T2102 The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism, Vol. II

Glossary

bhikṣu(biqiu): A mendicant monk; a Buddhist monk. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples; śramaṇa.

bhikṣuṇī(biqiuni): A Buddhist nun. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples. bodhisattva: Literally,

"enlightenment (bodhi) being (sattva),

" one who has generated

the aspiration for highest enlightenment (bodhicitta) and is on the path to buddhaood. In the Mahayana bodhisattvas seek enlightenment not just for themselves but in order to compassionately aid others to attain liberation as well. The bodhisttava path entails the perfection of six qualities or attitudes (Skt. pāramitās) and completion of ten stages of spiritual development(Skt. daśabhūmi) See alsoMahayana; One Vehicle; six pāramitās.

dharmakāya(fashen): The Dharma body. There are various interpretations for this term. In the Sarvāstivādin school it refers to the True Dharma expounded by the Buddha or the collection of the auspicious qualities of the Buddha, including his wisdom, compassion, and various powers. In the Mahayana the term evolved into a kind of cosmic principle that was regarded as the true nature of the Buddha or ultimate reality and the source from which his other forms derived. For instance, the dharma kāya is one of the two kinds of buddha bodies along with the physical form (rūpakāya), or of the three kinds of buddha bodies along with the enjoyment or reward body (saṃbhogakāya) and the accommodative body (nirmāṇakāya), or of the four kinds of buddha bodies along with the enjoyment or reward body, the accommodative body, and the transformed body, or of the ten kinds of buddha bodies, two versions of which are presented in the Huayan jing(Garland Sutra).. Dao de jing (Scripture of the Way and Its Virtue): The foundational Daoist scripture authored by Laozi. Also called Laozior Laozi Dao de jing. Decadent Dharma Seethree periods of the Dharma.

dependent origination (Skt. pratītyasamutpāda): A fundamental Buddhist teaching on the twelvefold chain of causation through which all phenomena come into being dependent on their causes and conditions; nothing exists independently of its causes and conditions.

eight difficulties (ba

'

nan): The eight conditions in which one is unable to encounter a buddha or hear the Dharma: being in hell; being in the state of an animal; being in 329

Glossary

the state of a hungry ghost; being in the heaven of long life or in Uttarakuru, the continent to the north of Mount Sumeru where people always enjoy great happiness (people in these worlds would not therefore be motivated to seek liberation); being deaf, blind, and mute; being knowledgeable about worldly affairs and eloquent (which may impede people from following the true path); and living during the period before or after the Buddha's appearance in the world.

eightfold holy path (bashengdao): The last of the fundamental Buddhist teaching of the fourfold truths is the cessation of suffering through the eightfold path to enlightement or nirvana, consisting of (1) right view, (2) right thought, (3) right speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) right effort, (7) right mindfulness or recollection, and (8) right meditation. See alsofourfould truths.

eight kinds of gods and demigods that protect Buddhism (babuzhong): Gods (devas), demigods (asuras), dragons (nāgas), demons (yakṣas), divine musicians (gandharvas), mythical birds (garuḍas), half-horse, half-human beings (kiṃnaras), and great serpents (mahoragas). Five Classics: The Confucian canon comprised of the Book of Changes(Yijingor Zhouyi), which looks into the law between Heaven, Earth, and human beings and asserts that all phenomena of the universe arise from changes caused by the union and separation ofyinandyang;the Book of History(Shujingor Shangshu), a record of two ideal rulers, Yao and Shun, and the three dynasties of Xia, Yin (Shang), and Zhou; the Book of Odes(Shijingor Maoshi), a collection of three hundred odes composed prior to Confucius's time; the Spring and Autumn Annals(Chunqiu), which discerns virtue and vice in various historic events that took place in all states for a period of two hundred and forty-two years, from the first year of Lord Yin up to the time of Lord Ai of Lu state; and the Book of Rites(Liji), a compilation of records of theory and practice regarding rites.

five desires (wuyuor wuqing): Desires that arise in connection with the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch; or desires for wealth, sex, food and drink, fame, and sleep.

five kinds of ceremonies (wuli): Sacrificial ceremonies, funeral rites, ceremonies for guests and visitors, ceremonies for the army and military forces, and coming of age and marriage ceremonies.

five penalties (wuxing): Harsh punishments for crimes, including branding, cutting off the nose or feet, castration, and death. The earliest record that describes wuxingis the Canon of Shunin the Book of History,in which Gao Yao carried out these penalties at Shun's command. five precepts (wujie; Skt. pañca-śīla): The five basic precepts taken by laypeople on entering the Buddhist path: not killing, not stealing, not using false speech, not engaging in sexual misconduct, and not ingesting intoxicants.

330

Glossary

five realms of existence (wudao, wutu, or wuqu): The realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, human beings, and heavenly beings. See alsosix realms of existence; three realms of existence.

five roots of wholesomeness (wugen): (1) Belief in the Three Treasures, (2) making efforts to practice good, (3) being mindful of the True Dharma, (4) concentration, and (5) investigation into the true nature of reality. See also Three Treasures. Five Sacred Mountains (wuyue): The Eastern Mountain (Mount Tai), the Southern Mountain (Mount Heng or Huo), the Western Mountain (Mount Hua), the Northern Mountain (Mount Heng), and the Central Mountain (Mount Song). five skandhas (wuyinor wuyun; Skt. pañca-skandha): The five constituent elements of existence that produce various kinds of suffering: matter or form (rūpa), perception (vedanā), conception (samjñā), volition (samskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna). Five Thearchs (wudi): Five legendary emperors of Chinese antiquity: the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), Emperor Gaoyang (Zhuanxu), Emperor Gaoxin (Diku), Emperor Yao, and Emperor Shun.

four abodes of emptiness (sikong;Skt. catur-ārūpyāvacara): (1) The abode of limitless space, (2) the abode of limitless consciousness, (3) the abode of emptiness, and (4) the abode of neither thought nor non-thought.

four devils (simo; Skt. māras): Defilements (Skt. kleśas), the five skandhas, death (Skt. maraṇa), and the king of devils, Māra, in the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven, who tries to thwart followers' attempts to carry out good acts. See alsofive skandhas. fourfold truths (sidi): The fundamental Buddhist teaching: the truth of suffering, the truth regarding the cause of suffering, the truth regarding the extinction of suffering, and the truth of the cessation of suffering, which is the eightfold path to enlightenment or nirvana. See alsoeightfold holy path.

four fruits (siguo): The four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana: the fruit of entering the stream of the sacred Dharma (Skt. srota-āpanna), the fruit of having only one more rebirth (Skt. sakṛdāgāmin), the fruit of not returning (Skt. anāgāmin); and the fruit of arhatship. See alsoHinayana.

four great elements (sida): Earth, water, fire, and wind.

four immeasurable minds (sidengxinor siwuliangxin; Skt. catur-apramāṇa): Benevolence (ci; Skt. maitrī), or giving pleasure and happiness to others; compassion (bei; Skt. karuṇā), or removing others' pain and suffering; taking joy (xi; Skt.muditā) in making other people happy; and giving up all attachments, or equanimity (sheor hu; Skt. upekṣa).

four kinds of Buddhist disciples (sizhong): Monks (bhikṣus), nuns (bhikṣuṇīs), laymen (upāsakas), and laywomen (upāsikās).

331

Glossary

four methods of winning people over (sishe; Skt. catur-saṃgrahavastu): Means of converting people to Buddhism through offering donations, kind speech, kind conduct to benefit others; and doing things together with others.

four modes of birth (sisheng): Four ways in which living beings are born: birth from the womb, from an egg, from moisture, and through metamorphosis. four small elements (siwei).The first four of the five skandhas: color or form smell, taste, and touch. See also five skandhas.

Grand Terminus (Taijizhang): In Daosim, the origin of all things in the universe. Hinayana ("Lesser Vehicle"): A derogatory term applied by Mahayana Buddhists to early schools of Buddhism whose primary soteriological goal is individual salvation. Hinayana followers are grouped into two paths of practice of śrāvakasandpratyekabuddhas, and there are four stages of spiritual development culminating in arhatship. See alsofour fruits; Mahayana; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka.

icchantika(yichanti): One who has no good roots and thus no possibility of becoming a buddha.

kalpa(jie): An eon, an immeasurably long period of time.

Mahayana ("Great Vehicle"): A school or movement in the development of Buddhism that took place over several centuries begining around the second century B.C.E., often contrasted with the earlier Buddhist traditions termed by Mahayanists as the Hinayana. The ideal of the Mahayana is the bodhisattva path. See alsobodhisattva; Hinayana.

Mount Sumeru (Xumishan): In Buddhist cosmology, the highest mountain that rises from the center of the world.

nine kinds of Buddhist scriptures (jiubujing): The first nine of the twelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures. Seetwelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures.

nine kinds of defilements (jiujie): (1) Clinging or attachment, (2) anger or hatred, (3) arrogance, (4) ignorance, (5) holding evil views, (6) attachment to the body, (7) doubt, (8) jealousy, and (9) greed.

nine realms of the transmigration of birth and death (jiudi): Subdivisions of the three realms of samsaric existence, consisting of the realm of desire, the four meditation heavens of the realm of form, and the four domains of the formless realm. See also three realms of existence.

nine schools (jiuliu): Confucianism, Daoism, the school of Yin-Yang, Legalism, the Nominalist school, the school of Mo Di (i.e., Mohism), the school of the Political Strategists, the school of Miscellaneous Thoughts, and the school of the Farming Life. nirvana (niepan): The ultimate goal of Buddhism, a state in which delusions are extinguished and the highest wisdom (Skt. prajñā) is attained. 332

Glossary

One Vehicle (yisheng): A Mahayana teaching of the single path to enlightenment of the bodhisattva, as opposed to the paths of śrāvakas or pratyekabuddhas. See also bodhisattva; Mahayana; śrāvaka; pratyekabuddha; three vehicles. pratyekabuddha("self-enlightened one"): One who attains enlightenment through direct apprehension of dependent origination (Skt. pratītyasamutpāda) without the aid of a teacher and who does not teach others. One of the two types of Hinayana paths. See alsodependent origination; Hinayana; two vehicles.

Semblance Dharma Seethree periods of the Dharma.

Seven Classics: TheFive Classics plus the Book of Music(Yuejing), no longer extant, and the Analects(Lunyu) of Confucius. See also Five Classics. seven factors of wisdom (qijing, qijuezhi, or qiputifen): (1) Distinguishing the True Dharma from false teachings, (2) making effort to practice the True Dharma, (3) rejoicing in the True Dharma, (4) eliminating slothfulness and attaining ease and relaxation, (5) mindfulness to maintain the equilibrium of concentration and insight, (6) concentration and (7) detaching one's thoughts from external objects, thereby securing mental serenity.

seven imperial shrines (qimiao): Shrines dedicated to the earliest ancestor (taizu) in the center, to the three sons of the earliest emperor (san zhao) on the left, and to the three grandsons of the earliest emperor (san mu) on the right. seven kinds of self-conceit (qiman): The feeling of superiority toward those who are inferior to oneself; the feeling of superiority toward those who are one's equals; the feeling of superiority toward those who are superior to oneself; being proud of oneself and despising others; considering oneself to be more worthy or virtuous than one actually is; false humility, i.e., feeling pride at one's humility; and proudly thinking that one is virtuous when, in fact, one has little virtue. seven states: The seven dynastic states that formed during the Warring States period (403-221 B.C.E.) when China was embroiled in warfare: the states of Qin, Chu, Qi, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Yan.

six arts (liuyi): Six areas in which a refined person must be skilled: rites, music, archery, driving a chariot, learning, and mathematics.

Six Classics: The Five Classics plus the Book of Music. See also Five Classics. six desires (liuyu): Desires arising from the contact of the six sense organs of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind with their respective objects: form or color, sound, odor, taste, tactile objects, and mental objects. Also called the six feelings (liuqing). See alsosix dusts; six sense organs.

six dusts (liuchen; Skt. ṣaḍ viṣayāḥ): The objects of the six sense organs: color or form, sound, odor, taste, tactile objects, and mental objects. See also six sense objects. 333

Glossary

six extreme evils (liuji): Misfortune that results in shortening one's life span, illness, mental distress, poverty, wickedness, and weakness.

six pāramitās (liuboluomior liudu): The six qualities or "perfections" a bodhisattva practices in order to attain enlightenment or nirvana: (1) generosity or giving (Skt. dāna), offering material goods, the Dharma, and peace; (2) morality or precepts (Skt. śīla); (3) forbearance or patience (Skt. kṣānti); 4) diligence or effort (Skt. vīrya); (5) meditation (Skt. dhyāna); and (6) wisdom (Skt. prajñā). See also bodhisattva. six purification days (liuzhai): The eighth, fourteenth, fifteenth, twenty-third, twentyninth, and thirtieth days of the month, during which laypeople observe eight precepts (the five precepts along with additional proscriptions against indulging in adornment or perfume, entertainment, sleeping in a raised bed, or eating after midday) in order to purify themselves. See alsofive precepts.

six realms of existence (liudaoor liuqu): The six realms of existence into which sentient beings are reborn: the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras (demigods), and devas (heavenly beings). See alsothree lowest realms of existence. six relations (liuqin): One's father, mother, elder and younger brothers, wife, and children. six sense organs (liugen): The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body (tactile sense), and mind. six schools (liujia): The predominant Chinese philosophical schools: Yin-yang, Confucian, Mohist, Legalist, Nominalist, and Daoist.

six supernatural powers (liutongor liushentong): (1) The ability to go anywhere at will and to transform oneself or objects at will; (2) the capability of seeing anything at any distance; (3) the capability of hearing any sound at any distance: (4) the ability to know others' thoughts; (5) the ability to know one's own and others' former lives; and (6) the ability to destroy all evil passions.

śramaṇa(shamen): A Buddhist monk.

śrāmaṇera(shami): A male novice.

śrāvaka: Literally,

"hearer,

" originally referring to the Buddha's early disciples who

directly heard him teach. The term later came to designate followers of the Hinayana. See alsoHinayana; two vehicles.

Sun En (d. 402 C.E.): Leader of the rebel followers of the Way of the Heavenly Master, whose group agitated in Central and Southern China for more than ten years. He called his teaching the Purple Way (zidao) and taught his followers on how to become a Water Transcendent (shuixian). See alsoWay of the Five Pecks of Grain. Tathāgata (rulai): One of ten epithets of a buddha, construed as "one who comes from thusness.

" See also thusness.

ten epithets of a buddha (shihao): Tathāgata (Thus-come One), Arhat (One Worthy of Alms), Fully Enlightened One, One Having Wisdom and Practice, One who Has 334

Glossary

Attained Emancipation, Knower of the World, Unsurpassed, Tamer of Humans, Teacher of Gods and Humans, and World-honored One.

ten powers (shili): Ten powers attributed to a buddha: (1) distinguishing right and wrong; (2) knowing the karma of all sentient beings of the past, present, and future, and its outcome; (3) knowing all forms of meditation; (4) knowing the greater and lesser capacities of sentient beings; (5) knowing the thoughts and desires of sentient beings; (6) knowing the different levels of existence of sentient beings; (7) knowing the results of various methods of practice; (8) knowing the transmigratory states of all sentient beings and the courses of karma they follow; (9) knowing the past lives of all sentient beings and the nirvanic state of nondefilement; and (10) knowing how to destroy all evil passions.

ten wholesome acts (shishan): Not killing living beings, not stealing, not committing adultery, not telling lies, not uttering harsh words, not uttering words that cause enmity between people, not engaging in idle talk, not being greedy, not being angry, and not holding wrong views.

Three Augusts (sanhuang): Three legendary monarchs of ancient China. There are several different theories about the identity of these figures. For instance, Sima Qian's Shiji lists Tianhuang (Emperor of Heaven), Dihuang (Emperor of Earth), and Renhuang (Emperor of People) in the Sanhuangji(Chronicles of the Three Augusts), and Tianhuang, Dihuang, and Qinhuang (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty) in the Qin Shihuangji (Chronicles of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty). The Chunqiu wei(a book about charms and omens circulated in the Han dynasty as appendices to the Spring and Autumn Annals) lists Fuxi, Shen Nong, and Nüwa as the Three Augusts. three kinds of emptiness (sankong): The three gates of emancipation: emptiness (kong), devoid of characteristics (wuxiang), and absence of aspiration (wuyuan). three lowest realms of existence (santu): The three lowest of the six realms into which sentient beings may be reborn, the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, and animals. Also called the three evil paths (san

'

edao). See alsosix realms of existence.

three most revered people (zaisan): The sovereign, one's parents, and one's teacher. three periods of existence (sanshi): Past, present, and future. three periods of the Dharma: Three five-hundred year-periods of the Buddhist teaching: the period of the True Dharma (zhengfa), when the Buddha's teaching is properly practiced and enlightenment can be attained; the period of the Semblance Dharma (xiangfa), when the teaching is practiced but enlightenment is no longer attainable; and the last period of the Decadent Dharma (mofa), when only the teaching still exists but practice and the attainment of enlightenment are no longer possible. three poisons (sandu): Greed, anger, and stupidity.

three powers (sancai): Heaven, human beings, and Earth.

335

Glossary

three realms (sanjie): The realm of desire (Skt. kāmadhatu), which comprises the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, asuras (demigods), and human beings, and a part of the heavenly realm of devas; the realm of form (Skt. rūpadhātu), which includes part of the lower heaven, and in which there are only refined types of form without sexual desire and other appetitites; and the formless realm (Skt. arūpya dhātu), in which there is no material form, only meditative states.

three robes (sanyior sanfu): The three types of monks' robes: (1) a formal robe made out of nine to twenty-five pieces of cloth (Skt. saṃghāṭī), worn for almsrounds or when a monk is invited to a royal palace; (2) a robe made out of seven pieces of cloth (Skt. uttarāsaṅga), worn when attending services, lectures, and ceremonies; and (3) the everyday robe (Skt. antaravāsaka) worn by a monk day and night. Three [Spiritual] Offices (san

'

guan): In Daoism, the office of Heaven, the office of Earth, and the office of water. In the Way of the Five Pecks of Grain illness was considered to be a punishment meted out to a sinful person by spiritual beings. People who were afflicted with illness wrote letters of appeal to the Three Spiritual Offices, asking that their offenses be pardoned so that they would be relieved of their illness. See alsoDaoism; Way of the Five Pecks of Grain.

three transcendental knowledges (sandaor sanming): The ability to know one's former lives and those of others, the ability to know one's future destiny and that of others, and the ability to know about all the suffering of the present life and to remove its root cause.

Three Treasures (sanbao): Buddha, Dharma (the Buddhist teachings), and Sangha (the communiy of Buddhist followers.).

three vehicles (sansheng): The three paths of Buddhist teaching and practice for śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. See also bodhisattva; Hinayana; Mahayana; One Vehicle; pratyekabuddha;śrāvaka.

thusness (ru;Skt. tathā): The state of things as they really are; ultimate reality. trichiliocosm (Skt. tri-sāhasra-mahāsāhasra): In ancient Indian cosmology, the entire universe in which a thousand worlds make a small one-thousand world; a thousand of these make a medium one-thousand world; and a thousand of these make a great one-thousand world.

Tripiṭaka (sanzang): The three "baskets,

" or collections, of the Buddhist teachings; Sutra

(discourses of the Buddha), Vinaya (monastic rules), and Abhidharma (treatises). True Dharma. See three periods of the Dharma.

twelve gates of meditation (shiermen): Three groups of the four stages of meditation: the four stages of meditation in the realm of form, the four immeasurable virtues attained through meditation, and the four stages of meditation in the formless realm. twelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures (shierbujing): (1) Sūtra, the Buddha's exposition of the Dharma in prose; (2) geya, verses that repeat the ideas already expressed in prose; 336

Glossary

(3) gāthā, verses containing ideas not expressed in the prose section of a sūtra;(4) nidāna, narratives of past occurrences that explain a person's present state; (5) itivṛttaka, narratives of past lives of the Buddha's disciples; (6) jātaka, narratives of the Buddha's past lives; (7) adbhuta-dharma, accounts of miracles performed by the Buddha or other deities; (8) avadāna, exposition of the Dharma through allegories; (9) upadeśa, discussions of doctrine, often in question-and-answer form; (10) udāna, exposition of the Dharma by the Buddha without awaiting questions or requests from his disciples; (11) vaipulya, full-length, in-depth exposition of principles of truth; and (12) vyākaraṇa, the Buddha's predictions of his disciples' attainment of buddhahood. two vehicles (ersheng): The two paths of Buddhist teaching and practice for śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas. See also pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka;three vehicles. upāsaka/upāsikā:Buddhist laymen/laywomen. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples. Way of the Five Pecks of Grain (Wudoumijidao): An early Daoist order established by Zhang Ling in the Shu region (present-day Sichuan province) in the last years of the Late Han dynasty; also called the Way of the Heavenly Master, since the founder adopted the title Heavenly Master and succeeding patriarchs maintained the title. So called because followers were required to offer five pecks of grain. See also Zhang Ling.

Way of the Spirit (shendao): In Daoism, the unfathomed mysterious way, the transcendental religious world, or a synonym for a supreme spiritual being. Zhang Ling: Founder of the Way of the Heavenly Master (Tianshidao), also called the Way of the Five Pecks of Grain; he is also known as Zhang Daoling. His son is Zhang Heng, the second patriarch, and his grandson is Zhang Lu, the third patriarch. See alsoWay of the Five Pecks of Grain.

Zhang Jiao (d. 184): The leader of the Yellow Turbans, who gained the support of the people of Luoyang who suffered from disease or poverty by offering medical care and religious practice and organized a religious group called Taipingdao (Way of Great Peace) based on the cult of Yellow Emperor and Laozi (Huang-Lao). In 184 C.E.Zhang Jiao led several hundreds of thousands of followers in a rebellion against the Han dynasty, with the intent of bringing about the "world of great peace, " but

he died of illness and eventually the rebellion was quelled. His followers wore yellow turbans to distinguish themselves from their enemies. 337

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Index

A

Ai, Lord, 232

animal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s), 5, 6, 11, 32, 54, 58, 60, 63, 64,79, 101, 105, 121, 123, 148, 235, 237, 238, 240, 252, 256, 262, 268, 269, 270, 272, 300n21, 310n190

alligator, 270

bear, 120, 257, 262, 270, 323n389 boar/hog(s)/pig(s), 60, 97, 120, 170, 178, 257, 269, 270, 271 cat, 270, 303n73 cow(s), 69, 70, 178, 270, 271 deer, 117

dog(s), 257, 270 jiao,258

raccoon, 22, 270 dragon(s), 6, 7, 24, 52, 58, 69, 129, 171, 260, 267, 268, 272, 275, 276, 283, 285, 304n97

foxes, 22

frog, 79, 95, 105, 306n133 hare(s)/rabbit(s), 63, 117, 182, 189, 263 horse(s), 4, 17, 51, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 99, 123, 159, 173, 236, 275, 277, 278, 279, 286, 300n18, 321n359 Daoli, 59

divine, 278, 280 Hualiu, 59, 173, 305n108 Qiji, 305n108

white, 28, 98, 215, 308n153 iguanodons, 52, 304n97 jackal(s), 22, 285 leopard, 270

monkey(s), 270, 300n21 rhinoceroses, 52, 97n97 sheep, 178, 192, 220, 269, 270, 271, 317n297, 318n320 tiger(s), 6, 7, 26, 52, 135, 148, 261, 270, 276, 277, 285, 304n97, 312n225 turtle(s), 262, 267, 270 unicorn, 97

water buffaloes, 261 wolf/wolves, 722, 135, 268, 274 wormlike/vermicular, 91, 121, 237 See also bird(s); fish(es); insect(s); snake(s)

An Qisheng, 262

anti-Buddhist, xix, xx Archivist. SeeLaozi Aśoka, King, 149 See alsoAyuwang Temple Avalokiteśvara, 136, 277 Ayuwang Temple, 149 B

Bai Qi, 297, 327n446 Ban niyuan jing, 310n192, 319n333 Banzhou sanmei jing(Skt. Pratyutpannabuddha-saṃmukhāvasthitasamādhi), 181 Baopuzi, 299n9

barbarians, 20, 31, 32, 132, 204, 206 Ba River, 149

341

Index

Bei, 165

Beihai Ruo, 306n134 Beijing chao,310n199 bhikṣu(s) (biqiu), 36, 44, 149, 220, 233 two hundred and fifty precepts for, 185 See alsoBuddhist clergy/monk(s); Buddhist order/sangha; four kinds of Buddhist disciples; śramaṇa(s) Bian, 35, 303n63

Bian He, jade of, 59, 167, 305n107 Bian Sizhi, 223, 224, 225, 226 Bi Gan, 58, 305n105 Binguo. Seefour polar regions Biographies of Arrayed Transcendents (Liexian zhuan), 149, 295 See also Liu Xiang bird(s)/fowl, 6, 14, 34, 59, 60, 63, 65, 178, 179, 262-262, 265, 269, 272, 315n274

crane, 5, 173

dove, 70, 77, 300n194 ju/yuanju, 59, 60 juxu, 68, 74, 75

kingfishers, 165

luan,176, 259, 274, 276 myna, 12

owl(s), 13, 268, 272, 274 peng,120, 265

phoenix(es), 59, 60, 99, 173, 259, 260, 268, 374n274

qiongqiong,68, 74, 75 shrike, 13

sparrows, 97, 128 swallows, 97

wild duck(s), 97, 103, 128 zhen,258

See alsoanimal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s) birth and death, 36, 39. 48, 123, 141, 146, 219, 222, 239, 240, 246, 248, 251, 255, 256, 260, 289, 292, 297 See alsorebirth; transmigration 342

Bo, 33

boat(s)/ferryboat, 4, 51, 106, 127, 192, 231, 255, 259, 274, 327n442 Bocheng, 35

bodhisattva(s), 23, 80, 125, 162, 177, 244, 253, 260, 278, 293, 324n296 images, 21, 31

path/way, 160, 161 practice(s), 163, 244, 253 stages, ten, 24, 35, 276 eighth, 276, 283

ninth, 276

tenth, 125, 282

body and spirit, 49-50, 52, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 85 Book of Changes,37, 59, 60, 89, 97, 113, 144, 179, 199, 211, 291 Great Appendix, 109 section on gulines (guyao), 175 See alsoFive Classics; Yijing Book of History,49, 58, 116, 118, 120, 179, 291, 295

Yao dian, 21

See alsoFive Classics; Shangshu; Shujing

Book of Mountains and Seas, 148 See also Shanhai jing Book of Odes,12, 15, 23, 28, 51, 119, 126 "The Bow Adorned with Horn (Jiaogong), " 34

See alsoFive Classics; Praise Odes of Lu; Shijing

Book of Rites (Liji), 29, 37, 67, 73, 76, 93, 123, 128, 291, 310n200 "Chapter on Records of Music (Yueji), "

119

"Chapter on Royal Regulations (Wang zhi),

" 294

"Chapter on Scholars' Behaviors (Ru xing), " 175

"Chapter on the Meaning of Sacrifices (Jiyi),

" 79, 114, 120

section on "Ceremonial Usages" (Liyun), 79, 307n136

See alsoFive Classics; Liji Boyang. See Laozi

Boyou, 49, 59-60, 120, 304n85, 310n189 Boyuan, 133

Boyue, 58

Brahmā King, 282

Brahmanic teaching, 37

buddha(s), 20, 48, 49, 91, 235, 278, 304n98

image(s), 21, 30, 31, 63, 138, 143, 149, 293, 295

Buddha, xix, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33, 36-38, 61-65, 79, 93, 104, 109, 117, 120, 125, 128, 135, 137-149, 163, 164, 168, 176, 184, 194, 195, 196, 198, 204, 205, 207, 208, 215, 220, 224, 227, 229, 232, 236, 249, 252, 254, 256, 260, 275, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 292, 294, 295, 297, 322n368

altruistic/responsive activities, 17, 24, 140, 142, 143, 171, 179, 293, 297 edification/teaching, 22, 23, 63, 89, 120, 139, 199, 204, 206, 209, 212, 213, 216, 287, 293, 294, 296, 317n305

exposition of the Dharma, 129, 130 lion's roar, 286

image(s), 23, 139, 177, 296 manifestation/trace, 24, 27, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145

marks, eighty minor, thirty-two, 26, 283 nirvana, 23, 251

relic(s), 147, 149

power, 148, 280

merit(s)/providence/virtue, 23, 36-37, 88, 147, 221, 288

Index

taking refuge in, 28, 64, 147, 235, 252 ten epithets, 28, 126, 143, 145, 312n220 See alsoŚākyamuni; Tathāgata Buddhabhadra, 183, 190

Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. See Three Treasures

buddhahood, 28, 44-45, 48, 117, 145, 166, 167, 169, 311n215

buddha lands, 252

See alsoPure Land

buddha-nature, 28, 42, 90 Buddhism, xx, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15-16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33, 63, 64, 65, 80, 81, 83, 87, 88, 95, 96, 104, 106, 107, 122, 123, 124, 131, 134, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 155, 169, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 188, 190, 196, 197-198, 199, 201, 203, 204-205, 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 218, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 239, 244, 246, 247, 250, 252, 255, 261, 262, 279, 287, 289, 294, 297, 308n165

adoption/transmission of, in China/Chi nese, xx, xxi, 131, 149, 177, 196, 242, 295

and Confucianism/Daoism, 14, 19, 27, 30, 80, 107, 108, 136, 140, 142, 150, 154, 155, 156-157, 180, 207, 225, 226, 253

criticism/doubts/negative views of, xix, 15-17, 18, 33, 34, 61, 62, 136, 139, 147, 152, 227, 254, 296, 299n10 six doubts about, xix, 290 Hinayana, 113, 183

Mahayana, 16, 31

promulgation/protection of, xix, xx, 82, 107

Buddhist(s), xx, xxi, 4, 15, 38, 52, 65, 98, 102, 105, 109, 115, 124, 134, 343

Index

Buddhist(s) (continued)

147, 156, 157, 175, 180, 181, 196, 197, 200, 218, 220, 223, 224, 229, 261, 289

ceremonies/service(s), 38, 62, 205, 220, 221

decorum/rules of conduct, 176, 198, 205

images, 131, 136, 142, 145, 148 lay/laypeople, xix, xx, xxi, 24, 82, 102, 134, 136, 145, 176, 177, 180, 199, 221, 235

robes/surplice, 165, 221, 232 pagodas/temples, xx, 16, 63, 131, 136, 145, 152, 227, 264, 295

practice(s), 149, 159, 177 precepts, 18, 185, 213, 225, 264 Buddhist clergy/monk(s), xix, xx, 15-20, 24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 61-64, 82, 102, 132, 133, 135, 136, 145, 147-149, 165-167, 169, 172, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 190, 191, 194-196, 198-204, 212, 220-225, 227-229, 231, 232, 270

See alsobhikṣu(s); śramaṇa(s) Buddhist Dharma, xix, 20, 32, 88, 132, 159, 185, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 223, 296

See alsoDharma

Buddhist edification/doctrine(s)/principles/teaching(s)/tenets, xix, xx, xxi, 14, 16, 17, 32, 37, 42, 79, 84, 85, 92, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 117, 121, 123, 124, 127, 130, 132, 133, 135, 149, 159, 166 168, 184, 188, 200, 201, 208, 212, 220, 227, 243, 248, 254, 261, 287, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296

Buddhist order/sangha, xvi, 175, 220, 228, 235

344

Buddhist scripture(s)/texts, xix, xxi, xxii, 4, 13, 15, 20, 24, 30, 31, 32, 38, 82, 93, 101, 103, 111, 118, 127, 128, 132, 138, 139, 144, 145, 149, 158, 160, 164, 169, 170, 187, 191, 218, 227, 229, 230, 235, 236, 254, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297, 310n194, 324n394 nine kinds of, 106

See alsoscripture(s); sutra(s) Buddhist Way, 17, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 42, 85, 90, 96, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 115, 117, 128, 143, 144, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185, 189, 195, 208, 213, 215, 219, 220, 221, 223, 225, 228, 230, 232, 232, 236, 240, 246, 248, 252, 255, 259, 260, 261, 266, 280, 289 See alsoGreat Way; Way, Buddhist/of the Buddha/Śākyamuni/Tathāgata, C

Cai Mao, 51

Cai Zun, 96

cakravartin. See golden wheel king/ wheel-turning king

Canon of Filial Piety,59, 66, 70, 71, 89, 113, 119

See also Xiaojing

Cao, Lord, 169

Cao Jingzong, 126-127

Cao Mao, 29

Cao Pi, 160

Cao Siwen, 65, 68, 69, 74, 77, 111, 306n130, 308n164

Cao state, 51

causality/causation, xxi, 19, 99, 109, 132, 144, 207, 210, 239, 240, 251, 254, 263, 298

See alsokarma/karmic; reward and retribution

Celestial Thearch/Heavenly Thearch, 66, 68, 69, 277, 327n443

See alsoFive Thearchs; Supreme Thearch

ceremonial cap/dress/gown(s)/robe, 30, 82, 94, 96, 102, 106, 110, 112, 115, 126, 181, 183, 191, 283 ceremony(ies), 19, 30, 116, 118, 119, 120, 130, 192, 194, 203, 220-221, 227, 272, 292, 298, 316n294, 318n320

five kinds of, 96, 122, 124 sacrificial/of sacrifice, 79, 102, 103, 113, 257, 318n320

See alsoBuddhist, ceremonies/service(s); rite(s)/ritual(s) Chan, 195

Chang'an, 10, 16, 32, 190, 193, 196, 296 Changsha, King of, 81, 306n124 Chaofu, 165

Cheng, Emperor, 193, 194, 197 Cheng, King, 134

Chengdu, 313n246

Chengju guangming dingyi jing, 321nn355, 365

Cheng Pu, 297

Chenhua, 5

Chen Ping, 242

Chi Chao, 133, 235, 319n329 Chifu, 262

China, xx, 9, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31, 38, 51, 89, 96, 120, 131, 133, 135, 139, 147, 149, 163, 165, 176, 177, 179, 183, 186, 187, 190, 196, 202, 204, 213, 242, 254, 273, 283, 285, 287, 290, 294, 295, 299n1, 326n431 Chinese, xix, xx, xxi, 21, 24, 32, 120, 121, 135, 174, 177, 180, 183, 188, 189, 198, 200, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213, 221, 224, 254, 266, 290, 293, 294, 295, 299n3, 303n70, 316nn288, Index

291; 317n308, 321nn357, 358; 327n447

character(s)/language, xxi, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30-31, 44, 51, 184, 190, 235, 251, 304n98, 305n106, 308n163, 310n191, 311nn203, 207; 312nn219, 229; 313n238, 314n240, 315n277, 317nn298, 304; 319n329, 321n353, 322nn372, 377; 323nn389, 392; 324nn399, 402; 325nn406, 409, 410, 415; 326nn417, 425; 327n443 Chu area/state, 16, 59, 115, 137, 138, 223, 232, 242, 294, 295, 301n28, 314n258 Ying (capital city), 263 See alsoMount Chu

Chu, Emperor Dowager, 30 Chuiji, 59, 305n107

Chu She, 193, 195, 198, 317n300 Classics, 220, 295

See also Five Classics; Seven Classics; Six Classics

Collection for the Propagation and Clari fication of Buddhism,xix-xxii, 175, 307n140, 317n305

Afterword, 289-298

See also Hongmingji; Seng you Collection of Records Derived from the Tripiṭaka(Chusanzang jiji), xxi, 320nn336, 340; 321n352 See alsoSengyou

Confucian, 57, 62, 64, 107 canon/teachings, 143, 169, 295 robe/style of dress, 62, 232 scholars, 35, 38, 119

See alsoConfucianism/Confucianist(s); Confucius

Confucianism/Confucianist(s), 17, 27, 34, 62, 73, 86, 90, 102, 107, 140, 141, 144, 150, 179, 194, 197, 208, 212, 213, 214, 224, 226, 253, 295, 296, 307n149

345

Index

Confucianism/Confucianist(s) (continued) and Buddhism, 19, 80, 107, 108, 136, 140, 142, 150,180, 225 and Daoism, xix-xxi See also nineschools Confucius, 24, 30, 31, 36, 38, 41, 59, 61, 64, 67, 72, 76, 79, 80, 90, 97, 98, 100, 107, 117, 118, 121, 123, 125, 137, 139, 140, 169, 178, 179, 201, 220, 230, 232, 261, 262, 294, 295, 303n77, 307n147

books/teachings/writings of, 81, 89, 92, 109, 111, 118, 157, 200, 288, 307n151

cited/quoted, 34-35, 67, 71-72, 76, 134, 206, 213, 307n141, 311n210, 312n221, 316n297

and the Duke of Zhou, 20, 59, 111, 119, 138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 178, 207, 210, 283, 288, 291 and Taibo and Yuzheng, 15 and Yang Huo, 58, 59, 60 and Yao, 33, 265

and Youzi, 31

and Yuan Rong, 34

and Zhong You/Zilu, 67, 72, 207 and Zigong, 318n320 and Ziyou and Zixia, 38 See alsoCanon of Filial Piety; Five Classics;Spring and Autumn Annals constellations/stars, 72, 144, 262, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 277, 279, 285, 288, 304n96, 323n384 Big Dipper, 267, 268, 269 Great Bear, 271

Heavenly Banner, 274 Milky Way, 12, 179, 290 Nanji, 268

North Polar/polar, 262, 277, 294 Palace of the Purple Tenuity, 277 Cultivated Talent (Xiucai), 168, 199 346

D

Danzhu, 61

Danyang, 82, 106, 131 dao/Dao, 51, 318n318, 319nn324, 326; 325n411

Daoan, xx, xxi, 176, 177, 183, 190, 296, 325nn410, 414

Daobao, 201

Daobiao, 158, 159-160, 161-163, 164-165, 175

Dao de jing,117

See also Laozi; Laozi/Laozi Dao de jing

Daogao, 137, 138-139, 141-143 Daohan, 114

Daoheng, 158, 159-160, 161-163, 164-165, 175

Daoism/Daoist teaching, xix-xxii, 4, 8, 13, 14, 23-27, 37, 154, 155, 156-157, 158, 253, 254, 299n1 See also nineschools; wuwei; yin and yang

Daoist(s), xxi, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 25, 26, 27, 38, 156, 157, 254, 299n10 monk(s)/priest(s), 10, 33, 34, 148 school(s) and titles, xi, xxi, 9, 10-11, 157, 254

scripture(s), 4, 8, 101 See alsoDao de jing; Laozi/Laozi Dao de jing; rite(s)/ritual(s); yinand yang Daosheng, 189, 191, 192, 232 See alsoZhu Daosheng Daoxuan, xxii

Daozeng,299n5

defilement(s), 6, 25, 29, 31, 32, 45, 46, 47, 89, 101, 105, 112, 124, 125, 155, 168, 179, 232, 237, 239, 246, 259, 264, 277, 279, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286 Deer Park, 88, 139 Deng Tong, 51

Deng Xi, 64

Devadatta, 125

Dhammapada(Faju jing), 245, 310n199, 321n361

Dharma, xix, 12, 24, 29, 32, 63, 64, 65, 86, 100, 101, 106, 107, 129, 130, 135, 140, 143, 150, 151, 154, 161, 163, 175, 185, 187, 188, 196, 198, 201, 220, 221, 224, 236, 264, 276, 286, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296 cloud(s), 96, 128, 296 drum(s), 139, 181, 286 gate, 30, 31, 92, 96, 137, 158, 163 great, 105, 147, 159, 160, 168, 184, 188, 202, 203, 204, 230, 232, 237, 293

profund/subtle, 23, 33, 289 robe(s), 35, 159, 161, 164, 165, 180, 204, 208, 220, 221, 224 sound, 42, 106, 142, 286 teacher(s), 31, 87, 92, 93, 99, 101, 107, 108, 109, 116, 117, 123, 125, 126, 159, 162, 163

three periods of:

Decadent, 141, 233

Semblance, 119

True, 119, 123, 138, 139, 143, 285, 294 wheel, 96, 107

See alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Buddhist Dharma

dharmakāya, 145

Dharma King, 273, 274, 275, 279, 280 See alsoBuddha

Dharmarakṣaṇa. SeeTanwuchen Dian, 65

See alsoZeng Shen/Zengzi Dīpaṅkara, 139, 283, 311n215 Discourse on Buddhist Laymen and Clergy (Baihei lun), 132 See alsoHuilin

Index

Discourse on Debating to Remove Hindrances (Bianho lun), 3-13 See alsoXuanguang

Discourse on Extinguishing Delusions, 301n32

See alsoLiu Xie

Discourse on the Achievement of Reality (Chengshi lun), 43

Discourse on the Coexistence of Opposite Views (Fangsheng zhi lun),118, 309n180

See alsoZhuangzi

Discourse on the Extinction of Man '

s

Nature(Miexing lun), 129 See also Discourse on the Extinction of the Spirit

Discourse on the Extinction of the Spirit (Shenmie lun), 48, 49-65, 68, 69, 70, 73, 79-80, 81, 82, 92, 94, 96, 111, 116, 130, 306nn130, 131 Cao Siwen's criticisms of, 65-68, 74-77, 306n130, 308n164 See alsoFan Zhen/Zizhen Discourse on the Full Understanding of Life(Daxing lun),132 See also He Chengtian Discourse on the Triple Destruction (Sanpo lun), 13-18, 20, 21-22, 23, 27-38, 299n10

See alsoZhang Rong

Discourse on the Way to Reach the Origin of the Two Teachings(Tangyuan lun), 156

See alsoShaozi; Zhang Rong Discourse on the White Horse(Baima lun), 318n315

Discourse on Why Śramaṇas Do Not Bow to the Sovereign (Shamen bujing wangzhe lun), 307n140, 317n305 See alsoHuiyuan

347

Index

Discourse to Clarify Buddhism(Mingfo lun), 132, 133, 148, 312n227 See also Zong Bing Di tribe/tribespeople, 9, 10, 135, 314n264 Dong'an Temple, 190 Dongguan County, 13 Dongli, 127, 310n195 Dongyuangong, 314n251 See also four bright men Duan Ganmu, 164

Du Bo, 48, 297, 327n444 Du Hui, 128

Dunhuang, 6

Du Wei, 163

Du Yi, 99

Du Zigong, 9

dynasty(ies), xxi, 75, 90, 105, 131, 138, 173, 190, 196, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 208

E

Eastern Jin dynasty, xix, xx, xxi, 6, 175, 177

See alsoJin dynasty/state; Western Jin dynasty

Eastern Mountain, 267, 268, 269 See alsoFive Peaks/Five Sacred Mountains; Mount Tai eighteen innocent people, 274, 325n413 Eight Executives, 199, 200, 202, 217, 218 eightfold holy path, 123, 150, 278, 283 eight difficulties, 32, 146, 251, 256 eight kinds of gods and demigods that protect Buddhism, 107 See alsogods

eight worldly matters, 246, 321n357 elements:

four great, 253, 356 four small, 118

three great, 199, 207 See alsosix elemental energies 348

emptiness, 4, 16, 26, 91, 107, 119, 137, 176, 248, 249, 252-253, 260, 278, 282, 283, 286, 287, 289 contemplation on, 236, 251 four abodes of, 251 three kinds of, 274 enlightenment, 15, 35, 81, 92, 106, 125, 126, 129, 157, 160, 165, 167, 179. 231, 290

aspiration for, 236 path/way to, 123, 150, 178, 277, 278, 283, 289

right, perfect, 64, 156, 182 See alsonirvana

Essentials for Believing in the Dharma, 175, 235-253

See alsoChi Chao existence(s), 4, 16, 36, 44, 62, 76, 101, 113, 119, 123, 126, 140, 146, 157, 163, 200, 213, 218, 221, 237, 243, 246, 249, 252, 252, 256, 259, 260, 282, 288, 297

former/previous, 35, 44, 61, 86, 89, 229, 238, 244, 246, 247 future/next, 142, 191, 209, 211, 240, 244

See alsononexistence; realm(s), of existence; three periods of existence Explanation on Dispelling Delusions (Shizhi), 154

Extensive Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism, xxii See alsoDaoxuan; GuangHongmingji F

Fajing, xxii

Faju piyu jing,321n361 Falang, King, xviii Family Code, 253 Faming, 137, 144, 148

Fan Bolun/Fan Tai, 132, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191

Fangxun, 58, 152, 179 See alsoYao/Yao, Emperor Fan River, 173, 276

Fan Shi, 102

Fan Wang, 133

Fan Xiaocai, 102-103

Fan Xiu, 82

Fan Zhen/Zizhen, 48, 49, 61, 67, 68, 73, 83, 86, 95, 102, 119

See alsoSecretariat Fan; Wulu Chongzong Fatie kanwu(Model Book for Errata), 319n329

See alsoHuang Bosi

Faxian, 187

Fayun, 80

Fei Changfang, xxii

Fengren, 262

Feng Huai, 193, 195

filial/filial piety, xxi, 15, 17, 18, 33, 35, 48, 59, 64, 66, 67, 71, 172,79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 93, 95 96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 125, 127, 150, 151, 152, 171, 200, 207, 218, 219, 222, 236, 302n62, 312n230, 313n233, 324n401 See alsoCanon of Filial Piety First Emperor of the Qin dynasty, 4, 153 fish(es), 42, 64, 148, 163, 182, 212, 236, 263, 265, 270, 272, 284, 285, 318n316, 326n420

kun,265

See alsoanimal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s) Five Classics, 21, 23, 108, 110, 114, 117, 124, 128, 290, 292, 295, 296 See alsoBook of Changes; Book of History; Book of Odes; Book of Rites; Seven Classics; Six Classics; Spring and Autumn Annals Index

five desires, 101, 155 five hindrances, 239, 319n331 five kinds of afflictions, 46 five kinds of disasters, 16, 300n14 five kinds of happiness, 256, 323n381 five kinds of principles of human relationships, 151, 197, 267, 313n233, 324n401

See alsoConfucianism/Confucianist(s) five paths, 238, 264

See alsorealm(s), of existence, five Five Peaks/Five Sacred Mountains, 121, 267, 269

See alsoMount Heng/Huo; Mount Hua; Mount Song; Mount Tai five penalties, 35

Five Powers, 138

See alsoChu area/state; Jin dynasty; Qi dynasty; Qin dynasty/state; Song dynasty

five rebellious acts, 3, 17 five skandhas, 118, 239, 240, 252 Five Thearchs, 18, 22, 23, 32, 105, 121, 138, 140, 143, 145, 178, 192, 294 See alsoCelestial Thearch/Heavenly Thearch; Shun, Emperor; Supreme Thearch; Yao/Yao, Emperor; Yellow Emperor

Five Thousand Words. See Dao de jing; Laozi/Laozi dao de jing Former Han dynasty, 16, 153, 170, 300n15, 317n308

See also Han dynasty; Later Han dynasty

Foshuo Beijing chao, 302n54, 314n254, 319n332

Fotudeng, xxi, 33, 135, 149, 293 four bright men, 164, 165, 314n251 See alsoDongyuangong; Luli; Qili Ji; Xiahuanggong

four classes of people, 175 349

Index

four continents, 107 four criminals, 242, 320n343 four evils, 273, 325n412 fourfold truths/Four Noble Truths, 129, 236

four fruits, 283 four great rivers/Four Holy Rivers, 176, 267

See alsoHuai River; Ji River; Yangzi River; Yellow River four immeasurable minds, 16, 236, 237, 245-246, 247, 252, 321n353 four kinds of evil attachments, 112 four methods of winning people over, 277, 283

four polar regions, 290, 291, 326n431 four seas, 169, 264, 294 four seasons, 79, 207, 246, 267 four stages of sainthood, 183 four subjects of learning, 38 four that are great, 92, 137, 224, 307n146, 311n211, 318n318, 319n322 four types of impermanent things, 248 four wicked ones, 152, 313n235 Fu, 242, 320n342 Fu Jian, 135

Fu Jing, 108

Futu. SeeBuddhism Fuxi, 23, 293

Fu Yue, 51

Fu Yi, 295

G

Gan Bao, 149

Gaṅgānadīvālukā, 281 Ganges River, 282, 283 Gaogui Xiang, Lord. SeeCao Mao Gaoseng Faxian zhuan,315n280 Gaoseng zhuan,312nn224, 225, 226; 316n290, 327nn438, 439 350

Gao Yao, 58, 60, 305n104 Gaozu, Emperor, 29, 58, 257 Ge Xuan, 25

god(s), 7, 28, 32, 63, 87, 105, 283, 293 of the earth/land, 267, 271, 292 Green God, 172

Yellow God, 13

See alsoeight kinds of of gods and demigods that protect Buddhism golden wheel king/wheel-turning king, 107

Gonggong, 242

Gongsun Duan, 59 Gongsun He, 59

Gongsun Hong, 170 Gongsun Long, 308nn153, 154; 318n315 Gongsun Longzi,

"Chapter on the White Horse (Baima lun), "308n153,

318n315

Gongsun Qing, 4

Gongsun Zan, 173 Gongyang/Gongyang zhuan,149, 307n151

See also Spring and Autumn Annals Grand Creator, 256 Grand One, 262

Grand Terminus, 8, 37, 157, 262 Grand Void, 45, 256, 291 See alsovoid/voidness Great Awakened One, 143, 155 See also Buddha

Great Law, 12

Great Mass of Nature, 177, 315n278 Great Pervader, 273, 325n411 Great Sage, 140, 141, 168, 259 See also Buddha; Sage King Great Way, 11, 25, 122, 167, 192 See also Way

Guang Hongmingji,xxii, 325nn410, 414 Guangjing, 38

Guangwu, Emperor, 160, 163 Guan Ning, 160

Guanyou area, 296

See alsoChang'an

Guanzhong, 10, 32, 193, 195 See also Shaanxi province Guan Zhong, 58, 165 Guliang,149

See also Spring and Autumn Annals Gun, 120, 242, 257, 310n189 Guo Changzi, 217-218 Guo Jingchen, 9

Guo Pu, 148

Guo Wen, 133

Guo Wenju, 148

Gusou, 61

H

Handan, 129, 166, 167 Han dynasty, xix, xx, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 16, 26, 29, 34, 51, 58, 102, 133, 134, 147, 163, 164, 165, 175, 178, 179, 196, 198, 259, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299n2, 303n77, 307n149, 324n400

See alsoFormer Han dynasty; Later Han dynasty

Han Fei, 64, 243

Han Feizi,305n116, 314n258 Hangu Pass, 21, 31 Han River, 130

Hao River, 118, 216, 217, 318n316 Heaven, 7, 8, 12, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 28, 29, 33, 42, 50, 51, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 84, 85, 94, 98, 115, 118, 138, 146, 152, 157, 177, 199, 207, 218, 224, 231, 237, 241, 242, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 262, 264, 269, 271, 273, 276, 290, 292, 292, 300n23, 311n211, 313n234, 316n287, 318n318, 319n323, 324n393 Index

correlate(s) of, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 Gate of, 51, 70

Lord of, 11, 12, 259, 292 law/mandate/will of, 42, 60, 87, 192, 193, 269, 274, 275, 278, 323n381 movement(s) of, 166, 172 rebirth in, 25, 237, 238 sacifice(s) to, 71, 72, 73, 292 son of, 34, 120, 175 See alsoHeaven and Earth; heaven(s); Way of Heaven

Heaven and Earth, 6, 22, 37, 49, 73, 79, 89, 92, 97, 99, 105, 136, 157, 161, 167, 173, 199, 206, 207, 211, 218, 219, 222, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 280, 282, 286, 300n18, 305n112, 317n303, 321n359, 324n399 heaven(s), 156, 251 Juntian (Melody Heaven), 66 nine, 66, 258, 268 Paranirmitavaśavartin, 26 Trāyastriṃśa, 285

Tuṣita, 62, 276

twenty-eight:

eighteen, of the realm of form, 322n375

four, of the formless realm, 322n375 six, of the realm of desire, 274, 281, 284, 292, 322n375

heavenly, 8, 36, 241, 249, 262, 271, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 283, 311n203 beings, 29, 32, 91, 98, 107, 109, 113, 129, 133, 137, 219, 221, 225, 238, 240, 246, 280, 283, 287, 311n203 bodies, 199, 218

drum, 4, 27

net, 36, 244

office, 8, 271, 272 palace, 279, 284, 297 Heavenly Master, 5, 9, 10, 23 See alsoZhang Ling 351

Index

Hebo, 288, 306n134, 326n429 He Chengtian, 132, 136 He Chong, 133, 175, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200, 202, 317n304 Hedong, 149

He Jiong, 103-104 hell(s), 7, 12, 64, 92, 238, 239, 240, 246, 258

Avīci, 37, 47, 62 eighteen, 258, 277 of intense heat, 65 of pincers, 13 of sharp-pointed swords, 65 Henan province, 135, 177 Deng and Fan areas, 123 Heng, 5

See alsoZhang Ling Hengyang, 132

heretical, 79, 102, 112, 119, 289 masters, six, 251 schools, nine, 285 heretic(s), 38, 87, 93, 105, 123 He River, 322n380 He Shangzhi, 131, 137 heterodox/heterodoxy, 10, 81, 112, 113, 175

schools, ninety-six, 147 hexagram(s), 103 qianand kun,37 sixty-four, 109 See also Book of Changes He Yang, 108-109 He Zhun, 133

Highest Sage. SeeBuddha Hinayana, 183, 187 Hongmingji,xxi, 303n66 See also Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism Houji, 66, 67, 70, 72,73, 74, 75, 76, 292 Hu, 33

Huai River, 114, 267 352

Huan, Duke, 303n63 Huan, Emperor, 295 Huan, King, 271, 306n124, 325n409 Huan, Lord, 58, 59, 288 Huandou, 242

Huang Bosi, 319n329 Huanglan,265

Huangluozi jing(Sutra on Huangluo), 170, 325n407

Huangshu,299n5 Huang Xian, 164 Huan Qian, 200, 201 Huan Wen, 325n409 Huan Xuan, 166-167, 175, 199-200, 201-202, 209, 214-216, 217-218, 222-223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 318n321, 319n325 Hu Hai, 16

Hui, 309n170

Huiguan, 187, 189, 192 Huilin, 132, 136 Huishi/Huizi, 309n180, 318n316 Huiwen, King, 305n107 Huiyan, 147, 148, 191, 217, 218, 222 Huiyi, 180, 183, 184-185, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192

Huiyuan, xx, xxi, 85, 134, 166, 167-168 175, 227, 228, 307n140, 317n305 Huiyue, 81

Huns, 22, 135

hunters/hunting, 5, 179, 304n97 Hymn for the Hall of Happy Wise People (Lexiantang song), 178 I

icchantika(s), 84, 117, 125, 129 immortality, of the spirit, 81, 82, 84, 89, 97, 103, 111, 116, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129

immortals, 261 abode/realm of, 6, 34, 176

Imperial Response to His Subjects: The Examination of the Discourse on the Extinction of the Spirit,79-80 responses to, 80-130 India/Indian, xx, 38, 44, 106, 120, 148, 202, 274, 294, 316n288 identified as Shendu/Tianzhu, 148 Inner Section of the Mysterious and Sublime (Xuanmiao Neipan), 26 insect(s), 24, 32, 55, 60, 64, 69, 79, 123, 245, 257, 269, 306n133 cicada, 95, 120, 127, 310n190 See alsoanimal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s) J

Jambudvīpa, 117, 275 Jeta, Prince, 160 Ji, 41-48

See alsoShen Ji Ji An/Ji Miao, 153 Jian'an, 5, 193, 195 King of, 81, 97, 100 Jianchu Temple, 1, 148 Jiangnan area, 228 Jiangsu province, 5 Jiangzuo area, 149, 190 Jiang Chong, 299n2 Jiankang, 96, 129, 183, 227 Jiantuole, 293

Jian Wu, 290

Jiaozhou, 137, 218 Jie, King, 72, 74, 75, 80, 125, 135, 280, 287

Jie tribe, 135

Jie Yu, 22, 301n28 Jili, 15, 30

Jilu, 71, 118, 137 See alsoZilu

Jin dynasty/state, xix, 26, 30, 50, 59, 99, 129, 136, 149, 164, 170, 173, 190, Index

193, 194, 195, 198, 288, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 314n264 See alsoEastern Jin dynasty; Western Jin dynasty

Jingdu sanmai jing,321n357 Jing, Emperor, 16, 134 Jing, Lord, 11, 136, 297, 327n445 Jing, Marquis, 299n8 Jingnan area, 133 Jing River, 220, 228 Jingzhou, 148

Jingzhuzi(Jingxing Famen), 156, 190 Jinji,149

See alsoGan Bao Jinqu Menxun, 135 Jinyangqiu,149

See alsoSun Sheng Ji River, 267

Jizi (of Yanling), 66, 70, 74, 75 K

kalpa(s), 36, 96, 105, 123, 160, 169, 179, 200, 207, 209, 210, 211, 213, 219, 239, 244, 254, 258, 264, 274, 275, 281, 282, 290, 324n396 bhadrakalpa,281 Kang, King, 134 Kang Falan, xxi Kapilavastu, 274 karma/karmic, 11, 16, 36-37, 41, 101, 118-119, 120, 129, 144, 145, 150, 179, 219, 243-244, 250 See also causality/causation; reward and retribution King-Sire of the East (Dong wanggong), 268

Kongōji Temple, 320nn336, 348 Kongming, 163, 165 See alsoZhuge Kongming/Liang Kong Zhigui, 149, 154-158 353

Index

Kou Qianzhi, 299n1 Kṣemaṃkara-paripṛcchā(Pusa shingdi jing), 244

Kuai state, 285, 326n424 Ku, Emperor, 76 Kukkutuṭārāma, 138 Kumārajīva, 20, 31, 162, 164, 190, 296 Kunaichō Library, 315n277 L

Lalitavistara(Puyao jing), 251 Lantai, 295

Lao, Lord, 8, 9 Laozi, 21-22, 24-25, 30, 31, 33, 38, 41, 79, 101, 117, 155, 156, 200, 218, 224, 288, 294

quoted, 20, 27, 118, 157 See also Dao de jing; Laozi/Laozi Dao de jing

Laozi/Laozi Dao de jing,xx, xi, 199, 301nn33, 36; 302nn49, 52, 55; 307n146, 309n181, 311n211, 313nn240, 242; 314n260, 317nn298, 302; 319n326, 320n347, 322nn377, 379; 324n402, 326nn416, 417, 418 See also Dao de jing; Laozi Later Han dynasty, 20, 23, 149, 160, 299n7

See alsoFormer Han dynasty; Han dynasty

Later Qin dynasty, 158 See alsoQin dynasty Later Zhao dynasty, 33 See alsoZhao dynasty/state Legalist school, 64 See also nine schools Li, Elder/Sir, 21, 25 See alsoLaozi

Li, King, 314n258 Liang dynasty, xix, 1, 41, 79, 87, 311n207 354

Liang Xiao. SeeBoyou Li Bing, 57, 58 Lidai sanbaoji,xxii See alsoFei Changfang Lie Yixuan, 315n281 See alsoNanqiao, King of Lie Yu, 173

Lie Yun, 89-90 Liezi,293, 324n398, 325n403 Li Hong, 26

Liji,301nn35, 42; 302nn59, 60; 306nn119, 123; 307nn135, 136, 144; 308nn162, 163; 309n184, 310nn187, 196; 316nn283, 294; 317nn299, 306; 318n317, 320n335, 326nn435, 437, 441 See also Book of Rites Li Lao, 38, 155 See alsoLaozi

Li Lou, 130

Li Miao, 137, 139-140, 143-144 Lin brothers, 133 Linchuan, King of, 80 Ling. SeeWen, Lord Lingzhengji,325n404 Liu Bei, 165

Liu Cheng, 90

Liu Jun. SeeLiu Shanming Liu Qia, 109-110 Liu Shang, 11

Liu Shanming, 168, 169-170, 171-172, 173-174

Liu-Song dynasty, 7 See alsoSong dynasty Liu Xiang, 149, 295 Liu Xie, 13, 301 Liu Yixuan. SeeNanqiao, King of Li Zhu, 27

Longmen, 171

Lord of Heaven, 11, 12, 259, 292 Lord of the Way, 8

Lotus Sutra,17, 123, 138 Lü, Empress Dowager, 257 Luan Da, 11

Lu Ao, 128

Lu Cheng, 170

Lu Chui, 115

Lu Fu, 57, 304n99 Lu Gao, 85-86

Lü Jiang. SeeLü Shang Luli, 314n251

See alsofour bright men Lu Lian, 124-125 Luo River, 3, 294 Luoyang, 295

Kaiyang Gate, 295 Lu Qi, 51

Lu Ren, 115

Lü Shang, 51, 170, 171, 304n90 See alsoTaigong Wang Lu state, 59, 139, 172, 232 Lu Song, 9, 26

Lu Xiujing, 6, 9, 10-11 Lu Xu, 87

M

Ma Fan, 224

Magadha, 138

magic, 271

formula, 6

worm, 299n2

Mahābhijñājñānābhibhū, 139, 274, 275, 283

Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra,26 Mahāprajñā pāramitā-sūtra,26 Mahā sāṃghika-vinaya(Mohe sengqi lü), 185

Mahayana, 16, 31, 155, 157 scriptures/sutras, 187, 253, 283 Maitreya, 128, 138, 140, 263, 277, 283 Māṇava, 38, 139, 311n215 Index

Mañjuśrī, 277, 283 Ma Ron, 21

Ma Yuanhe, 112-113 medicine, 14, 25, 85, 181, 244, 270 meditation, 14, 19, 36, 105, 110, 112, 182, 229, 250, 251, 286 couch/room/seat, 185, 190, 284 eight kinds of, 101, 106, 126, 129, 283, 287

four-stage/four stages of, 24, 278 nine kinds of, 283 seven kinds of, 129 Mencius, 21, 72-73, 79, 97, 115, 192, 306n134

Meng River, 173, 276 Mengzi, 150, 312n228 merit(s)/meritorious, 5, 8, 10, 23, 25, 36, 45, 62, 64, 88, 136, 141, 147, 159, 163, 164, 167, 169, 172, 178, 190, 206, 229, 231, 236, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 276, 279, 280, 281, 284, 287, 288, 297, 327n437 Miaofa lianhua jing,393nn69, 71; 310n194, 311n214, 312n216, 314n263

Middle Way, 110 See alsonondual/nonduality Minchi, 135

See alsoHenan province Ming, Emperor, 20, 23, 147, 149, 177, 178, 193, 295, 296 Ming dynasty, 315n277 Ming Shaobin, 117-119 Minyue region, 3 mirror, 73, 173, 281, 286, 288, 292, 327n447

Mi Zixia, 65

Mo Di, 64, 90

Mohism/Mohist(s), 64, 140, 141, 143, 305n114

See alsonine schools 355

Index

Moling county, 10 Moonlight Boy (Candraprabha), 177 Mount Chu, 314n258 Mount Heng, 267, 324n400 Mount Hua, 12, 267 Mount Huo, 267, 324n400 Mount Iron Surroundings (Cakravāḍa) Mount Ji, 164, 166 Mount Jing, 167, 215 Mount Khadiraka, 284 Mount Langfeng, 176 Mount Lu, 166, 217, 227, 228 Mount Panchi, 293 Mount Ruoye, 164 Mount Song, 196, 267 Mount Sumeru, 264, 275, 276, 280, 324n394

Mount Tai, 7, 196, 267, 268, 271 Mount Taixing, 296 Mount Xuanque, 267, 268 Mount Yan, 3

Mount Yanzi, 173 Mount Yuntai, 5 See alsoJiangsu province Mount Zhongnan, 164 Mozi, 115

Mu, Duke of, 128 Mu, King, 293, 321n359 Mu. Lord, 66, 68, 69, 297, 327n443 music/musical, 8, 109, 114, 116, 118, 119, 124, 192, 255, 259, 261, 130n123, 316n294

compositions:

Shao,261, 323n387 Xianchi,255

of Juntian, 66, 68, 69 N

Nairañjanā River, 130 Nanqiao, King of, 178, 315n281 356

Nanyang, 177

See alsoHenan province Nature, 62, 210, 211, 212, 256, 267, 268 law of, 219, 222 See alsoGreat Mass of Nature Nine August Ones/Nine Augusts, 22, 271, 301n30

Nine Murks, 5

nine schools, 141, 146, 225, 285 nirvana, 14, 23, 27, 96, 140, 223, 227, 246, 251, 288

of the Buddha/Tathāgata, 140, 251, 282 equated with death, 14, 27, 28, 301n32 as wuwei, 29, 227, 251, 260 Nirvana Sutra,28, 123, 187, 243, 246, 251 Nobility of Heaven, 97, 308n152 Nominalist school, 64 See alsonine schools nonarising, 20, 176, 177, 187, 251, 254, 261, 278, 282, 288 non-Buddhist(s), xx, 98, 109, 124, 289 books/scriptures/text(s), xxi, 30, 82, 112, 127

teaching(s), 17, 24, 43, 84, 85, 98, 102, 115, 117, 127, 139, 225, 226, 228, 279, 319n324

schools, ninety-six, 112, 262 nondual/nonduality, 23, 30, 59, 85, 110, 124, 254

nonexistence, 16, 76, 79, 83, 101, 113, 237, 251, 260, 282, 288 See alsoexistence non-self, 157, 248, 249, 313n240, 325n412

Northern Sea, 129, 289, 315n274 Northern Song dynasty, 319n329 See also Song dynasty/state Northern Wei dynasty, xx, 299n1 See also Wei dynasty North Temple, 148

Index

numinous, 4, 26, 30, 65, 254, 256, 258, 262, 281

being(s), 55, 71, 129, 255, 265, 268, 271, 292

transcendent, 9, 11 O

One, the, 14, 23 One Vehicle, 24, 32, 84, 101, 155 See alsovehicle(s) P

Pao Sheng, 312n219 Pāpīyas, 284, 287 pāramitās, 250, 278, 281 dāna-,250, 299n6 six, 16, 128, 232, 250, 252, 287 Pengsheng, 59, 60, 102, 116, 120, 297, 305n111, 310n189, 327n444 Penzu, 38, 303n74 Perfect One. SeeBuddha Pi Chen, 190, 316n292 Ping, Emperor, 303n77 power(s), 138, 148, 161, 172, 250, 275, 278, 285, 287

supernatural, 14, 22, 25, 38, 280, 284, 296

six, 278

ten, 36

three, 113, 121 Praise Odes of Lu, "Section on Pasture (Jiong),

" 260

See also Book of Odes prajñā, 15, 121, 250, 286 See also wisdom pratyekabuddhas, 260, 282 precepts, 18, 19, 26, 107, 123, 152, 155, 177, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 198, 213, 225, 227, 229, 232, 235, 237, 238, 250, 252, 255, 264, 284, 286, 292, 308n165

five, 134, 150, 196, 197, 235, 236, 258, 287

ten, 238, 244

two hundred and fifty, 185, 186 province(s), 51, 158, 179 Puban of Hedong, 149 Puqian. Seefour polar regions Pure Awakened One. SeeBuddha Pure Land, 91, 284 Purple Way, 7, 11 Pusa zhengzhai jing/Pusa zhaifa,320n340 Puyao jing,319nn330, 332 Q

Qi, 132

Qiang tribe, 135, 294 Qi dynasty/state, 16, 22, 58, 60, 102, 138, 149, 232, 242, 288, 301n29, 305n111, 323n387, 327n444 King/Lord of, 30, 102 Qili Ji, 314n251 See alsofour bright men Qin dynasty/state, 4, 11, 16, 22, 153, 165, 243, 295, 296, 314n251, 318n319

See alsoLater Qin dynasty Qingzhou, 168

Qin Jing, 295

Qiu Zhongfu, 130 Qi Xie,265, 324n397 Qiyuan Temple, 182, 184, 185, 190, 191 Qiwulun,314n262 Queen Mother of the West (Xi wangmu), 268

Que Gongze, 261 R

Rāmadatta, King, 33 Ran Boniu, 242 Rāṣṭrapāla, 261, 271 357

Index

realm(s) of existence: five, 27, 123, 126,128, 246, 249, 282, 283, 284, 297

six, 24, 92, 126

three, 20, 25, 33-34, 101, 146, 156, 238, 246, 249, 252, 256, 273, 283, 289

three lowest, 238, 256, 276, 281, 283 See alsoexistence(s) rebirth, 13, 14, 251 See alsobirth and death; transmigration receptivity, 37, 120, 148, 171, 179, 293, 296, 297

Records of Minor Conquest(Lingzheng ji), 268

Red Eyebrows, 16, 300n15 Red Writing(Chizhang), 9, 12, 13, 33 See alsotalisman(s) Renwang huguo boreboluomiduo jing, 323n384

reward and retribution, xxi, 119, 120, 122, 124, 129, 136, 144, 145, 178, 179, 204, 207, 213, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 251, 255 See also causality/causation; karma/ karmic

rite(s)/ritual(s), 9-10, 17, 18, 48, 269 Daoist, xxi

canon/scripture of, 93, 104 Confucian, 62

of filial offering, 80 funeral, 113

instruments and images, 140, 142 Mud and Ash Fête, xxi, 9 Yellow Register Fête, 8 See also Book of Rites; Rites of Zhou Rites of Zhou(Zhouli), 116 Rong tribe, 294, 314n264 Ruo, 289

Ruo River, 123

Ruoshi, 129

358

Ruyi, 257

S

Sadāprarudita, 4, 80, 275, 284 Sage, 33, 35, 38, 102, 120, 140, 142, 147, 186, 232, 287 See alsoBuddha; Great Sage; Śākyamuni Sage King, 285, 311n211, 318n318 See alsoBuddha; four that are great Śakra-devānām-indra, 283 Śākyamuni, 18, 19, 21, 27, 29, 33, 79, 119, 134, 137, 139, 182, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 223, 232, 274, 275, 278, 283

and Confucius, 24, 81, 92, 107, 117, 140, 178

and Laozi/Li Lao, 38, 117, 156 passing of, 27, 31, 208 teaching of, 24, 33, 35, 38, 42, 81, 92, 101, 115, 117, 132, 135, 137, 150, 295

See alsoBuddha; Sage śālatrees, twin, 21, 27 Saṃghadeva, 187

Sanfu area, 32

Saṅkha, 138

Sanmiao, chief of, 242 See alsofour criminals Sanskrit, 23, 325n414 Śāriputra, 232

school(s), 26, 38, 64, 102, 15, 117, 121, 147, 187, 262

Buddhist/of Śākyamuni, 137, 157, 220 Confucian/of Confucius, 107, 137 Daoist, xxi, 9, 157, 254 heterodox/non-Buddhist, ninety-six, 112, 147, 262

nine, 141, 146, 225, 285 six, of philosophy, 64

School of Changes, 157 See alsoDaoism/Daoist teaching; nine schools

scripture(s), 4, 8, 22, 24, 25, 26, 38, 66, 73, 86, 87, 93, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130, 136, 140, 146, 187, 196, 229, 235, 247, 255, 270, 295, 302n43, 320n340, 324n395

Buddhist, xix, xxi, 4, 13, 15, 20, 24, 30, 31, 32, 38, 93, 101, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 118, 127, 128, 132, 138, 139, 144, 145, 149, 158, 160, 164, 169, 170, 187, 191, 218, 227, 229, 230, 236, 254, 255, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297, 310n194, 324n394 twelve kinds of, 235 Chinese, 121, 321n357 Daoist, 4, 8, 101

classical, 93, 95

foreign, 265

non-Buddhist, 30

See alsosutra(s)

Scripture on the Clean and Pure Dharma Practice(Qingjing faxing jing), 38, 303n70

Secretariat Fan, 65, 74, 95, 111, 306n130, 308n164

See alsoFan Zhen/Zizhen Seeking Fame (Qiuming), 123, 310n194 Senghui. 10, 20

Senglüe, 162, 164, 165, 166 Sengqian, 162, 163, 164, 314n240 Sengshun, 27

Sengyan, 168-169, 170-171, 172-173 Sengyou, xix-xx, xxii, 1, 289, 315n277, 320n336

sense objects, six, 313n238 sense organs, six, 57, 239-240, 263, 264 See alsosix desires Index

senses, 57, 199, 201, 317n305 seven apertures, 56, 58, 69, 305n105 Seven Classics, 144, 145 See also Five Classics; Six Classics seven symptoms, 259, 323n384 seven treasures, 177, 264, 324n396 sexual behavior/practices/relations, 6, 10, 39, 236, 237

Shaanxi province, 10, 32 Yangpeng area, 38

Shan Bao, 27

Shan county, 164

Shandong province, 11, 149 Shang dynasty, 75, 105, 138, 280, 287, 291

See alsoYin dynasty Shangjun, 152

Shangqing (Supreme Purity) school, 26 Shangshu, 300n24, 307n148, 320n343, 327n436

See also Book of History Shang Yang, 22

Shanhai jing,311n204, 325n408 See also Book of Mountains and Seas Shaohao Jintian, Emperor, 104 Shaozi. SeeZhong Rong She, Duke of, 316n297 Shen Gun, 99-100

Shen Hong, 128-129 Shen Ji, 41, 97-98 See alsoJi

Shenman jing(Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra), 157 Shen Nong, 23, 293, 301n30 See alsoThree Augusts Shentu Jia, 233

Shi, 263, 323n391

Shi Baolin, 281

Shi family, 33

Shi Hu, 33, 135, 149 359

Index

Shiji,300n12, 302n44, 304nn90, 94, 95, 99, 102; 305nn103, 105, 107, 114, 115; 306n117, 311n210, 312n232, 313n236, 314n250, 315n272, 320nn341, 344; 323n382, 327nn443, 444, 446

Shijing,300n23, 302nn57, 58; 304n101, 309nn178, 185; 326n427, 327n434 See also Book of Odes Shi Le, 33, 149

Shi Yu, 80

Shizu. SeeWu, Emperor Shu, 163

Shudu. SeeHuang Xian Shujing, 304n100, 309nn172, 177; 316n284

See also Book of History Shun, Emperor, 6, 18, 35, 58, 59, 60, 61, 76, 87, 109, 152, 261, 294, 305n104, 318n319, 323n381 See alsoFive Thearchs; Yao and Shun Shuxiang, 314n264, 320n342 Shuyu. SeeFu

Sichuan province, Ba Shu area, Min region, 11

Si Dai, 59

Sima Jiong, 129-130

Sima Yun, 98-99

Sishierzhang jing,322n368 Sivi, King, 171

six barbarian tribes/groups of barbarians, 32, 204, 206

Six Classics, 132

See alsoFive Classics; Seven Classics six coverings, 111, 284, 285, 308n165 six desires/six feelings, 236, 239, 279 See alsosense organs, six six dusts, 122,146

six elemental energies, 121, 310n191 six extreme evils, 256, 323n381 six kinds of dreams, 52, 304n96 360

six kinds of hindrances, 155, 313n238 six relations, 166, 219, 222 Sizi Palace, 299n2

snake(s), 60, 238, 262, 268, 270 python(s), 5, 9. 268, 270 vipers, 238

See alsoanimal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s) Song dynasty/state, 21, 131, 138, 147, 297, 301n27, 315nn277, 281 See also Liu-Song dynasty; Northern Song dynasty

sorcerers/sorcery, 146, 148 South Mountain. SeeMount Heng South Sea, 315n274

spirit(s), 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 24, 27, 35, 41, 43, 48, 49-50, 51-52, 53, 55-61, 65-76, 83- 86, 88, 90, 94, 96, 100, 104, 108, 110, 111, 114, 115, 118, 120, 124, 127, 129, 132, 134, 146, 148, 153, 183, 186, 191, 197, 201, 207, 213, 215, 216, 236, 241, 252, 254-258, 261, 262, 268-269, 272, 274, 275, 279, 289, 291, 292, 304n98, 305n110, 308n158, 310n200, 327n444 ancestral/of ancestors, 12, 67, 73, 76, 119, 124, 125, 127, 128 corpus, 5, 299n4

disembodied, 12, 17, 48, 60, 71, 113, 119

divine/holy/virtuous, 109, 179, 271 evil/mischievous/vicious, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 26, 98, 257, 268, 270, 272, 275, 299n4

exquisite, 43, 44, 123 immortality/imperishability/permanence of, 41, 43, 79, 81, 82, 84, 89, 92, 97, 102, 111, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 256

characteristics/essence/origin/nature of, 41, 87, 90, 119, 124

extinction/extinguishment/perishing of, xvii, xix, xxi, 41, 43-44, 48, 49, 52, 59, 61, 65-66, 67, 68-69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 84, 85, 89, 95, 102, 104, 106, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127 tablet, 104, 310n187

transmigration of, xix, 249, 289, 290, 291, 297

See alsoWay of the Spirit/Way of Spiritual Beings

spiritual, 3, 10, 12, 13, 31, 101, 118, 225, 261, 275, 278, 279, 287, 291, 297, consciousness/energy/intelligence, 6, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 114, 116, 118, 125 darkness, 13, 97, 128 officers, 8, 10, 12

soldier(s), 3, 8, 10, 12 spiritual being(s), 9, 12, 26, 60, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 146, 151, 204, 238, 248, 260, 291, 308n157 Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu jing), 97, 149

See also Five Classics Spring and Autumn era, 287, 295 śramaṇas, xx, 19, 30-32, 35, 58, 61, 63, 133, 147, 166, 175, 180-182, 184, 185, 188, 189, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206, 208-210, 212, 215, 218-220, 222-224, 226, 227-232, 295 and bowing to the king, 175, 193-194, 196, 198-205, 207-210, 215, 217, 221-226

See alsoBuddhist(s), clergy/monk(s) Śrīmitra, 190

Sudāna, Prince, 299n6 Śuddhodana, King, 233 Sui dynasty, 324n400

Sun Bin, 57, 304n99

Sun Chuo, 133

Sun En, 3, 6, 7, 9, 26 Index

Sun Jian, 306n124

Sun Quan, 147, 295

Sun Sheng, 149

Sunshine,175, 255-266 Sun Yi, 105-106

Sunzi, 11, 237

Supreme One. SeeBuddha Supreme Thearch, 67, 71, 76, 178, 292 See alsoCelestial Thearch/Heavenly Thearch; Five Thearchs sutra(s), 29, 30, 43, 44, 45, 47, 150, 177, 184, 185, 239, 240, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 288, 303n70, 321nn352, 353, 358, 361; 326n428 See alsoscripture(s)

Sutra of the Twelve Gates(Shier man jing), 240, 244, 320nn336, 348 Sutra on the Complete Accomplishment of the Light Samādhi(Chengju guangming dingyi jing), 245, 246 Sutra on the Formal Purification (Zheng zhai jing), 242 Sutra on the Seven Buddhas(Qi fo jing), 147

Sutra on the Virtue of a Wise Person (Xian shede jing), 245 Suzu. SeeMing, Emperor sword(s), 29, 51, 52, 65, 74, 75, 151, 258, 264, 272, 276, 286, 306n131, 312n232

Ganjiang, 286

Kunwu, 8

that can cut jade (kunyu), 265, 324n398 T

Taibo, 15, 30

Taigong Wang/Lü Shang, 51, 170 See alsoLü Jiang

Taiping yulan,304n89, 306n124 Taishi era, 16

361

Index

Taishō canon/Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, xxii, 311n206, 320n340, 321n355, 322n367

Taiwu, 297, 327n445 Taiyuan. Seefour polar regions Taiyuan era, 325n409 Taizi ruiying benqi jing,xxii, 123, 213, 246, 250, 301n38, 303nn72, 79; 310nn192, 197; 311n215, 321nn353, 357, 361; 322nn366, 371 Taizi Xudana jing,299n6 talisman(s), 8-9, 12, 23, 25, 146, 148 huangshenand yuezhang,13, 299n9 Tang dynasty, 299n1 Tangfu village, 165 Tang, King, 23, 59, 65, 72, 74, 75, 280, 283, 287, 291, 305n115, 318n319 See alsoThree Augusts Tang/Tang Yao, 75, 87, 114, 166 See also Tao Tang; Yao/Yao, Emperor Tanwuchen, 133

Tao Tang, 194, 231, 295 See also Tang/Tang Yao; Yao/Yao, Emperor

Tathāgata, 36, 64, 85, 124, 138, 140, 177, 178, 184, 221, 259-260, 281-283, 288, 312n220

See alsoBuddha

ten directions, 82, 176, 235, 273, 276, 279, 283

ten evil acts, 238 ten wholesome acts, 107, 134, 150, 237-238, 250, 251, 258 See alsoprecepts, ten Three Augusts, 18, 22, 23, 32, 37, 118, 121, 138, 140, 143, 145, 178, 268, 283, 294

See alsoTang, King; Wu, King; Yu, King

Three Communicating Agencies, 271, 283, 326n419

362

threefold refuge, 235 three great elements (Heaven, Earth, and the Way), 199, 207, 218 Three Kings/three sovereigns, 22, 120, 192, 291, 294, 316n294 three most revered people (ruler, father, and teacher), 204, 206, 215, 216, 218 Three Offices, 8, 12 three periods of existence, xix, xxi, 25, 33- 34, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 100, 103, 113, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 178, 179, 207, 244, 253, 264, 290, 291, 292, 297 three revered ones. See Three Treasures three sages, 79, 109, 117, 119, 122 See alsoConfucius; Laozi; Śākyamuni three teachings, 253 See alsoBuddhism; Confucianism; Daoism

three transcendental knowledges, 96, 184, 259

Three Treasures, xix, 3, 124, 148, 150, 160, 221, 228, 231, 236 Tianbo Temple, 232 Tian Chou. SeeZitai Tianzhu. See India titles (Buddhist/Confucianist/Doaist): Attendant of Scriptures, 10 Bandit of Ants, 10 Bandit of Grain, 10 Capped Female Officials, 10 Concubine, 11

Controller of Wine, 10 Daoist Priest, 10

Deficient of the Way, 10 Dharma Master, 10

Dharma Master of the Three Grottoes, 10

Dharma Preacher, 10 Family of the Grain, 10

Father of the Way, 10 General of Five Profits, 11 Heavenly Master, 10 Heir Master, 10 King of the Transcendent Lord, 10 Learned Elder(s), 10, 11 Libationer, 10 Lord of Earth, 11 Lord of Heaven, 11 Man of the Way, 10 Master of the Three Daughters, 10 Mother of the Way, 10 People of the Grain, 10 People of the Way, 10, 11 Spiritual Lord, 10 Succeeding Master, 10 Supervisor of Merit, 10 Teacher of Spiritual Beings, 11 True Lord's Seed People, 10 Vassal, 11

Woman of the Way, 10 Tiying, 89, 302n232 transmigration, 27, 36, 141, 146, 219, 240, 246, 248, 256, 264, 289, 292, 297 See alsobirth and death; rebirth Tungusic tribe, 135 two polarities, 105, 157, 199, 218, 262, 267, 269, 282

See alsoHeaven and Earth U

udāna,129, 265 Ultimate Source (Benyuan), 273 V

Vaiśālī, 164

Vaiśeṣika(Weishi), 106 Vaiśravaṇa, 272 vajra, 272, 278 Vajragarbha, 276, 281 Index

vapor(s), 10, 133, 248, 257, 267, 268, 269 foul/poisonous/of vicious sprits, 268, 270, 272

life-giving, 206 primordial, 267, 324n399 yin-yang,xxi, 218, 256 Vasudhāra, 284 vehicle(s), 155, 260 three, 124, 219, 260, 283 two, 159, 282

See alsoOne Vehicle Vimalakīrti, 44, 85, 157, 164, 276 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra,17, 138, 144, 248, 251

Vimukticandra, 276, 281 Vinaya, xix, 185, 229 text(s), 150, 184, 185 Vipaśyin, 147

void/voidness, 9, 25, 155, 325n411 See alsoGrand Void Vulture Peak (Gṛdhrakuṭa), 109, 130, 138, 160

W

waiting by a stump, metaphor of, 189 Wang Bin, 87

Wang Dao, 133

Wang Fu, 22

Wang Gai, 255

Wang Gong, 133 Wang Gongqi, 9 Wang Hong, 182, 189, 192 Wang Jian, 87, 88-89 Wang Jing, 113-115 Wang Jun, 51

Wang Lin, 103

Wang Lingqi, 10, 11 Wang Mang, 300n15 Wang Mao, 90-91 Wang Meng, 133 363

Index

Wang Mi, 138, 201, 202-203, 205-209, 211-214, 216-217

Wang Qi, 100

Wang Sengru, 94

Wang Sengshu, 116-117 Wang Shu, 258

Wang Tai, 95

Wang Tanzhi, 133

Wangxiang, 138, 311n212 Wang Xiang, 170, 171

Wang Yi, 57, 58, 94-95 Wang Ying, 82

Wang Yuan, 133

Wang Yun, 104-105

Wang Zhenguo, 126

Wang Zhi, 83

Wang Zhongxin, 96-97

Wang Zhou, 169

Warring States period, 16, 21, 137, 294, 295, 301n27, 308n154, 318n315 Water Transcendents, 3, 7 See alsoSun En

Way, xix, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10-11, 13, 14, 15, 22-25, 35, 38-39, 42, 80, 87, 88, 92, 104, 109, 112, 115, 117, 125, 134, 137, 141, 157, 158, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 172, 176, 177, 182, 189, 199, 202, 204, 207, 208, 209, 211-213, 216, 218, 224, 226, 228, 240, 250-254, 261-263, 267-272, 274, 279, 280, 292, 294, 311nn208, 211

correct/right/true, 8, 33, 116, 167, 271 of filial piety, 17, 86, 87, 93, 95, 100 fundamental, 219, 222 highest, 23, 24, 109, 113, 118, 146, 212 profound/subtle, 118, 103 ultimate, 104, 105, 112, 166, 177, 213, 214, 253, 255, 262

Buddhist/of the Buddha/Śākyamuni/ Tathāgata, 17, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 33, 364

35-37, 42, 85, 90, 96, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 115, 117, 120, 128, 139, 143, 144, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177-179, 181, 184, 185, 189, 194, 195, 208, 209, 213, 215, 218-223, 225, 228, 230-232, 236, 240, 246, 248, 252, 255, 259-261, 265, 266, 275, 280, 282, 283, 288, 289

See alsoGreat Way

Way of Heaven, 6, 94, 106, 109, 122, 123, 307n147

Way of the Celestial Master, xxi Way of the Divine Transcendents, 34, 254 Way of the Eastern Mountain, 268 Way of the Five Pecks of Grain, xxi, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25

Way of the Spirit/Spiritual Beings/Spiritual Intelligence, 7, 10, 19, 41, 48, 106, 118, 135, 194, 196, 207, 223, 227, 247, 255, 258, 267, 269 Wei dynasty/kingdom/period/state, 198, 201, 295, 318n319

See alsoNorthern Wei dynasty Wei Ke, 128, 191, 309n174, 316n293 Weimojie jing,322nn364, 376, 378 Wei, Prince, 299n2

Wei River, 135, 220, 228 Wei Rui, 101

Wei Shidu, 261

Weimojie suoshuo jing,303n80, 307nn138, 139; 311n213, 312n218, 313n240, 324nn394, 395, 396; 326n422

Wei Zhi, 171, 315n267 Wen, Duke, 128

Wen, Emperor:

of the Han dynasty, 51, 134, 178 of the Song dynasty, 131, 188 of the Sui dynasty, 324n400

Wen, King, 59, 67, 70, 76, 314n258 of the Wei kingdom, 160 of the Zhou dynasty, 118, 180 Wen, Lord:

of Jin state, 288 of Wei state, 164 Wenxuan, King, 149, 312n227 West/Western region, 135, 137, 138 Western Jin dynasty, xx, 311n207 See alsoEastern Jin dynasty; Jin dynasty/state

wheel, golden, 96 See alsoDharma, wheel wheel-turning king, 138 White Horse Temple (Baimasi), 123 White Tiger Library (Baifuguan), 107 wisdom, 8, 14, 23, 24, 25, 38, 41, 57, 84, 96, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 116, 140, 141, 150, 171, 173, 225, 250, 264, 266, 278, 280, 286, 289, 292, 294, 296, 308n158 axe of, 274, 277, 278 highest, 15, 120

seven factors of, 104, 283 sunlike, 112, 128 transcendental, 105, 155, 187, 260 See also prajñā

Wu (wife of Sun Jian), 306n124 Wu, Emperor, xx, 178, 193, 295, 318n319 of the Former Han dynasty/Han dynasty, 4, 11, 153, 295, 299n2, 324n400

of the Liang dynasty, 41-42 of the Liu-Song dynasty, 7 of the Qi dynasty, 232 of the Song dynasty, 147, 315n281 Wu, King, 23, 72, 73, 74, 75, 114, 118, 120, 280, 283, 287, 291, 300n14, 314n258

See alsoThree Augusts Index

Wu area/region/Wu County, 3, 6, 10, 294, 148

Wu Ding, Emperor, 51, 295 Wugang, 202

Wu kingdom/state, 30, 50, 51, 66, 70, 147, 295, 304n326 Wuling, 164

Wulu Chongzong, 95, 307n149 See alsoFan Zhen/Zizhen wuwei(nonaction), 27, 32, 62, 283, 294, 319n326

as nirvana, 29, 227, 251, 260 Wuxing, 41

Wuzhong area, 30

Wuzi, 137

X

Xi, 242

See alsoYangshe Xi Xia dynasty, 72, 75, 80, 90, 105, 135, 138, 280, 287, 291, 294, 318n319 Xia Ge, 291

Xiahuanggong, 314n251 See alsofour bright men Xiang, Prince, 154, 158 Xiang, Viscount, 173 Xiang Ji, 59, 59, 60 Xiangwang. SeeWangxiang Xiangyang, 178, 183 Xiang Yu. SeeXiang Ji Xianyuan tribe. SeeHuns Xiao Ang, 92-93

Xiao Bing, 84

Xiao Chen, 48-49, 70, 86 Xiao Hong, 81

See alsoLinchuan, King of Xiaojing,59, 300n11, 302n62, 305n109, 306nn120, 125, 126; 309nn167, 168; 312n230

See also Canon of Filial Piety 365

Index

Xiao Mi, 93-94 Xiao Misu, 106 -107 Xiao Mozhi, 131, 132,136 Xiaopin boreboluomi jing, 326n423 Xiao Wei. SeeJian'an, King of Xiao Yuanye, 81 Xiao Ziliang, 154 Xie Chuo, 101-102 Xie Fu, 133, 163, 164 Xie Guang, 193, 194-195 Xie Ju, 111-112 Xie Lingyun, 132 Xie Shang, 133 Xi Zaochi, 1176-178 Xie Zhong, 217 Xi He, 259

Xi Ke, 129

Xiuxing benqi jing, 301n39, 314n261, 321nn357, 261 Xuan, King, 48-49, 135, 180, 327n444 Xuanguang, xxi, 3 Xuanni, 41, 303n77 See alsoConfucius Xuanyuan, 58, 104 See alsoYellow Emperor Xuanzhong ji,325n407 Xu Fu, 4

Xu Gun. 88

Xu Mian, 84-85 Xunzi,300n14

Xu You, 163, 164, 165, 166 Y

Yama, 64, 258, 271 Yan family, 308n158 Yangdu, 1

Yang Huo, 58, 59, 60 Yangshe, 242

Yangshe Xi, 320n342 See alsoXi

366

Yan Guangi Ziling, 160, 163 Yang Xuanbao, 137 Yangzhou, 125 Yang Zhu, 90

Yangzi, 115

Yangzi River, 114, 130, 267, 294 Yan Hui, 242, 262 Yan Junping, 163, 313n246 Yanling, 66, 70, 74, 75 Yan region/state, 16, 115 Yan Shan, 127-128 Yan Yannian/Yan Yanzhi, 132, 253 Yan Yuan, 231 Yan Zhizhi, 110-111 Yanzi, 299n8

Yao/Yao, Emperor, 33, 35, 58, 61, 76, 104, 114, 152-153, 164, 165, 166, 179, 231, 265, 295, 300n24, 303n74, 313n235, 318n319, 319n328, 326n424 See alsoFangxun; Five Thearchs; Tang, Emperor; Tang/Tang Yao; Tao Tang; Yao and Shun Yao and Shun, 18, 23, 58, 75, 137, 179-180, 283, 295 See alsoShun; Yao/Yao, Emperor Yao Lüe, 149, 175 Yao Xian, 159 Yao Xing Zhilue/Ruler Yao, 158-159, 160-161, 162-163, 164 Ye, 135

Yellow Books(Huangshu),6, 9, 25, 299n5 Yellow Emperor, 58, 76, 104, 124, 138, 155, 156, 255, 318n319 See alsoFive Thearchs; Three Augusts; Xuanyuan Yellow River, 3, 23, 135, 163, 189, 267, 288

Yellow Turbans, 7, 210 Yi, Lord, 64

Yijing,300n20, 305nn110, 112, 113; 307nn143, 150; 308nn155, 156, 158; 309n166, 313n241, 315n273, 316n285, 317n310, 318n312, 320n334, 323nn388, 390; 327n433 See also Book of Changes Yili(Ceremonies for Courtesy), 19 Yin dynasty/state, 51, 64, 72, 80, 90, 135, 181, 280, 287, 297, 300n14, 305n105, 318n319 See alsoShang dynasty yinand yang,6, 10, 37, 39, 55, 267, 268, 325n403

vapor(s), xxi, 256 See also Daoism Yin, Prince, 34, 278 Ying (city), 70, 263, 323n391 Ying, King, 16, 295, 304n86 Ying River, 166 Yin Ji, 133

Yin Jun, 6, 122 Yin Zhongwen, 215 Yi River, 294 Yi tribe, 9, 10, 294 Yixi era, 9

Yiyang, 200

Yi Yin, 64, 305n115 Yongjia, 131, 132 Yongping era, 179 Youruo/Youzi, 31 You Yu, 19, 116, 153 Yu, 51

Yu, Emperor/King, 16, 120, 183, 291, 294, 295, 318n319 See alsoThree Augusts Yuan Ang, 83-84 Yuan dynasty, 315n277 Yuan, Emperor, 295, 307n149 Yuan Gui, 116 Yuan Rang, 34 Yu Bing, 193, 194-195, 199, 200, 202 Index

Yu Chan, 85, 178 Yu Daosui, 133 Yue region, 51, 181 Yuezheng Zi Chun, 95 Yu Falan, 133, 148, 261, 312n225 Yu Heng, 215, 217 Yu Liang, Lord, 175 Yu Qianlou, 119-121 Yu Rang, 173

Yu Tanlong, 93 Yu Yong, 91-92 Yu/Yu Shun, Emperor, 75, 76, 87, 152-153

See alsoShun, Emperor Yu Yuangui, 133 Yuzhang, 92, 99, 104 Yuzhong, 15

Z

Zai Kai, 164

Zang Wen Zhong, 33, 294n86 Zeng Shen/Zengzi, 31, 64, 65, 80 Zengyi ahan jing,302n51, 321n353 See alsoCollection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism Zhan family, 135 Zhang Chang, 201, 317n308 Zhang family, 148 Zhang Fan, 125 Zhang Jia, 57, 58 Zhang Jiao, 9, 26 Zhang Liang, 58 Zhang Ling, 5-6, 9, 24, 25, 34 Zhang Lu, 3, 9, 10, 25 Zhang Mian, 122-124 Zhang Rong, 27, 156, 299n10 Zhang Xin'an, 179-180 Zhang Xuan, 133 Zhang Yi, 27

Zhang Yuanbo, 102 367

Index

Zhang Zi Lu, 7, 9, 10, 11 Zhao, King, 305n107 Zhao, Lord, 172 Zhao Ding, 57, 58 Zhao dynasty/state, 16, 173, 305n107, 308n153, 318n315 See alsoLater Zhao dynasty Zhao Jianzi, 50, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 297, 327n443

Zhan Qin, 172

Zheng Daozi/Zheng Dun, 180-181 Zheng state, 49, 59, 60, 128, 233 Zheng Xuan, 21

Zhenzongjie(Admonitions on the Pillow), 269, 325n405 Zhi, 125

Zhibo, 37, 173

Zhi Daolin, 230, 319n325 Zhi Dun, xx, 261 Zhong ahan jing,321n358 Zhongchu, 85

See alsoYu Chan Zhonghua, 58, 180 See alsoShun, Emperor Zhongjing mulu,xxii Zhongni. SeeConfucius Zhongrong, 270, 325n408 Zhongyong, 30, 119 Zhong You, 207

See alsoZilu

Zhou, Duke of, 21, 66, 70, 71, 80, 98, 114, 115, 120, 138, 140, 145, 172, 178, 291-292

and Confucius, 20, 59, 111, 119, 142, 143, 145, 207, 210, 283, 288, 291 and Houji, 66-67, 70, 72 and King Wu, 114, 120, 291-292 Zhou, King, 72-73, 74, 75, 80, 135, 280, 287, 300n14, 305n105 Zhou Dan, 67, 72, 120 See alsoZhou, Duke of 368

Zhou Dang, 163

Zhou dynasty, 21, 30, 41, 48, 72, 75, 90, 105, 118, 134, 135, 138, 180, 280, 287, 293, 300n14, 318n319, 327nn437, 444

Zhouguan, Zong Boshi section of Chunguan, 119 Zhouli, 119, 304n96, 309n173 See also Zhouguan Zhou Yi, 133

Zhuangyan Temple, 80 Zhuang Zhou, 232 Zhuangzi, 21, 27, 34, 35, 38, 39, 66, 69, 70, 100, 118, 167, 192, 216, 217, 241, 265, 288, 309n180, 318n316 Zhuangzi, xx, xxi, 169, 170, 300n18, 21, 25; 301n31, 34, 40; 302nn56, 61; 303nn63, 65, 66, 67, 73, 75, 76; 304n97, 305n108, 306nn118, 133, 134; 309nn175, 180, 182; 310nn190, 191, 198; 311n205, 212; 312n219, 314n256, 315nn274, 278; 316n295, 317nn303, 307; 318n316, 319nn323, 324, 327; 320nn338, 339; 321nn359, 360; 322nn370, 372; 323nn380, 385, 386, 389, 391; 324nn393, 397; 325n411, 326nn420, 424, 429, 430; 327n442

Zhuanxu, 76

See alsoFive Thearchs Zhu Daosheng, 187 See alsoDaosheng Zhu Daoshuang, 267 Zhu Duo, 313n237 Zhu family, 148 Zhu Fahu, 133, 148, 261, 296 Zhu Faya, xxii

Zhuge Hui, 193, 195 Zhuge Kongming/Liang, 163, 165 See alsoKongming Zhuli. Seefour polar regions

Zhulong, 129, 311n204 Zhu River, 109, 169 Zhu Shixing/Zixing, xx Zhu Tuo, 153

Zhu Yun, 307n149 Zichan, 127, 233, 310n195 Zigao, 35

Zigong, 71, 318n329 Zilu, 67, 71-72, 137, 207 See alsoJilu; Zhong You Zi Ming, 9

Ziqi, 130, 319n323 Zitai, 173

Zixia, 38

Ziyou, 38, 319n323 Zizhou, 35

Index

Zong state, 285, 326n424 Zong Bing, 132, 133, 148 Zong Shaowen. SeeZong Bing Zou region/state, 50, 139 Zun Zu, 171, 315n267 Zuochi. SeeXi Zaochi Zuozhuan,30, 35, 116, 120, 135, 149, 179, 184, 299n8, 302nn48, 50; 303n64, 304nn85, 86, 87, 88; 305nn107, 111; 306n128, 307n151, 309n174, 310nn189, 200; 311nn201, 209; 312n231, 313nn233, 235; 314nn255, 264; 316nn286, 291, 293; 317n301, 320n342, 323n383, 324n401, 327nn444, 447

369