17. Analysis of Small Items (VB17)

1. Singlefold Summary

Pride of birth; pride of clan; pride of health; pride of youth; pride of life; pride of gain; pride of being honoured; pride of being respected; pride of prominence; pride of having adherents; pride of wealth; pride of appearance; pride of erudition; pride of intelligence; pride of being a knowledgeable authority; pride of being (a regular) alms collector; pride of being not despised; pride of posture (bearing); pride of accomplishment; pride of popularity; pride of being moral; pride of jhāna; pride of dexterity; pride of being tall; pride of (bodily) proportion; pride of form; pride of (bodily) perfection; pride; heedlessness; (mental) rigidity; rivalry; wish for the best; wish for the most; evil wish; foppery; presumption; personal vanity; discourteous living; tedium; apathy; restlessness; after meal drowsiness; mental sluggishness; guile; insinuating talk; signifying; defamation; seeking gain with gain; the conceit thus, “I am better”; the conceit thus, “I am equal”; the conceit thus, “I am inferior”; of one who is better the conceit thus, “I am better”; of one who is better the conceit thus, “I am equal”; of one who is better the conceit thus, “I am inferior”; of one who is equal the conceit thus, “I am better”; of one who is equal the conceit thus, “I am equal”; of one who is equal the conceit thus, “I am inferior”; of one who is inferior the conceit thus, “I am better”; of one who is inferior the conceit thus, “I am equal”; of one who is inferior the conceit thus, “I am inferior”; conceit; excessive conceit; inordinate conceit; self-disrespect conceit; over-estimating conceit; self-conceit; false conceit; thinking about relatives; thinking about (one's) district; thinking about (how to) not die and/or eel wriggling; thinking associated with sympathy for others; thinking associated with gain, being honoured, fame; thinking associated with being not despised.

(Here Ends) Singlefold (Summary)

2. Twofold Summary

Anger and grudging. Smirching and disparaging. Envy and meanness. Deceit and hypocrisy. Ignorance and craving for becoming. Becoming view and non-becoming view. Eternalistic view and annihilationistic view. Finite view and infinite view. Ultimate beginning view and ultimate end view. Absence of sense of shame and absence of fear of blame. Contumacy and having evil friends. Non-straightness and non-gentleness. Impatience and immoderation. Absence of softness and inhospitality. Not guarding as to the doors of the controlling faculties and in food not knowing the right amount. Unmindfulness and absence of awareness. Moral failure and faulty view. Internal fetters and external fetters.

(Here Ends) Twofold (Summary)

3. Threefold Summary

The three bad roots; three (types of) bad thinking; three (types of) bad perception; three bad elements; three (types of) wrong action; three defilements; three fetters; three (types of) craving; another three (types of) craving; three (types of) seeking; three (types of) conceitedness; three (types of) fear; three (types of) darkness; three bases of heresy; three (types of) impediment; three (types of) taint; three (types of) impurity; three (types of) discrepancy; another three (types of) discrepancy; three (types of) fire; three (types of) acridity; another three (types of) acridity.

Gratification view, soul view, false view. Tedium, troubling, wrong behaviour. Contumacy, having evil friends, diversity of perception. Distraction, indolence, heedlessness. Discontent, absence of awareness, wish for the most. Absence of sense of shame, absence of fear of blame, heedlessness. Disregard, contumacy, having evil friends. Absence of confidence, not knowing entreaty, indolence. Distraction, absence of restraint, wrong morality. Absence of desire to see Noble Ones, absence of desire to hear the true Doctrine, reproachful state of mind. Unmindfulness, absence of awareness, mental wavering. Improper attention, dependence on the wrong path and mental sluggishness.

(Here Ends) Threefold (Summary)

4. Fourfold Summary

Four defilements; four ties; four floods; four bonds; four attachments; four arisings of craving; four practices of wrong course; four inversions; four (types of) ignoble speech; another four (types of) ignoble speech; four (types of) wrong action; another four (types of) wrong action; four (types of) fear; another four (types of) fear; four wrong views.

(Here Ends) Fourfold (Summary)

5. Fivefold Summary

Five fetters belonging to low (existence); five fetters belonging to high (existence); five (types of) meanness; five adhesions; five arrows; five mental spikes; five (types of) mental bondage; five hindrances; five immediate resultant actions; five wrong views; five hostile actions; five misfortunes; the five disadvantages of impatience; five fears; five theories of Nibbāna in the present existence.

(Here Ends) Fivefold (Summary)

6. Sixfold Summary

Six roots of contention; six (types of) lusting wish; six bases of enmity; six groupings of craving; six (types of) disrespect; six retrogressive states; another six retrogressive states; six (types of) examining with mental pleasure; six (types of) examining with mental pain; six (types of) examining with indifference; six (types of) mental pleasure connected with sensuousness; six (types of) mental pain connected with sensuousness; six (types of) indifference connected with sensuousness; six wrong views.

(Here Ends) Sixfold (Summary)

7. Sevenfold Summary

Seven latent tendencies; seven fetters; seven evolvements; seven vitiated states; seven wrong actions; seven (types of) conceit; seven wrong views.

(Here Ends) Sevenfold (Summary)

8. Eightfold Summary

Eight bases of corruption; eight bases of laziness; deflection of consciousness in eight worldly conditions; eight (types of) ignoble speech; eight (types of) falseness; eight defects of man; eight theories of having non-perception; eight theories of having neither perception nor non-perception.

(Here Ends) Eightfold (Summary)

9. Ninefold Summary

Nine bases of vexation; nine impurities of man; ninefold conceit; nine states rooted in craving; nine (types of) perturbation; nine (types of) imagination; nine (types of) unsteadiness; nine (types of) obsession; nine (mental) conditions.

(Here Ends) Ninefold (Summary)

10. Tenfold Summary

Ten bases of corruption; ten bases of vexation; ten paths of bad action; ten fetters; ten (types of) falseness; false view that has ten bases; extremist view that has ten bases.

(Here Ends) Tenfold (Summary)

Eighteen occurrences of craving in connection with internal (aggregates); eighteen occurrences of craving in connection with external (aggregates); (taking) these together collectively and briefly there are thirty-six occurrences of craving; thus, thirty-six past occurrences of craving; thirty-six future occurrences of craving; thirty-six present occurrences of craving; (taking) these together collectively and briefly there are one-hundred-and-eight occurrences of craving; also those sixty-two wrong views which were spoken of by the Bhagavā in the Brahmajāla Exposition.

Summary (is Ended)

1. Singlefold Exposition

Therein what is “pride of birth”? Depending on birth (there is) pride, being proud, state of being proud, conceit, being conceited, | state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called pride of birth.

Therein what is “pride of clan”? Depending on clan.* Depending on health.* Depending on youth.* Depending on life.* Depending on gain.* Depending on being honoured.* Depending on being respected.* Depending on prominence.* Depending on having adherents.* Depending on wealth.* Depending on appearance.* Depending on erudition.* Depending on intelligence.* Depending on being a knowledgeable authority.* Depending on being (a regular) alms-collector.* Depending on being not despised.* Depending on posture.* Depending on accomplishment.* Depending on popularity.* Depending on being moral.* Depending on jhāna.* Depending on dexterity.* Depending on being tall.* Depending on (bodily) proportion.* Depending on form.* Depending on (bodily) perfection (there is) pride, being proud, state of being proud, also conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called pride of (bodily) perfection.

* Complete each as final example.

Therein what is “pride”? That which is pride, being proud, state of being proud, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called pride.

Therein what is “heedlessness”? Wrong bodily action or wrong verbal action or wrong mental action or the succumbing and repeated succumbing of consciousness to the five strands of sense pleasures, or not working carefully, not working constantly, working spasmodically, being stagnant, relinquishing wish, relinquishing the task, non-pursuance, non-development, non-repetition, non-resolution, non-practising, heedlessness in the development of good states; that which is similar, heedlessness, being heedless, state of being heedless. This is called heedlessness.

Therein what is “(mental) rigidity”? That which is rigidity, being rigid, state of being rigid, hardness, harshness, inflexibility of consciousness, non-pliancy. This is called (mental) rigidity.

Therein what is “rivalry”? That which is rivalry, counter-rivalry, act of rivalry, act of counter-rivalry, state of counter-rivalry. This is called rivalry.

Therein what is “wish for the best”? The greater desire of one discontented with such requisites as robe, alms-food, abode, medicine for helping the sick or with the five strands of sense pleasures; that which is similar, wishing, act of wishing, wish for the best, lust, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness. This is called wish for the best.

Therein what is “wish for the most”? The greater desire of one discontented with such requisites as robe, alms-food, abode, medicine for helping the sick or with the five strands of sense pleasures; that which is similar, wishing, act of wishing, wish for the most, lust, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness. This is called wish for the most.

Therein what is “evil wish”? Herein a certain one, being without confidence, wishes thus, may people know me as having confidence; being of wrong morality he wishes thus, may people know me as virtuous; being without learning he wishes thus, may people know me as very learned; being delighted with company he wishes thus, may people know me as secluded; being lazy he wishes thus, may people know me as strenuously energetic; being unmindful he wishes thus, may people know me as alertly mindful; being without concentration he wishes thus, may people know me as having concentration; being of no wisdom he wishes thus, may people know me as wise; being not free from the defilements he wishes thus, may people know me as free from the defilements; that which is similar, wishing, act of wishing, evil wish, lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness. This is called evil wish.

Therein what is “foppery”? That which is foppery, elegance, being clever, state of being clever, posing, state of posing. This is called foppery.

Therein what is “presumption”? That which is presumption, being presumptuous, state of being presumptuous, self-indulgence, being self-indulgent, state of being self-indulgent, agitation, desire for the nicer. This is called presumption.

Therein what is “personal vanity”? Decoration of the robes, decoration of the alms-bowl, decoration of the abode; the decoration, beautifying, taking pride in, adorning, cupidity, state of cupidity, act of personal vanity, personal vanity for this putrid body and for the external requisites. This is called personal vanity.

Therein what is “discourteous living”? Contrariness, captiousness, disregard, being disregardful, disrespect, non-deference to mother or father or elder or brother or teachers or preceptor or the Buddha or disciples or certain other respectable people. This is called discourteous living.

Therein what is “tedium”? Tedium, having tedium, displeasure, being displeased, dissatisfaction, dread of remote abodes or certain higher good states. This is called tedium.

Therein what is “apathy”? That which is apathy, being apathetic, mental lethargy, idleness, being idle, state of being idle. This is called apathy.

Therein what is “restlessness”? That which is twitching, restlessness, bending forward, bending backward, twisting, stretching upwards, fidgeting of the body. This is called restlessness.

Therein what is “after meal drowsiness”? That which in one who has eaten is dizziness because of food, fatigue because of food, feverishness because of food, bodily unfitness. This is called after meal drowsiness.

Therein what is “mental sluggishness”? That which is indisposition of consciousness, unwieldiness, drooping, sagging, sluggishness, being sluggish, state of being sluggish, sloth, being slothful, state of consciousness being slothful. This is called mental sluggishness.

Therein what is “guile”? In one who depends on gain, honour and fame, who has evil wishes, who is troubled by wishes: by the so called using of the requisites, by talking allusively, by the setting up or by the arranging or by the proper arranging of the posture: there is knitting the brows, act of knitting the brows, guile, being guileful, state of being guileful. This is called guile.

Therein what is “insinuating talk”? In one who depends on gain, honour and fame, who has evil wishes, who is troubled by wishes: that which to others is welcoming talk, insinuating talk, entertaining talk, laudatory talk, flattering talk, inferential talk, repeated inferential talk, coaxing talk, repeated coaxing talk, constant pleasant talk, servility (in talking), bean-soupery (in talking), dandling (behaviour). This is called insinuating talk.

Therein what is “signifying”? In one who depends on gain, honour and fame, who has evil wishes, who is troubled by wishes: that which to others is a sign, signifying, hinting talk, hinting action, allusive talk, roundabout talk. This is called signifying.

Therein what is “defamation”? In one who depends on gain, honour and fame, who has evil wishes, who is troubled by wishes: that which to others is abuse, reviling, reproaching, sneering, repeated sneering, ridicule, repeated ridicule, denigration, repeated denigration, talebearing, backbiting. This is called defamation.

Therein what is “seeking gain with gain”? One who depends on gain, honour and fame, who has evil wishes, who is troubled by wishes, takes there material things received here; brings here material things received there; that which is similar, wishing, seeking, continuous seeking, act of wishing, act of seeking, act of continuous seeking for material things. This is called seeking gain with gain.

Therein what is the conceit thus, “I am better”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, | conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called the conceit thus, “I am better”.

Therein what is the conceit thus, “I am equal”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called the conceit thus, “I am equal”.

Therein what is the conceit thus, “I am inferior”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft of by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another causes self-disrespect to arise; that which is similar, self-disrespect, being self-disrespectful, state of being self-disrespectful, scorning (self), being very scornful, state of being very scornful, self-disdain, self-despising, self-contempt. This is called the conceit thus, “I am inferior”.

Therein of one who is better what is the conceit thus, “I am better”? Herein a certain one who is better by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another places himself as better than others; he, depending thereon, causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is better is called the conceit thus, “I am better”.

Therein of one who is better what is the conceit thus, “I am equal”? Herein a certain one who is better by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another places himself as equal to others; he, depending thereon, causes | conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is better is called the conceit thus, “I am equal”.

Therein of one who is better what is the conceit thus, “I am inferior”? Herein a certain one who is better by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another places himself as inferior to others; he, depending thereon, causes self-disrespect to arise; that which is similar, self-disrespect, being self-disrespectful, state of being self-disrespectful, scorning (self), being very scornful, state of being very scornful, self-disdain, self-despising, self-contempt. This of one who is better is called the conceit thus, “I am inferior”.

Therein of one who is equal what is the conceit thus, “I am better”? Herein a certain one who is equal by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places himself as better than others; he, depending thereon, causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited,* desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is equal is called the conceit thus, “I am better”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein of one who is equal what is the conceit thus, “I am equal”? Herein a certain one who is equal by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places himself as equal to others; he, depending thereon, causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is equal is called the conceit thus, “I am equal”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein of one who is equal what is the conceit thus “I am inferior”? Herein a certain one who is equal by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places | himself as inferior to others; he, depending thereon, causes self-disrespect to arise; that which is similar, self-disrespect, being self-disrespectful, state of being self-disrespectful, scorning (self), being very scornful, state of being very scornful, self-disdain, self-despising, self-contempt. This in one who is equal is called the conceit thus, “I am inferior”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein of one who is inferior what is the conceit thus, “I am better”? Herein a certain one who is inferior by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places himself as better than others; he, depending thereon, causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is inferior is called the conceit thus, “I am better”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein of one who is inferior what is the conceit thus, “I am equal”? Herein a certain one who is inferior by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places himself as equal to others; he, depending thereon, causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This of one who is inferior is called the conceit thus, “I am equal”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein of one who is inferior what is the conceit thus, “I am inferior”? Herein a certain one who is inferior by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another places himself as inferior to others; he, depending thereon, causes self-disrespect to arise; that which is similar, self-disrespect, being self-disrespectful, state of being self-disrespectful, scorning (self), being very scornful, state of being very scornful, self-disdain, self-despising, self-contempt. This of one who is inferior is called the conceit thus, “I am inferior”.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein what is “conceit”? That which is conceit, being conceited, a state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called conceit.

Therein what is “excessive conceit”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another considers himself above others; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called excessive conceit.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein what is “inordinate conceit”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family,* or by one reason or another first places himself as equal to others, later places himself as better; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called inordinate conceit.

* Intermediate words, see paragraph 866.

Therein what is “self-disrespect conceit”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another causes self-disrespect to arise; that which is similar, self-disrespect, being self-disrespectful, state of being self-disrespectful, scorning (self), being very scornful, state of being very scornful, self-disdain, self-despising, self-contempt. This is called self-disrespect conceit.

Therein what is “over-estimating conceit”? In not having reached, there is perception of having reached; in not having done, there is perception of having done; in not having attained, there is perception of having attained; in not having realized, there is perception of having realized; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called over-estimating conceit.

Therein what is “self-conceit”? The conceit thus, I am material quality; the wish thus, I am (material quality); the latent tendency thus, I am (material quality); feeling.* Perception.* Mental concomitants.* The conceit thus, I am consciousness; the wish thus, I am (consciousness); the latent tendency thus, I am (consciousness); that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called self-conceit.

* Complete in general form of final example.

Therein what is “false conceit”? Herein a certain one by evil sphere of work or by evil sphere of craft or by evil branch of science or by evil learning or by evil intelligence or by evil behaviour or by evil habit and practice or by evil view or by one reason or another causes conceit to arise; that which is similar, conceit, being conceited, state of being conceited, loftiness, haughtiness, (flaunting a) flag, assumption, desire of consciousness for a banner. This is called false conceit.

Therein what is “thinking about relatives”? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought connected with worldly matters concerning relatives. This is called thinking about relatives.

Therein what is “thinking about (one's) district”? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought connected with worldly matters concerning (one's) district. This is called thinking about (one's) district.

Therein what is “thinking about (how to) not die and/or eel wriggling”? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with rigorous practice, associated with wrong view, connected with worldly matters. This is called thinking about (how to) not die and/or eel wriggling.

Therein what is “thinking associated with sympathy for others”? Herein a certain one dwells in association with householders, rejoicing with them, sorrowing with them, happy when they are happy, unhappy when they are unhappy, when work arises to be done he personally applies effort; that which therein is mentation, thinking, wrong thought connected with worldly | matters. This is called thinking associated with sympathy for others.

Therein what is “thinking associated with gain, being honoured, fame”? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought connected with worldly matters concerning gain, honour and fame. This is called thinking associated with gain, being honoured, fame.

Therein what is “thinking associated with being not despised”? Herein a certain one by birth or by clan or by good family or by beautiful body or by property or by study or by sphere of work or by sphere of craft or by branch of science or by learning or by intelligence or by one reason or another (thinks) thus, “May other people not despise me”; that which therein is mentation, thinking, wrong thought connected with worldly matters. This is called thinking associated with being not despised.

(Here Ends) Singlefold (Exposition)

2. Twofold Exposition

Therein what is “anger”? That which is anger, being angry, state of being angry, hatred, being hateful, state of being hateful, disorder, being disorderly, state of being disorderly, antagonism, hostility, ferocity, abruptness, absence of delight of consciousness. This is called anger.

Therein what is “grudging”? First there is anger, later grudging; that which is similar, grudging, being grudging, state of being grudging, maintaining, maintenance, continuous maintenance, continuity, successive binding together, strengthening of anger. This is called grudging. (1)

Therein what is “smirching”? That which is smirching, being smirching, state of being smirching, derogation, derogatory action. This is called smirching.

Therein what is “disparaging”? That which is disparaging, being disparaging, state of being disparaging, causing dispute, competing, not giving in. This is called disparaging. (2)

Therein what is “envy”? That which for the gain, honour, being respected, regard, salutation, respectful offering to others, is | envy, being envious, state of being envious, jealousy, being jealous, state of being jealous. This is called envy.

Therein what is “meanness”? Five (types of) meanness: Meanness (concerning) dwelling, meanness (concerning) family, meanness (concerning) gain, meanness (concerning) reputation, meanness (concerning) the Doctrine. That which is similar, meanness, being mean, state of being mean, avarice, ignobleness, niggardliness, cramped state of mind. This is called meanness. (3)

Therein what is “deceit”? Herein a certain one having performed wrong action with the body, having performed wrong action with speech, having performed wrong action with the mind, to hide that (action) evokes an evil wish; he wishes thus, “May no-one know me”; he thinks thus, “May no-one know me”; he says the words thus, “May no-one know me”; he tries with the body thus, “May no-one know me”; that which is similar, deceit, being deceitful, glossing over, deception, cheating, confusing the issue, evading, concealment, secrecy, hiding, covering, not making clear, not making known, hiding well, subterfuge. This is called deceit.

Therein what is “hypocrisy”? Herein a certain one is a hypocrite, a fraud; that which therein is hypocrisy, being hypocritical, state of being hypocritical, roughness, being rough, pretence, being pretentious. This is called hypocrisy. (4)

Therein what is “ignorance”? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called ignorance.

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what is “craving for becoming”? That which in connection with becoming is wish for becoming, lust for becoming, passion for becoming, craving for becoming, fondness for becoming, fevering for becoming, yearning for becoming, clinging to becoming. This is called craving for becoming. (5)

Therein what is “becoming view”? “The soul, also the world, will be (again)”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called becoming view.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “non-becoming view”? “The soul, also the world, will not be (again)”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called non-becoming view. (6)

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “eternalistic view”? “The soul, also the world, are eternal”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called eternalistic view.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “annihilationistic view”? “The soul, also the world, will cease”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called annihilationistic view. (7)

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “finite view”? “The soul, also the world, are finite”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called finite view.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “infinite view”? “The soul, also the world, are infinite”, thus, that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called infinite view. (8)

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “ultimate beginning view”? Concerning the ultimate beginning of (beings), that which arises is wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called ultimate beginning view.

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “ultimate end view”? Concerning the ultimate end (of beings), that which arises is wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called ultimate end view. (9)

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “absence of sense of shame”? That which is not having shame where there should be shame, not having shame at the attaining of evil bad states. This is called absence of sense of shame.

Therein what is “absence of fear of blame”? That which is not having fear of blame where there should be fear of blame, not having fear of blame at the attaining of evil bad states. This is called absence of fear of blame. (10)

Therein what is “contumacy”? Having been spoken to in accordance with the Teaching there is act of contumacy, state of contumacy, contumacy, contrariness, captiousness, disregard, being disregardful, disrespect, non-deference. This is called contumacy.

Therein what is “having evil friends”? There are those persons who are without confidence, of wrong morality, without learning, mean, of no wisdom. That which is dependence on, strong dependence on, complete dependence on, approaching, approaching intimately, devotion to, complete devotion to, entanglement with them. This is called having evil friends. (11)

Therein what is “non-straightness”? That which is non-straightness, not being straight, deviousness, sinuosity, crookedness. This is called non-straightness.

Therein what is “non-gentleness”? That which is non-pliancy, being ungentle, hardness, harshness, being hard, stiffness, inflexibility of consciousness (i.e.,) non-pliancy. This is called non-gentleness. (12)

Therein what is “impatience”? That which is impatience, being impatient, absence of forbearance, ferocity, abruptness, absence of delight of consciousness. This is called impatience.

Therein what is “immoderation”? Bodily transgression, verbal transgression, both bodily and verbal transgression. This is called immoderation. Also all bad behaviour is immoderation. (13)

Therein what is “absence of softness”? That speech which is gnarled, scabrous, bitter to others, pricking to others, bordering on anger, not conducive to concentration; speech uttered similar thereto. That which therein is unpolished speech, speech lacking softness, harsh speech. This is called absence of softness.

Therein what is “inhospitality”? Two (types of) hospitality: Worldly hospitality also doctrinal hospitality. Herein a certain one is inhospitable with regard to worldly hospitality or doctrinal hospitality. This is called inhospitality. (14)

Therein what is “not guarding as to the doors of the controlling faculties”? Herein a certain one, seeing a visible (object) with the eye, takes in the general appearance, takes in the detail. For whatever reason a person is dwelling without controlling the controlling faculty of eye, covetousness and mental pain, evil bad states may (will) follow. He does not exercise restraint thereof; he does not safeguard the controlling faculty of eye; he does not undertake restraint in the controlling faculty of eye. Hearing an audible (object) with the ear.* Smelling an odorous (object) with the nose.* Tasting a sapid (object) with the tongue.* Touching a tangible (object) with the body.* Cognizing an ideational (object) with the mind, takes in the general appearance, takes in the detail. For whatever reason a person is dwelling without controlling the controlling faculty of mind, covetousness and mental pain, evil bad states may (will) follow. He does not exercise restraint thereof; he does not safeguard the controlling faculty of mind; he does not undertake restraint in the controlling faculty of mind. That which of these six controlling faculties is not guarding, not being guarded, not safeguarding, not restraint. This is called “not guarding as to the doors of the controlling faculties”.

* Complete each in general form of first example.

Therein what is “in food not knowing the right amount”? Herein a certain one not reflecting, improperly takes food for pleasurable pursuits, for pride, for physical charm, for fine physique. That which therein is dissatisfaction, not knowing the right amount, not reflecting on food. This is called “in food not knowing the right amount”. (15)

Therein what is “unmindfulness”? That which is absence of mindfulness, absence of constant mindfulness, absence of recollection, absence of mindfulness, absence of act of remembering, absence of bearing in mind, superficiality, forgetfulness. This is called unmindfulness.

Therein what is “absence of awareness”? That which is | absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called absence of awareness. (16)

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what is “moral failure”? That which is bodily transgression, verbal transgression, both bodily and verbal transgression. This is called moral failure. Also all wrong morality is moral failure.

Therein what is “faulty view”? “There is no alms-giving; there is no sacrifice,* (there are not) those who themselves having fully known, having realized this world and the next world make it known (to others)”; that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,*2 inverted grip. This is called faulty view. Also all false view is faulty view. (17)

* See paragraph 971.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what are “internal fetters”? Five fetters belonging to low existence are internal fetters; five fetters belonging to high existence are external fetters. (18)

(Here Ends) Twofold (Exposition)

3. Threefold Exposition

Therein what are “the three bad roots”? Greed, hatred, dullness.

Therein what is greed? That which is lusting, infatuation, seduction, compliance, passion, passionate lust, infatuation of consciousness, wishing, yearning, clinging, greediness, omnivorous greediness, cleaving, slough, allurement, deceit, genetrix, fettering genetrix, sempstress, ensnarer, river, extending, (fishing) line, spreading, urger, consort, hankering, guide to becoming, forest, jungle, intimacy, fondness, (greedy) considerateness, kin, want, wanting, state of wanting, wanting visible (objects), wanting audible (objects), wanting odorous (objects), wanting sapid (objects), wanting tangible (objects), wanting gains, wanting wealth, wanting sons, wanting life, muttering, excessive muttering, act of muttering, state of muttering, self-indulgence, being self-indulgent, state of being self-indulgent, agitation, desire for the nicer, incestuous lust, lawless greed, longing, act of longing, | entreating, liking, imploring, craving for sense pleasure, craving for becoming, craving for non-becoming, craving for form, craving for the formless, craving for cessation, craving for visible (objects), craving for audible (objects), craving for odorous (objects), craving for sapid (objects), craving for tangible (objects), craving for ideational (objects), flood, bond, tie, attachment, obstruction, hindrance, covering, bondage, depravity, latent tendency, usurping, creeper, avarice, root of suffering, source of suffering, origin of suffering, Māra's snare, Māra's fish-hook, Māra's domain, river of craving, net of craving, leash of craving, ocean of craving, covetousness, the bad root of greed. This is called greed.

Therein what is hatred? “He has done me harm”, thus vexation arises; “He is doing me harm”, thus vexation arises; “He will do me harm”, thus vexation arises; “He has done harm to one dear and pleasant to me,* he is doing harm,* he will do harm”, thus vexation arises; “He has done good to one not dear and not pleasant to me,* he is doing good,* he will do good”, thus vexation arises; or vexation arises unreasonably. That which is similar, vexation of consciousness, resentment, repulsion, hostility, irritation, exasperation, incensement, hatred, antipathy, abhorrence, mental disorder, detestation, anger, being angry, state of being angry, hatred, being hateful, state of being hateful, disorder, disorderly, antagonism, hostility, ferocity, abruptness, absence of delight of consciousness. This is called hatred.

* Complete appropriately.

Therein what is dullness? Absence of knowledge of suffering; absence of knowledge of the cause of suffering; absence of knowledge of the cessation of suffering; absence of knowledge of the way leading to the cessation of suffering; absence of knowledge of the ultimate beginning (of beings); absence of knowledge of the ultimate end (of beings); absence of knowledge of both the ultimate beginning and the ultimate end (of beings); absence of knowledge of specific causality and dependently originated states; that which is similar, absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called dullness. These are the three bad roots. (1)

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what are “three (types of) bad thinking”? Thinking (connected with) desire, thinking (connected with) illwill, thinking (connected with) cruelty.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) desire? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with desire. This is called thinking (connected with) desire.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) illwill? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with illwill. This is called thinking (connected with) illwill.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) cruelty? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with cruelty. This is called thinking (connected with) cruelty. These are three (types of) bad thinking. (2)

Therein what are three (types of) bad perception? Perception (connected with) desire, perception (connected with) illwill, perception (connected with) cruelty.

Therein what is perception (connected with) desire? Perception, act of perceiving, state of perceiving associated with desire. This is called perception (connected with) desire.

Therein what is perception (connected with) illwill? Perception, act of perceiving, state of perceiving associated with illwill. This is called perception (connected with) illwill.

Therein what is perception (connected with) cruelty? Perception, act of perceiving, state of perceiving associated with cruelty. This is called perception (connected with) cruelty. These are three (types of) bad perception. (3)

Therein what are “three bad elements”? The element of desire, element of illwill, element of cruelty.

Therein what is the element of desire? Thinking (connected with) desire is the element of desire; thinking (connected with) illwill is the element of illwill; thinking (connected with) cruelty is the element of cruelty.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) desire? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with desire. This is called thinking (connected with) desire.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) illwill? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with illwill. This is called thinking (connected with) illwill.

Therein what is thinking (connected with) cruelty? Mentation, thinking, wrong thought associated with cruelty. This is called thinking (connected with) cruelty. These are three bad elements. (4)

Therein what are three (types of) wrong action? Wrong bodily action, wrong verbal action, wrong mental action.

Therein what is wrong bodily action? Killing beings, taking that which is not given, sexual misconduct. This is called wrong bodily action.

Therein what is wrong verbal action? False speech, slandering speech, harsh speech, frivolous speech. This is called wrong verbal action.

Therein what is wrong mental action? Covetousness, illwill, false view. This is called wrong mental action.

Therein what is wrong bodily action? Bad bodily action is wrong bodily action; bad verbal action is wrong verbal action; bad mental action is wrong mental action.

Therein what is bad bodily action? Bad bodily volition is bad bodily action; bad verbal volition is bad verbal action; bad mental volition is bad mental action. These are three (types of) wrong action. (5)

Therein what are “three defilements”? The defilement of desire, the defilement of becoming, the defilement of ignorance.

Therein what is the defilement of desire? That which in connection with desire is wish for sense pleasure, lust for sense pleasure, passion for sense pleasure, craving for sense pleasure, fondness for sense pleasure, fevering for sense pleasure, yearning for sense pleasure, clinging to sense pleasure. This is called the defilement of desire.

Therein what is the defilement of becoming? That which in connection with becoming is wish for becoming,* clinging to becoming. This is called the defilement of becoming.

* See paragraph 895.

Therein what is the defilement of ignorance? Absence of knowledge of suffering,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called the defilement of ignorance. These are three defilements.

* See paragraph 909.

Therein what are “three fetters”? Individuality view, doubt, adherence to habits and practices.

Therein what is individuality view? Herein the unlearned worldling who does not recognize the Noble Ones, is not versed in the teaching of the Noble Ones, is not disciplined in the teaching of the Noble Ones; does not recognize good men, is not versed in the teaching of good men, is not disciplined in the teaching of good men; regards material qualities as the soul; or the soul as having material qualities; or material qualities (as being) in the soul; or the soul (as being) in material qualities; feeling.* Perception.* Mental concomitants.* Regards consciousness as the soul; or the soul as having consciousness; or consciousness (as being) in the soul; or the soul (as being) in consciousness; that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,*2 inverted grip. This is called individuality view.

* Complete each in general form of final example.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is doubt? One is puzzled, doubts in the Teacher; one is puzzled, doubts in the Teaching; one is puzzled, doubts in the Order; one is puzzled, doubts in the precepts; one is puzzled, doubts in the ultimate beginning (of beings); one is puzzled, doubts in the ultimate end (of beings); one is puzzled, doubts in both the ultimate beginning and the ultimate end (of beings); one is puzzled, doubts in specific causality and dependently originated states; that which is similar, puzzlement, being puzzled, state of being puzzled, rigidity of consciousness, mental scarifying. This is called doubt.

Therein what is adherence to habits and practices? (The belief in) The purification by means of habit, purification by means of practice, purification by means of both habit and practice of recluses and Brahmins outside this (Teaching); that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,* inverted grip. This is called adherence to habits and practices. These are three fetters. (7)

* See paragraph 249.

Therein what are “three (types of) craving”? Craving for sense pleasure, craving for becoming, craving for non-becoming.

Therein what is craving for becoming? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness accompanied by becoming view. This is called craving for becoming.

Therein what is craving for non-becoming? Lusting, infatuation, | infatuation of consciousness accompanied by annihilationistic view. This is called craving for non-becoming. The remaining craving is craving for sense pleasure.

Therein what is craving for sense pleasure? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the element of desire. This is called craving for sense pleasure. Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the element of form and the formless element. This is called craving for becoming. Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness accompanied by annihilationistic view. This is called craving for non-becoming. These are three (types of) craving. (8)

Therein what are “another three (types of) craving”? Craving for sense pleasure, craving for form, craving for the formless.

Therein what is craving for sense pleasure? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the element of desire. This is called craving for sense pleasure.

Therein what is craving for the formless? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the formless element. This is called craving for the formless. These are three (types) of craving. (9)

Therein what are another three (types of) craving? Craving for form, craving for the formless, craving for cessation.

Therein what is craving for form? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the element of form. This is called craving for form.

Therein what is craving for the formless? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness associated with the formless element. This is called craving for the formless.

Therein what is craving for cessation? Lusting, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness accompanied by annihilationistic view. This is called craving for cessation. These are three (types of) craving. (10)

Therein what are “three (types of) seeking”? Seeking sense pleasure, seeking becoming, seeking supreme practice.

Therein what is seeking sense pleasure? That which in connection with desire is wish for sense pleasure,* clinging to sense pleasure. This is called seeking sense pleasure.

* See paragraph 914.

Therein what is seeking becoming? That which in connection with becoming is wish for becoming,* clinging to becoming. This is called seeking becoming.

* See paragraph 895.

Therein what is seeking supreme practice? “The world is eternal” or “The world is not eternal” or,* “A being neither exists nor does not exist after death”; that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,*2 inverted grip. This is called seeking supreme practice.

* See paragraph 815.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is seeking sense pleasure? Lust for sense pleasure and the bad bodily action, verbal action and mental action occurring therewith. This is called seeking sense pleasure.

Therein what is seeking becoming? Lust for becoming and the bad bodily action, verbal action and mental action occurring therewith. This is called seeking for becoming.

Therein what is seeking supreme practice? Extremist view and the bad bodily action, verbal action and mental action occurring therewith. This is called seeking supreme practice. These are three (types of) seeking. (11)

Therein what are “three (types of) conceitedness”? The conceitedness thus, “I am better”; the conceitedness thus, “I am equal”; the conceitedness thus, “I am inferior”. These are three (types of) conceitedness. (12)

Therein what are three (types of) fear? Fear of birth, fear of ageing, fear of death.

Therein what is fear of birth? Fear, being fearful, trembling, horripilation, mental terror dependent on birth. This is called fear of birth.

Therein what is fear of ageing? Fear, being fearful, trembling, horripilation, mental terror dependent on ageing. This is called fear of ageing.

Therein what is fear of death? Fear, being fearful, trembling, horripilation, mental terror dependent on death. This is called fear of death. These are three (types of) fear. (13)

Therein what are “three (types of) darkness”? Concerning past time one is puzzled, doubts, is indeterminate, is not clear; or concerning future time one is puzzled, doubts, is indeterminate, is not clear; or now, concerning present time, one is puzzled, doubts, is indeterminate, is not clear. These are three (types of) darkness. (14)

Therein what are “three bases of heresy”? Herein a certain one, recluse or Brahmin, says thus, views thus, “Whatsoever pleasure, pain or neither-pain-nor-pleasure a man experiences, all this is due to past action”; also herein a certain one, recluse or Brahmin, says thus, views thus, “Whatsoever pleasure, pain or neither-pain-nor-pleasure a man experiences, all this is due to the creation of a supreme deity”; also herein a certain one, recluse or Brahmin, says thus, views thus, “Whatsoever pleasure, pain or neither-pain-nor-pleasure a man experiences, all this is without cause, without reason”. These are three bases of heresy. (15)

Therein what are “three (types of) impediment”? Impediment of lust; impediment of hatred; impediment of dullness. These are three (types of) impediment. (16)

Therein what are “three (types of) taint”? The taint of lust; the taint of hatred; the taint of dullness. These are three (types of) taint. (17)

Therein what are “three (types of) impurity”? Impurity of lust; impurity of hatred; impurity of dullness. These are three (types of) impurity. (18)

Therein what are “three (types of) discrepancy”? Discrepancy of lust; discrepancy of hatred; discrepancy of dullness. These are three (types of) discrepancy. (19)

Therein what are “another three (types of) discrepancy”? Discrepancy of bodily (action); discrepancy of verbal (action); discrepancy of mental (action). These are three (types of) discrepancy. (20)

Therein what are “three (types of) fire”? The fire of lust; the fire of hatred; the fire of dullness. These are three (types of) fire. (21)

Therein what are “three (types of) acridity”? The acridity of lust; the acridity of hatred; the acridity of dullness. These are three (types of) acridity. (22)

Therein what are another three (types of) acridity? The acridity of bodily (action); the acridity of verbal (action); the acridity of mental (action). These are three (types of) acridity. (23)

Therein what is “gratification view”? Herein a certain one, recluse or Brahmin, says thus, views thus, “There is no fault in sense pleasures”; he plunges into sense pleasures. This is called gratification view.

Therein what is “soul view”? Herein the unlearned worldling who does not recognize the Noble Ones, is not versed in the teaching of the Noble Ones, is not disciplined in the teaching of the Noble Ones; does not recognize good men, is not versed in the teaching of good men, is not disciplined in the teaching of good men; regards material qualities as soul; or soul as having material qualities; or material qualities (as being) in soul; or soul (as being) in material qualities; feeling.* Perception.* Mental concomitants.* Regards consciousness as soul; or soul as having consciousness; or consciousness (as being) in soul; or soul (as being) in consciousness; that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,*2 inverted grip. This is called soul view.

* Complete each in general form of final example.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “false view”? “There is no alms-giving; there is no sacrifice,* (there are not) those who themselves having fully known, having realized this world and the next world, make it known (to others)”; that which is similar, wrong view, resorting to wrong view,*2 inverted grip. This is called false view, eternalistic view, gratification view, individuality view, soul view, annihilationistic view, false view.

* See paragraph 971.
*2 See paragraph 249.

Therein what is “tedium”? Tedium, having tedium, displeasure, being displeased, dissatisfaction, dread of remote abodes or certain higher good states. This is called tedium.

Therein what is “troubling”? Herein a certain one hurts (other) beings with the hand or with a clod or with a stick or with a sword or with a rope or with one thing or another; that which is similar, harassing, hurting, annoying, injuring, provoking, enraging, striking others. This is called troubling.

Therein what is “wrong behaviour”? Wrong behaviour, lawless behaviour by means of the body; wrong behaviour, lawless behaviour by means of speech; wrong behaviour, lawless behaviour by means of the mind. This is called wrong behaviour. (25)

Therein what is “contumacy”? Having been spoken to in accordance with the Teaching there is act of contumacy, state of contumacy, contumacy, contrariness, captiousness, disregard, being disregardful, disrespect, non-deference. This is called contumacy.

Therein what is “having evil friends”? There are those persons who are without confidence, of wrong morality, without learning, mean, of no wisdom; that which is dependence on, strong dependence on, complete dependence on, approaching, approaching intimately, devotion to, complete devotion to, entanglement with them. This is called having evil friends.

Therein what is “diversity of perception”? Perception (connected with) desire, perception (connected with) illwill, perception (connected with) cruelty. This is called diversity of perception. All bad perception is diversity of perception. (26)

Therein what is “distraction”? That which is distraction of consciousness, disquietude, mental wavering, turmoil of consciousness. This is called distraction.

Therein what is “indolence”? Wrong bodily action or wrong verbal action or wrong mental action or the succumbing and repeated succumbing of consciousness to the five strands of sense pleasures, or not working carefully, not working constantly, working spasmodically, being stagnant, relinquishing wish, relinquishing the task, non-pursuance, non-development, non-repetition, non-resolution, non-practising, heedlessness in the development of good states. This is called indolence.

Therein what is “heedlessness”? Wrong bodily action or wrong | verbal action or wrong mental action or the succumbing and repeated succumbing of consciousness to the five strands of sense pleasures, or not working carefully, not working constantly, working spasmodically, being stagnant, relinquishing wish, relinquishing the task, non-pursuance, non-development, non-repetition, non-resolution, non-practising, heedlessness in the development of good states; that which is similar, heedlessness, being heedless, state of being heedless. This is called heedlessness. (27)

Therein what is “discontent”? The greater desire of one discontented with such requisites as robe, alms-food, dwelling, medicine for helping the sick or with the five strands of sense pleasures; that which is similar, wishing, act of wishing, discontent, lust, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness. This is called discontent.

Therein what is “absence of awareness”? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called absence of awareness.

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what is “wish for the most”? The greater desire of one discontented with such requisites as robe, alms-food, dwelling, medicine for helping the sick or with the five strands of sense pleasures; that which is similar, wishing, act of wishing, wish for the most, lust, infatuation, infatuation of consciousness. This is called wish for the most. (28)

Therein what is “absence of sense of shame”? That which is not having shame where there should be shame, not having shame at the attaining of evil bad states. This is called absence of sense of shame.

Therein what is “absence of fear of blame”? That which is not having fear of blame where there should be fear of blame, not having fear of blame at the attaining of evil bad states. This is called absence of fear of blame.

Therein what is “heedlessness”? Wrong bodily action or wrong verbal action or wrong mental action or the succumbing and repeated succumbing of consciousness to the five strands of sense pleasures, or not working carefully, not working constantly, working spasmodically, being stagnant, relinquishing wish, | relinquishing the task, non-pursuance, non-development, non-repetition, non-resolution, non-practising, heedlessness in the development of good states; that which is similar, heedlessness, being heedless, state of being heedless. This is called heedlessness. (29)

Therein what is “disregard”? That which is disregard, being disregardful, disrespect, non-deference, irreverence, being irreverent, state of being irreverent, unmannerliness, absence of esteem. This is called disregard.

Therein what is “contumacy”? Having been spoken to in accordance with the Teaching there is act of contumacy, state of contumacy, contumacy, contrariness, captiousness, disregard, being disregardful, disrespect, non-deference. This is called contumacy.

Therein what is “having evil friends”? There are those persons who are without confidence, of wrong morality, without learning, mean, of no wisdom; that which is dependence on, strong dependence on, complete dependence on, approaching, approaching intimately, devotion to, complete devotion to, entanglement with them. This is called having evil friends. (30)

Therein what is “non-confidence”? Herein a certain one is without confidence, does not believe in the Buddha or the Teaching or the Order; that which is similar, non-confidence, being non-confident, not putting trust in, not having much faith. This is called non-confidence.

Therein what is “not knowing entreaty”? Five (types of) meanness: Meanness (concerning) dwelling, meanness (concerning) family, meanness (concerning) gain, meanness (concerning) reputation, meanness (concerning) the Doctrine; that which is similar, meanness, being mean, state of being mean, avarice, ignobleness, niggardliness, cramped state of mind. This is called not knowing entreaty.

Therein what is “indolence”? Wrong bodily action or wrong verbal action or wrong mental action or the succumbing and repeated succumbing of consciousness to the five strands of sense pleasures, or not working carefully, not working constantly, working spasmodically, being stagnant, relinquishing wish, relinquishing the task, non-pursuance, non-development, non-repeti| tion, non-resolution, non-practising, heedlessness in the development of good states. This is called indolence. (31)

Therein what is “distraction”? That which is distraction of consciousness, disquietude, mental wavering, turmoil of consciousness. This is called distraction.

Therein what is “absence of restraint”? Herein a certain one seeing a visible (object) with the eye, takes in the general appearance, takes in the detail. For whatever reason a person is dwelling without controlling the controlling faculty of eye, covetousness and mental pain, evil bad states may (will) follow. He does not exercise restraint thereof; he does not safeguard the controlling faculty of eye; he does not undertake restraint in the controlling faculty of eye. Hearing an audible (object) with the ear.* Smelling an odorous (object) with the nose.* Tasting a sapid (object) with the tongue.* Touching a tangible (object) with the body.* Cognizing an ideational (object) with the mind, takes in the general appearance, takes in the detail. For whatever reason a person is dwelling without controlling the controlling faculty of mind, covetousness and mental pain, evil bad states may (will) follow. He does not exercise restraint thereof; he does not safeguard the controlling faculty of mind; he does not undertake restraint in the controlling faculty of mind. This is called absence of restraint.

* Complete each in general form of first example.

Therein what is “wrong morality”? Bodily transgression, verbal transgression, both bodily and verbal transgression. This is called wrong morality. (32)

Therein what is “absence of desire to see Noble Ones”? Therein what are Noble Ones? Buddhas and the disciples of the Buddhas are called Noble Ones; that which is absence of desire to see, absence of desire to look at, absence of desire to go near, absence of desire to come together with these Noble Ones. This is called absence of desire to see Noble Ones.

Therein what is “absence of desire to hear the true Doctrine”? Therein what is the true Doctrine? The four foundations of mindfulness, the four right exertions, the four bases of accomplishment, five controlling faculties, five powers, the seven | enlightenment factors, the Noble Eight Constituent Path; this is called the true Doctrine. That which is absence of desire to hear, absence of desire to listen, absence of desire to promote, absence of desire to retain this true Doctrine. This is called absence of desire to hear the true Doctrine.

Therein what is “reproachful state of mind”? Therein what is reproach? That which is reproach, repeated reproach, being reproachful, being repeatedly reproachful, state of being repeatedly reproachful, contempt, despising, reviling, finding fault. This is called reproachful state of mind. (33)

Therein what is “unmindfulness”? That which is absence of mindfulness, absence of constant mindfulness, absence of recollection, absence of mindfulness, absence of act of remembering, absence of bearing in mind, superficiality, forgetfulness. This is called unmindfulness.

Therein what is “absence of awareness”? That which is absence of knowledge, absence of vision,* barrier of ignorance, the bad root of dullness. This is called absence of awareness.

* See paragraph 180.

Therein what is “mental wavering”? That which is distraction of consciousness, disquietude, mental wavering, turmoil of consciousness. This is called mental wavering. (34)

Therein what is “improper attention”? There is improper attention thus, “In impermanence there is permanence”; there is improper attention thus, “In pain there is pleasure”; there is improper attention thus, “In absence of soul there is a soul”; there is improper attention thus, “In absence of beauty there is beauty”; or, turning of the mind, repeated turning, cognition, advertence, attention to what is contrary to truth. This is called improper attention.

Therein what is “dependence on the wrong path”? Therein what is wrong path? Wrong view, wrong thought, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration; this is called wrong path. That which is dependence on, strong dependence on, complete dependence on, approaching, approaching intimately, devotion to, complete | devotion to, entanglement with this wrong path. This is called dependence on the wrong path.

Therein what is “mental sluggishness”? That which is indisposition of consciousness, unwieldiness, drooping, sagging, sluggishness, being sluggish, state of being sluggish, sloth, being slothful, state of consciousness being slothful. This is called mental sluggishness. (35)

(Here Ends) Threefold (Exposition)