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differ, the terms are the same. Therefore, I will now give a general description so that the underlying intent can be understood.

A. Twenty-five Expedient Preparations

As for the twenty-five expedient [preparations], they are grouped into five categories: a) fulfill the five favorable conditions; b) abandon the five desires; c) remove the five hindrances; d) regulate the five activities; e) practice the five virtues.

a. The Five Favorable Conditions

First I shall explain the five favorable conditions: 1. Observe the precepts with purity. As the scripture says: By means of the precepts one attains the various states of mindfulness and the wisdom that extinguishes suffering. This is why monks should "observe the precepts with purity.

"

[The precepts for] laity and clergy in the Mahayana and Hinayana are not the same.

2. Adequate food and clothing. There are three kinds of clothing. First is the robe that is like that acquired by the great masters of the Snow Mountains (Himalayas). To cover the body is sufficient because they do not associate with society and are perfecting the power of endurance. Second are the cast-off robes that are like those collected by Kāśyapa and others. Also, there are only three robes—they did not keep any extra. Third, in many cold countries the Tathāgata permits one hundred and one items aside from the three robes. There are also three kinds of food. First, great masters of high spiritual capacity who are deep in the mountains cut off from the world sustain their body with whatever they can obtain, whether green leaves, roots, grass, or fruits. Second, there is always almsbegging. Third, there is food given by a lay patron [to the sangha], and there is the pure food given by a lay patron [to the sangha], and there is the pure food [prepared by the monks] in the sangha. 3. Quietly stay in a tranquil place. Not being busy with a lot of things is called "being quiet.

" A place free of disturbances is called a "tranquil place.

" Be aware that there are three kinds [of tranquil places] paralleling [the three kinds of] clothing and food.

4. Give up all dependencies. Give up working for a living, give up human affairs, give up finesse and clever techniques, and so on. 205

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5. Associate with good spiritual friends. There are three kinds: i) good spiritual friends who offer external support, ii) good spiritual friends who are fellow practitioners, and iii) good spiritual friends who teach and guide you.

b. Rebuke the Five Desires

Second, one rebukes the five desires:

1. Rebuke [the desire for] form. This means the physical splendor of men and women, elongated eyes and high eyebrows, red lips and white teeth, as well as treasured worldly objects, marvelous forms in all their variety of black, yellow, red, and purple, and so forth. 2. Rebuke [the desire for] sounds. This means the sounds of the lute and flute, the tinkling of ornaments, as well as the music of men and women singing, and so forth.

3. Rebuke [the desire for] fragrances. This means the physical fragrance of men and women, as well as the aroma of worldly food and drink, and so forth.

4. Rebuke [the desire for] taste. This means the many varieties of drink and food, appetizers, delicacies, and so forth.

5. Rebuke [the desire for] touch. This means "parts of the male or female body, soft and smooth, warmth in winter, coolness in summer, as well as many more pleasant sensations of touch,

" and so forth.

c. Remove the Five Hindrances

Third, remove the five hindrances, namely, [1] desire, [2] anger, [3] drowsiness, [4] restlessness and remorse, and [5] doubt. d. Regulate the Five Activities

Fourth, regulate the five activities, namely, [1] regulate your mind not to drown or drift, [2] regulate your body not to be sluggish or tense, [3] regulate your breathing not to be harsh or too light, [4] regulate your sleep not to be too short nor to be unrestrained, and [5] regulate your eating not to be hungry nor to be full.

e. Practice the Five Virtues

Fifth, practice the five virtues:

1. Resolve: resolve to abandon all the false discrimination (vikalpa) and wrong views of the world, and resolve to gain entry into all varieties of mindfulness and wisdom. 206

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2. Zeal: strictly keep the Vinaya rules and remove the five hindrances. Through the evening and the middle of the night to the end of night, practice diligently and be zealous.

3. Mindfulness: by being mindful you can shun and reject the deceptions of the world, and can honor and revere meditation and wisdom. 4. Skillful wisdom: carefully assess the gain or loss and relative weight of worldly happiness in comparison to the happiness of meditation and wisdom. 5. Singlemindedness: with wisdom and incisiveness one clearly sees the destructive and evil possibilities of the world and becomes conscious that the merit of meditation and wisdom is honorable and valuable. Because these twenty-five items are "expedient preparations" that are prerequisites for the four doctrines, we should totally fulfill them. If there are those who do not have these expedient preparations, how could they possibly achieve meditation here in this world, much less the marvelous truth that transcends the world?

However, as I previously explained in the teachings that gradual and sudden are not the same, so also the expedient preparations are different. Based on whatever teaching you are practicing, you should carefully evaluate [the twenty-five expedient preparations] in terms of your own situation. B. Ten Modes of Contemplation

Next, I shall explain the ten modes of contemplation for correct cultivation. Again, [in terms of each of] the four doctrines their meanings differ even though their names are the same. Now I shall merely explain them according to the complete doctrine. The other [three] doctrines follow the same patterns. 1. Viewing the Inconceivable "Object"

First is viewing the inconceivable "object.

" This means that in a single

moment of consciousness to view completely and totally all three thousand categories of existence, including the hundred realms and thousand suchnesses. This, then, is the "object" [of contemplation]:

It is identical to emptiness,

It is identical to provisional existence, and

It is identical to the middle.

Furthermore, it does not have [spatial differentiation into] front and back. It is vast and complete with perfect freedom in every direction. Therefore, 207

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"The vehicle is tall and wide. . . .

" (Those with the

highest capacities correctly view this "object. ")

2. Correctly Arousing the Mind of Enlightenment Second, truly and correctly arousing [the resolve to attain] the enlightened mind (bodhicitta) means that based on the supreme reality one arouses the uncreated four great bodhisattva vows, and with compassion for oneself and others, seeks enlightenment above and to save others below. Therefore, the [Lotus] Sutrasays,

"A canopy was placed on the top [of the vehicle as a shelter]. "

3. Skillfully Pacifying the Mind

Third, skillfully pacifying the mind through correct calming and contemplation means that by realizing the marvelous reality described previously, one is in the constant serenity that is called meditation. Being serene, there is constant illumination that is called wisdom. Therefore, the [Lotus] Sutra says,

"A red pillow was placed [in the vehicle]. "

4. Destroying Attachment

Fourth, destroying attachment to all things means that based on the threefold contemplation [the bodhisattva] destroys the three delusions. There is no delusion that is not destroyed in a single moment of the threefold contemplation. Therefore, the [Lotus] Sutrasays,

"The vehicle is as swift as the wind.

"

5. Distinguishing the Passageways and the Obstructions Fifth, distinguishing the passageways and obstructions means that suffering and the cause of suffering, the twelvefold causes and conditions [of dependent origination], the six hindrances, the innumerable delusions, and fundamental ignorance are obstructions. The path [to nirvana] and the cessation [of suffering], the wisdom that extinguishes the causes and conditions, the six perfections, and the threefold contemplation in a single moment of consciousness, these are the passageways. Whenever there are passageways, one should maintain them. Whenever there are obstructions, one should destroy them. When the passageway becomes an obstruction [because of attachment to it], then that which destroys, like that which is destroyed, should be carefully sorted out and set in order section by section. This is called "distinguishing the passageways and obstructions. " The

[Lotus] Sutrasays,

"A red pillow was placed [outside the vehicle]. "

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6. Integrating the Conditions for Enlightenment Sixth, coordinating the [thirty-seven] conditions for enlightenment and adapting to them means to adjust to the [thirty-seven] conditions for uncreated enlightenment one by one, and to enter into them when it is appropriate. The [Lotus] Sutrasays,

"There is a great white ox. . . .

" (The above five modes

are for those of medium capacities.) 7. Curing Hindrances and Assisting Enlightenment Seventh, curing [hindrances] and assisting enlightenment means that if there are many hindrances to the correct practice, and the complete truth is not revealed, then one should cultivate secondary aids, such as the five meditations for settling the mind, the six perfections, and so forth. The [Lotus] Sutrasays,

"And there were many attendants. . . . " (This and the following

modes are for those with low capacities.) 8. Knowing the Sequence of Stages

Eighth, knowing the sequence of stages means that a person cultivating practices avoids the arrogance of assuming one is [at a] higher [stage] than [the stage] one is [actually in].

9. Having Patience

Ninth, being able to be calm and patient means to be tranquil and undisturbed by favorable or adverse conditions, and to advance in [the practice of] the five preliminary grades while entering [the stage of purification of] the six sense organs.

10. Free from Attachment to Dharma

Tenth, being free from attachment to Dharma means not to be attached to the ten degrees of faith and the way [of identity] through outer appearances. One must [not get stuck at an early stage but] enter the first abode, the principle of true reality. The [Lotus] Sutrasays, "Driving this jeweled vehicle, one journeys to the four directions (traversing the forty stages) and directly arrives at the place of enlightenment (the stage of supreme enlightenment). "

Thus, humbly relying on the extensive sources of the Tiantai teaching, I have recorded the five periods and eight teachings, briefly informing you in this way.

If there are those who wish to really understand, they should read the Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra[by Zhiyi] in ten fascicles, which carefully 209

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classifies the patterns of teachings by the various buddhas in the ten directions and of the past, present, and future. It is like a clear mirror. Also, the four fascicles of the Profound Meaning of the Vimalakīrti Sutra[by Zhiyi] completely distinguish the forms of the teachings. From here on, I shall briefly outline the classifications of the teachings according to the various [other] schools.

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Glossary

absolute body. See dharmakāya.

adamantine relic: An indestructible object associated with the Buddha's physical body, such as a tooth or small bone. These objects were highly prized and placed into stupas, where they were respected and venerated for their magical power. The veneration of stupas is an important practice found in the Lotus Sutra. See alsostupa. All-embracing Goodness (Samantabhadra): The name of the bodhisattva who is the principal figure in the Sutra Expounded by the Buddha on Practice of the Way through Contemplation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing Goodness(T. 277), in which he is portrayed as being able to alter his appearance in order to communicate with human beings and manifest his good qualities widely. This bodhisattva is often portrayed in Buddhist art as the right-hand attendant of Śākyamuni Buddha, with Mañjuśrī as the left-hand attendant. A popular image depicts him riding on a white elephant, as in this sutra and the Lotus Sutra.His name has also been translated as Universal Virtue, Universal Worthy, and Universal Excellence, but is rendered as "All-embracing Goodness" here in order to express that his universal quality of virtuousness is actively inclusive as well as far-reaching. See alsoMañjuśrī; Śākyamuni. antidotes: Positive mental qualities that are acquired through practice and serve to block the arising of mental depravities.

anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi:The full dynamic of ultimate enlightenment; complete, perfect enlightenment. In Mahayana Buddhism, and in the Lotus Sutrain particular, anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhiis depicted as the spiritual realm that exists in the minds of practitioners at the place and time of their actual practice, rather than being something that awaits them at the end; and attaining buddhahood, the goal of bodhisattva practice, is depicted as becoming completely awakened (abhisaṃbudh) in that realm. See alsoMahayana.

arhat ("one who is worthy of veneration"): The highest of the four stages in the Thera vāda path; one who has completely abandoned delusive passions and has attained emancipation from the cycle of births and deaths (samsara). Capitalized, the term is an epithet for a buddha. See also birth and death; Hinayana; Theravāda. asura:A fierce demonic being, one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism; one of the six realms of existence of living beings. See alsosix realms. Avalokiteśvara: The name of a great bodhisattva who represents great compassion. 211

Glossary

behavioral principles (śīla): Traditionally translated as "precepts, " in the traditional framework

of Buddhism the behavioral precepts are given in the Vinaya, the rules of conduct for monastics. From the Mahayana perspective, behavioral principles relate to developing one's individual ability to bring appropriate mental and emotional attitudes into play in all one's actions in daily life. See alsosix perfections, six spiritual attitudes. bodhi. Seeenlightenment.

birth and death (samsara): The cycle of existence, the continuous round of births and deaths through which beings transmigrate; the world of suffering, contrasted with the bliss of nirvana. See alsonirvana; triple world.

bodhisattva: Lit.,

"enlightenment (bodhi) being (sattva).

" One who has generated the

aspiration for highest enlightenment (bodhicitta) and is on the path to buddhahood. In the Mahayana, the bodhisattva seeks to awaken not only him- or herself but compassionately offers aid to other beings to help them attain liberation as well. The bodhisattva path entails the perfection of six spiritual attitudes (pāramitās) and completion of ten stages (bhūmis) of spiritual development. See alsoMahayana; six perfections, six spiritual attitudes; stage.

buddhahood: The state of becoming or being a buddha; the goal of the bodhisattva path. buddha land: A cosmic world or realm in which a particular buddha dwells. dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda): The fundamental establishment of existence through correlated cause and effect, which reflects the concept of interdependence of all things. Every action, which is a cause, will have a result or an effect. Likewise, every resultant action has its causes. Thus cause and effect should be thought of as a simultaneous unit rather than as separate actions.

dhāraṇī:A powerful verbal incantation or mantra. Bodhisattvas acquire the ability to control magic spells in the final stages of their practice. In the Lotus Sutra,dhāraṇīs are said to protect those who recite them. Dhāraṇīs also cause those who recite them to remember and never forget all the teachings. See alsoDharma-grasping empowerment.

dharma:Any phenomenon, thing, or element; the elements that make up the perceived phenomenal world.

Dharma: The truth, law; the teachings of the Buddha.

Dharma-grasping empowerment (dhāraṇī): A mode or manner of expression or communication that, of itself, enables and facilitates one's progress toward awareness and enlightenment. Dhāraṇīs are often described or defined as "phrases, spells, or formulas that have mystical power.

"

dharmakāya:The true absolute body of the Buddha; the manifestation of the Buddha as ultimate reality.

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Glossary

dragon: In Chinese Buddhism, the dragon was adoped as a symbol of englightenment. In the Commentary on the Lotus Sutrait may be used in place of the phrase "lion among men,

" an epithet for the Buddha. It is also used to translate the Sanskrit term nāga, one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism. See also nāga. eight appropriate behaviors: One of the groupings of guidelines for those who aspire to become bodhisattvas in the Mahayana tradition, whether as lay practitioners or renunciants: 1) to refrain from sexual misconduct, 2) to refrain from stealing, 3) to refrain from killing, 4) to refrain from using false or duplicitous speech, 5) to refrain from taking intoxicants, 6) to refrain from denigrating others, 7) to refrain from hiding one's own faults, and 8) to refrain from finding fault in and criticizing others. Six of these guidelines apply to lay practitioners, while all eight are applicable to renunciants.

emanated buddhas: Independent and separate manifestations of a buddha. In the Mahayana, one who has fully accomplished buddhahood can produce limitless emanations that can appear simultaneously in countless worlds to rescue beings in those worlds from suffering.

emptiness (śūnyatā): The absence of substantiality or inherent existence of the self and all phenomena (dharmas); all dharmas arise only through the dependent origination of causes and conditions (pratītyasamutpāda). Direct insight into emptiness is the attainment of prajñā(transcendental wisdom). See alsodependent origination; dharma; prajñā.

enlightenment: The state of the highest perfection of wisdom (prajñā); the state of undefiled purity and bliss, equated with nirvana. See alsonirvana. five skandhas: The five elements of form, feeling, conception, mental process, and consciousness that comprise the personality and give rise to the mistaken view of a permanent, inherent self.

five wrong views: The five false views that are contrary to the Buddha's teachings: 1) the view that a "self" exists permanently, 2) belief in either complete extinction (nihilism) or complete permanence (eternalism), 3) denial of dependent origination, 4) holding the previous three views as absolute truth, and 5) the view that extreme ascetic practices lead to enlightenment.

Gadgadasvara ("Wonderful Sound"): A bodhisattva who appears only in Chapter 24 of the Lotus Sutra,and who possesses the faculty of assuming at will any of thirtyfour forms in order to propagate the Lotus Sutra.He lives in a land called Adorned with Pure Light. He acquired his name because he propagates the Lotus Sutra throughout the ten directions with his wondrous voice.

gandharva:A heavenly musician; one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

garuḍa:A mythological giant birdlike being; one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

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Glossary

gold-wheel domain: The domain of a ruler that encompasses the four continents surrounding Mount Sumeru. A silver-wheel domain encompasses three continents; an iron-wheel domain encompasses one continent. See alsoMount Sumeru. Great Vehicle (Mahayana): A fundamental school of Buddhism that developed and crystallized over several centuries beginning around the second century B.C.E. It is often contrasted with earlier traditions of Buddhism encompassed by the term Theravāda (or Hinayana), in which the spiritual goal is the individual attainment of arhatship. The Mahayana tradition considers that all beings can become buddhas through practicing as bodhisattvas, who endeavor selflessly to lead all beings to enlightenment. In some contexts,

"Great Vehicle" can also be taken to mean "the supreme Way"; "the teaching that ferries all sentient beings to buddhahood" (e.g., internalization of the Great Vehicle); "the realm of the buddhas"; or "all-ferrying" (e.g., mastering the Great Vehicle sutras). See alsobodhisattva; Hinayana; Theravāda. Hinayana ("Lesser Vehicle"): A derogatory term applied by Mahayana Buddhists to early schools of Buddhism whose primary soteriological aim is individual salvation. Hinayana followers are grouped into the two categories of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, and there are four stages of spiritual attainment, culminating in arhatship. See alsoarhat; Mahayana; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka; Theravāda. Immeasurable Meanings: The name of a sutra expounded by Candrasūryaprabhā Buddha, beginning a lineage of twenty thousand buddhas with the same name. This is referenced in the first chapter of the Lotus Sutra. kalpa:An eon; an immeasurably long period of time. An example from Indian cosmology defines it as the time required to remove all the poppy seeds in a ten-square-mile area if one seed is removed every three years.

kiṃnara:A heavenly musician; one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

kimśukagem: A red gemstone, possibly ruby or red pearl.

koṭi:A very large number, variously given in Indian sources as ten million, one hundred million, etc.

Mahākāśyapa: One of the ten foremost disciples of the Buddha, said to have become his disciple just a few days after the Buddha had attained enlightenment. Mahayana. See Great Vehicle.

mahoraga:A supernatural being said to have the body of a human and the head of a snake; one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism. Maitreya ("one who is compassionate and friendly"): The bodhisattva that will come to this world in the future as the successor to Śākyamuni. See also Śākyamuni. maṇijewel: A pearl or crystal; a symbol of purity, therefore symbolic of the Buddha and his teachings. Also called brahma-maṇijewel.

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Glossary

Mañjuśrī: A powerful bodhisattva who personifies the perfection of wisdom, he appears in the sutras as the leader of the bodhisattvas. Often portrayed in Buddhist art along with All-embracing Goodness Bodhisattva as one of the bodhisattva attendants of Śākyamuni Buddha. See alsoAll-embracing Goodness; Śākyamuni. Mount Sumeru: In ancient Indian cosmology, the mountain situated in the center of surrounding continents, seas, and mountain ranges that form one small world. A thousand million such worlds make up one buddha world.

nāga:A recurrent figure in Indian mythology, depicted as having a human head and the body of a flying serpent; they are believed to inhabit the waters or live under the earth and to have various powers, such as the ability to cause rain. Nāgas were adopted into Buddhism as one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

Namaḥ:An honorific expression of respect, devotion, and trust. nayuta:A large unit of numerical measurement, said to be equal to ten million or one hundred billion.

nirvana: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death, a state in which all passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom (prajñā) attained; bodhi,enlightenment. The ultimate goal of Thera vāda practice, in which it generally represents the concept of enlightenment. In the Mahayana, however, the concept of nirvana is discussed from several perspectives, and anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi appears as the main goal for followers. See also anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi;birth and death; enlightenment; Mahayana; prajñā;Theravāda.

non-returner (anāgāmin) The third of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana; one who has attained this stage is no longer subject to rebirth in the realm of desire. See alsoHinayana; triple world.

once-returner (sakṛdāgāmin): The second of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana; one who has attained this state is subject to rebirth only once in each of the three realms of the triple world before attaining nirvana. See alsoHinayana; triple world.

One Vehicle. Seesingle vehicle.

parinirvāṇa:The state of complete nirvana experienced by a buddha; the term is also used to designate the death of the Buddha. See alsonirvana.

prajñā:Transcendental, liberative wisdom; one of the six perfections. See also six perfections, six spiritual attitudes. pratyekabuddha:One who attains enlightenment through the direct apprehension of the truth of dependent origination, without the aid of a teacher, and who does not teach others. Also referred to as self-enlightened buddha. See alsodependent origination. 215

Glossary

prediction: In the Lotus Sutrathe notion of practitioners receiving a prediction of their future attainment of buddhahood is very important, indicating that they are firmly situated on the path to highest, complete enlightenment.

Sadāparibhūta ("Never Disparaging"): The bodhisattva who appears in Chapter 20 of the Lotus Sutra.He describes his practice in terms of a past life of Śākyamuni Buddha. For many years Sadāparibhūta was cursed and humiliated, beaten with sticks and pelted with stones by other members of the sangha, yet he refused to disparage them for their abusive actions, saying that they would all certainly attain buddhahood. Śākyamuni: Lit.,

"sage (muni) of the Śākya clan,

" the name of the historical Buddha.

Born a prince of the Gautama family, his given name was Siddhārtha. samādhi:Mental concentration; a meditative state.

samsara. Seebirth and death.

sangha: The traditional community of renunciant followers (monks and nuns) created by Śākyamuni Buddha, and which are still maintained in the Theravāda tradition. It is thought that the Mahayana tradition, which includes all followers of Buddhism, not just ordained monastics, developed outside the concept of sangha. Capitalized, the term refers to one of the Three Treasures. See alsoMahayana; Three Treasures. self-amendment: The practice of endeavoring, in various ways, to become aware of the excesses, shortcomings, and errors in one's perspective and behavior, expressing them, determining to change them, and taking appropriate action to do so. This concept is more commonly translated into English as "repentance. "

self-enlightened buddha. See pratyekabuddha.

seven parables: There are seven famous parables in the Lotus Sutra,which are used to illustrate various principles and teachings of the sutra: 1) "The Burning House" (Chapter 3): a man lures his children out of a burning house; 2) "The Merchant" ("The Lost Heir") (Chapter 4): a poor, unhappy man gradually learns that he is extraordinarily wealthy; 3) "Cloud and Rain" ("The Plants" or "Medicinal Herbs") (Chapter 5): although many different plants all grow in the same area and receive the same amount of rain, they grow in different ways; 4) "The Phantom City" (Chapter 7): a guide leading a group of people on a difficult journey conjures a beautiful city to motivate them onward, and the apparitional ciy vanishes after they have rested; 5) "The Gem in the Jacket" ("The Concealed Jewel") (Chapter 8): a wealthy man has sewn a jewel into the jacket of a poor man without his knowledge; the poor man resumes his life as a vagrant and only realizes he has always had this jewel when he meets his rich friend once again; 6) "The Gem in the King's Topknot" ("The Crest Jewel") (Chapter 14): a king bestows many gifts but only gives this priceless gem to a person of extraordinary merit; 7) "The Excellent Physician" ("The Physician's Sons") (Chapter 16): The sons of a physician take medicine from his cabinet, and some of them become so seriously ill that they refuse to take the antidote and must be tricked into taking it.

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Glossary

single vehicle (ekayāna): The one buddha vehicle, the Mahayana teaching espoused in the Lotus Sutrathat leads to complete enlightenment and attainment of buddhahood, contrasted with the teachings of the two Hinayana vehicles. The single vehicle includes and transcends all three vehicles of the śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha,and bodhisattva paths. See alsoHinayana; three vehicles; two vehicles. six manners of mindfulness: 1) mindfulness of the Buddha; 2) mindfulness of the Dharma, 3) mindfulness of the Sangha, 4) mindfulness of one's attitude toward the behavioral principles, 5) mindfulness of having consideration for others, 6) mindfulness of the existence of blissful conditions.

six realms: The six conditions in which sentient beings exist: in hells, as hungry ghosts (pretas), animals, demonic beings (asuras), human beings, or heavenly beings (devas).

six sense faculties: The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind, and their associated processes of sight, hearing, smelling, taste, tactile sensation, and thought. Sometimes translated as "six sense organs.

"

six perfections, six spiritual attitudes (pāramitās): The entirety of the spiritual condition of a practitioner consists of six qualities: giving (dāna), or having consideration for others, behavioral attitudes (śīla), forbearance (kṣānti), endeavor (vīrya), concentration (dhyāna), and wisdom (prajñā). The practice to perfect each of these qualities leads to complete fulfillment of one's spiritual condition.

skillful means (upāya): The various methods and means used by buddhas and bodhisattvas to guide and teach sentient beings, adapted to their different capacities. Also referred to as expedients or expedient means.

śrāvaka("one who hears the voice"): Originally, this term referred to disciples of the Buddha who directly heard his teachings. The term later came to designate a follower of the Theravāda (Hinayana). See alsoHinayana; Theravāda.

stage (bhūmi): The ten stages of development through which a bodhisattva progresses on the path to enlightenment. The eighth of these ten stages of development in the bodhisattva path is called the stage of equanimity (acalā-bhūmi); the tenth and highest of the ten stages is the stage of the Dharma cloud (dharmameghā-bhūmi). See alsobodhisattva.

stream-enterer (srota-āpanna): The first of the four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana; one who has entered the stream of the Dharma by destroying various wrong views. See alsoHinayana.

stupa: In the Indo-Buddhist tradition, a reliquary structure or monument in which some of the remains of Śākyamuni Buddha are enshrined. According to legend, the Buddha requested that laypeople carry out the enshrinement of his relics; stupas also serve as loci of worship and pilgrimage.

Sugata ("Well-gone"): An epithet for a buddha; one who has attained bliss. 217

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sutra: A discourse attributed to the Buddha. After his death, followers used the term for the compilations they made of his teachings. Capitalized, the term refers to the compilations of his teachings that form part of the Tripiṭaka. See also Tripiṭaka. Tathāgata: An epithet for a buddha. It means "one who has gone to (gata) and come from (āgata) the truth of suchness (tathā),

" i.e.,

"one who embodies the truth of such-"

ness.

Theravāda ("Way of the Elders"): Along with the Mahayana, one of the two major divisions of Buddhist teachings; sometimes referred to as "traditional" Buddhism, also referred to as Hinayana. Thera vāda places emphasis on personal liberation from attachments, and practitioners aim to attain the state of arhat. See alsoarhat; Hinayana; Mahayana.

three hindrances (trīṇy āvaraṇāni): Obstacles, impediments, encumbrances, or difficulties that confront practitioners on the path of enlightenment. There are several groupings of three, e.g., the hindrance of passions (desire, hatred, etc.), those arising from actions (karma), and those due to karmic consequences of being reborn in hells or unwholesome realms; or unwholesome passions of the "skin,

" i.e., delusions from

external objects, unwholesome passions of the "flesh,

" i.e., wrong views, and

unwholesome passions of the "mind,

" i.e., basic ignorance; or self-importance,

envy, and desire.

three kinds of constancy of mind: The mind of a buddha remains focused and tranquil and 1) does not give rise to feelings of joy when people willingly listen to his teachings; 2) does not give rise to feelings of disappointment when people do not wish to hear his teachings or listen unwillingly; and 3) gives rise neither to joy or disappointment when both kinds of listeners are present. Three Treasures: The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, the community of Buddhists. three vehicles: The paths of the śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas, respectively. See alsobodhisattva; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka.

Tripiṭaka: The three "baskets" (piṭakas) of the Buddhist teachings: Sutra, the words and teachings of the Buddha; Vinaya, rules of monastic discipline; and Abhidharma, treatises.

triple world: The three realms of samsaric existence in which living beings transmigrate as a result of their karma: 1) the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), i.e., the world of ordinary consciousness accompanied by desires; the realm of form (rūpadhātu), in which desires have been eliminated but the physical body remains; and the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu), in which the physical body no longer exists. true Dharma: The first of the three ages of the Buddhist Dharma, in which the Buddhist teaching is properly practiced and enlightenment can be attained. two vehicles: The paths of the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, the two Hinayana paths. See alsoHinayana; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka.

218

Glossary

Universally Virtuous One: An epithet for All-embracing Goodness Bodhisattva. See Allembracing Goodness. yakṣa:A demonic being said to eat human flesh; one of the eight kinds of supernatural beings that protect Buddhism.

yojana:A unit of distance used in ancient India. The Sanskrit word implies "yoking, "

indicating that the term relates to the distance that oxen yoked to royal carts could travel in one day. Various sources give different distances, with approximately 4.35 miles (7 kilometers) as the shortest.

219

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Honda, Giei. Hokkekyōron. Tokyo: Kobundo, 1944. Hurvitz, Leon.

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" Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques12 (Juillet 1962): 1-372. Kanakura, Yenshō, ed.

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"Hokkeron Shishu Shōmon Nikki, " Nihon Daizōkyō,vol. 97, p. 469. Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1977. Mochizuki, Kazunori. (1) (1966): 382-385. "Hokkekyō no Hiyu ni tsuite, " Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 15 Nakamura, Zuiryu, ed. Heirakuji Shoten, 1980. "Hokkekyō no Shisō to Kiban. " Hokkekyō Kenkyū,vol. 8. Kyoto: Ōchō, Enichi, ed. "Hokkegisho Kaidai. " Kokuyaku Issaikyō Kyōshūbu,vol. 3. Tokyo: Heirakuji Shoten, 1970. —

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" in Ōchō Enichi, ed., Hokugi Bukkyō no Kenkyū,pp. 307-312. Tokyo: Heirakuji shoten, 1970. Shimizu, Ryōzan.

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Index

A

Abhidharma 172

Abhidharmakośa 172

Abundant Treasures 52, 55, 60, 64, 65, 66, 73

Acyuta 11

affliction(s) 11, 30, 63, 76, 197, 199 Āgamas, four 163, 172 aggregates, five (see also skandha) 127-128, 133

Ājñātakauṇḍinya 11, 22, 128 All-embracing Goodness 45, 46, 52-56, 57-58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 70, 73, 74, 76, 80

anāgāmin(see alsonever-returner, nonreturner, non-returning) 15, 124, 173, 175, 180

Ānanda 11, 51, 52, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78 Anantamati 111

Aniruddha 11

An Lushan rebellion 155 anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi.See enlighten ment, highest, complete; supreme; ultimate

Aparagodānīya 174

Ara, Ryōkan 160

arhat(s) (see alsosage) 11, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 124, 128, 130, 181, 197 arhatship (see alsosagehood, sagely) 15, 20, 23, 25, 36, 130, 135, 166, 194 arūpyadhātu. Seerealm, formless, of formlessness

asura(s) 9, 25, 105, 113, 174 attachment(s) 11, 12, 14, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 118, 124, 176, 177, 182, 187, 189, 192, 194, 199, 200, 208, 209 Avalokiteśvara 9, 148, 149 Avataṃsaka-sūtra. See Flower Garland Sutra; Flower Ornament Sutra; Huayan jing, Huayan Sutra Avīci Hell 77

B

Ba jiao da yi 155

Bearer of the Loom 9 behavioral principles (see alsoprecepts) 10, 13, 14, 34, 62, 74, 76 Bhadrapāla 96

Bhaiṣajyarāja (see alsoKing of Medicines) 9, 148 Bhaiṣajyarājasamudgata. SeeIncomparable Medicine Bharadvāja 111

bhūmi(s) (see alsostage) 157, 159, 190, 194

dharmameghā-, tenth 35, 203 first 189, 194

ten 159, 190, 191, 193, 195, 202 birth(s) and death(s) 11, 30, 33, 73, 173, 176, 189, 190, 194, 203 cycle, stream of (see alsorebirth; samsara) 15, 19, 24, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36, 66, 74, 146, 176, 183 Blessed One(s) (see alsoBuddha) 96, 102, 107, 110, 114, 117, 118, 129, 132

225

Index

bodhicitta(see alsoenlightenment, aspiration for, mind of, thought of) 20, 51, 183, 191, 198, 199, 201, 208 Bodhiruci 89, 90, 93

bodhisattva(s) 5, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18-19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 41, 45, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55-56, 57, 60-61, 62, 63, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 125, 132, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 159, 169, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193-194, 199, 208 eminent, great 31, 33, 55, 60, 70, 75, 78, 173

great-being (see also mahāsattva) 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 36, 37, 38, 95

manifested form(s) of 54, 55, 80 path, way(s) 36, 75, 101, 106, 130, 142, 144, 146, 157, 184

practice(s) 6, 11, 20, 23, 130, 135, 141, 190

stage(s) (see also stage) 15, 25, 36, 101, 140, 158, 159, 183, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193

vehicle 88, 124, 183

vows (see alsofour great vows) 158, 183, 208

bodhitree 21, 22, 165, 185 seven-jeweled 187, 193

body(ies), of buddha(s), tathāgata(s) (see alsobuddha, body, embodiment) 23, 56, 60, 61, 65, 89, 100, 137, 140, 145, 164, 198

absolute (see alsobuddha, absolute; dharmakāya) 87, 103, 126, 132, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 149 apparitional (see also nirmāṇa kāya) 185 three, threefold (see also trikāya) 89, 202

226

transformation (see also nirmāṇa kāya) 165, 187

Bosatsuzenkaigyō 82

Brahma(s) 97, 113

voice 14, 15, 31

Brahmā 173, 175, 185

brahma-maṇijewels (see alsomaṇi jewel) 53

brahmans 113

Brahmaviśeṣacintīparipṛcchā 163 buddha(s) (see alsoBuddha) 16, 21, 23, 24, 28, 31, 34, 37, 46, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59-60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74-75, 76, 78, 81, 88, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105-106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 169, 182, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192, 193, 195, 197, 201, 203 absolute (see alsobody, of buddha, absolute; dhar makāya) 143, 145 body(ies), embodiment(s) 14, 23, 56, 59, 62, 72, 89, 100, 133, 134, 137, 140, 142, 145, 149

countless, innumerable, of the ten directions 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 117, 120, 130, 145, 210 emanated 60, 61, 66, 73

enjoyment (see also saṃbhogakāya) 143, 144, 145

eye 71, 202

form, manifested 53, 54, 61, 62, 64, 80 insight of 63, 132

lifetime 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 of the past, present, and future 19, 24, 25, 27, 36, 59, 93

path, Way 76, 114, 130, 135

tathāgata(s) 31, 32, 59, 67, 76 three kinds, types of 87, 143 transformed, transformation 80, 143, 145

vehicle 88, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 140

womb of. See tathāgatagarbha Buddha (see alsoBlessed One; Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Sage; Śākya muni; Tathāgata) 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 24, 25, 32, 36, 37-38, 40, 51, 61, 63, 71, 75, 77, 80, 82, 95, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 128, 129, 131, 135, 140, 141, 146, 155, 157, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 179, 181, 194, 196, 201

and Ānanda 51, 70, 73-74, 77-78 and Fully Composed 17-20, 21, 27-28, 37-38

great intention, purpose 108, 109, 134 and Śāriputra 129, 131

teaching(s) 20, 40, 76, 78, 155, 157, 163, 168, 170, 171, 172 three bodies, manifestations (see also bodies, of buddha) 71, 89, 140 wisdom 71, 95, 100

Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha (see also Three Jewels) 75, 93

buddhahood 76, 125, 140, 141, 157, 158, 159, 170, 172, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 202, 203 buddha land(s), realm(s), world(s) 11, 24, 33, 34, 37, 66, 102, 105, 107, 108, 112, 144, 145, 169, 187 buddha-nature 89, 132, 140, 141, 146, 148, 169, 170, 199, 202, 203 Bussetsu kan Fugen bosatsu gyōhō kyō. See Foshuo guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing

Index

C

Candrasūryaprabhā 104, 110-111, 112-113

eight princes of 108, 111-112, 113-114

Cāturmahārājakāyikā. SeeHeaven of the Four Divine Kings

Chegwan 155, 156, 157, 160, 161 Cheontae sagyo ui. See Tiantai sijiao yi China 5, 46, 88, 89, 90, 155, 157, 163 Chinese 5, 6, 7, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 49, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 155, 158, 160, 173 cintāmaṇi. Seewish-granting gem Commentary (see also Saddharma puṇ ḍa rīka-sūtra-upadeśa) 87-88, 89-90, 95, 118, 137

compassion 6, 13, 20, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 38, 60, 63, 65, 72, 75, 157, 179, 208 great 11, 18, 21, 33, 57, 63, 68, 70, 82, 93

complete doctrine, teaching 156, 157, 158, 159, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 178, 186, 188, 189, 190, 194-204, 207

concentration (see alsomeditation) 70, 73, 178, 191

perfection in 10, 13, 14, 76 Constant Endeavor 9, 39 contemplation(s) 10, 52, 59, 73, 74, 98, 118, 124, 125, 133, 139, 187, 192, 198, 200, 207-209

ten modes of 158, 204, 207-209 threefold 196, 208

D

Dapin boruo 163

Dapin jing 186

Daśabhūmika-sūtra-śāstra 89 Da zhidu lun 172

227

Index

Deer Park 22, 157, 165

period 156, 163, 165, 168, 172 defilement(s) 76, 97, 98, 104, 105, 107, 123, 124, 138, 140, 165, 176-177, 181, 182, 183, 186-187, 190, 193, 194

eighty-eight 176-177, 180, 187 delusion(s) 15, 70, 144, 166, 176, 183, 188, 190, 191, 197, 200, 203, 208 recurring 182, 185, 187, 188 dependent origination 10, 14, 15, 22, 23, 40, 111, 165, 181, 182, 208 deva(s) (see alsoheavenly being) 9, 52, 103, 105, 164

Devadatta 141

Dezhao 157

dhāraṇī.SeeDharma-grasping empowerment; magical spell dharma(s) (see alsophenomena) 19, 27, 28, 40, 79, 98, 100, 107, 125, 127, 133

Dharma (see alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 10, 14, 15-17, 19-23, 31-33, 35, 37-38, 40-41, 57-59, 62-63, 65, 67-69, 71, 73, 79-80, 87, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102-103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 158, 167, 169, 172, 174, 185, 191, 198, 209

approach(es) 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 39 cloud (see alsostage, Dharma cloud) 35, 193

correct 67, 75

eye 78, 192, 200

great 64, 107, 109, 110, 114 highest mundane 180, 185 marvelous 57, 117, 118, 196 228

power of 145-146

successor 59, 64, 67

true 101, 107, 110, 123, 124, 131 wheel 10, 15, 22, 25, 31, 40, 95, 100, 101, 103, 108, 109, 113, 185-186, 187, 193

Dharma body (see also body, of buddha, tathāgata, absolute; dharmakāya) 87, 170

dharmadhātu(see alsoreality, true) 133, 149, 172

Dharma Flower Sutra(see also Lotus Sutra) 52, 58, 60, 79

Dharma-grasping empowerment(s) 10, 15, 25, 27, 35, 36, 57, 58, 61, 63, 80 Dharmajātayaśas 5, 7

dharmakāya(see alsobodies, of buddha, absolute; buddha, absolute; reality, true) 87, 88, 103, 104, 126, 143, 164, 195, 197, 200, 202, 203 Dharmamati 111

Dharmamitra 45, 49

Dharma-nature 186

dharmatā(see alsoreality, ultimate) 141, 149, 192

Dīpaṃkara 114, 184

discernment 10, 13, 14, 76, 178 disciple(s) (see also śrāvaka) 88, 93, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140-141, 142, 155, 165, 166, 167, 195

path, way 88, 110, 128

vehicle 88, 101, 124, 133, 134, 138, 142

distinctive doctrine, teaching 156, 157, 159, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 178, 186, 188, 189, 190-194, 199, 201, 202

Index

dragon(s) (see also nāga) 95, 97, 99, 195, 202

E

eight appropriate behaviors 75, 82 eight classes, kinds of beings (see also guardian spirits) 31, 52, 164 eighteen elements, special attributes 125, 133, 137

eight endurances 186, 191, 199 eightfold noble path 178 eight teachings 155, 156, 163, 209 ekayāna(see alsoOne Vehicle; vehicle, single) 87, 88, 89

emancipation (see alsoliberation) 10, 11, 13, 14, 20, 35, 36, 76, 118, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 133, 137, 138 emptiness (see also śūnyatā) 18, 20, 23, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 88, 98, 157, 158, 166, 192, 196, 197, 207

Enchin 89, 90

enlightenment 10, 13, 20, 27, 32, 40, 41, 59, 80, 87, 88, 104, 108, 124, 133, 135, 143, 144, 146, 148, 164, 166, 178, 181, 183, 190, 197, 198, 208, 209

aspiration for, mind of, thought of (see also bodhicitta) 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 51, 58, 62, 75, 132, 135, 142, 183, 184, 191, 195, 198, 199, 201, 208

avenue, path, route to 13, 27, 40, 148, 178, 183, 193, 201

factor(s) of 93, 118, 125 great 103, 113, 119, 134, 142, 143 highest, complete 95, 97, 100, 103, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 143, 146, 148

perfect 93, 164, 195, 201, 202 prediction(s) of 140, 141, 142 preliminary 159, 190, 191, 193, 195, 198, 202, 203, 204

seat, place, terrace of 103, 143, 165 supreme 158, 159, 169, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 201, 202, 203, 204, 209

ultimate 6, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 51, 73, 78 Eternally Calm and Radiant Land 203 existence(s) 10, 12, 30, 62, 65, 67, 69, 143, 144, 182, 196, 207

four marks of 107, 144

previous 59, 61, 66, 67, 164 provisional, temporary 158, 192, 196, 200, 207

six realms of 18

twenty-five states of 35, 69, 173 expediency 133, 145, 164, 169 expedient 158, 168

means (see alsoskillful means) 101, 106, 117, 118, 121, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 139, 142, 144 nirvana 128, 146

preparations, twenty-five 158, 204, 205-207

teaching(s) 169, 171, 202, 203 eye, buddha, Dharma, wisdom 71, 78, 192, 200, 201

F

Facilitating Leader 9

Fahua jing. See Lotus Sutra Fahua lun shu 89

five aggregates (see also skandha) 127-128, 133 five deadly wrongs, five grievous acts 69, 77, 173, 174, 197

five desires 46, 51, 147, 205, 206 five flavors 133, 157, 163, 171-172 five hindrances 205, 207 229

Index

five periods 155, 156, 157, 163, 164-172, 209

five virtues 174, 205, 206 Flower Banner 9

Flower Garland Sutra(see also Huayan jing, Huayan Sutra) 23, 79 Flower Ornament Sutra. See Flower Gar land Sutra; Huayan jing, Huayan Sutra

Flower Radiance 9

Foshuo guan Puxian pusa xingfa jing 45 four continents 112, 173, 174 fourfold assembly, four kinds of followers 27, 31, 77, 129 fourfold teachings (see alsofour methods of conversion) 155, 157, 163 gradual 156, 157, 163, 164, 165-167, 168, 197, 207

secret 156, 157, 163, 167 sudden 156, 157, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 194, 197, 207

variable 156, 157, 163, 167 four fruits 21, 27

four great vows 183, 208 four methods of conversion 106, 124, 133, 156, 164-167, 172 Four Noble Truths 14, 15, 22, 40, 165, 173, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 187, 190, 193

Fully Composed 10, 12, 17, 19, 21, 27, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38

G

Gadgadasvara 148

Gandhahastin. SeeIncense Elephant gandharva(s) 9, 25, 105 Ganges River(s) 23, 24, 25, 31, 37, 61, 64, 81, 146, 148, 149 garuḍa(s) 9, 25, 105 Gayā 143

Gayākāśyapa 11

230

Gītamitra 45

Goryeo 161

Goṣamati 111

gotra 88

Great Forest Monastery 51 Great Incense Elephant 9-10 Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra 23 Great Strength Achieved 9 Great Vehicle (see alsoMahayana) 10, 40, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 75, 77, 88, 93, 96, 102, 104, 124, 129, 130, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142, 169, 189

consciousness 52, 63 path 54, 111, 138, 146 power of 60, 63, 67 principle 55, 73, 74 sutra(s) 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 104, 112, 114 Guangzan boruo 163

guardian spirit(s) (see alsoeight classes, kinds of beings) 27, 31, 52 H

Hands Showing the Seal of the Dharma 9 heaven(s) 53, 173-177, 197 highest 106, 175

six, of the realm of desire 173, 175 heavenly being(s) (see also deva) 9, 12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 52, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 103, 113, 130, 138 Heaven of Nonperception 173 Heaven of the Four Divine Kings 175 Hebu Jinguangming jing 190 hell(s) 67, 68, 75, 106, 173, 174, 176 heretical (see alsonon-Buddhist) 98, 120, 124, 133

Heroic Endeavor of the Lion 10 Himalayas. SeeSnow Mountains

Index

Hinayana, Hinayanist (see alsoSmall Vehicle) 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 205

Hokke Denki 87

Hokkeronki 89

Huayan jing, Huayan Sutra(see also Flower Garland Sutra) 79, 157, 163, 165, 167, 168, 188, 190, 194, 195, 201

Huayan period (see alsofourfold teachings) 156, 164-165, 168, 169, 171 Huichang suppression 157 hungry ghost(s), spirit(s) 67, 174 Hurvitz, Leon 160 I

Ichishima, Masao 160 illusion(s) 176, 177, 192, 194 Imposing Intensity of the Lion 10 Incense Elephant 9 Incomparable Medicine 9, 73 India 5, 46, 79, 87, 88, 93, 163 Indra 97

Infinite Meanings Sutra 5-6, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39 Kasuga edition 6, 41 Old Song edition 40, 41 Song, Yuan, and Ming editions 39, 40, 41

Taishō edition 6, 39, 40, 41 J

Jāliya 185

Jambudvīpa 79, 174, 185 Japan, Japanese 6, 47, 81, 88, 89, 90, 157

Japanese Imperial Household Library 40-41, 79, 80, 81, 82 Jingang boruo 163 Jizang 89, 90

K

Kaigen shaku kyōroku. See Kaiyuan shi jiao lu

Kaiyuan shi jiao lu 45 Kali, King 165

kalpa(s) (see alsoworld-age) 10, 15, 16, 18, 23, 27, 29, 32, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 105, 184, 190 kāmadhātu. Seerealm, of desire Kapphiṇa 11

karma 13, 67, 173, 181, 182 karmic 71, 194

act(s), action(s) 14, 67, 68, 70, 71, 77, 182

cause(s) 18, 34, 58, 68, 72, 73 consequences 52, 74 encumbrances 71, 72, 73 Kāśyapa (see alsoMahākāśyapa) 205 Kātyāyanīputra 173 Kegon gyō. See Flower Garland Sutra kiṃnara(s) 9, 25, 105 kimśukagem 53

Kimura, Seiji 90 King of Medicines (see alsoBhaiṣajya rāja) 9, 73 kleśa. Seeaffliction knowledge(s) 89, 101-102, 108, 109, 125, 127, 132, 146, 192, 200, 202 complete 148, 149 four analytical 101, 123 highest, superior, transcendent, unsurpassed 13, 95, 98, 100, 104, 124, right 95, 97, 99 of true reality 98, 102, 117, 118, 132, 143

Komazawa University 90 Korea, Korean 155, 157 Kṣāntivādi 185

Kubo, Tsugunari 39 Kumārajīva 5, 45, 90 231

Index

L

Land of True Reward without Obstruction 202

Land of Wonderful Joy 58 Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra 163 Later Wei dynasty 93 lay, laypeople, layperson 35, 76, 124, 141, 205

layman, laymen 9, 25, 52, 96, 105, 106, 112, 128

laywoman, laywomen 9, 25, 52, 96, 105, 106, 112, 128

liberation (see alsoemancipation) 69, 70, 181, 201, 202

Lion Ranging the World 10 Loqi Xiji 157

lotus 193

flower(s) 24, 37, 53, 54, 61, 80, 103-104, 184

posture (see alsomeditation, posture) 61, 66

Lotus Sutra(see alsoSaddharma puṇḍa rīka-sūtra) 5, 6, 39, 46, 52, 79, 87-90, 93, 95, 96, 98-100, 102, 104-108, 110-115, 117, 119-121, 123-126, 128, 129-135, 141, 143-144, 146-149, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163-172, 173, 194, 195, 198, 208, 209

Kumārajīva translation 5, 90 seven meritorious accomplishments, types of merit in 87, 95-96, 149 seven parables in 87, 138-140 seventeen titles of 102-104 Taishō text 39, 79 Lotus Sutra, The 39 loving-kindness 19, 35 M

Mādhyamaka school 89 232

magical spell(s) (see also dhāraṇī) 80, 95, 100, 101

Mahābhijñānābhibhu 142 Mahādāna, Prince 185 Mahākāśyapa (see alsoKāśyapa) 11, 51, 141

Mahākātyāyana 11

Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra. See Nirvana Sutra

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. See Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra mahāsattva(s) 9, 51 Mahāsthāmaprāpta. SeeGreat Strength Achieved

Mahāvyūha. SeeFully Composed Mahayana (see alsoGreat Vehicle) 5, 51, 88, 157, 166, 168, 172, 189 scriptures, sutras, texts 88, 157, 173, 190, 194, 205

Maheśvara 201

mahoraga(s) 9, 25

Maitrāyaṇī 11

Maitreya 9, 46, 51, 75, 78, 96, 108, 111, 112, 114, 145, 146, 197 Majestic Roar of the Lion 10 mandāravaflowers 105, 112, 146 maṇijewel(s) (see alsobrahma-maṇi jewel; wish-granting gem) 54, 185 mañjūṣakaflowers 105, 112 Mañjuśrī 9, 39, 46, 73, 75, 82, 96, 107 108, 115

Māra(s) 93, 113, 185 mark(s) 107, 108, 125, 127 of buddhahood, eighty, thirty-two 13, 137, 184, 185

Mati 111

Maudgalyāyana 11

Māyā, Queen 165

meditation(s) (see alsoconcentration) 98, 175, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 207, 208

five 179, 184, 186, 209 heaven(s) 175, 177

posture (see alsolotus, posture) 105, 112

stages, four 173, 175

meditational attainments 118, 125, 138-139

Mengrun 160

merit(s) 6, 57, 71, 88, 95-102, 104, 105, 106-107, 108, 111, 114, 120, 123, 124, 126, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 148, 149, 185, 192, 195, 198, 203, 207

transference 158, 159, 189, 190, 191, 192-193, 194, 195, 198, 201, 202 mind(s) 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 95, 100, 104, 105, 107, 112, 113, 119, 126, 129, 147, 164, 166, 172, 173, 174, 179, 184, 186, 191, 193, 196, 197, 198, 206, 208, 209 ardent, determined 20, 25, 37 compassionate, of compassion, mercy 18, 29, 30, 35

composed, settled 12, 58, 72 of enlightenment 183, 184, 191, 195, 198, 199, 201, 208

specialized focus of 25, 35, 36, 52, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66

mindfulness 55, 58, 61, 62, 68, 80, 186, 187, 191, 192, 205, 206, 207 four spheres, types 178, 179, 180, 186 right 11, 51, 63, 117, 118 six manners of 77

Mingkuang 155

Mohe boruo 163

monk(s) (see alsorenunciant) 5, 9, 11, 22, 23, 25, 51, 52, 60, 76, 93, 95, 96, 105, 106, 112, 113, 128, 135, 155, 157, 161, 186, 205 Index

Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa (see alsoMount Vulture Peak) 95, 96

Mount Sumeru (see alsoSumeru worlds) 175

Mount Vulture Peak (see also Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa) 9, 51, 60

Muryogi kyō. See Infinite Meanings Sutra

Myōhorengekyō upadaisha. See Saddhar ma puṇḍarīka-sūtra-upadeśa N

Nadīkāśyapa 11

nāga(s) (see alsodragon) 9, 15, 25, 27, 32, 52, 105, 164

Nāgārjuna 87

never-returner, non-returner, non-returning (see also anāgāmin) 15, 20, 23, 25, 124, 173, 175, 180

nirmāṇa kāya(see alsobody, of buddha, apparitional; buddha, transformation) 143, 185 Nirmāṇarataya Heaven 175 nirvana 10, 11, 80, 97, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 140, 143, 144, 179, 181, 183, 187, 197, 203

city of 72, 139, 170, 189 expedient 128, 146

final, great, permanent, ultimate (see also parinirvāṇa) 106, 110, 113, 123, 130, 134, 139, 140, 143, 170, 171, 203

realm of 71, 144

path, way to 164, 178, 179, 208 with remainder 183

without remainder 183, 186 Nirvana Sutra 156, 157, 158, 163, 164, 170, 171, 190, 195

Nityodyukta. SeeConstant Endeavor non-Buddhist (see alsoheretical) 176, 177

233

Index

nonduality 127, 195, 202 nun(s) (see alsorenunciant) 9, 25, 52, 76, 96, 105, 106, 112, 128, 141 O

omniscience, omniscient 100, 107, 109, 111, 119, 132

once-returner (see also sakṛdāgāmin) 124 One Vehicle (see also ekayāna;vehicle, single) 87, 89, 103, 169 P

pāramitās, six (see alsoperfections, six; six spiritual attitudes) 40, 111, 133, 158, 165, 183, 185

Paranirmitavaśavartinaḥ Heaven 175 parinirvāṇa(see alsonirvana, final, great, permanent, ultimate) 17, 51, 79, 106, 170

passions (see alsodelusion) 10, 18, 21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 46, 51, 62, 65, 171, 197

path(s) 27, 97, 106, 178, 179, 181, 186, 193, 200

of birth and death, karma 30, 181, 182 bodhisattva 88, 101, 106, 130, 142, 144, 146, 157, 184

of buddhas, Buddhist 114, 130, 135, 180

of cultivation/insight and practice 97, 204

of disciples, śrāvakas 88, 128, 172 eightfold noble 178

to enlightenment, nirvana 148, 178, 179, 183, 193, 201, 208

genuine 51, 54, 77

of the Great Vehicle 111, 138, 146 middle 188, 192, 193, 200, 202, 203 of pratyekabuddhas 88, 182 of the Small Vehicle 138, 142 truth of 128, 177, 178, 183 234

perfection(s) (see also pāramitās, six; six spiritual attitudes) 11, 14, 123, 125, 133, 185

of behavioral principles, discipline, precepts 10, 13, 14, 76, 185, 198 of concentration, meditation 10, 13, 14, 76, 185

of discernment 10, 13, 14 of emancipation 10, 13, 14, 76 of exertion 185

of expedient means 123, 124, 191 of giving 185, 198

highest 95, 97, 99

of insight 123, 125

of patience 185

of the perspective that pertains to emancipation 10, 13, 14, 76 six, of six spiritual attitudes 14, 15, 22, 23, 40, 111, 158, 183, 184-185, 198, 208, 209

of wisdom 76, 185

Perfection of Wisdom (see alsoPrajñāpāramitā) 88 phenomena, phenomenon (see also dharma) 10, 15, 18-19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 33, 34, 40, 69, 70, 72, 79, 98, 100, 133, 137, 181, 182, 186, 189, 196

four modes of 18, 20

power(s) 6, 11, 29, 30-36, 57, 58, 73, 75, 76, 80, 101, 111, 118, 125, 132, 143, 144, 145-149, 167, 198, 205 five 178

of the Great Vehicle 60, 63, 67 of self-mastery 104, 119 supernatural 93, 96, 97, 98, 178, 187 ten 28-36, 125, 137

transcendent 13, 37, 38

Power of Courage and Dynamism 10 Prabhūtaratna 140, 143, 144, 145 practice(s) 33, 34, 46, 69, 74, 76, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 106, 108, 120, 125,

126, 127, 132, 141, 142, 143, 145 148, 158, 159, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202-203, 204, 209 of All-embracing Goodness 52, 61, 74 bodhisattva 6, 11, 20, 23, 130, 135, 140, 141, 142, 190

contemplative 158, 159, 204 of disciples, Small Vehicle, śrāvakayāna 46, 96, 134 of Infinite Meanings Sutra 18, 19, 24 of the six perfections 183, 184 ten 143, 159, 190, 192, 194, 195, 201, 202-203

prajñā. See wisdom

Prajñāpāramitā 88

pratītyasamutpāda. Seedependent origination pratyekabuddha(s) (see alsoself-enlightened buddha) 15, 23, 25, 36, 88, 101, 111, 159, 165, 181, 182, 187, 190, 195

path, way 20, 182

vehicle 88, 181

pratyekabuddhayāna. Seepratyekabuddha, vehicle precept(s) (see alsobehavioral principles) 124, 178, 198, 205

five 174

non-Buddhist 176, 177

preta. Seehungry ghost, spirit Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra 163, 209

Profound Meaning of the Vimalakīrti Sutra 210

Pure Land 52, 194

Pūrṇa 11, 141

Pusa shan jie jing. See Bosatsuzenkaigyō Pusa Yingluo jing. See Yingluo jing Puṣya 185

Index

Puxian. SeeAll-embracing Goodness Puxian guan jing(see also Sutra Expoun ded by the Buddha on Practice of the Way through Contemplation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing Goodness) 45

R

Rāhula 11

Rājagṛha 9, 95, 96

Ratnākara. SeeStore of Treasures Ratnamati 89, 90, 111

reality 11, 19, 65, 139, 145, 149, 158, 171, 189, 200, 203, 204, 208 one 51, 60, 169

true 19, 66, 71, 72, 98, 100, 102, 115, 117, 118, 119, 126, 132, 142, 143, 144, 172, 188, 193, 194, 196, 197, 209

ultimate 127, 133, 192, 195, 201, 202 realm(s) (see alsothree realms) 51, 65, 67, 71, 99, 100, 124, 125, 129, 133, 135, 144, 177, 189, 207 of action 101, 102

buddha, of buddhahood, tathāgata 11, 24, 33, 66, 102, 104, 144, 194 of desire 124, 173, 175, 177, 180, 187, 200

of form 124, 173, 175, 177, 200 formless, of formlessness 124, 173, 175, 177, 200

heavenly 138, 141

lotus treasure 193

of nirvana 71, 144

six, of existence 18

subtle 102, 109, 130

rebirth(s) (see alsobirth and death, cycle, stream of; samsara) 52, 97, 99, 146, 173, 174-175, 180, 181, 182, 187, 191, 193, 203

235

Index

rebirth (s) (continued) four evil 173, 184

eight difficult 174

Regarder of the Voices of the World. See Avalokiteśvara

Relentlessness of the Lion 10 relic(s) 103, 106, 145 renunciant(s) (see alsomonk; nun) 22, 35, 76, 77, 124, 141

Renwang jing. See Sutra for Humane Kings

Revata 11

rūpadhātu. Seerealm, of form S

saddharma. SeeDharma, true Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra(see also Lotus Sutra) 5, 87, 103, 106, 112, 114, 157

Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra-upadeśa(see also Commentary) 87-90 Sāgara 195

sage(s) (see alsoarhat) 172, 174 Sage, Great, Venerable (see alsoBuddha) 14, 93

sagehood, sagely (see alsoarhatship) 179, 180, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 203 Saichō 89

sakṛdāgāmin(see alsoonce-returner) 15, 124

Sākya 184

Śākyamuni (see alsoBuddha) 46, 52, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 75, 145, 184, 185, 197 Śākyas 143

samādhi(s) 5, 79, 175, 178 "abode of immeasurable meanings" 5 śūraṅgama- 35

Samantabhadra (see alsoAll-embracing Goodness) 46, 148

236

saṃbhogakāya (see also buddha, enjoyment) 143, 193 samsara (see alsobirth and death, cycle, stream of; rebirth) 15, 66, 176, 197 sangha (see alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 46, 197, 205

Sanskrit 5, 39, 40, 45, 46, 79, 80, 81, 90, 173, 174, 201

Śāriputra 11, 117-121, 123-126, 129, 130-135, 137, 141, 167 Satatasamitābhiyukta. SeeConstant Endeavor

Scepter of the Treasures 9 Sekiguchi, Shindai 157, 160 self 12, 14, 69, 130, 176, 177 self-amendment 46, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 82

self-control (see also self-mastery) 29, 72, 191

self-cultivation 198

self-enlightened buddha(s) (see also prat y ekabuddha) 88, 103, 111, 117, 119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134 vehicle (see also pratyekabuddha, vehicle) 88, 101, 134, 138, 142 self-mastery (see alsoself-control) Senglang 89

seven precious metals and gems, treasures 54, 59, 60, 106

shared doctrine, teaching 156, 157, 159, 163

Shentian wang boruo jing 190 Shiori, Ryōdō 160

Sijiao yizhu huibufu hongji 160 Sikhin 184

śīla. Seebehavioral principles; precepts sense(s) 10, 11, 19

faculties, six 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 81, 147 organs, six 181, 199, 200, 209

shared doctrine, teaching 156, 157, 159, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 178, 186-190, 191, 194, 199 Sivi, King 185

six spiritual attitudes (see also pāra mitās, six; perfections, six) 14, 22, 33, 40 skandha(s) (see alsoaggregates, five) 175, 178

skillful means (see alsoexpedient, means) 10, 21, 34, 72

Small Vehicle (see also Hinayana, Hina yanist) 96, 104, 124, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 138, 142 Snow Mountains 205

Song dynasty 39, 40, 41, 79, 80, 81, 82 Yuanjia era 45

Southern Qi dynasty 5 Sovereign Master of Dharma-grasping Empowerments 9

spiritual friend(s) 204, 206 Splendid Virtue 66

śrāvaka(s) (see alsodisciple) 22, 23, 24, 37, 60, 76, 96, 165, 182, 190, 195, 202

path, way 88, 110, 172 vehicle 88, 101, 173, 179 śrāvakayāna(see also śrāvaka,vehicle) 46, 88

Śrīgarbha 113

Śrīmālā-sūtra 163

srota-āpanna 15, 124, 180 Srutasoma, King 185

stage(s) (see also bhūmi) 20, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 56, 63, 99, 101, 124, 132, 146, 147, 159, 164, 173, 175, 177, 179-181, 184-187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201-202, 203, 204, 209 bodhisattva 15, 25, 36, 101, 140, 146, 158, 183, 187, 190, 191 Index

of buddhahood 125, 127, 179, 186, 191, 195, 200

fifty-two 157, 190-191, 192, 193 śrāvaka 159, 179-181, 184, 185, 187 ten 140, 143, 157, 186, 190, 191, 193 Store of Treasures 9

stream-winner. See srota-āpanna stupa(s) 64, 135, 145 of Abundant Treasures 52, 55, 60, 64, 65, 66, 73

buddha-relic 106

of Prabhūtaratna 143, 144 Subhūti 11, 167

suchness(es) 133, 144, 192, 207 suffering(s) 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 70, 128, 133, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 199, 205, 208

cause(s) of 69, 176, 177, 182, 183, 208

cessation, extinction of 70, 177, 178, 179, 183, 208

truth of 173, 176, 177, 182, 183 Sui dynasty 155

Sumati 111

Sumeru worlds (see alsoMount Sumeru) 24, 31, 37

śūnyatā.Seeemptiness

Śūraṃgamasamādhi-sūtra 163, 195 sutra(s) 40, 41, 56, 59, 62, 77, 88, 89, 90, 103, 114, 163, 169

Āgama 172

comprehensive 23, 65, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77

extended Vaipulya 166, 171 Great Vehicle, Mahayana 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88, 104, 112, 114

ninefold 165, 166

twelvefold, twelve types 23, 164, 165 237

Index

Sutra Expounded by the Buddha on Prac tice of the Way through Contem plation of the Bodhisattva All-embracing Goodness 5, 45 Kasuga edition 47, 79, 80, 81, 82 Old Song edition 79, 80, 81, 82 Song, Yuan, and Ming editions 79, 80, 81, 82

Taishō edition 47, 79, 80, 81, 82 Sutra for Humane Kings 199 Sutra for the Behavior of Laymen. See Ubasokukaigyō

Sutra of Good Behavioral Principles for Bodhisattvas. See Bosatsuzenkaigyō Sutra of Infinite Meanings(see also Infinite Meanings Sutra) 39 Sutra of the Great Vehicle 102 Sutra of the Lotus of the True Doctrine (see also Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra) 115 Suvarṇaprabhāsottama-sūtra 163 Svāgata 11

T

Tang dynasty 155, 157

Tanlin 89, 93

tathāgata(s) 11, 59, 99, 102, 103, 104, 107, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 198 Tathāgata (see alsoBuddha) 17, 20, 21, 22, 25, 31, 32, 51, 59, 67, 76, 95, 99, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 164, 167, 205

tathāgatagarbha 87, 88, 89, 126, 143, 144 Tendai (see alsoTiantai) 89 Tendai Mission of Hawaii 160 238

Tendai shikyōgi. See Tiantai sijiao yi ten evil deeds, evils 173, 174 ten good deeds 174, 175, 199 thirty-seven avenues, conditions, factors for enlightenment 40, 125, 178, 183, 208, 209

Three Jewels, Treasures (see also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 75, 105

three realms (see alsorealm, of desire; of form; formless, of formlessness) 62, 65, 69, 124, 146, 176, 177, 180, 182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 199, 200

three teachings 21, 27, 40 Tiantai 155-157, 159, 160, 209 Tiantai sijiao yi 155, 156, 157 Tiantai sijiao yi jizhu 160 Tiantai Zhiyi. SeeZhiyi

T'ien-t'

ai Buddhism: An Outline of the Fourfold Teachings 160

Trailokyavikrāmin. SeeTranscender of the Three Realms

Transcender of the Three Realms 9 Trāyastriṃśa Heaven 175

trikāya(see alsobodies, of buddha) 89, 202

Tripiṭaka doctrine, teaching 156, 157, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172-173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 199, 200

truth(s) 10, 14, 21, 27, 28, 31, 69, 70, 78, 98, 128, 129, 132, 133, 143, 144, 146, 158, 170, 176, 177, 179, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 204, 209 of accumulation 176, 182, 183 of the cessation, extinction of suffering 70, 177, 178, 183 conventional 192, 200

of emptiness 74, 76, 157, 158 marvelous, wonderful 168, 169, 207 middle 158, 193, 204 of the path to nirvana 110, 128, 178, 183

profound 74, 76, 77, 102, 105, 132 pure 109, 171

of suffering 173, 176, 177, 182, 183 three 155, 158, 196 ultimate 178, 180, 182, 192 Tuṣita Heaven 123, 165, 175, 185 U

Ubasokukaigyō 82

udumbaraflower 131

Universal Excellence, Universally Worthy, Universal Sage, Universal Virtue, Universal Worthy. See Allembracing Goodness University of Hawai'i 160 Upāli 11

Upananda 11

Uruvilvā kāśyapa 11 V

Vaipulya period, sutra(s), teaching 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 190 Vairocana 69, 81, 164, 165 Vaiśālī 51

Vakkula 11

Vārāṇasī 22

Varaprabhā 108, 112, 113, 114 Vasubandhu 87, 88, 89, 90, 93 vehicle(s) (see alsoGreat Vehicle; One Vehicle; Small Vehicle) 106, 124, 127, 130, 135, 138, 139, 140, 189, 208, 209

bodhisattva 88, 124, 183 buddha, tathāgata 88, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138

Index

of disciples, śrāvakas 88, 124, 134, 138, 142, 173, 179

highest, ultimate 132, 139, 195 of self-enlightened buddhas, pratyekabuddhas 88, 134, 138, 141, 142, 181 single (see also ekayāna;One Vehicle) 87, 88, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149 three 88, 131, 139, 142, 165, 167, 169, 173, 176, 179, 186, 187-188, 189, 194

two 24, 101, 103, 134, 140, 142, 149, 169, 171, 172, 187, 189 Vemabhara. See Bearer of the Loom Vibhāṣā-śāstra 172, 173 view(s) 19, 24, 27, 36, 130, 133, 155, 159, 172, 176, 178

extreme, of nihilism and eternalism 170, 176, 177

false 124, 165, 176, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 191, 199 heterodox 175

middle, of the middle truth 192, 193 wrong 65, 67, 68, 72, 81, 138, 156, 206 Vimalakāya (see alsoŚrīgarbha) 113 Vimalakīrti 195

Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra 163, 166 Vimalanetra. SeeVimalakāya Vimatisamudghātin 111 Vinaya(s) 172, 207

Vipaśyin 184

Viśeṣamati 111

W

Way, the (see alsoDharma) 6, 12, 21, 22, 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 52, 73, 76, 79, 176

Well Composed 10

Wellspring of Effective Discourse 9 Wellspring of Freedom from Anxiety 9 239

Index

Wellspring of Great Majestic Virtue 9 wisdom(s) 10, 12, 72, 75, 98, 107, 117, 119, 134, 166, 170, 174, 178, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208

of buddhas, Buddha 71, 95, 100, 117, 119

fully emancipated 95, 97, 99 great 10, 75, 82, 170, 171 perfect, perfection of 69, 76, 185 period 156, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 190

sutras, texts 163, 166, 195 teachings 166, 167, 170, 171, 172 wish-granting gem (see also maṇi) 185, 196

world(s) 10, 37, 46, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 74, 78, 79, 95, 100, 105, 107, 110, 112, 130, 132, 134, 139, 140, 146, 157, 163, 168, 169, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 193, 194, 197, 198, 201, 205, 206

buddha 24, 37, 105, 107, 112, 145 Sumeru 24, 31, 37 triple 143, 144 world-ages (see also kalpa) 105, 110, 112, 113, 117, 120, 130, 134, 141, 143, 144

World-honored One (see alsoBuddha) 15, 17, 18, 20, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38, 240

51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75

worldly 98, 138, 172, 206, 207 perception 20, 25 passions 21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 46, 51, 65, 171 Wuliangyi jing. See Infinite Meanings Sutra

Wuyue 157

X

Xiao, Emperor 5 Xingquan 160

Y

yakṣa(s) 9, 25, 105 Yāma Heaven 175 Yangzhou 45

Yaṣakāma 114

Yexia 93

Yijing 89

Yingluo jing 190, 195 Yongjia 200

Youposai jie jing. See Ubasokukaigyō Z

Zhanran 155, 157 Zhiyi 46, 89, 155, 157, 158, 163, 173, 209, 210

Zhongyi, King 157