokkekyōsho no kenkyū," Ōtani Daigaku kenkyū nenpō 5 (1952): 167-276.

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Takakusu, Junjiro, and Kaigyoku Watanabe, eds. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, vols. 1-85. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai (Society for the Publication of the Taishō Edition of the Tripitaka), 1924-1932.

Takeda, Akira, trans. Sōshinki. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1982.

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Willemen, Charles, trans. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables. Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1994.

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307

Index

A

Ajātaśatru, King, 42, 44, 55, 123-125, 238-239, 240-241 Ājñāta-kauṇḍinya, 18 Allakappa, 240 alms/almsbegging/almsrounds, 8, 20, 43, 58, 59, 64, 72, 74, 111, 112, 127, 132, 134, 140, 142, 143, 144, 158, 207, 242, 286n136

almsbowl, 34, 35, 74, 228, 239 of the Buddha, 182, 183, 184, 228 almsgiving, 126, 127-128, 140, 180, 202 Amitabhā, 41

An, Emperor 193 anāgāmi-phala, 131, 200, 289n190 See also four fruits/fruition Annals of the Qi Dynasty (Qi Chunqiu), 87 Ānanda, 7, 11, 16, 20, 26, 37, 45, 57, 58, 68, 75, 103, 104, 111, 126, 133-135, 140-141, 143, 185-186, 198, 237, 241-242

Anāthapiṇḍada, 127, 200 See also Sudatta Anavatapta, 68 Ande, 262, 265 Anhui province, 69, 89, 164, 231, 248, 253, 259, 267, 271, 274, 289n180, 293n346

animal(s)/beast(s), 5, 7, 15, 39, 51, 79, 87, 92, 114, 131, 153, 161, 175, 242, 257, 268, 269, 275 ants, 197

camel(s), 215 catfish, 188

cattle/calves/cow, 79, 98, 181, 199 deer/musk deer, 24, 91, 266, 273 donkey(s), 226, 232 eel, Fish Bodhisattva, 162 elephant(s), 4, 17, 51, 60, 102, 116, 154, 195, 239 fish, 175, 261, 268, 272, 275, 294n264 foxes, 153

horse(s), 17, 61, 63, 79, 102, 113, 116, 117, 154, 211, 216, 219, 239, 253, 259

leopard, 88

lion(s), 15-16, 131 monkey(s)/rhesus monkey(s), 87, 138 pig, 124-125

rabbits, 259, 268, 270, 275, 293n236 rat, 83

sheep, 68, 205 snake, 55, 83, 84 tiger(s), 85, 223 tortoise, 260, 272 wolves, 153

See also bird(s); insect(s); realm(s), of animals

Aniruddha, 57 Annan, 248, 282n82 An Qianzai, 249 Anzhou, 268, 275 Apitan piposha lun (Skt. Abhidharmamahāvibhāsā), 130 araṇya, 84, 132 See also ascetic 309 309

Index Index Index

Index

arhat(s), 4, 126, 127, 131, 138, 152, 161, 188, 190, 227, 229, 234, 244, 286n145 sixteen, 227, 280n51 arhatship, 9, 10, 11, 12, 55, 57, 67, 80, 81, 103, 109, 110, 139, 141, 142, 143, 153, 155, 156, 200, 289n190 See also four fruits/fruition Ariyamitra, 45

ascetic/asceticism, 17, 24, 115, 132, 185 Asheshi wang jing (Skt. Ajātaśatrukaukṛtya vinodanā), 72 Asheshi wang shoujue jing, 42, 279n30 Aśoka, King, 27, 41, 65, 81, 121, 122, 123-125, 127, 129, 138-139, 158-159, 160-161, 163, 166, 167, 170, 172, 174, 179, 187, 188, 189, 238-241, 262, 284-285n123 aspiration(s), 72, 100 for enlightenment, 5, 46, 72, 73, 104, 109, 113, 125, 144, 191 asura(s), 125, 182, 205 Avalokiteśvara, 33, 39, 61, 114 Ayu jing (Sutra of Aśoka), 125, 284n118 Ayuwang jing (Skt. Aśokavadāna), 238, 240, 293n235

See also Ayuwang zhuan Ayuwang shi ban amoleguo yinyuan jing, 284-285n123

Ayuwang xihuamu yinyuan jing, 284-285n123 Ayuwang zhuan (Biography of King Aśoka), 122, 240, 284n112 B

Ba, 116

Bandhumatā, 68, 80, 110, 141, 142, 156 Baochang, xiii

Baogai. See Padmākṣa Baoliang jing/Baoliang juhui (Skt. Ratna rāśi), 147, 205, 286n137, 290n201 Baoshu. See Hiraṇyapāṇi 310

Baozhi, Lord, 175

Baozhu. See Sūrya (person) barbarian(s), 22, 93 Beidu, 213, 291n207

Beihai, king of. See Yuan Hao Beihua jing (Skt. Karuṇā-puṇḍarīkanāma mahāyānasūtra), 5 Beizhou, 266, 274

Bencao jing (Book of Plants and Medicines), 91 Bhadrika, 99

bhikṣu(s), 5, 6, 8-14, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35-39, 45-46, 55, 67-68, 72, 74-75, 79-81, 101-102, 110-111, 114, 125, 127-130, 132, 136-137, 140-143, 148, 151, 155-156, 182-184, 186, 202, 204, 209, 240-241 See also four kinds of the Buddha's followers/disciples; monk(s) bhikṣuṇī(s), 5, 11, 12, 25, 37, 109, 182-183, 204 See also four kinds of the Buddha's followers/disciples; nun(s) Bhīmasena, King, 228 Bianguang, 235

Bianzhou, 267, 275

Bimbisāra, King, 8-9, 57, 184 Bingzhou, 158, 159, 219, 252, 258, 269 bird(s), 51, 87, 98, 131, 153, 161, 169, 220, 257, 261, 265, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 282n79

chicken, 282n77

crane(s), 115, 286n147 crow, 156, 266, 273

doves, 63

duck, 95

hawk, 228

kalandaka, 278n27

kalaviṅka, 100

kun, 157, 286n147

luan, 243

phoenix(es), 100, 156, 210 sparrows, 220

wild geese, 114, 266, 273 See also animal(s)/beast(s) birth and death, xiii, 16, 73, 103, 110, 141, 197, 200

See also rebirth; transmigration Black Dragon, 226

Blue Lotus Flower, 108-110 Bojingchao (Sutra of Bo), 195, 289n186 Bo Daoyou/Zhu Daoyou, 211-212 bodhisattva(s), 15, 24, 25, 32, 33, 64, 72, 74, 78, 87, 113, 116, 131, 160, 165, 177, 197, 200, 202, 228, 234 in the stage of nonretrogression, 113, 135, 203

See also mahāsattva(s)

Bodhisattva, 122, 132, 227 See also Buddha

bodily, verbal, and mental acts, 10, 59, 144, 200

body(ies), of Buddha, 33, 42, 106, 121, 227, 233, 234, 262

true, 18, 168-169, 249, 257, 264 See also Dharma body

Bo Faqiao, 99, 114

Book of Rites, Liji yueling ("Chapter on Monthly Government Ordinances"), 96 Boseqi, 45, 279n32

Bowu zhi (Records of Natural Studies), 90 Bozhou, 253, 259, 271

Brahmadatta, King, 12, 151 Brahma King/King of Brahma Heaven, 18, 24-25, 28, 29, 36, 38, 42, 48, 200, 242, 282n88

brahman(s), 9, 42, 50, 136, 143, 181, 227, 239, 240, 255

buddha(s), 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 43-46, 48, 56, 72, 82, 88, 102-106, 110, 123, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137, 141, 142, Index

152, 154, 160, 197, 199, 200, 226-229, 235, 242, 278n14 See also tathagata(s)

Buddha, 4, 6-14, 16-19, 25-27, 30-31, 33-36, 38-39, 41-47, 49, 51, 55, 56¬-60, 63, 65, 66, 67-68, 71-75, 76-81, 83, 86-89, 99, 101-104, 105-106, 108-111, 115, 116, 121-126, 129-144, 148, 150-152, 154-156, 158, 159-164, 167-170, 173, 178-187, 190, 191-198, 200-204, 207, 209, 228, 229, 233-251, 253-255, 257-261, 262-276, 280n51, 284n11, 286n148, 292n229

See also mark(s); relic(s); Sage; Śākyamuni; Tathāgata; World-honored One Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 5, 30, 47, 136, 145, 153

See also Three Treasures

Buddha Hall, 62, 89, 112, 115, 187, 208, 216, 231, 232

See also monastery(ies)/temple(s) buddhahood, 5, 7, 16, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, 73, 74, 104, 183, 185, 226, 229

buddha image(s)/statue, 46, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 71, 77, 78, 85, 86, 87, 134, 135, 136, 144, 148, 149, 153, 160, 165, 166, 168, 169, 178, 191, 248, 250 buddha land(s), 17, 66, 207, 235 Buddha's Relics' Responses to Human Faith and Meritorious Acts (Qing sheli ganyingbiao), 262, 294n251 Buddhism, xiii, xiv, xv, 4, 5, 24, 25, 27, 69, 174, 176, 179

persecution of, 164, 175

Buddhist(s), 3, 7, 10, 21, 32, 33, 35, 46, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65-66, 72, 78, 84, 89, 100, 112, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 137, 138, 143, 149, 152, 159, 160, 161, 170, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187, 311 311

Index

Buddhist(s) (continued): 188, 192, 196, 197, 201, 202, 207, 215, 216, 218, 226, 231, 243, 244, 249, 254, 256, 262, 265, 266 catalogues/scriptures/texts, xiii, xiv-xv, 83, 90, 107, 118, 188, 277n3, 279n44, 280n46, 281nn59, 61, 62; 285nn133, 135; 286nn136, 144 image(s), 36, 70, 118, 119, 148, 191, 219, 266, 267, 274-275 precepts/rules of conduct, 7, 10, 18, 37 Way, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 24, 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 68, 80, 81, 87, 100, 103, 106, 109, 110, 111, 118, 127, 129-130, 132, 137, 141, 142, 147, 152, 156, 159, 162, 165, 169, 182, 191, 196, 198, 201, 203, 219, 228, 236, 244, 254, 262, 263 Buddhist Dharma, 31, 34, 37, 48, 49, 55, 56, 63, 77, 86, 112, 127, 147, 158, 179, 181, 184, 208, 211, 227, 230, 245, 247, 248, 250, 253, 255, 256, 257 See also Dharma

Buzhu, 235

C

Caihua shoujue jing/Caihua wei wang shang fo shojue hao Miaohua jing, 73 caitya(s), 129-130, 132, 285n124 See also stupa(s)

caṇḍāla, 53

Candana, 45, 151

Caṇḍāśoka, King, 193

Candraprabha, King, 227 Cangzhou, 266, 273

Cao (royal family), 221 Cao, Lord, 89

Cao Pi. See Ruler Wen Cao Rui. See Ruler Ming Cao Zhi, 99, 107-108, 282n88 Caozhou, 268, 275

312

Celestial Master, 54

Central Kingdom, 66

See also China

ceremonial/ceremony, 3, 265 purification, 87, 250 Chan, 219, 222, 223

Chang ahan jing (Skt. Dīrghāgama), 100, 131

Chang'an/Chang'an county, xiii, 90, 97, 163, 164, 219

Changgan/Changgan Street, 157, 161, 163, 187-188

Changshou quarter, 164 Chao riming sanmei jing, 58, 106, 283n97 Chen (dynasty), 99, 107, 113, 231 Chen Bridge, 61

Chen, Great Consort, 208 Chengdu, 172, 173

Chengshi lun, 149

Chengteng, 94

Chen Xiangzi, 90

Chen Zhuang, 91

China, xiv, 7, 26, 86, 92, 99, 106, 158, 161, 172, 178, 187, 191, 228, 230, 234, 247

Chinese, xiii, xiv, 96, 158, 175, 179, 226, 285n133, 286n136

characters/language/names, 45, 106, 107, 129, 192, 278nn14-24, 26, 28; 279nn30-33, 35, 37-40, 43; 280nn49, 50, 54-56, 58; 281nn60, 64-67; 282nn75-77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 90, 92, 93; 283nn101-103, 105-107; 284nn114, 115, 117, 119, 120; 285nn124, 128-132; 286nn139, 141, 143, 147; 287nn150-152, 154-156, 160; 288nn162, 163, 165-167, 170, 171, 173-175, 177; 289nn181, 183, 184, 187-189, 191; 290nn194, 204-206; 291nn208-213, 216-219, 221; 292nn222, 224, 226-228, 230-

233; 293nn236, 237, 240-245, 249; 294nn252, 257, 259-264; 295nn265, 266

Chu (governor of Guiji), 161 Chu (region), 96, 230 Chunyu, 107

Chusanzang jiji, 277n2, 280n46, 285n135 Chuzhou, 266, 273 Cindālo, 38

circumambulate/circumambulation, 25, 58, 69, 86, 110, 121, 138, 143-145, 153, 163, 166, 168, 203, 207, 254, 265 See also stupa(s) Cizhou, 267, 275

clergy, 3, 4, 63, 159, 165, 168, 171, 175, 178, 180, 192, 204, 207, 250, 256, 257, 265, 286n136 See also monastic(s); monk(s); nun(s) compassion/compassionate, 5, 17, 24, 28, 37, 45, 54, 73, 100, 105, 106, 107, 114, 115, 127, 135, 152, 197, 202, 208, 229, 235, 253, 264 concentration, 83, 134, 145 for extinguishment, 185 See also meditation Confucian, 4

Confucius, 234

continents, four, 27, 30, 32, 34, 58, 125, 133, 134, 153, 186, 194, 195 Aparagodānīya, 27 Jambudvīpa, 15, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 45, 112, 123, 124, 128, 137, 149, 158, 179, 186, 196, 235, 240 Pūrvavideha, 27

Uttarakuru, 27

corpse(s), 23, 53-56, 84, 98, 138, 210 D

Da Ayuwang jing (Sutra on Great King Aśoka), 124, 284n116 Index

Da Baoji jing, 283n108, 286n137, 290n201

Dabei jing, 4, 140, 241, 278n14 Da biqiu sanqian weiyi, 8, 59, 83, 145, 148

Dabu village, 160 Da Dai li (Great Dai's Rites), 96, 282n85 Dafangdeng daji jing (Skt. Mahāvai pulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra), 17, 200, 284n110

Dafangdeng tuoluoni jing, 6 Dafangguang shilun jing (Skt. Daśacakraka-kṣitigarbha), 148 Dafanxiang, 199, 289n189 Dai De, 282n85

Daizhou, 157, 218 Dajiazhu, 199, 289n188 Daji jing, 122

Daji jing chao (Extract of the Daji jing), 284n110

Daji yuezang jing. See Dafangdeng daji jing

Dakṣiṇāgiri, 143

Daming, 189

Danyang, 159

Daoan, 107, 231, 232 Daocheng, 285n133 Daoist(s), 243, 293n239 Daojiong, 60-62

Daomeng, 21-22

Daoshi, xiii-xiv, 283n98, 289n182 See also Xuanyun

Daoxuan, xiii, xiv, 23, 64, 163, 168, 182, 183-184, 187-188, 189, 229, 279n45, 286n142, 290n202, 291n220 Daoxuan lüshi gantong lu, 64, 288n176, 289nn178, 181

Daoxuan lüshi qihuansi gantongji (Vinaya Master Daoxuan's Records of Feeling Good Omens of the Jeta Grove Monastery), 192

313

Index

Daoxuan lüshi zhuchi ganyingji (Head Monk, Vinaya Master Daoxuan's Record for the Sacred Responses to Human Faith and Meritorious Acts), 182, 288n176

Daoyan, 174

Daoyi, 60

Daoyu, 211

Daozhuo, 173

Da sazhe niganzi suoshuo jing (Skt. Bodhi sattva-gocaropāya-viṣayavikurvaṇa-nirdeśa), 148 Dashu jinnaluo wang suowen jing, 112 Da Tang neidian lu, 277n3 Daxinle, 11

Da zhidu lun, 58, 122, 203, 283n99, 284n111

Da zhuangyan lun jing, 81, 280n58 defilement(s), 3, 7, 17, 33, 49, 84, 105, 106, 113, 135, 149, 184, 202, 234, 263, 264

deity(ies), 64, 86, 87, 112, 144, 171, 176, 177, 185, 188, 189, 236, 287n153 eighteen, guardian, 201 image, Flower/Mother Deity Flower, 86 See also god(s), guardian Deng Lushan shu (Annotation of Climbing Mount Luo), 94

Dengzhi, 50, 279n37

See also Glowing Finger Dengzhi yinyuan jing, 49, 279nn38-40 Dengzhou, 268, 275

devas. See heavenly being(s)/god(s) Devadatta, 17

devils, 3, 24, 26-27, 28, 29, 186 king of, 4, 26, 27, 32, 38, 193 See also Māra

Dezhou, 266, 273

Dhaniya, 8-9

Dharma, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18, 22, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 38, 41, 42, 47, 61, 62, 314

69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 88, 99, 100, 101, 105, 113, 114, 122, 126, 135, 137, 138, 141, 155, 170, 183, 184, 185, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 211, 227, 229, 231, 235, 244, 245, 262, 266, 273, 278n15

periods of:

decadent/last, 26, 152, 183, 184, 186 semblance, 32, 182

true, 10, 17, 18, 27, 34, 36, 49, 64, 105, 121, 151, 182, 183, 184, 185, 256 rain, 19, 71, 83

robe, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 19, 23, 24, 25, 28, 35, 36, 39, 109

wheel, 25, 78, 104, 129, 130, 132 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Buddhist Dharma; robe(s) Dharma body, 56, 106, 108, 255 See also body(ies), of Buddha Dharmaguptaka school, 7 Dharma King, 105, 204

See also Buddha

Diamond Sutra (Jingang bore boluomi jing; Skt. Vajracchedikā-prajñā pāramitā), 119, 163 Dianshu (Art of Astrologers), 93 Diansun Sea, 94

Diao Kui, 248

Dingzhou, 252, 258, 270 Dīpaṅkara, 41, 46, 152, 227 disciple(s), 7, 17, 20, 23, 26, 36, 38, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 66, 84, 126, 127, 160, 161, 163, 164, 173, 181, 183, 185, 196, 198, 201, 204, 206, 231, 234, 237, 253, 256, 264, 280n51 See also śrāvaka(s)

Ditu (Map), 230

divination/divine/divinities, 82, 109, 110, 113, 156, 158, 172, 177, 182, 190, 214, 243, 244, 255, 292n225

Doṇa, 239-240

Dongcheng, 157 Dongchuan, 191 Dongjingfu, 291n214 Dong Wang, 247 donor(s), 28, 45, 47, 48, 132, 194, 200, 201, 255

Douqu kingdom, 97 dragon(s), 3, 4, 5, 9-10, 19, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 60, 79, 84, 87, 102, 122, 123, 124, 173, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 229, 235-236, 238-239, 241, 243, 255, 287n161

king(s), 9, 10, 32, 35, 39, 102, 123, 124, 180, 193, 200, 236-237, 238, 239, 240, 241

Anavatapta, 237 Elāpattra, 237 Mucilinda, 237 Nandopananda, 124, 238-239 Sāgara, 32, 35, 39, 193 See also Black Dragon Druma, 112

Dubozhou, 93, 282n78 Du family, 230 Dukun kingdom, 93, 94 Dunsun kingdom, 91 Dvākura, 126-127 E

East, 208

Eastern Country. See China Eastern Sea, 212 eight difficulties, 66 eight kinds of gods and demigods that protect Buddhism, 5, 24, 25, 36 eight rules for nuns, 37, 183 eight vigorous days, 160, 287n153 Ejō, 179

emptiness, 83, 113, 234 Index

enlightenment, 6, 24, 47, 48, 66, 184, 200, 227, 253, 262 aspiration/mind of awakening for, 5, 8, 46, 72, 73, 104, 109, 125, 144, 191 highest, right, perfect, 5, 37, 49, 71, 73, 75, 80, 104, 113, 121, 135, 200, 203 Ever Triumph Hall, 134-135 F

Fachang, 247

Fachao, 21

Fachun, 62-63

Fahe, 210

faith, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 60, 69, 82, 84, 114, 121, 122, 125, 129, 138, 155, 157, 165, 169, 178, 191, 202, 207, 208, 224, 242, 243, 246, 256, 257, 287n158 Faju piyu jing, 137 Fakai, 247

Falin, 293n238 Fangzhou, 176

Fan Hua, 96

Fanmoyu jing (Pāli Brahmāyu-sutta), 101 Fa putixin jinglun, 106 Fayi, 209

Fayi jing (Sutra of Kuṇāla), 128, 284-285n123 Fayuan jing (Sutras in the Dharma Garden), xiii

Fayuan zhulin, xiii-xv, 277nn4, 5; 280n48, 281n72, 287n158, 291n210 See also Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden, A Fazang, 64

Fazong, 20-22

Fei Changfang, 243 Fenbie gongde lun, 155 Fenglin ferry, 214 Fengquan, 164

315

Index

field of merit, 3, 6, 47, 140, 149, 242 See also monk(s)

filial obedience/piety, 4, 12, 87, 140 five desires, 6, 55, 149 five elements, 292n225 flower(s), 15, 16, 21, 41, 44, 47, 51, 56, 65, 66, 69, 71-79, 82, 83, 84, 86-87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 112, 125, 131-132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143, 148, 150, 151-152, 153, 161, 180, 189, 198, 214, 219, 242, 249, 250, 256, 257, 259, 265, 266, 270, 273, 274, 285n133 auspicious, 265, 267, 273, 274 gesui, 91, 281n74

heavenly, 267, 274

jishe, 282n77

lotus(es), 3, 60, 69, 71, 80, 86, 90, 97, 106, 151, 152, 175, 231, 243, 245, 249, 263

moyi, 91, 281n74

orchid(s), 95, 96

quboye, 91, 281n74

śāla, 280nn52, 53

treasure, 71, 244, 258, 267, 269, 275 Vārāṇasī, 75, 76, 280n53 zhi, 91, 281n74

See also fruit(s); tree(s) Fo bengxingji jing, 282nn91, 92 foreign/foreigner(s), 84, 92, 93, 94, 211, 244, 254

monk(s), 61, 159, 162, 163, 171, 177 forest(s)/garden(s)/grove(s)/park(s), 15, 16, 23, 28, 51, 56, 62, 75, 83, 108, 112, 113, 125, 126, 131, 149, 188, 192, 198, 199, 209, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222 bamboo, 108, 134, 161, 196, 208, 223, 278n27

Deer Park, 12, 83, 130 Garden of Crown Prince Jeta and the 316

Elder Who Gives Food to Solitaries, 198

Huanxi Garden, 122

Jeta's garden/Jeta Grove, 26, 195-197, 208

Jiayu Garden, 122

Kalandakanivāsa, 36, 108, 278n27 Luse Garden, 122

Zhaoming Garden, 122 See also tree(s)

Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden, A, xiii, 64, 119, 145, 190, 232, 244, 276, 277n5, 290n203 See also Fayuan zhulin Foshuo huaju tuoluoni jing, 71 Fotudeng, 90

Fotudeng zhuan (Biography of Fotudeng), 90

Fotuoli, 245

fountain(s)/fountainhead, 75, 175, 209, 219

Fengquan, 164

Taihua, 219

See also lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s)/well(s) four fruits/fruition, 37, 55, 83, 84, 109, 110, 134, 135, 138, 194, 231, 235, 242, 253, 264

of arhatship/sainthood, 11, 12, 80, 103, 109, 110, 133, 141, 142, 143, 156, 200

See also anāgāmi-phala; arhatship; sakṛdāgāmi-phala; srota-āpattiphala four heavenly kings, 23, 26, 32, 36, 37, 182-184, 186, 193, 228-229, 231 four kinds of the Buddha's disciples/followers, 66, 78, 84, 173, 198 See also layman/laymen; laywomen; monk(s); nun(s)

four noble truths, 130, 184

Fragrance of Sandalwood, 80, 280n57 fruit(s), 6, 15, 51, 79, 128, 131, 132, 170, 189, 198, 214

āmalaka, 128, 133, 134, 135 apple(s), 240

dates, 221

mandarin orange, 189 peach, 21, 93, 218, 291n209 pears, 221

pomegranates, 128 pomelo, 189

See also flower(s); tree(s) Fu Dong'a, 115

Fufeng prefecture, 60, 62, 164 Fu Jian, 230

Fujian province, 248, 265, 273, 289n180 Funanguo zhuan (Exposition of the Funan Kingdom), 91

Funan kingdom, 93, 94 Fu Xuan, 92

Fuyi town, 222

Fuzi, 92

G

Gandhāra, 181, 228 gandharva, 112

Ganluwei, 80

Gansu province, 91, 94, 157, 187, 213, 252, 253, 258, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 291n215

Gantongji. See Daoxuan lüshi gantonglu Ganyingji (Records of Sacred Responses to Human Faith and Meritorious Acts), 229

Ganzhou, 157, 187 Gaoping, 90, 251

Gao royal family, 214, 217 Gaoseng zhuan (Biographies of Eminent Monks), 64, 213, 279n45, 281n66, Index

283nn102, 103, 105; 286n149, 291n207

Liang Gaoseng zhuan, 62, 85, 117 Song Gaoseng zhuan, xiii, 277n9 Tang Gaoseng zhuan, 23, 89 Xu Gaoseng zhuan, 281nn61, 70, 72; 286n149, 291n212

Gao Yang. See Wenxuan, Emperor Gaoyang Xu, 21

Garland Sutra, 4, 79, 144, 150, 280n56, 285n134, 286n142

garuḍas, 3, 9-11

gem(s)/jewel(s)/jewelry, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 41, 51, 52, 55, 79, 126, 127, 128, 165, 170, 194, 195 agate, 268, 276

crystal, 123, 124, 238, 239, 257, 269 ivory, 226

jade, 98, 103, 121, 231, 257, 268, 269, 275

gold, 16, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 54, 55, 56, 65, 67, 76, 103, 123, 124, 128, 129, 136, 137, 140-141, 151, 154, 169, 172, 176, 181, 186, 191, 192, 195-196, 199, 209, 216, 238, 241, 244, 256, 262, 266, 274, 284n122, 289n182

lapis lazuli, 102, 112, 123, 164, 238, 256 maṇi, 33, 141, 142, 143 pearl(s), 26, 33, 34, 35, 58, 72, 154, 185, 226, 231, 243, 249 silver, 31, 32, 33, 34, 67, 103, 123, 154, 169, 185, 199, 257, 266, 274 treasure, 141, 142, 143, 287n161 See also treasure(s) Ghoṣa, 11

Glowing Finger, 50-55 god(s), 24, 28, 33, 34, 49, 67, 85, 151, 154, 208, 222

earth, 24, 62

317

Index

god(s) (continued): guardian, for Buddhist monasteries/stupas, 188, 201, 289n191 heavenly, 91, 115, 258, 270 mountain, 85, 187, 190 tree, 24-25, 28, 29, 184-185 See also deity(ies); eight kinds of gods and demigods that protect Buddhism; heavenly beings/god(s) Gongyang jing, 281n64 Gouyi, Lady, 89

Gouzhang county, 160, Grand Unity, 222 Great Sage, 234, 264 See also Buddha; Sage Great Virtue, the, 132, 179, 261, 265, 272, 273, 289n179 Guanding jing, 58, 280n47 Guanfo sanmeihai jing, 121, 236, 283n109, 292n232 Guang hongming ji, xiii, 277nn4, 6; 290n204, 293nn244, 248, 249; 294nn250-252, 256 "A Report from Mingzhao," 295n266 "A Report to the Emperor on the Celebration of the Buddha's Relics' Responses to Human Faith and Meritorious Acts (Qing sheli gan ying biao), Together with the Imperial Reply," 294n251 Guangling, 62, 69, 70, 247, 251 Guangping, 209

Guangxi province, 20, 86, 93, 95, 161, 248, 253, 261, 271, 289n179 Guangzhi (Extensive Annals), 92, 93, 94, 95, 96

Guangzhou, 95, 248 Guangzhou ji (Records of Guangzhou), 96 Guan xukongzang pusa jing, 284n110 Guanzhong, 97

Guanzhou, 266, 273 318

Guazhou, 118, 157, 253 Guiji/Guiji prefecture, 157, 159, 161, 163, 179, 249

Guizhen, 223

Guizhou, 253, 261, 271, 289n179 Guṇavarman, 84

Guo Pu, 230, 292n225 Gu Wei, 96

Guxiaoshuo gouchen, xv Gu Yin, 162

Guzang county, 157 H

Hailong wang jing (Skt. Sāgaranāgarāja-paripṛcchā), 9, 235 Hainei Shizhouji (Records of the Ten Continents within the Four Seas), 97 Hanfa ben neizhuan (Essential Commentary of Laws of the Han Dynasty), 243, 293n238

Handan prefecture, 107 Han dynasty, 89, 90, 189, 243, 290n205, 293n246

Former, 282n85

Later, 177, 193, 219, 243, 282n86, 291n214

Hangzhou, 266, 273 Hanzhong prefecture, 116, 209 Han Wu gushi (Tale of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), 97 He, Administrator, 92 He, Emperor 193

heaven(s), 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 65, 68, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 104, 110, 111, 112, 122, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154-155, 156, 189, 197, 198, 200, 214, 229, 238, 292n227 Ābhāsvara Heaven, 153 Akaniṣṭhā/highest, of the realm of form, 186

Brahma Heaven/Mahābrahman Heaven, 18, 24, 28, 29, 36, 44, 104, 107, 113, 130, 184, 186, 200, 242, 282n88 Caidi Heaven, 6, 278n17 Fragrant and Joyful Heaven, 72 Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods/ Trā yas triṃśa Heaven, 32, 44, 47, 56, 76, 122, 138, 154, 155, 193, 229, 231 Kalanviṅka Heaven, 182 Linxi Heaven, 6, 278n16 North Heaven, 194

Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven, 25, 193 of the realm of desire, six, 34, 62, 155, 197

South Heaven, 194

Strongness Swiftness Heaven, 182 Śuddhāvāṣa Heaven, 99, 195 Tuṣita Heaven, 32, 155, 200, 228 White Body Heaven, 149 Yizao Heaven, 149, 286n139 heavenly, 154, 181

eyes, 48, 57, 138, 155 flowers, 267, 274

generals, twelve, 173 maiden(s), 6, 56-57, 72, 77, 149, 155 music, 26, 31, 244, 260, 271 numbers, 292n227

palace, 36, 48, 60, 99, 181 heavenly beings/god(s), 5, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 25, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 47, 50, 58, 62, 64, 75, 76, 91, 101, 102, 106, 107, 109, 112, 115, 122, 138, 150, 153, 154, 156, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187-188, 189, 194, 195, 229-230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 243, 258, 270, 283n99 See also god(s); four heavenly kings Hebei province, 107, 114, 174, 222, 252, 258, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 276, 288n168

Hedong prefecture, 157 Index

hell(s), 11, 18, 56, 58, 82, 118, 119, 125, 148, 156, 159, 169, 205, 249, 281n63 Avīci, 19, 148

Black Hell of Excretions, 82 Hell of Excretions, 82 Padma Hell, 82, 281n63 Utpala Hell, 82

Henan province, 60, 89, 107, 157, 158, 159, 168, 173, 175, 189, 214, 222, 230, 252, 253, 259, 261, 266, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275, 276, 288n168, 291n215

Hengzhou, 252, 260, 265, 270, 273 Hequ, 230

herb(s), 92-94, 96, 112, 220 douna, 94

gansong, 87, 94, 281n71 rue, 96

thoroughwort, 96

turuṣka, 92

wumu, 94

yan, 96

yuchang, 92

See also flower(s); incense; medicine/ medicinal

hermit(s), 9, 16-17, 110, 112, 218, 219, 222, 227, 231, 266, 267, 273, 275 Hexiang fang (Formulas to Mix Scents), 96

Hezhou, 187, 213

Hinayana, 27, 231

hindrance(s), 41, 48, 76, 105, 135, 226 Hiraṇyapāṇi, 140-141, 285n128 Hongjing. See Zhicong-Huibian Hongzang, 222

Hongzhou, 266, 273

Hu, 114

Huainan, 95

Huainanzi, 96

Huaixiang fu (Poems of a Chinese Scholar Tree), 97

319

Index

Huaizhou, 158, 175, 268, 275 Huan, Emperor, 193 Huan Chong, 91 Huan Zhong, 230 Huayan jing. See Garland Sutra Huazhou, 252, 258, 263, 269 Hubei province, 20, 91, 96, 178, 230, 247, 250, 252, 260, 261, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275, 289n179 Hu county, 221 Hui, 107

Huibian. See Zhicong-Huibian Huicheng. See Ejō Huida, 159-160, 161, 286n149 See also Liu Sahe Huiguang, 22, 23 Huigui, 176-177 Huijin, 62

Huiman, 168

Huishen, 171, 173 Huisui, 248

Huize, 219

Huizhao, 85-86 Huizhu, 87-88 Hunan province, 96, 188, 230, 252, 260, 266, 270, 274, 289n179 hungry ghost(s), 5, 156, 205 hymn(s), 99-102, 106-108, 113, 114, 118-119, 147, 163, 203, 204, 207, 212 "Mount Yu," 99, 282n88 See also music I

immortal(s), 97, 156 incantation(s), 71, 78-79, 166, 236, 280nn54, 55

incense, 16, 30, 33, 47, 56, 69, 71, 72, 79-80, 82-83, 86, 90-98, 100, 127, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 147, 166, 180, 206, 250, 256, 263, 265, 288n162 daxiangzang, 79 320

doumo, 97

fanshengxiang, 98 jingjingxiang, 97-98 jishe, 92-¬93, 282n77 kunduruka, 93, 256 liuhuang, 93 maplewood, 95 oxhead sandalwood/sandalwood, 37, 80, 81, 82, 94, 151, 152 qiaotou, 93

qingmu, 93-94 quesixiang, 98 shenxiang, 97 See also flower(s); herb(s) India/Indian, 88, 93, 107, 128, 130, 172, 228

central, 38

northern, 27 south, 84

western, 31-32, 129 Indochina, 282n83 Indra. See Śakra-devendra insect(s), 55, 59, 145, 197, 204, 216 ants, 197

black bees, 260, 272 firefly(ies), 61 silkworms, 29, 30 See also animal(s)/beast(s) J

Japan/Japanese, 179, 288n172 Jeta, Prince, 154, 192, 195-197, 198, 289n182

jewel(s). See gem(s)/jewel(s) Jia Daozi, 249 Jian, 254, 257 Jian (Commentary), 93, 94, 96 Jian'an prefecture, 248 Jiangbiao, 244 Jiangbiao zhuan (Exposition of the Area South of the Yangzi River), 93

Jiangchui , 85

Jianglin village, 209 Jiangling, 20, 250, 260, 270 Jiangnan, 163, 164, 248 Jiangsu province, 85, 107, 114, 161, 164, 187, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 260, 266, 271, 272, 273, 289n180 Jiangxia prefecture, 247 Jiangxi province, 86, 92, 164, 178, 248, 250, 266, 267, 273, 274, 289n180, 293n246

Jiangzhou, 178, 253, 260, 266, 272, 274 Jiankang, 115, 208, 209, 211 Jianshi (lion), 15, 278n22 Jianye, 114, 230

See also Jinling

Jianzhou, 63, 64

Jiaojie xinxue biqiu xinghun lüyi, 290n202 Jiaozhou, 86, 93, 95, 253 Jiashe jie Anan jing (Sutra of Kāśyapa's Questions to Ānanda), 65 Jielong, 226, 291n219 Jiepoli village, 84 Jietuo, 219

Ji Han, 282n80

Jin, king of. See Zhao Jin'an, king of. See Xiao Zimao Jinbin, 179

Jin dynasty, 92, 93, 107, 114 , 159, 161, 178, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 230, 246, 247, 248, 282n80, 292n225 Eastern, 161, 211, 230, 231, 247, 248 Western, 157, 159, 163 Jingdu sanmei jing (Samādhi Sutra on Liberation through Purification), 287n153

Jinglü yixiang (Various Phases of the Sutras and Vinayas), xiii, xiv, 283nn99, 109; 284n110

Jing (region), 230 Jingling, king of. See Wenxuan Index

Jingqi, 44, 279n30 Jingzhou, 178, 187, 229, 230, 232, 252, 258, 267, 269, 274, 289n179, 292n224

Jinling, 157, 163, 230 Jinren, 10-11, 278n19 Jin Restoration, 211 Jin royal family, 231 Jinyang, 210, 217, 218 Jinyuan county, 158, 172 Jinzhou, 268, 275 Ji shenzhou sanbao gantong lu, 279n45, 281n73, 286n149, 287nn154-157, 159, 160; 288nn163, 164, 166, 167, 169-171; 290n206, 291nn208, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218; 293nn240-243 Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun, 105, 282n93 Jiutuo, 58, 279n43 Jīvaka, 43-44, 51 Jizhou, 175, 266, 267, 273, 274, 288n168 Juku continent, 97 Jun (state), 232

Junzhi, 20, 21

Jutuoluo, 38, 278n28 Juzhou, 266, 273

K

Kaiyuan shijiao lu, 279n44, 290n197 Kalandaka, 278n27 kalpa(s), 14, 15, 16, 17, 33, 37, 42, 43, 44, 46, 56, 57, 68, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 104, 110, 111, 112, 139, 141, 142, 143, 152, 156, 197, 227-228, 239, 242, 245, 262

auspicious, 10, 11, 14, 35, 151, 188, 227, 278n14

asaṃkhya, 46, 153 great, 185

"happy view," 44

of the retention of the universe, 227 Kanakamuni, 12, 35, 199 321

Index

Kang, King. See Liu Yiqing Kang Hui, 115

Kangju kingdom, 107 Kaniṣka, King, 181, 229 Kang Senghui, 244-246 Kapila, King, 208 Kapilavastu, 11, 67, 71, 80, 110, 141, 142, 156, 240

karma/karmic, 8, 16, 18, 53, 56, 57, 65, 69, 76, 102, 112, 114, 142, 149, 189, 193

Kāsikasundarī, 12-13 Kāśisundara, 109 Kaśmīra, 138, 179 Kāśyapa (buddha), 11, 13, 14, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 64, 77, 81, 82, 102, 136, 137, 141, 188, 189, 199, Kāśyapa (monk), 13, 104, 112, 126, 185, 229

See also Mahākāśyapa Kāśyapa brothers/family, 36, 136 Kāśyapamātaṅga, 244 Kāśyapīya school, 8 Kawaguchi, Yoshiteru, xiii, xiv Khotan, 160, 228, 291n221 kiṃnara, 109-110, 111-112 King Earth God, 28 King of Joy, 64 King Mahābrahman/King of Mahābrahman Heaven, 28, 29, 100-101, 130, 184, 186

See also Brahma King/King of Brahma Heaven

King of Physicians, 104 See also Buddha King of Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, 32 Kizil, 228, 291n221 Koguryo, 178, 264 Kominami, Ichirō, xiii Korea, 179

Kośala, 136

322

Krakucchanda, 33, 35, 151, 199 Kṛkin, King, 14, 102, 141 kṣatriyas, 240

Kuṇāla, 284-285n123 Kuṇḍin clan, 38 Kuozhou, 252, 261, 270 Kuśinagara, 239, 240 Kustana. See Khotan L

laity, 3, 7

See also lay believer/disciples/laypeople Laizhou, 266, 274 lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s)/well(s), 19, 32, 36, 69, 102-103, 151, 156, 162, 171, 173-174, 186, 189, 210, 212, 214, 236, 259, 260, 267, 268, 271, 274, 275, 293n246

Dragon Spring, 182 Guangming Pond, 31, 278n26 Lake Anavatapta, 186 Langjing well, 293n246 Poisonous Dragon Pond, 122, 236 Rhesus Monkey Pond, 33 See also fountain(s)/fountainhead lamp(s)/lamplight, 41-48, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 71, 124, 132, 134, 136, 143, 162, 241, 262

See also light(s) Langye prefecture, 85 Lanzhou, 267, 274 Laozi, 234

Laozi (text), 97 lay believer/disciples/laypeople, 3, 7, 18, 22, 63, 85, 89, 134, 135, 138-139, 147, 159, 163, 165, 169, 170, 172, 175, 178, 179, 180, 192, 201, 202, 204, 207, 250, 256, 257, 265, 286n136 layman/laymen, 5, 66, 88 See also four kinds of the Buddha's disciples/followers

laywomen, 5, 66 See also four kinds of the Buddha's disciples/followers Lean, 118

Liang dynasty, xiii, 62, 85, 117, 161, 164, 231, 277n2 Liang family, 117 Liangjingfu (Poems of Both Capitals), 291n214

Liang jingsiji (Records of Monasteries of the Capital of the Liang Dynasty), 86 Liangnü courier station, 172 Liangzhou, 23, 94, 157, 224, 266, 267, 273, 274

Liao, 223

Liaodong, 212, 212 Liaoning province, 178, 212, 288n168 Liberating All Beings, 72 liberation, 11, 15, 16, 19, 25, 36, 67, 104, 113, 134, 140, 153, 156, 197, 207 Licchavi people, 240 Lidai sanbao ji, 277n3 light(s), 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50-51, 52, 54, 55-56, 57, 60, 61, 63-64, 75, 80, 85, 86, 100, 105, 124, 147, 150, 162, 165, 166-167, 168, 169, 180, 183-184, 191, 198, 208, 236, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250-251, 257, 258, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276 auspicious, 20, 97, 166, 167, 233, 250, 259, 260, 261, 270 donation/donor of, 45, 47 five-colored/of five colors, 75, 85, 165, 186, 244, 246, 247, 258, 268, 269, 275, 276, 294n255 four kinds of, 47 mysterious/mystical, 19, 63, 179, 243, 255, 258, 259, 260, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 294n255 See also lamp(s)/lamplight Index

lightning, 41, 55, 86, 236 Linchuan, 62, 250 Ling, Emperor, 193 Lingling, 20, 22 Linhai prefecture, 188, 211 Linhe, Fuhan, 213 Linhuang county, 158, 175 Linji county, 175 Linyi county, 248, 288n169 Li Shu Xian, 86 Li Te, 64

Liu An, 96

Liu Chenzhi, 69-70 Liu family, 230 Liu Fu, 251

Liu Guang, 92

Liu Ningzhi, 250 Liuqu Palace, 189 Liu Sahe, 159, 187, 289n180 See also Huida

Liu Shao, 115

Liu Yiqing, 62

Liu Xiang, 188

Li Yan, xiii, 277n4 Lizhou, 267, 274 Long Life, 86

Lotus Flower, 240-241 Lotus Sutra, 61, 111, 221, 231 Luling, 86

Luo county, 172, 173 Luoxunyu, 8, 278n18 Luoyang, xiii, 159, 168, 210, 244 Luoyang qielan ji, 288nn174, 175; 290n205

Luoyou, 247-248 Luoyun, 230

Luozhou, 157, 268, 275 Lü state, 232

Lü xiang gantong zhuan, 288n176, 289nn178, 181; 292nn223, 224, 226-228 323

Index

Lu Xun, xv

Luzhou, 267, 274

M

Magadha, 49, 240

Mahākāśyapa, 113

See also Kāśyapa (monk) Mahāmaudgalyāyana, 13, 32, 56, 57 See also Maudgalyāyana Mahāprajāpatī, 30

Mahāsaṃghika school, 7 mahāsattva(s), 39, 99, 186 Mahayana, 27, 48, 184, 202, 231 Mahīśasaka school, 8 Maitreya, 4, 11, 17, 32, 34, 36, 38, 122, 199-200, 226, 228-229, 239 Mālava, 84

Mallā people, 182, 239-240 Mallikā, 229

Mandate of Heaven, 255 Mañjuśrī, 24, 25, 26-27, 30-31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 78, 79, 185, 186, 218, 219 Mao county, 157, 159, 160, 161, 187, 188 Maozhou, 266, 274

Māra, 4, 26, 27, 38 See also devil(s), king of mark(s), of physical excellence/virtuous, 33, 34, 124, 209

thirty-two major and eighty minor, 7, 12, 45, 75, 140, 151 Maudgalyāyana, 38-39, 43-44, 56, 73 See also Mahāmaudgalyāyana Māyā, Lady, 130

medicinal/medicine, 12, 99, 112, 198, 201, 215, 281n71

meditation, 25, 32, 35, 39, 48, 59, 61, 62, 83, 88, 99, 198, 212, 219, 231, 237 of annihilation, 220 for liberation, eight stages of, 67, 113, 153, 156

Meng Jing, 248

324

merit(s)/meritorious, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 30, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 118, 121, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133-135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 167, 169, 191, 194, 196, 197, 208, 233, 234, 235, 241-242, 243, 251, 253, 256, 257, 264, 286n136 See also field of merit Merupradīparāja, 41, 60 Mi county, 173

Milky Way, 41, 65

Min, 162

Ming, 88

Ming, Emperor (r. 57-75), 193, 219, 243 Ming, Emperor (r. 226-239), 244 Mingbao ji (Records of Rewards and Retributions from the Unseen World), xiv, 283nn106, 107

Mingbao shiyiji (Gleanings of Anecdotes of Rewards and Retributions from the Unseen World), 118, 119 Ming Sengshou, 85

Mingxiang ji (Records of the Profound and Auspicious), xiv, 70 Mingzhou, 268, 276, 295n266 mind(s), 5, 6, 8, 10, 41, 47, 48, 61, 76, 104, 105, 109, 114, 123, 127, 136, 145, 150, 160, 163, 166, 170, 191, 193, 195, 198, 203, 205, 206, 215, 226, 229, 236, 245, 256 base/evil/harmful/hypocritical/unscrupulous, 15, 17, 80, 82, 135, 194 earnest/faithful/sincere, 17, 209, 242, 245

merciful, 132, 197

meritorious/respectful/upright, 68, 135, 149, 150, 202

pure, 46, 68, 105, 106, 126, 143, 149, 150, 193

utmost, 55, 57, 74, 152, 162, 202, 242, 245, 250, 264

wholesome, 5, 16, 137, 158, 261, 272 miracle(s), 162, 179, 182, 187, 196, 246 miracle stories, xiv-xv, 277n10 Mohe Sengqilü, 8, 59, 131, 136, 202, 205, 206

Moling (county), 85, 161, 210 monastery(ies)/temple(s), 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 39, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 96, 99, 102, 112, 115, 116, 129, 130, 131, 138, 139, 144, 147, 148, 152, 154, 156, 161-165, 168, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 187-188, 189-190, 191-198, 201-207, 208, 210, 211-212, 213, 214-218, 219, 221-227, 230-232, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247-248, 252, 253-254, 258-261, 262, 264-265, 269, 271-272, 286n136, 288n164, 292n224

Anle Temple, 115

Anyang Temple, 23

Baimasi/Baima Temple, 116, 211 Baita Temple/Observatory of Phoenixes, 210

Banzhou Temple, 232

Baoxing Temple/Big Rock Temple, 172, 173

Changgan Monastery/Temple, 163, 248 Changning Temple, 187 Changsha Temple, 230-231 Chaohua Temple, 158, 173 Chongyi Temple, 163-164 Cien Temple, 168, 229-230 Daci Monastery, 252, 259, 270 Dacien Temple, 176

Dafu Lingjiu Temple, 219 Daiyue Monastery, 252, 259, 269 Danling Temple, 220

Index

Dasheng Temple, 157

Daxingguo Monastery/Temple, 178, 252, 258, 260, 269, 270 Daxingshan Monastery, 264 Dafu Temple/Dafu Lingjiu Temple, 218-219

Dayu Monastery, 252, 260, 271 Dengquan/Dengzhong Temple, 172, 288n164

Dingjue Monastery, 259, 272 Du Temple, 224

Facheng Temple, 173

Fadeng Temple, 64

Fajiang Monastery, 261, 270 Fajie Nunnery, 255

Faju Monastery, 261, 271 Fangdeng Temple, 232 Fengquan Monastery, 252, 257, 269 Fugan Temple, 157, 170-171, 172, 187 Guangming Temple, 223 Guazhou Monastery, 271 Guiyi Temple, 222

Han Temple, 179

Hedong Temple, 229-230, 232 Hengyue Monastery, 252, 258, 260, 270, 293n248

Huichang Temple, 167, 219 Huiwang Monastery, 70 Huqiushan Monastery, 252, 260, 271 Jeta Grove Monastery, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 43, 74, 75, 102, 140, 182, 192, 193, 289n182 Jianchu Monastery/Temple, 115, 245 Jianyuan Temple/Taiqingli Temple, 208 Jiaozhou Monastery, 272 Jingming Temple, 158 Jingnian Monastery, 258, 271 Jingzhu Monastery, 62, 63 Jiukong/Jiukongxian Temple, 221-223 Juming Temple, 224-225 Jushenshan Monastery, 252, 260, 271 325

Index

monastery(ies)/temple(s) (con tinued): Kaiji Monastery, 259, 271, 293n246 King Aśoka Temple, 161-162, 164, 167 King's Temple, 180 Konghuisi, 176

Kurkuṭārāma Monastery, 128 Lianyunyue Monastery, 252 Ling'an Temple, 187 Lingjiu Monastery, 261, 272 Lingwei Temple, 209 Lingyan Temple, 187 Longchi Monastery, 88-89 Longhua Monastery, 20 Longyuan Temple, 116 Miaole Temple, 158, 175 Mujing Temple, 218 Nanjian Temple, 60, 61 Nanmingzhen Monastery, 85 Nirvana Temple, 130 Pingdeng Temple, 209, 290n205 Puti Temple, 226

Qinglong Monastery, xiii Qixia Monastery, 85, 260, 272 Qiyan Monastery, 252, 258, 262, 263, 269

Qiyuan Temple, 84

Queen's Temple, 180 Renshou Monastery, 263 Riyan Temple, 163

Shelisi, 175

Shengfu Monastery, 259 Siceng Temple, 230-231 Sijue Monastery, 252, 258, 269 Tangshu Valley Temple, 213 Wuliangshou Monastery, 252, 258, 269 Wuzhen Temple, 223 Xianju Monastery, 252, 259, 260, 270 Xianyou Monastery, 252, 257 Ximing Monastery/Temple, xiii, xiv, 23 Xi Monastery, 260, 271 326

Xingshi Monastery, 259, 272 Yuanhua Monastery, 261, 271 Yuhuagong Temple, 176 Zhaoti Temple, 211 Zhimen Monastery, 260, 272 Zhulin Temple, 189, 214-215, 223 Zonglü Temple, 224, 225 See also stupa(s)

Mongolia, 96

monk(s), xiv, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 16, 20-23, 29, 31-32, 37, 39, 60, 61-62, 64, 65-66, 69, 70, 77, 84-86, 88, 89-90, 94, 107, 114, 118, 122-126, 128, 131-134, 138-139, 147, 149, 159-179, 183, 190, 192, 200, 202-205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212-228, 230-231, 243-247, 249, 254, 256-257, 263, 265, 266, 268, 273, 276, 278n27, 287n157 See also bhikṣu(s); four kinds of the Buddha's disciples/followers Moon God, 58-59

mountain(s)/cave(s)/peak(s)/valley(s), 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 31, 32, 49, 60-61, 64, 76, 79, 85, 87-89, 91, 94, 104, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 125, 132, 138, 158, 159, 161, 162, 170, 174-178, 184, 187-190, 197, 209-217, 218-227, 229, 230, 236, 237, 253-254, 257, 258, 262, 263, 266, 269, 273, 288n162, 291nn213, 215; 292n232, 294n252 Baoyu (Bao Valley), 88 Cakravāḍaparvata, 161, 188 Changyi Mountain, 214 Daobao Valley, 88

Five Sacred Mountains, 243 Guiji Mountains, 162 Hangu Pass, 107

Hulu Valley, 225

Jiamei Valley, 89

Ku Valley, 225

Kukkutapādagiri, 229 Kunlun Mountains, 174 Mount Anasi, 236, 292n231 Mount Bailu, 222 Mount Banzhou, 52, 279n38 Mount Dai, 252 Mount Daṇḍaka, 226 Mount Gandhamādana, 186 Mount Great Black, 111 Mount Hao, 60 Mount Heng, 188, 189, 250, 252 Mount Hu, 189 Mount Hua, 219, 222, 223 Mount Huo, 157 Mount Huqiu, 115, 252 Mount Jishi, 214 Mount Jushen, 252 Mount Lantian, 222, 223 Mount Lianyun, 252 Mount Ligou, 80 Mount Lu, 90, 178 Mount Maiji, 187 Mount Mingji, 217, 218 Mount Nan, 87 Mount Penglai, 212 Mount Pinqieluo, 31, 278n26 Mount Qi, 157, 164 Mount Qingliang, 26, 218 Mount Qinling/Qinling mountain range, 223, 291n215

Mount Rong, 220 Mount She, 85 Mount Shihu, 214, 215 Mount Sumeru, 27, 30, 32, 34, 37, 58, 76, 111, 112, 113, 124, 125, 133, 134, 153, 186, 194, 195, 238, 239 Mount Tai, 91, 220 Mount Taihua, 222 Mount Taixing, 222 Mount Taiyi, 221 Index

Mount Tantai, 176 Mount Tiantai, 211 Mount Three Learnings, 63, 64 Mount Vajra, 24 Mount Vipula, 17 Mount Wangwu, 222 Mount Wanwei, 162 Mount Wudang, 91 Mount Wuquan, 234 Mount Wutai, 218 Mount Xian, 232 Mount Xiang, 83 Mount Xitou, 221, 222 Mount Yu, 107, 113, 282n88 Mount Zhong/Zhongshan., 114, 209, 253, 260, 272 Mount Zhongnan, 88, 221, 223, 224, 225, 291n215

Mount Zhongtiao, 222 Rong Peak, 261, 270 Surrounded by Iron, 111 Tangshu valley, 213, 214 Valley of the Resemblance to the Buddha's Head, 88-89 Vulture Peak (Gṛdhrakūṭa), 19, 83, 100, 121, 182, 183, 184 Zhaoyang cave, 223 Zhe valley, 224 Ziwu Pass, 223 Mouzhou, 252, 260, 271 Mu, Emperor, 114 Mu, King, 187, 188, 189-190 Muleping, king of, 210 Muni, 45-46

music, 26, 31, 35, 50, 56, 99, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 198, 238, 244, 256, 260, 265, 271, 282n88 "The Buddha Has Arisen in the World!", 35

See also hymn(s) 327

Index

N

nāgas. See dragon(s) Nagarahāra, 122, 236 Nāgārjuna, 180

Nan'an, 116

Nanhai, king of. See Zihan Nanfang caomuzhuang (Description of Grass and Trees in the South), 93, 95, 282n80

Nanfangji (Records of the South), 93, 95 Nanjing, 157, 161, 187, 208, 230, 253, 260, 272

Nan prefecture, 250 Nanyue, 161

Nanyue zhi (Annals of Nanyue), 96 Nanzhou yiwuzhi (Annals of Extraordinary Things in Nanzhou), 93, 94, 95 Nārāyaṇa. See Viṣṇu Neidian boyao (Extensive Essential Points of Buddhist Scriptures), xiii, 277n3 Ni jiemo, 286n138

nirvana, 4, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 47, 48, 56, 57, 68, 71, 73, 80, 102, 107, 110, 129, 130, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 151, 152, 156, 158, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 192, 194, 227, 228, 235, 238, 241-242, 286n148 realm of, 241-242

path to, 18, 143, 144, 285n133 See also parinirvāṇa Nirvana Sutra, 104, 106, 136, 198, 202, 203, 283n95

non-Buddhist(s), xiv, 3, 18, 25, 29, 50-51, 102, 179, 184, 186, 196 nonretrogression, 5, 113, 135, 203 novice, 207, 213, 218 nun(s), 5, 31, 37, 66, 170, 175, 183, 254, 255, 278n27

See also bhikṣuṇī(s); four kinds of the Buddha's disciples/followers O

offense(s), 7, 8, 10, 89, 170, 204, 205, 213 duṣkṛta, 106-107

four pārājika, 281n60 grave(st)/serious, 5, 18, 82, 281n60 sthūlātyaya, 148, 286n138 offering(s), 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 86, 110, 111, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140-141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174, 182, 183, 185, 190, 194, 200, 206, 207, 217, 225, 228, 232, 235, 237, 241, 242, 254, 255, 264, 265, 287n158 See also flower(s); incense; lamp(s) omen(s), 23, 86, 159, 162, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 189, 209, 227, 245, 251, 256, 259, 269

ordination platform, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 183 P

Padmākṣa, 141, 285n129 Padmottara, 75

Paekche, 264

Panzhou, 253, 261, 272 parinirvāṇa, 10, 35, 44, 81, 133, 135, 180, 239

See also nirvana

Pāli, 37, 101

Pāṭaliputra, 123

path(s), 207, 234

highest, 17, 33

to enlightenment, 113, 184 to nirvana, 18, 143, 144, 285n133 Pāvā people, 240

Pei family, 230

Pei prefecture, 69

Peishang Palace, 170 328

Pengcheng, 161

Penglai, 213

Peshāwar, 181

Piao kingdom, 94 Piṇḍolabhāradvāja, 70, 227, 280n51 Ping, King, 192 Pinimu jing/Pinimu lun (Skt. Vinaya mātṛkā-śāstra), 101, 106, 205, 283n98, 290n200 Pini taoyao, 283n98 Pinjia, 85

Pipphalivana, 240 Piyu jing (Sutra of Allegories), 56, 57, 67, 122, 138, 154, 279nn41, 42; 280n48, 284nn112, 113; 285n127, 286n146 Poduojieli/Pojieduoli, 152-153, 286n145 Potuoyan, 20

Poxie lun (Discourse to Break Evils), 293n238

Prabhākaramitra, 60 prajñā, 135

See also wisdom prajñāpāramitā, 78 See also six pāramitās Prasenajit, King, 13, 102, 180 pratyekabuddha(s), 15, 42, 46, 68, 75, 111, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 143, 151, 200, 242, 285n132 precept(s), 6, 10, 17, 18-19, 27, 36, 37, 39, 48, 49, 59, 72, 87, 134, 144, 183, 184, 200, 215

bodhisattva, 87 eight, 58, 250

five, 115

ten major, 5

prediction(s), 5, 11, 44, 45, 46, 74, 104, 158, 200

Puban, 157

Puguang jing (Suiyuan wangsheng shifang jingtu jing), 66 Index

Pure Land, 19, 136, 207 purification/purification rite(s), 58, 61, 67, 86, 87, 89, 90, 99, 100, 115, 118, 163, 248, 250, 283n103 days, six, 36-37, 63, 180 months, three, 36-37, 89 Pusa benxing jing, 41, 68, 103, 143, 152, 282n91, 285n132, 286n145 Pusa benye jing, 285n134 Pusa chutai jing/Pusa cong doushutian jiang shenmutai shuo guangpu jing, 111, 234, 237, 283nn99, 100; 292n230, 292-293n234 Puṣya, 103

Puyao jing (Skt. Lalitavistra), 106, 283n94 Puzhou, 157, 230, 252, 258, 262, 263, 269

Q

Qiang tribe, 214 Qiao, king of. See Yiji Qicheng, 159

Qi dynasty/prefecture/state, 3, 85, 86, 115, 116, 117, 210, 214, 217, 278n25 Northern, 117, 157, 214 Southern, 86, 99, 231 Qielanyan (Records of Efficacies of the Temple), 190

Qihuan tu (Plan of Jeta Grove Monastery), 194

Qingzhou, 157

Qinzhou, 187, 253, 258, 268, 271, 276 Qizhou, 157, 164, 165, 169, 175, 252, 266, 268

Quanling, 21

Quanzhou, 265, 273 Quanzhu, 235

Quchi quarter, 163 Queen Mother of the West, 92, 97 Qutuoluo country, 38 329

Index

R

Rāhula, 26, 227

Rājagṛha, 19, 38, 49, 73, 100, 108, 123, 134, 196, 240, 278n27 rākṣasa(s), 184

rākṣasī(s), 236

Rāma, 54

Rāmagāma, 240

Rāma village, 123 Randeng. See Dīpaṅkara Ratnagarbha, 5

Raudrākṣa, 196, 228 realm(s), 25, 49, 135, 234 of animals, 11, 156 Dharma, 71

diamond, 192

evil, 17, 48, 51, 68, 71, 75, 76, 81, 110, 111, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 152, 153, 237, 264

good, 17, 19, 57, 76, 150 of human/sentient beings, 6, 12, 14, 16, 46, 49, 56, 68, 79, 81, 110, 111, 112, 135, 139, 141, 142, 143, 149, 153, 156, 243

of hungry ghosts, 156 of nirvana, 241-242 six, 264

three, of existence, 28, 30, 140, 264 of form, 186

of desire, 34, 62, 112, 155, 197 rebirth, 6, 49, 66, 143, 153, 154 See also birth and death; transmigration Records of the Relics' Responses to Human Faith and Meritorious Acts (Sheli ganying ji), 255-261 Rehe province, 265, 273 relics, 34, 59, 65, 68, 80, 102, 110, 121, 123-125, 130, 132-135, 141, 142, 151, 152, 156, 158-161, 163-170, 175, 179, 180, 182, 187, 189, 194, 330

208, 226, 229, 233, 234-236, 237-241, 243-251, 253-254, 255-276, 286n148, 292n229, 294n255 See also stupa(s) Renshou Hall, Renshou Palace, 256 Ren Yifang, 118-119 requisites, for monks, 14, 17, 200, 201 four, 12, 122, 133, 134 retreat(s), 22, 84, 214, 215, 223 retribution(s), 18, 56, 82, 83, 103, 126, 132, 169, 201

reward(s) and, 51, 56, 102 Ri gongyang jing (Sutra of Offering to the Sun), 82, 281n64 Rinan, 95, 282n83 See also Indochina river(s), 25, 34, 61, 83, 138, 174, 177, 185, 188, 208, 211, 214, 222, 253, 260, 266, 271, 274, 295n266 Chanlian River, 180, 288n173 East River, 232

Fei River, 89

Ganges River, 124, 150, 234, 240 Huai River, 89, 95, 163, 210 Jingxi River, 249 Nairañjanā River, 288n173 Shaohai, 222

Wei River, 177

Wen River, 261, 272 Xiang River, 188

Yangzi River, 22, 161, 210, 230, 244 Yellow River, 187 See also lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s) Riyun jing (Sutra of the Sun and Clouds), 82, 281nn59, 60

robe(s), 3-4, 6-7, 10, 12, 16, 19, 23-32, 35-39, 59, 74, 97, 109, 121, 122, 134, 161, 183, 219, 220, 224, 233, 237, 249, 284n111

antarvāsa, 34-35, 38

kaṣāya, 3-9, 11-24, 30, 34, 37-39, 44, 161, 239

niṣīdana, 34-36, 38

nivāsana, 3, 21

saṃghāṭī, 24-31, 33, 36-38, 182-183 saṃkakṣikā, 256

three kinds of, 6, 14, 29, 30, 36 uttara-āsaṅga, 37

Roman Empire, 92, 93, 94, 96 Rong, 210

Rongzhou, 265, 273

Ruan Shuyuan, 86, 281n69 Ruci, 4, 33, 35, 278n14 Ru dasheng lun, 227, 291n220 Ruiying ("Auspicious Response"), 116 Ruler Jing, 116

Ruler Ming, 20

Ruler Wen, 20, 93

Ruler Wu, 107

Ruzhou, 253, 259, 272 S

sage(s)/sagehood, 3, 15, 16, 17, 88, 107, 113, 127, 128, 131, 134, 135, 160, 161, 178, 180, 190, 194, 203, 212, 214, 219, 220, 225, 227, 231, 233, 243, 249, 255, 263, 266, 273 Sage, 66, 67, 229, 233, 243, 262 See also Buddha; Great Sage Sahe. See Huida

saint(s)/sainthood, 107, 109, 133, 134, 135, 229, 242, 289n190 See also arhat; arhatship; four fruits/ fruition

Śakra-devendra, 4, 29, 36, 38, 42, 48, 50, 54, 56, 76, 104, 122, 133, 134, 164, 200, 237, 238, 239, 242, 262 sakṛdāgāmi-phala, 84, 131, 289n190 See also four fruits./fruition Śākya clan/people, 26, 240 Index

Śākyamuni, 5, 19, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35, 46, 71, 81, 99, 103, 104, 153, 160, 180, 199, 200, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 239, 249

See also Buddha

Sanqianweiyi jing (Dabiqiu Sanqianweiyi), 204, 206 samādhi, 184

of extinction, 229

vajra, 24, 233

pratyutpanna-, 61

Samantabhadra, 33, 34, 61 sangha, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22, 30, 33, 36, 45, 58, 77, 78, 85, 105, 106, 111, 122, 128, 132, 136, 138, 140, 141, 148, 149, 154, 170, 183, 204, 205, 217, 226, 231, 246, 278n27, 286n138 upavasatha (semimonthly meetings), 107, 212

Sangha. See Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha Sanjiao courier station, 224 Sanjing village, 210

Saṅkha (state), 199

Sanskrit, 129, 234, 278nn16-24, 26, 28; 279nn30-32, 37, 38, 43; 280nn49, 50, 55, 57; 282nn76, 77, 79; 283n101, 284n117, 285nn124, 128-130; 286nn139, 145; 288nn165, 173, 174; 289nn184, 188, 189, 191; 292nn222, 233; 293nn237

Sapoduo lun, 7, 77

Śāriputra, 13, 17, 46-49, 57, 73, 137, 195, 196-197

śarīra, 65, 234

See also relic(s)

Sarvāstivāda school, 7 scripture(s)/sutra(s), xiii, xiv-xv, 4, 7, 11, 22, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 44, 46, 49, 58, 66, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 99, 100, 101-102, 107, 108, 114, 115, 116, 331

Index

scripture(s)/sutra(s) (continued): 118, 119, 121, 129, 144, 158, 161, 162-163, 166, 168, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202, 205, 206, 212, 217, 218, 221, 231, 239, 245, 251, 254, 265, 277n2, 278n20, 279n44, 280nn46, 49; 283n104, 284n110, 285nn125, 128, 133; 286nn136, 144; 288n173, 290n193 twelve kinds, 101, 184 secular, 4, 20, 24, 38, 60, 62, 85, 87, 89, 100, 115, 116, 155, 207, 220, 246 See also lay believer/disciples/laypeople self/self-nature, 104, 135 Sengbian, 115-116 Seng jiemo, 286n138 Senglang, 219

Sengmiao, 20-22

Sengqietu

Sengyou, 277n2, 292n229 Sengzhao, 220-221 sense(s)/sense organs, 23, 100, 159 Shaanxi province, 23, 60, 62, 88, 97, 116, 157, 163, 164, 176, 189, 209, 221, 222, 223, 252, 257, 258, 267, 269, 274, 291n215 Shaanzhou, 268, 275 Shami shijiefa bing weiyi, 150, 286n141 Shami weiyi/Shami weiyi jing, 150, 206 Shan county, 160

Shandan county, 157 Shandong province, 85, 90, 118, 157, 159, 175, 220, 259, 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 275, 282n88 Shangdang, 20

Shangming village, 20 Shangsheng, 10, 278n20 Shangyou, 10

Shanhai jing (Book of Mountains and Seas), 91

Shanjian lun/Shanjianlü piposha, 129, 206, 207, 239, 290n202 332

Shansheng, 14, 278n20 Shanxi province, 20, 157, 158, 159, 217, 218, 219, 222, 230, 251, 252, 258, 265, 267, 268, 269, 273, 274, 275, 288n168

Shazhou, 157

Shelifu wen jing, 7 Shemo, 16, 278n24 Shengman shizi hou yisheng dafangbian fangguang jing (Skt. Śrīmālādevīsiṁhanāda-nāma mahāyānasūtra), 106, 283nn96, 108 Shengyou, 45-46

Shenzhou, 267, 275 Shideng gongde jing (Skt. Pradīpa dā nīya), 46, 49, 279nn33-36 Shier yinyuan jing (Sutra On Twelve Causes and Conditions), 131, 285n125 Shi family, 157

Shijia fangzhi, 291nn220, 221 Shijiapu, 283n109, 284nn110-116, 118-122; 292n229, 292-293n234, 293nn235, 236

Shiping, 62

Shishuo Xinyu (New Account of Tales of the World), 91

Shisong lü, 101, 204, 231, 239, 282n89, 290n199

Shizhou, 87

Shizhu piposha lun, 202 Shouzhou, 267, 274 Shuchuan, 63, 189 Shujing (Book of History),"Yu Gong" chapter, 214

Shuowen jiezi (Explanation of Chinese Characters), 92, 96 Shu region, 64, 107, 116, 171, 172 Shuyi ji (Records to Give Accounts of Extraordinary Things), 90 Shuzhengji (Records of Expeditions), 91 Si. See Cao Zhi

Sichuan province, 63, 87, 93, 107, 116, 158, 170, 171, 172, 187, 189, 253, 261, 267, 271, 274, 275, 289n179, 294n253 Siddhārtha, 24, 28, 33, 130 Sifen lü (Skt. Dharmagupta-vinaya), 204, 290nn196, 200

Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao, 282n89, 286n142, 290nn192-195, 198, 199, 201

śikṣamāṇās, 204

Silla, 264

Silong, Erzhu, 210

Siṃhala, 84, 228

Sivi, King, 228

Six Classics, 233

Six Dynasties period, xiv six pāramitās, 134

See also prajñāpāramitā Sizhou, 89, 210

Song, 229-230

Song dynasty, 20, 60, 62, 69, 84, 85, 107, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 231, 249, 250, 251, 291n207

Songzhou, 252, 259, 267, 270, 274 Songzi county, 230

Son of Heaven, 76

Soushen ji (Records of Inquiries of the Spirits), 89

South China Sea, 93

spirit(s)/spiritual being(s), 5, 23, 25, 37, 38, 39, 61, 62, 67, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 114, 123, 125, 129, 147, 158, 160, 163, 170, 171, 172, 175, 179, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 229, 239, 254, 285n124

evil, 58, 91, 147

śramaṇa(s), 4, 8, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 46, 59, 60, 62, 65, 69-70, 84, 85, 87, 88, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 123, 161, 176, 196, 209, 211, 220, 242, 244, Index

246-247, 250, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 270

śrāmaṇeras/śrāmaṇerikās, 204 śrāvaka(s), 38, 42, 46, 72, 113, 131, 200, 201, 204

See also disciple(s)

Śrāvastī, 74, 75, 111, 127, 140, 143, 154, 155

Sri Lanka. See Siṃhala srota-āpatti-phala, 12, 76, 131, 138, 140, 141, 155, 195, 200, 289n190 See also four fruits/fruition streamer(s), 47, 58, 65-69, 70, 85, 123, 125-126, 131, 133, 134, 147, 157, 256, 265, 280n49

stupa(s), 3, 8, 10, 16, 25-27, 31-35, 37-39, 41, 46-48, 56-58, 65-69, 71-72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 89, 102-103, 110, 112, 121-126, 129-139, 141-145, 147-182, 185, 187-189, 191, 194, 200-201, 204-205, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 217, 219, 226, 228-229, 231, 238, 239-240, 242, 243, 245, 247-248, 249, 251-275, 284n111, 285n124, 286nn136, 148; 287nn151, 161, 288nn162, 170, 174; 293n248 Big Rock/Dashi/Fugan, 170, 172, 189 dew basin(s), 131, 134, 135, 180, 255, 287nn151, 161

eight, 158, 240, 286n148 Facheng/Luoxian, 187

Jingluan/Wushi, 187

King Aśoka's Stupa, 189 Queli, 181, 288n174

See also caitya(s); monastery(ies)/temple(s); relic(s) Subhūti, 235-236

Sudāna, 227

Sudatta, 127, 192-199, 289n182 See also Anāthapiṇḍada 333

Index

Sui dynasty, 62, 63, 158, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 179, 231, 243, 251, 253, 255, 262, 263, 288n172, 294n253

Suizhou, 260, 261, 272, 294n258 Sujāta. See Shansheng Śuklā, 11

Sumana, 138

sumanā oil, 42, 45, 46 See also lamp(s)

Sumeru-Dīpaṃkara, 44 Sun God/Sūrya, 50, 58-59 Sun Hao, 245

Sun Quan, 244-245

Sunshi Ruiyingtu (Sun Family's Chart of Auspicious Responses), 91 supernatural power(s), 11, 26, 27, 32, 39, 56, 57, 66, 67, 86, 108, 109, 112, 123, 134, 139, 153, 156, 185, 190, 196, 227, 228, 237, 242 Sūrya (person), 142, 285n130 Suzhou, 252, 260, 271 T

Taishō canon/Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, xiv, 279n44, 280n46, 281nn59, 61, 62, 64; 284n116, 285n125, 286n136, 288n176

Taixuan, 163

Taizhou, 252, 259, 269 Taizi ruiying benqi jing, 283n104 Takṣaśilā, 123

Tang dynasty, xiii, xiv, 20, 22, 23, 60, 63, 87, 88, 89, 118, 121, 162, 163, 165, 178, 226, 231, 279n29 Tanmojuecha, 172-173, 288n165 Tanping, 116

Tanqian, 255

Tanyi, 230-231

Tanyue, 114-115

Tanzhou, 266, 274

334

tathāgata(s), 46, 103, 135, 149, 150, 153, 200, 204

See also buddha(s) Tathāgata, 10, 13, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35-36, 37, 44, 47, 48, 56, 71, 74, 75, 101, 106, 108, 112, 121, 127, 130, 131, 134, 135, 151, 158, 181, 183, 184, 198, 199, 200, 207, 228, 235-236, 239, 242, 246, 287n158 See also Buddha; World-honored One teaching(s), 3, 10, 12, 13, 14, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 42, 44, 75, 83, 109, 110, 111, 142, 143, 156, 170, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 196, 202, 206, 208, 229, 234, 243, 253

Daoist, 243

Mahayana, 27, 184

non-Buddhist, 3, 18, 102, 184 See also Dharma

Thearch(s), 232, 233, 292n227 Three Augusts, 233 three kinds of acts. See bodily, verbal, and mental acts

three poisons, 4, 144, 145 Three Revered Ones, 59, 144, 145, 166 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Treasures

three transcendental knowledges, 67, 139, 153, 156

Three Treasures, 5, 8, 10, 18, 23, 77, 111, 128, 129, 144, 155, 159, 183, 203, 207, 227, 253, 256, 264, 265 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Revered Ones Tianguan, 113

Tian Wen, 3, 19, 278n25 Tianzang, 225-226

Tibetan, 278nn20-24, 279n32, 280nn49, 57

Tipi, King, 15, 16, 278n21 Tiṣyārakṣitā, 127

Tiwei jing (Sutra on Trapuṣa and Bhallika), 143, 285n133, 287n153 Tong, 99

Tongzhou, 252, 258, 269 Touloumo, 112, 283n101 Tounaluo village, 239, 240, 293n237 trace(s), 31, 121, 160, 220, 228, 229, 233, 234, 245, 262

See also vestige(s) transformation(s), 28, 134, 162, 227, 228, 233, 244, 268, 275 eighteen, 122, 151, 237 transmigration, 16, 73, 83, 103, 110, 141, 197, 200

See also birth and death; rebirth Trapuṣa, 143-144

treasure(s), 24, 35, 37, 48, 54, 55, 68, 102, 104, 111, 133, 134, 141, 142, 153, 154, 156, 180, 181, 193, 196, 208, 231, 236, 241, 256 corpse, 55-56

flowers, 71, 244, 258, 267, 269, 275 gem, 142, 143, 287n161, 288n162 house, 14, 49

seven, 16, 32, 36, 68, 112, 136, 138, 139, 153, 154, 180, 185, 186, 199, 229, 237, 238, 255, 256, 283n100 stupa(s)/tower, 25, 26, 27, 34, 38, 68, 71, 80, 102, 103, 110, 129, 136, 141, 142, 156, 159, 160, 174, 180, 191, 214, 226, 238, 243 treasury, 132, 176, 252, 254 tree(s), 24-25, 28-30, 41, 60, 75, 79, 83, 93-98, 112, 113, 127, 130, 131, 133, 153, 184-185, 188, 192-193, 196, 198, 204, 217, 218, 220, 225, 232, 258, 271, 291n209 agaru, 37

ashuke (Skt. aśoka), 130 bamboo, 216, 217

bodhi, 25, 29, 47, 78, 127, 130, 229 Index

campaka, 88

camphor, 160

chestnut, 224

Chinese scholar tree, 96 cypress, 214, 218 jiantuobeibo, 229 jujube, 133

kunduruka, 93

liu, 291n209

maple, 95, 97

mulberry, 30

mumixiang, 95

muxiang, 95

pārijāta, 26

peach, 93, 218, 291n209 pine, 214, 218

sāla, 19, 233, 257, 269, 292n229 sandalwood, 94

willow, 229

zhanxiang, 95, 282n82 See also forest(s)/garden(s)/grove(s)/ park(s); god(s), tree; incense trichiliocosm, 10, 26, 27, 32, 35, 38, 39, 42, 44, 65, 71, 112, 121, 186, 191, 198, 234, 236, 242 Tripiṭaka, 13, 14, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 60, 84

Turkish kingdom/tribe, 92, 97, 114 U

Udyāna kingdom, 226 universe-destroying fire, 152 upadeśas (discussions of doctrine), 101 upādhyāya, 21, 216¬-217 Upagupta, 126

upāsakas. See layman/laymen upāsikās. See laywomen V

Vaiśālī, 228, 240 Vaiśravaṇa, 49, 208 335

Index

vajra, 24, 37, 39, 105, 234 samādhi, 24, 233 Vajradhara, 160

Vajraketu, 186

Vajrapāṇi, 25, 236 Vajrāsana, 186

Valgusvarā, 111

Vārāṇasī, 12, 55, 75-76, 109, 151, 180, 280nn52, 53

Vasu, 50

verse(s), 13, 14, 15, 16, 42, 55, 76, 77, 81, 84, 99, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 116, 126, 136, 137, 144, 150, 216, 227, 278n23, 285n134, 286n142, 290n204 Veśa, 199

vestige(s), 194, 200, 219, 228-229, 233, 234

See also trace(s) Veṭhadīpa, 240

Viditayaśās, 67, 280n49 view(s), against the Dharma/evil/wrong, 5, 48, 74, 76, 105 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa (Weimo jing), 115 vinaya(s)/Vinaya, xiv, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 64, 88, 132, 144, 163, 173, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 229, 231, 239 Vipaśyin, 56, 57, 68, 80-81, 110, 139, 141, 142, 154, 156, 197 Viṣṇu, 50

vow(s), 11, 17, 42, 65, 66, 68, 75, 81, 86, 87, 99, 103, 104, 110, 111, 114, 123, 128, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151-152, 156, 180, 192-193, 255 four great, 37

W

Waiguo zhuan (Exposition of Foreign Countries), 92, 93, 94 Wang Bi, 96

Wang Changxin, 166-167 Wang Dao, 161

336

Wang family, 91

Wang Han, 95

Wang Junde, 167

Wangliushijia, 193, 289n184 Wang Shao, 255

Wang Wei, 261, 272 Wang Xizhi, 212

Wang Xuance, 20, 226 Wang Yanzi, 171

Wangyun Palace Hall, 165 Wangzhuang village, 169 Way, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 24, 28, 33, 37, 41, 42, 43, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 68, 71, 80, 81, 87, 91, 100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 118, 127, 129-130, 132, 137, 141, 142, 147, 152, 156, 159, 162, 165, 169, 182, 191, 196, 198, 201, 203, 219, 228, 235, 236, 244, 254, 262, 263 Way of Clear Water, 91 Way of the Five Pecks of Grain, 250 Weicengyou jing/Xiao Weicengyou jing (Skt. Adbhutadharma-paryāya), 133 Wei dynasty/kingdom/people, 20, 93, 99, 107, 221, 244

Eastern, 164, 165 Northern, 22, 164, 165, 209, 210, 219, 220

Western, 164, 165 Wei lüe (Historical Sketch of the Wei Kingdom), 93, 94, 96 Weinan county, 88 Wei Shidu, 89

Wei Wu ling (Orders of Wu of the Wei Kingdom), 95

Weizhou, 158, 175, 261, 267, 268, 275, 276, 294nn253, 258 Wen, Emperor (Sui dynasty), 84, 174, 251, 253, 255

Wen, King, 176, 177, 233 Wenshushili wen jing, 78, 79

Wenxuan. See Xiao Ziliang Wenxuan (king of Jingling), 115 Wenxuan, Emperor, 217, 218 West/Western, 94, 95, 99, 107, 208, 216 Western Region, 90, 158, 168, 179, 181, 191, 193, 201, 227, 234, 244 Western Sea, 96, 97

wheel-turning noble king(s), 48, 65, 66, 69, 104, 131, 153, 154, 158, 174, 195, 242

wisdom, 7, 21, 32, 41, 48, 57, 65, 71, 82, 83, 105, 106, 113, 126, 134, 135, 167, 186, 235, 236, 262

Wonderful Flower, 73-74 world(s), xiii, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 27, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 67, 68, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 124, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 171, 179, 181, 184, 186, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 213, 217, 220, 226, 227, 229, 232, 233, 236, 239, 244, 253, 254, 255, 258, 262, 263, 264, 269 evil, 14, 17, 32, 39

other/unseen, 67, 87, 113, 117, 254 sahā, 135

See also buddha land(s) World-honored One, 9-10, 13-14, 24, 25-26, 29, 31, 33, 34-38, 39, 45, 50, 68, 74-75, 76, 78, 80, 99, 101, 108-109, 112, 123, 126, 134, 136-137, 141, 142, 152, 156, 182, 183-186, 194, 195, 198, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242 See also Buddha; Tathāgata worldly, 3, 11, 42, 46, 54, 107, 188, 204, 255

Wu, Emperor, 281n69

of the Han dynasty, 89, 97 Index

of the Liang dynasty, 164 of the Northern Zhou dynasty, 255 of the Southern Qi dynasty, 86 Wu, King (Zhou dynasty), 233 Wubai wenshi/Wubai wenshi jing (Five Hundred Matters of Inquiry), 60, 204, 274n44, 290n197

Wucheng county/prefecture, 90, 116 Wu dajingshe tu (Plan of the Five Great Monasteries), 194

Wufen lü, 204, 290n195

Wu Jun, 87

Wu kingdom/region, 92, 93, 94, 107, 115, 116, 188, 244-245

Wuliangshou jing (Skt. Sukhāvatīvyūha), 85

Wumazhou, 92

Wumu, King. See Yuan Hui Wushangyi jing (Sutra on the Highest One to Rely On), 134, 194, 289n185 Wu village, 159

Wuxing prefecture, 90

Wuyuan, Taizu Emperor. See Yang Zhong Wuzhi county, 175

Wuzhou, 252, 260, 271

X

Xia dynasty, 214, 233

Xian. See Chang'an

Xian, Emperor, 193

Xiangfa jueyi jing, 147, 286n136 xiangyan ("sound heard from a distance"), 116-117

Xiangzhou, 214, 232, 252, 259, 260, 270 Xianyu jing, 15, 45, 102, 194, 196, 282n90, 289n187

Xianzhe wujie jing (Sutra of the Five Precepts for the Wise), 145, 285n135 Xianzhou, 268, 275

Xianzong. See Ming, Emperor (r. 57-75) 337

Index

Xiao famiejin jing (Short Sutra on the Ex tinc tion of the Dharma), 152, 286n144 Xiaosan, 125, 284n117 Xiaowen Hong, Emperor, 219 Xiaowu, Emperor, 115 Xiaozhong, Emperor, 210 Xiaozhuang, Emperor, 210 Xiazhou, 230 Xiao Ziliang, 99 Xiao Zimao, 86-87, 281n69 Xiguositu (Book of Temples in Western Countries), 203, 290n192 Xijingfu (Poems of the Western Capital), 222, 291n214 Xingqian, 170 Xinle, 10

Xinting, 115 Xinxing county, 96 Xinzhou, 267, 274 Xiong, 262, 265 Xiu, 171

Xiuxing benqi jing, 283n104 Xiyuzhi (Annals of the Western Region), 19, 179, 180, 226 Xuansi, 169-170 Xuanyun. See Daoshi Xuanzang, xiv Xu Chun, 251 Xue family, 230 Xu Hanshu (Sequel of the History of the Han Dynasty), 92 Xu Mai, 90

Xu Mai biezhuan (Biography of Xu Mai), 90

Xunyang prefecture, 250 Xunzhou, 265, 273 Xu Soushen ji (Second Series of Records of Inquiries of the Spirits), 89, 92 Xu Zhong, 93 Xuzhou, 85, 266, 267-268, 273, 275 338

Y

yakṣas, 200

Yama, 118

Yang, Emperor (Sui dynasty), 163, 174 Yang Chan, 22 Yangdu, 187, 213 Yang Jian, 263 Yang Xiong, 188 Yang Zhong, 263 Yangzhou, 161, 187, 253, 260, 271, 289n180

Yan Qing, 90 Yanzhou, 267, 274 Yao family, 89, 157 Yaoyongzui jing (Sutra of the Supremacy of Essentials), 82, 281n62 Yaśa, 123, 128 Ye, 214, 217 Yewen jing (Sutra of the Night Inquiries), 82, 281n61

Yidu, 230

Yiji, 231

Yijing (Book of Changes), 282n86, 292n227

Yin county, 160 Yin dynasty, 233 Ying. See Xu Mai Yingyin, Marquis, 293n246 Yingzhou, 266, 273 Yique, xiii

Yi tongguayan (Analysis to Understand Clearly Hexagrams of the Book of Changes), 96, 282n86 Yiwuzhi (Annals of Extraordinary Things), 95

Yiyuan (Park of Wonders), 89, 95 Yizhou, 158, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 187, 253, 261, 271 Yong'an county/Yonggui county, 87, 281n70

Yongzhou, 88, 188, 221, 252, 257 Youboji, 237-238, 292n233 Youming lu (Records of the Other World and This World), 90 Youzhou, 174, 266, 273 Yu, 214

Yuan, Emperor, 211 Yuan family, 221 Yuan Hao, 210

Yuan Hui, 209

Yubeiluoyan, 68, 280n50 Yudizhi, 160

Yue (city/region/state), 160, 187, 188 Yuefu ge (Songs from the Collection of Songs and Poems), 94 Yue Ronghua, 87 Yueshi (people/region), 97, 114, 228 Yuezhou, 159

Yuhang county, 247, 248 Yujia changzhe jing/Yujialuoyue wen pusaxing jing (Skt. Ugrapari pṛcchā/ Gṛhapati-ugraparipṛcchā), 202 Yu Liang, 178

Yunlong district, 168 Yu Pu, 93

Yuqian county, 247 Yu Xiaojing, xiii Yuxue, 162

Yu Yiqi, 93-94, 96 Yuzhang, 92, 254, 257 Yuzhou, 268, 275 Z

Za ahan jing, 127, 195, 200, 284nn114, 115, 118-120, 122; 284-285n123 Za baozang jing, 76, 149, 154, 286n140 Zapiyu jing, 280n46 Zengyi ahan jing/Zengyi jing, 150, 204, 285n125, 290n198 Zhang, mother of, 91 Index

Zhang Heng, 222, 291n214 Zhang Liang, 165 Zhang Ling, 244 Zhang Tiaxuan, 163 Zhang Xuyuan, 250 Zhantuoheli, 44, 279n31 Zhao, 257

Zhao dynasty, Later, 157 Zhaozhou, 267, 274 Zhejiang province, 90, 116, 118, 157, 159, 162, 179, 187, 247, 266, 273, 289n180 Zhendishi zhuan (Biography of Master Paramārtha), 199 Zhengfa nianchu jing, 6, 72, 149, 278n15, 286n139

Zheng Xuan, 96, 282n86 Zhengzhou, 158, 173, 175, 253, 259, 268, 272, 276

Zhenren Guan Yin zhuan (Biography of the Perfected Guan Yin), 97 Zhicong, 166-167, 287n157 Zhifa, 95

Zhiji, 88

Zhisheng, 279n44 Zhixian, 255

Zhiyue, 163

Zhongbenqi jing, 283n104 Zhonghuang village, 211 Zhonglü village, 232 Zhongxing, 85

Zhou dynasty, 176, 177, 187, 188, 189, 192, 234

Northern, 157, 164, 165, 175-176, 177, 255

Zhou Fang, 230

Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), 91 Zhou yi xici (Commentary on Explanations of Hexagrams and Several Lines of the Book of Changes), 96 Zhouzhi county, 257 339