T676 The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning

Back Matters

Notes

1 For this dating of the text, as well as for an account of the technical information about the versions of the text, their composition, etc., see the Introduction to the study by Etienne Lamotte, Samdhinirmocana Sütra: L'explication des Mystères (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1935). 2 These descriptions of the Buddha's qualities and the characteristics of his land became a schema for exegetical reflection; and copious commentarial accounts were written on each phrase, the most detailed of which is the Buddhabhümyupadeéa, extant in both a Tibetan version by Sllabhadra and an extended Chinese version attributed to Bandhuprabha. Also see the commentary in Chapter 10 of the Mahayanasamgraha and its accompanying commentaries. 3 The point is that all things referred to by language lack any essential identity, and are thus empty of defining characteristics. All dualities whereby humans identify things in binary contrasts are thus provisional, not actually real.

4 Verbal teachings are established not to describe reality, but to lead sentient beings toward awakening. Thus, Abhidharma analyses that pretend to identify the essences of the real are rejected as deluded, imaginary constructs like those in a magic show. This critique is extended to all language, now understood as provisional expressions that take their validity only within given contexts and never capture the ultimate truth.

5 Language is provisional precisely because it is tied to webs of images mistakenly seen to contain meaning, while the unconditioned reality has no image. The Yogâcâra critique centers in this theme of imagining (parikalpa) and its deluded pattern of understanding. 6 Such fabrication (prapanca) constructs mental worlds and then mistakes the constructs for pictures of reality itself, enmeshing beings in the transmigratory cycle of birth and death.

113

Notes

7 Beyond language and words, ultimate meaning finds nothing that might support reasoning, which assumes the validity of words and concepts. 8 Such final cessation eliminates all fabricated notions of selfhood. 9 That which is not known by differentiation is not known at all. Thus, ultimate meaning is indescribable because it is not knowable. 10 All opinions and theories take their validity from their context, in light of the background store of images and words already imprinted onto consciousness. Thus, no viewpoint can attain a final standpoint of ultimate truth. Here, either option of the identity or difference of the marks of ultimate meaning becomes false, if held to the exclusion of the other, in dismissal of the varying contexts in which images and words differ for different persons.

11 Interpretations are thus deemed to be untrue if put forward through cherished pride which precludes awareness of the one unified taste of the truth of ultimate meaning. Errors in orthopraxis are errors in orthodoxy.

12 That is to say, purified from the duality fabricated through attachment to that which is imagined.

13 The entire section is a rejection of the Abhidharma quest for a metaphysics of reality.

14 The two worlds of orm are the worlds of desire and form, which have material forms and in which one appropriates a material body. The third world is that of no-form, wherein there is no such material appropriation. 15 These are the central themes of Yogacara: that the mind constructs its realms of meaning through the interplay of conscious activity. See Chapter 2 of the Mahayanasamgraha.

16 The mind itself is thus dependently co-arisen, relying on whatever factors are present. Yogacara takes the established doctrine of ependent co-arising and understands consciousness as dependently co-arisen. 17 This passage is often cited as scriptural authority for the alaya-vijhana in later Yogacara texts.

18 This section presents the basic Yogacara philosophy of conscious functioning, in light of which further topics will be considered in subsequent chapters.

19 This section on the marks of all things understood by consciousness ( dharmalaksana) is the source for the Chinese name for Yogacara, i.e., Fa-hsiang.

114

Notes

20 These are the principal concerns of the Prajnaparamita scriptures with their theme of the emptiness of all things, here called the no-essence of all things.

21 The doctrine of no-essence or emptiness is not then a final viewpoint, but an antidote to the imaginative clinging of sentient beings. Yogacara attempts to embrace the doctrine of emptiness in terms of its understanding of the three patterns of conscious functioning.

22 The crux of the genesis of delusion is found in language permeations which distort the other-dependent patterns into the imagined pattern of clinging to entities as if they had essential being. 23 This doctrine equates the one vehicle (ekayana) with the explicit teaching (nltartha) of Yogacara, while recognizing the reality of the three vehicles (triyana), which are reduced to implicit teaching (neyartha).

24 This obstacle (jheyavarana) consists in clinging to the imagined. Its reversal is not only the realization of ull perfection, but also the reclamation of the other-dependent pattern of understanding.

25 Even explicit teaching (nltartha) is empty of essence, for at the end of the day of transmigration, it too is beyond language altogether. 26 This sentence echoes Nagarjuna's insistence that all views are empty, not merely incorrect views.

27 Thus understanding within the other-dependent pattern, recognized as such, supports the validity of conventional, language-formed truths.

28 This teaching of the three turnings of the wheel is the first Yogacara application of its philosophy of meaning directly to issues of hermeneutics, and shows perhaps that the basic intent of Yogacara thought was to develop such a critical philosophy of meaning and interpretation.

29 After presenting the basic philosophy of Yogacara in the previous sections, the text turns now to explanations and interpretations of practices central to the tradition, all to be understood within the other-dependent pattern of enlightened consciousness. 30 Yogacara thought is also known as "conscious construction only" (vijnapti-matrata), for this is a central theme. There are disputes whether this entails a doctrine of idealism. Clearly the texts do negate the reality of external objects, because they are constructed by consciousness. Perhaps this is but a move toward a critical philosophy of meaning.

115

Notes

31 An important passage, for here the text rejects the analogy of vision to understanding, and thus theories of naive realism. 32 These are basic doctrines of early Buddhism. They permeate the Pali Nikayas and the Chinese Agamas.

33 The above analyses, as well as those that follow, are a resurrection of Abhidharma practice, but now brought within the critical theory of Yogacara, based on the three patterns of consciousness. 34 An affirmation of the validity of Madhyamika thought and practice, to which Yogacara brings its theory of conscious inferiority. 35 This seems to be a negation of the notion of a Buddha essence, such as taught in the Tathagatagarbha tradition, and in some Yogacara texts influenced by that tradition.

36 Note that this text presents a two-body account of the Buddha. In contrast, later Yogacara texts presented the more familiar three-body doctrine, which included the Enjoyment body along with the Dharma body and the Transformation body.

37 The pattern for the Transformation body is taken from the narrative account of the life of the historical Buddha Sakyamuni. 38 That is, the Sutra, the Vinaya, and the Abhidharma. The following item speaks of the matrix, which is the technical language evolved for the task of systematic analyses and interpretation, i.e., the tasks of Abhidharma.

39 Again note the Yogacara recovery of eason, put into service for otherdependent Abhidharma. 40 Ineffability is then no barrier to the performance of true and valid reasoning, and the transcendence of the unconditioned no obstacle to rigorous thought.

116

Glossary

Abhidharma: A collection of reatises explaining some of he contents of he Buddha's teachings. One of the three divisions (Tripitaka) of Buddhist scriptures. The other two are the Sutra (the sermons of the Buddha) and the Vinaya (rules of monastic discipline).

asura: A class of superhuman beings who are in constant conflict with the gods.

dependent co-arising: The doctrine that all things come into being only in dependence upon other things.

emptiness: The quality that all things have of eing devoid of independent, real existence. Emptiness is emptiness of svabhava, which is independentbeing, autonomy, self-nature, etc. The central teaching of ahayana Buddhism.

five aggregates: The five aggregates that make up sentient beings—(1) form (rupa), (2) sensation (vedana), (3) conception (samjna), (4) volition (.samskara), and (5) consciousness (vijhana).

four holy truths: (1) Life is intrinsically full of suffering; (2) our attachments are the cause of suffering; (3) all suffering can be ended; (4) the way to end suffering is by following the Buddha's eightfold path (i.e., right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration).

gandharva: A class of mythical beings, celestial musicians. garuda: A mythological giant bird.

great vehicle: A form of Buddhism that appeared in India around 100 b.c.e. and which exalts as its religious ideal the bodhisattva, the great being who thoroughly grasps the doctrine of mptiness and is willing to delay his own enlightenment until he can save all sentient beings. Otherwise known as the Mahayana. See also Hinayana.

117

Glossary

Hinayana ("lesser vehicle"): A derogatory term applied by Mahayanists to the various schools of Buddhism that exalt as their ideal the arhat, the religious adept who has transcended all passions. See also great vehicle. hungry ghost: A kind of ghost that always suffers from hunger and thirst. kimnara: A class of ythical beings, either half human and half bird or half human and half horse, who make celestial music.

mahoraga: A class of snake-like mythical beings.

naga: A serpent deity, a dragon.

non-returner: One who has reached a stage of spiritual quest that frees one from rebirth in the kamadhatu, the world of desire. Such a person is not yet an arhat, and is bound to be born in the upper samsaric world, i.e., in the rupadhatu and arupyadhatu. Though a non-returner does return to the world, ordinary mortals in the world of desire do not see this return.

solitary enlightened one: A solitary Buddha who had no teacher, does not teach, and lacks universal compassion.

twelvefold conditions: The twelvefold cycle of auses and conditions that make up the human condition, namely: (1) ignorance, (2) volitional activity, (3) consciousness, (4) name and form, (5) the six senses, (6) contact, (7) experience, (8) passion, (9) attachment, (10) existence, (11) rebirth, and (12) decay and death.

word-hearers (sravakas): Originally, personal disciples of Sakyamuni who heard his teachings; later generally used to mean so-called Hinayana Buddhists. See also Hinayana.

yaksa: A class of demonic beings; human flesh-eaters. Yogacara: A Buddhist school, founded in the fourth century C.E., which advocated the doctrine of "mind only" or "conscious construction only." 118

Bibliography

Chatterjee, Ashok Kumar, ed. Readings on Yogacara Buddhism. Varanasi: Centre of Advanced Study in Philosophy, 1971.

Doboom Tulku, ed. Mind Only School and Buddhist Logic: A Collection of Seminar Papers. New Delhi: Tibet House and Aditya Prakashan, 1990. Lamotte, Étienne, trans. Samdhinirmocana Sutra: L'explication des Mystères. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1935.

Masuda, Jiryö. Der Individualistische Idealismus der Yogäcära-schule: Versuch einer Genetischen Darstellung. Heidelberg: O. Harrasowitz, 1926. Powers, John. Hermeneutics and Tradition in the Samdhinirmocana-sütra. Leiden & New York: E. J. Brill, 1993.

Powers, John, trans. Wisdom of Buddha: The Samdhinirmocana Sütra. Berkeley, CA: Dharma Publishing, 1995.

Powers, John. The Yogäcära School of uddhism: A Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991.

Tripathi, Chhote Lai. The Problem of Knowledge in Yogäcära Buddhism. Varanasi: Bharat-Bharati, 1972.

119

Index

A

Abhidharma 1, 113, 114, 116 Agamas 116

aggregates 22, 23, 24, 35, 46, 62 five 60, 97

alaya-vijnana (see also consciousness, container) 2, 114

angel(s) 27, 31, 36, 39 Aryavalokitesvara (see also Avalokitesvara) 9

Asanga 3

asura(s) 7

Avalokitesvara 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97

awakening 12, 14, 18, 32, 40, 41, 50, 51, 52, 60, 70, 72, 75, 76, 80, 82, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 110, 113 factors of 22, 23, 24, 35, 47, 61, 62

bodhisattva stage(s) 3, 17, 42, 70, 71, 72, 77-83, 95, 96, 97, 99 eleventh (see also Buddha stage) 77, 80

far-reaching 77, 80 of expanding light 57, 77, 79 of laming wisdom 77, 80 of invincibility 77, 80 of presence 77, 80

of purification 77, 79 of the doctrine cloud 77, 80 of utmost joy 57, 77, 79 of wisdom discernment 77, 80 ten 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 92 unshakable 77, 80

Buddha abode 7, 8

Bhuddabhumyupadesa 113 Buddha land(s) 8, 14, 72, 100, 110, 113

Buddha stage 77, 80, 92, 96 c

B

Bandhuprabha 113

bases (of consciousness) (see also consciousness) 23, 24, 35 six external 60, 62, 97 six internal 60, 62, 97 twelve 22, 46

Benares 49

birth (see also rebirth) 27, 38, 39, 40, 61, 70, 82, 83, 100, 113 bodhisattva(s) 7, 8, 17, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 40, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98,102, 107, 108, 111, 112

cause(s), causal, causality 24, 36, 40, 57, 62, 68, 83, 86, 91, 92, 93, 96, 103, 104, 106, 110 centering 1, 3, 23, 51-76 cessation 16, 18, 19, 28, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 70, 75, 78, 81, 83, 101, 105, 110, 114

quiescent 18, 40

with remainder 74

without remainder 74, 75 compassion 27, 31, 36, 40, 45, 55, 82, 83, 88, 93, 94

concentration!s) 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 78, 80, 81, 87, 90, 98, 109 121

Index

conditioned (see also unconditioned) 11-14, 24,31,36, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 66, 71,103 state(s) of being 17-21,55,60, 80, 81, 99, 104, 105 condition(s) 28-29, 62, 85, 101, 104,110

twelve(fold) 31

conscious construction 53, 54, 60, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 115 consciousness(es) (see also patterns) 1, 2, 3, 22, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 53, 60, 68, 72, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116 appropriating 28, 29, 72 container 2

continuities of 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 five 28, 29

receptacle 28, 29, 80 sense 27, 29, 60

six 28

D

Deer Park 49

defile(d) 7, 19, 33, 38, 59, 60, 67, 69, 74, 81, 87, 88, 90, 103, 107,108, 112

defilement(s) 20, 38, 50, 59, 61, 62, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 83, 90, 93, 101, 108, 109

of passion, action, and birth 38, 39, 40

delusion(s) 21, 45, 62, 80-82,108, 115

twenty-two 80, 82

demon 44

dependent co-arising 22, 23, 24, 31, 35, 39, 114

descriptive marks. See marks Dharma body 57, 70, 79, 80, 99, 100, 109, 110, 111, 112 Dharmodgata 9,14, 15,16 discernment 64, 65, 71, 77, 80, 86, 87, 91, 94

discipline (see also perfections) 3, 8, 41, 45, 62, 63, 67, 68, 77, 1 2 2

79, 83-87, 90, 100,102, 105, 107.110, 112

doctrine 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 29, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 84, 86, 87, 91, 97, 101,102, 105.110, 111, 115, 116 unified 56, 57, 58, 64, 91 dual, duality (see also nondual) 7, 11, 14, 45, 113, 114 E

emptiness(es) 1, 2, 7, 42, 65, 66, 67, 91, 115

environment 59, 60, 66 essence(s) (see also no-essence) 2, 201, 31, 32, 35, 38, 40, 46, 47, 48, 53, 59, 64, 66, 91, 94, 97, 102,107, 108, 113, 115, 116 F

Fa-hsiang 114

faith 41, 42, 43, 44, 56, 73, 84, 90, 92

form(s) (see also no-form) 28, 29, 37, 46, 53, 72, 73, 74, 106, 111, 114

G

Gambhirarthasamdhinirmocana 9, 11, 12

gandharva(s) 7

Ganges 14

garuda(s) 7

ghosts (see also hungry ghosts) 39 giving (see also perfections) 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94 god(s) 7,27,31,36,49,76, 111 Gunakara 9, 31, 32, 33 H

heretic(s) 14, 23, 101,107, 108, 112 Hinayana 3

hungry ghosts 94

Index

image(s) 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 105, 111, 113, 114

imageless(ness) 7, 78, 79, 80, 81, 91 impermanence 21, 55, 104 impure, impurity (see also pure; purity) 21, 104,106 individually enlightened ones (see also solitary enlightened ones) 9

insight(s) 2, 3, 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 23, 33, 40, 42, 52, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 89, 90, 101, 104, 105, 106

Jambudvipa 61

K

kimnara(s) 7

Kuru 16

Lamotte, Étienne 3,113 language (see also words) 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 31, 32, 38, 40, 104, 113, 114, 115, 116 liberation 7, 8, 18, 21, 39, 41, 42, 45, 50, 55, 63, 64, 66, 68, 74, 76, 91, 99, 100, 107, 111 liberation body(ies) 99, 111 M

Madhyamika 116

magic, magical 12-13, 14, 27, 37, 109, 113

Mahayana 1, 3, 8

Mahàyànasamgraha 113, 114 mahoraga(s) 7

Maitreya 9, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76

ManjusrI 9, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112 marks 11, 14-21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 91, 114

matrka. See theory meaning(s) 1, 2, 3, 11, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60-64, 65, 66, 67, 75, 79, 82, 87, 91, 93, 97, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115 explicit 49, 50, 76 implicit 41, 48, 49, 50 ultimate 2, 11, 14-21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 50, 62, 66, 87, 91, 102, 103, 114

underlying 97, 103, 107 meditation (see also perfections) 20, 35, 51, 55, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 101

merit 8, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 50, 84, 86, 110

mirror 28, 29, 53, 65 mistakes 59, 61, 78, 81, 101, 113 monk(s) 22, 23, 62, 105 N

naga(s) 7

Nagarjuna 115

nihilism 43

Nikayas 116

no-essence 2, 24, 36-40, 41, 43, 44-46, 48, 49, 66, 91, 94, 115 no-form 28, 114

nondual(ity) 8, 14, 24, 110 non-returner 92

no-returning, state of 9 no-self 16, 21, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 55, 60,61,66,71, 115 123

Index

o

omniscience, omniscient 105, 106 originally quiescent (see also quiescence) 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49

P

paramartha. See ultimate meaning Paramarthasamudgata 9, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50 paramita(s) (see also perfections) 1 passion(s) 7, 38, 39, 40, 41, 59, 61, 69, 70, 73, 80, 85, 87, 94, 95, 96, 107, 108

path(s) 7, 40, 45, 53, 60, 69, 71, 75, 91, 111-112

eightfold 22, 35, 105

factors of the 23, 24, 47 patience (see also perfections ) 8, 50, 52, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90 pattern(s) (of consciousness) 2, 43, 31-33, 37, 38, 68, 91, 113, 115, 116

of clinging to what is entirely imagined, of imaginative clinging, imagined 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 43, 46, 47, 48, 91, 115 of full perfection, fully perfected 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47, 48, 68, 91

of other-dependency, otherdependent 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 43, 46, 47, 48, 68, 91, 115 perfection(s) 77-79, 82, 83-95, 98, 99

six 3, 83, 85, 86

Perfection of Wisdom. See Pr j apar mita

power(s) 22, 24, 36, 40, 47, 83, 86, 88, 90, 105,110, 111

Powers, John 3

prajha. See wisdom

Prajnaparamita 1, 2, 3, 115 prapanca 1, 113

precepts 83-84, 102

pride 22, 23, 25, 66, 67, 69, 89,101, 114

pure, purified 7, 8, 23, 28, 32, 33, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 57, 59, 60, 68, 69, 70, 75, 81, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 101, 104, 105, 106,108,110, 112, 114

pure lands 80,112

purification(s) 40, 45, 60, 61, 63, 66, 71, 76, 77, 79, 89-90, 91, 101,109

purity 20, 45, 61, 67, 82, 108,110 Q

quiescence, quietude 3, 7, 21, 40, 41, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 105

R

real, reality 8, 11, 12,13, 14, 24, 29, 32, 38, 42, 46, 47, 78, 101, 103,106, 108,113,114, 115 realm(s) 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 35, 37, 45, 47, 79, 80, 82, 110,114 of discrimination 46, 47, 48 reality 8, 24, 62, 96, 97, 106, 111 world 7, 8, 14, 100

reason(s), reasoning(s) 3, 15, 16, 17, 37, 57, 83, 85, 86, 87, 92, 97, 103-104, 106,114, 116 five purified 104

seven impure 104

rebirth (see also transmigration) 40, 71, 78

recollection 7, 22, 23, 24, 35, 47, 62, 78

reflection 32, 42, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 64, 65, 68, 71, 78, 80,113 Rsipatana 49

s

saint(s) 12, 13

Samdhinirmocana-sutra 1, 3 124

Samdhinirmocana Sütra: L'explication des Mystères 3, 113

scripture(s) 1, 2, 3, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 52, 56, 100, 101, 107, 115

selfChood) 29, 37, 61, 69, 104, 114 absence of 20, 37, 38 selflessness 23

sense (see also consciousness, sense) attractions 69

faculties 22, 24, 35, 47 objects 16, 81

organs 60

sentient beings 7, 8, 9, 13, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 53, 60, 61, 63, 71, 75, 76, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115

severance 22, 23, 24, 46, 47, 62, 63 Silabhadra 113

solitary enlightened ones 40, 49, 60, 69, 96, 99, 111

Subhüti 21, 22, 23, 24 suchness(es) 23, 24, 32, 46, 47, 48, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 103

suffering 14, 21, 31, 39, 40, 45, 47, 55, 60, 61, 62, 71, 73, 83, 87, 89, 96, 101, 104, 112 sünyatà. See emptiness supernatural abilities 22, 23, 24, 35, 47

sustenance(s) 22, 23, 24, 35, 47 sütra. See scripture

Sutra 116

Suvisuddhimati 9, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21

svabhâva. See essence T

Tathâgata(s) 3, 7, 8, 14, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49, 50, 57, 62, 67, 68, 71, 73, Index

75, 99, 100, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112

stage of 70, 82, 83

Tathagatagarbha 116

theory!ies) 1, 2, 3, 100, 114, 116 matrix of 100, 102, 107, 116 thought 3, 8, 15, 17, 23, 27, 29, 35, 42, 44, 52, 53, 54, 60, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 101, 109, 112, 115, 116 Transformation body(ies) 100, 109, 110, 111, 116

transmigration(s), transmigratory 14, 27, 38, 60, 70, 78, 81, 101, 103, 108,113, 115

U

ultimate truth 20, 36, 37, 48, 113, 114

unconditioned 11-14,38,66,71, 108, 109, 113, 116

Vasubandhu 3

vehicle(s) 7, 40, 45, 49, 97 great (see also Mahayana) 8, 49, 51, 55, 64, 67, 69, 97, 98 one, single 40, 45, 97, 115 solitary enlightenment 40 three 115

Tathagata 40

word-hearers' 40, 49, 96, 97 Vidhivatpariprcchaka 9, 11, 12 vinaya. See discipline Vinaya 116

Visalakirti 14

Visalamati 9, 27, 28, 29 vision 3, 7, 21, 32, 51, 52, 53, 54-55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 91, 113, 116 vow(s) 83, 86, 97

w

weakness!es) 18,19, 21, 57,68, 69, 72, 73, 74,80,81, 82,95,96,108 125

Index

wisdom (see also perfections) 1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 14, 19, 24, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 70, 71, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 107, 109, 111

W isdom o f Buddha: The Sam dhinirm ocana Sutra 3 word-hearer(s) 8, 9, 40, 41, 49, 50, 60, 62, 68, 69, 76, 96, 97, 99, 102, 111

words 8, 11, 12, 17, 28, 32, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 52, 57, 59, 63, 65, 114

Y

yaksa 7

yoga. See centering Yogacara 1, 3, 113, 114, 115, 116 z

zeal (see also perfections) 32, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 101 126

A List of the Volumes of the BDK English Tripitaka (First Series)

Abbreviations

Ch.: Chinese

Skt.: Sanskrit

Jp.\ Japanese

Eng.\ Published title T.\ Taishö Tripitaka Vol. No. Title T. No. 1,2 Ch. CITang-a-han-ching ( JS P r J ) 1 Skt. Dirghagama 3-8 Ch. Chung-a-han-ching ( 41 ) 26 Skt. Madhyamagama 9-1 Ch. Ta-ch'eng-pen-sheng-hsin-ti-kuan-ching ( )

159

9-II Ch. Fo-so-hsing-tsan (ffiHfffrfflf) 192 Skt. Buddhacarita 10-1 Ch. Tsa-pao-ts'ang-ching ( ) 203 Eng. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables 10-11 Ch. Fa-chu-p'i-yu-ching (iShlffliffi) 211 Eng. The Scriptural Text: Verses of the Doctrine, with Parables

11-1 Ch. Hsiao-p'in-pan-jo-po-lo-mi-ching ( )

Skt. Astasahasrika-prajnaparamita-sutra 227

11-11 Ch. Chin-kang-pan-jo-po-lo-mi-ching ( )

Skt. Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-sutra 235

BDK English Tripitaka Vol. No. Title T. No. lira Ch.

Skt.

ll-IV Ch.

Skt.

12-1 Ch.

Skt.

12-11 Ch.

Skt.

Eng.

12-III Ch. Skt.

Eng.

12-IV Ch.

Skt.

Eng.

12-V Ch.

Skt.

12-VI Ch.

Skt.

12-VII Ch. Skt.

12-VIII Ch. Skt.

13-1 Ch.

Skt.

Eng.

Jen-wang-pan-jo-po-lo-mi-ching 245 Karunikaraja-prajnaparamita-sutra (?) Pan-jo-po-lo-mi-to-hsing-ching ( ) 251 Prajnaparamitahrdaya-sutra Ta-lo-chin-kang-pu-k'ung-chen-shih-san-mo- 243 yeh-ching ( ) Adhyardhasatika-prajnaparamita-sutra Wu-liang-shou-ching ( fcjiiPS) 360 Sukhavativyuha The Larger Sutra on Amitayus (In The Three Pure Land Sutras) Kuan-wu-liang-shou-fo-ching ( ) 365 Amitayurdhyana-sutra The Sutra on Contemplation of Amitayus (In The Three Pure Land Sutras) A-mi-t'o-ching ( HUPtill) 366 Sukhavativyuha The Smaller Sutra on Amitayus (In The Three Pure Land Sutras) Ti-ts'ang-p'u-sa-pen-yuan-ching ( ) 412 Ksitigarbhapranidhana-sutra (?) Yao-shih-liu-li-kuang-ju-lai-pen-ytian-kung- 450 te-ching ( ) Bhaisajyaguruvaiduryaprabhasapurvapranidhanavisesavistara Mi-le-hsia-sheng-ch'eng-fo-ching ( Mffi) 454 Maitreyavyakarana (?) Wen-shu-shih-li-wen-ching ( ) 468 Manjusripariprccha (?) Miao-fa-lien-hua-ching ( ) 262 Saddharmapundarlka-sutra The Lotus Sutra 13-11 Ch. Wu-liang-i-ching ( feltilfi) 276

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13-III Ch. Kuan-p'u-hsien-p'u-sa-hsing-fa-ching (m tm m n n m m )

277

14-19 Ch. Ta-fang-kuang-fo-hua-yen-ching c )

Skt. Avatamsaka-sutra

278

20-1 Ch. Sheng-man-shih-tzu-hou-i-ch'eng-ta-fang-pienfang-kuang-ching 353

Skt. Srimaladevisimhanada-sutra 20-11 Ch. Chin-kuang-ming-tsui-sheng-wang-ching ( )

Skt. Suvarnaprabhasa-sutra 665

21-24 Ch. Ta-pan-nieh-p'an-ching ( ) 374 Skt. Mahaparinirvana-sutra 25-1 Ch. Fo-ch'ui-pan-nieh-p'an-liao-shuo-chiao-chiehchmg ( > 389

25-11 Ch. Pan-chou-san-mei-ching ( ) 418 Skt. Pratyutpannabuddhasammukhavasthitasamadhisutra Eng. The Pratyutpanna Samadhi Sutra 25-III Ch. Shou-leng-yen-san-mei-ching ( ) 642 Skt. Surangamasamadhi-sutra Eng. The Surangama Samadhi Sutra 25-IV Ch. Chieh-shen-mi-ching (M M & S.) 676 Skt. Samdhinirmocana-sutra Eng. The Scripture on the Explication of Underlying Meaning

25-V Ch. Yu-lan-p'en-ching ( ) 685 Skt. Ullambana-sutra (?) 25-VI Ch. Ssu-shih-erh-chang-ching (|Z3+Z1^S) 784 26-1 Ch. Wei-mo-chieh-so-shuo-ching ( ) 475 Skt. Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra 26-11 Ch. Yueh-shang-nii-ching ( D _h^C® ) 480 Skt. Candrottaradarikapariprccha

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26-III Ch. Tso-ch'an-san-mei-ching ( ) 614 26-IV Ch. Ta-mo-to-lo-ch'an-ching (iillSIS'Bi(¥$§ ) 618 Skt. Yogacarabhumi-sutra (?) 27 Ch. Yueh-teng-san-mei-ching ( H ) 639 Skt. Samadhirajacandrapradipa-sutra 28 Ch. Ju-leng-ch'ieh-ching ( ) 671 Skt. Lankavatara-sutra

29-1 Ch. Ta-fang-kuang-yuan-chio-hsiu-to-lo-liao-i-ching 842 29-11 Ch. Su-hsi-ti-chieh-lo-ching ( ) 893 Skt. Susiddhikaramahatantrasadhanopayika-patala 29-III Ch. Mo-teng-ch'ieh-ching ( ) 1300 Skt. Matangi-sutra (?)

30-1 Ch. Ta-p'i-lu-che-na-cheng-fo-shen-pien-chia-ch'ihching (A g j*«)i£ # i3 # »n # g ) Skt. Mahavairocanabhisambodhivikurvitadhisthanavaipulyasutrendraraja-nama-dharmaparyaya 848

30-11 Ch. Ching-kang-ting-i-ch'ieh-ju-lai-chen-shih-sheta-ch'eng-hsien-cheng-ta-chiao-wang-ching 865

Skt. Sarvatathagatatattvasamgrahamahayanabhisamayamahakalpar j 31-35 Ch. Mo-ho-seng-ch'i-lii (JPM'fSffi#) 1425 Skt. Mahasamghika-vinaya (?) 36-42 Ch. Ssu-fen-lu (123^^) 1428 Skt. Dharmaguptaka-vinaya (?) 43, 44 Ch. Shan-chien-lu-p'i-p'o-sha ( ) 1462 Pali Samantapasadika

45-1 Ch. Fan-wang-ching ( ) 1484 Skt. Brahmajala-sutra (?)

45-11 Ch. Yu-p'o-sai-chieh-ching ( ) 1488 Skt. Upasakasila-sutra (?) Eng. The Sutra on Upasaka Precepts

BDK English Tripitaka Voi. No. Title T. No. 46-1 Ch. Miao-fa-hen-hua-ching-yu-po-t'i-she 1519

Skt. Saddharmapundarika-upadesa 46-11 Ch. Fo-ti-ching-lun ( #|±iil0lm ) Skt. Buddhabhümisütra-sästra (?) 1530

46-III Ch. She-ta-ch'eng-lun ( SSAnSfm ) Skt. Mahäyänasamgraha Eng. The Summary of the Great Vehicle 1593

47 Ch. Shih-chu-p'i-p'o-sha-lun ( ) Skt. Dasabhümika-vibhäsä (?) 1521

48, 49 Ch. A-p'i-ta-mo-chü-she-lun ( WSjlllif'fJIli'fnB) Skt. Abhidharmakosa-bhäsya 1558

50-59 Ch. Yü-ch'ieh-shih-ti-lun (lü?-ftp i f f ± 0 1 fro ) Skt. Yogäcärabhümi

1579

60-1 Ch. Ch'eng-wei-shih-lun ( ) Eng. Demonstration of Consciousness Only (In Three Texts on Consciousness Only) 1585

60-11 Ch. Wei-shih-san-shih-lun-sung ( 111 H + I f n i f i ) Skt. Trimsikä

Eng. The Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only (In Three Texts on Consciousness Only) 1586

60-III Ch. Wei-shih-erh-shih-lun (R'SHH+fm) 1590 Skt. Vimsatika

Eng. The Treatise in Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only (In Three Texts on Consciousness Only) 61-1 Ch. Chung-lun ( ^ l& ) Skt. Madhyamaka-sästra 1564

61-11 Ch. Pien-chung-pien-lun (^ftpäfm) Skt. Madhyäntavibhäga 1600

61-III Ch. Ta-ch'eng-ch'eng-yeh-lun ( AÄf&Ulm ) Skt. Karmasiddhiprakarana 1609

61-IV Ch. Yin-ming-ju-chéng-li-lun ( ESH.fi AtEäfm ) Skt. Nyäyapravesa

1630

BDK English Tripitaka Voi. No. 61-V Ch. Skt.

61-VI Ch. 62 Ch. Skt.

63-1 Ch. Skt.

63-11 Ch. Skt.

63-III Ch. Title T. No. Chin-kang-chèn-lun ( ) 1642 Vajrasucì Chang-so-chih-lun ( ) 1645 Ta-ch'eng-chuang-yen-ching-lun ( ) 1604 Mahàyanasutralamkàra Chiu-ching-i-ch'eng-pao-hsing-lun 1611 c

Ratnagotravibhagamahayanottaratantra-sastra P'u-t'i-hsing-ching ( USI ifi ) Bodhicaryavatara 1662

Chin-kang-ting-yli-ch'ieh-chung-fa-a-nou-to- 1665 lo-san-miao-san-p'u-t'i-hsin-lun 63-IV Ch. Skt.

63-V Ch. Pàli

64 Ch. Skt.

Ta-ch'eng-ch'i-hsin-lun ( fm ) 1666 Mahayanasraddhotpada-sastra (?) Na-hsien-pi-ch'iu-ching ( M9cìtfr.M ) 1670 Milindapanha Ta-ch'eng-chi-p'u-sa-hsueh-lun ( ) 1636 Siksasamuccaya 65

Ch. Shih-mo-ho-yen-lun ( PWfEfnTfifafà ) 1688

66-1

Ch. Pan-jo-po-lo-mi-to-hsin-ching-yu-tsan 1710

66-11

Ch. Kuan-wu-liang-shou-fo-ching-shu 1753

66-III 66-IV

67, 68 Ch. San-lun-hsiian-i ( ) Ch. Chao-lun ( ) Ch. Miao-fa-lien-hua-ching-hsiian-i ( )

1852

1858

1716

Ch. Ta-ch'eng-hsuan-lun ( ) 69 1853

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70-1 Ch. Hua-yen-i-ch'eng-chiao-i-fen-ch'i-chang ( >

1866

70-11 Ch. Yiian-jen-lun (if im ) 1886 70-III Ch. Hsiu-hsi-chih-kuan-tso-ch'an-fa-yao 1915 70-IV Ch. T'ien-t'ai-ssu-chiao-i ( n'HtiC'SI ) 1931 71, 72 Ch. Mo-ho-chih-kuan (I¥M it i) 1911 73-1 Ch. Kuo-ch'ing-pai-lu ( ) 1934 73-11 Ch. Liu-tsu-ta-shih-fa-pao-t'an-ching (A& fcBRfe*«*)

2008

73-III Ch. Huang-po-shan-tuan-chi-ch'an-shih-ch'uanhsin-fa-yao ( ) 2012A

73-1V Ch. Yung-chia-cheng-tao-ko ( ) 2014 74-1 Ch. Chen-chou-lin-chi-hui-chao-ch'an-shih-wu-lu 1985

Eng. The Recorded Sayings of Linji (In Three Chan Classics)

74-11 Ch. Wu-men-kuan (#£H§S) Eng. Wumen's Gate (In Three Chan Classics) 2005

74-III Ch. Hsin-hsin-ming ( ) 2010 Eng. The Faith-Mind Maxim (In Three Chan Classics) 74-1V Ch. Ch'ih-hsiu-pai-chang-ch'ing-kuei (mmzmM) 2025 75 Ch. Fo-kuo-yiian-wu-ch'an-shih-pi-yen-lu 2003

Eng. The Blue Cliff Record 76-1 Ch. I-pu-tsung-lun-lun (MnP^tfelfe) Skt. Samayabhedoparacanacakra 2031

76-11 Ch. A-yii-wang-ching (PSTSTEE® ) Skt. Asokaraja-sutra (?)

Eng. The Biographical Scripture of King Asoka 2043

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76-III Ch. Ma-ming-p'u-sa-ch'uan ( ) 2046 76-IV Ch. Lung-shu-p'u-sa-ch'uan ( HË-tllISIIi# ) 2047 76-V Ch. P'o-sou-p'an-tou-fa-shih-ch'uan 2049 76-VI Ch. Pi-ch'iu-ni-ch'uan ( ibfÉ/Efi? ) 2063 76-VII Ch. Kao-sêng-fa-hsien-ch'uan ( jlfHiïÊlIfli ) 2085 76-VIII Ch. Yu-fang-chi-ch'ao: T'ang-ta-ho-shang-tungchêng-ch'uan ( ) 2089-(7)

77 Ch. Ta-t'ang-ta-tz'ü-ên-ssü-san-ts'ang-fa-shih- 2053 ch'uan ( )

Eng. A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty 78 Ch. Kao-sêng-ch'uan (SHfW) 2059 79 Ch. Ta-t'ang-hsi-yü-chi ( ) 2087 Eng. The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions 80 Ch. Hung-ming-chi ( }L Fiji) 2102 81-92 Ch. Fa-ytian-chu-lin ( ) 2122 93-1 Ch. Nan-hai-chi-kuei-nei-fa-ch'uan 2125 Eng. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia 93- 1 Ch. Fan-yü-tsa-ming ( ) 2135 94- 1 Jp. Shô-man-gyô-gi-sho ( MSSHIÎi ) 2185 94-11 Jp. Yui-ma-kyô-gi-sho {W M M M &.) 2186 95 Jp. Hok-ke-gi-sho 2187

96-1 Jp. Han-nya-shin-gyô-hi-ken ( KïptÆSMS ) 2203 96-11 Jp. Dai-jô-hos-sô-ken-jin-shô ( ) 2309 96-III Jp. Kan-jin-kaku-mu-shô ( ) 2312

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Jp. Ris-shu-ko-yo ( ) Eng. The Essentials of the Vinaya Tradition 2348

97-11

Jp. Ten-dai-hok-ke-shu-gi-shu ( ) 2366 Eng. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School 97-III

Jp. Ken-kai-ron (SMiii) 2376 97- IV

Jp. San-ge-gaku-sho-shiki ( lb^V-'A:/A) 2377 98-Jp. Hi-zo-ho-yaku ( ) 2426 98-11

Jp. Ben-ken-mitsu-ni-kyo-ron ( sm ) 2427 98-III

Jp. Soku-shin-jo-butsu-gi ( S I ) 2428 98-IV

Jp. Sho-ji-jis-so-gi ( ) 2429 98-V

Jp. Un-ji-gi 2430 98-VI

Jp. Go-rin-ku-ji-myo-hi-mitsu-shaku 2514 98-VII

Jp. Mitsu-gon-in-hotsu-ro-san-ge-mon 2527 98-VIII

Jp. Ko-zen-go-koku-ron ( Wsif SHfm ) 2543 98- IX

Jp. Fu-kan-za-zen-gi 2580 99- 103

Jp. Sho-bo-gen-zo (IES0S3®) 2582 104-1

104-11

104-III

104-IV

104-V

104-VI

Jp. Za-zen-yo-jin-ki ( ) 2586 Jp. Sen-chaku-hon-gan-nen-butsu-shu 2608 Eng. Senchaku Hongan Nembutsu Shu Jp. Ris-sho-an-koku-ron ( ) 2688 Jp. Kai-moku-sho (f#j f=l £I> ) 2689 Jp. Kan-jin-hon-zon-sho ( ) 2692 Ch. Fu-mu-en-chung-ching ( ) 2887

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105-1 Jp. Ken-jô-do-shin-jitsu-kyô-gyô-shô-mon-rui 2646 105-11 Jp. Tan-ni-sho ( ifcilil> ) Eng. Tannisho: Passages Deploring Deviations of Faith 2661

106-1 Jp. Ren-nyo-sho-nin-o-fumi ( ) Eng. Rennyo Shônin Ofumi: The Letters of Rennyo 2668

106-11 Jp. O-jô-yô-shü ( fÉÆSÜI ) 2682 107-1 Jp. Has-shü-kô-yô ( ) Eng. The Essentials of the Eight Traditions MW

107-11 Jp. San-gô-shï-ki ( HtScfs'im ) mw 107-III Jp. Map-pô-tô-myô-ki ( ) Eng. The Candle of the Latter Dharma MW 107-IV Jp. Jü-shichi-jô-ken-pô ( ) MW