T2102 The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism, Vol. I

Glossary

Notes

527 See note 90.

528 This expression is based on Confucius's statement in the Lunyu, Shuer.Legge translates it as: "When I have presented one corner of a subject to any one, and he cannot from it learn the other three, I do not repeat my lesson" (The Chinese Classics,vol. 1, p. 197).

529 See the Laozi, chapter 50. Legge, Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, pp. 140-141. 530 See the Laozi, chapter 7. For Legge's translation, see Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, p. 100, n. 1.

531 The Chinese character qiehas several different meanings. The Daoist Gu uses it in his discourse as "direct,

" but Huitong takes it to mean "urgent.

"

532 See the Laozi, chapter 12. Legge, Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, p. 103, n. 1. 533 See the Liji, Tangong, shang.Müller, ed., The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 27, p. 132, n. 29.

534 See the Shiji, Xia benji.Nienhauser, ed., The Grand Scribe '

s Records, vol. I, p. 36.

535 The record is found in the last section of the Shujing, Zhouguan.Legge's translation in The Chinese Classics,vol. 3, pp. 523-534, does not include it. 536 See the Liji, Tangong, shang.Müller, ed., The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 27, p. 139, n. 20.

537 See note 99.

538 See note 100.

539 See the Zhanguoce, Qin Zhaoxiangwang, xia.

540 See the Laozi, chapter 42. Legge, Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, p. 133, n. 3. 541 The Yellow Booksare generally known as instruction books for the arts of the bedchamber. Presently, only four texts called Huangshuare extant in the Daozang. 542 See the Laozi, chapter 13. Legge, Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, p. 104, n. 2. 543 See the Laozi, chapter 7. Legge, Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji, p. 100, n. 2. 544 This passage is found in the Nanatsudera manuscript of the Qingjing faxingjing (Sutra of Pure Dharma Acts): "Mahākāśyapa is called Laozi over there. " See Makita Tairyō

and Ochiai Toshinori, ed., Nanatsudera koitsu kyōten kenkyū sōsho, vol. 2. Chūgoku senjutsu kyōten (sono 2) (Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1996), p. 13. 545 See the Taizi ruiying benqi jing,T.185.3:473b12-20, for an example of this. 322

Glossary

bhikṣu(biqiu): A mendicant monk; a Buddhist monk. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples.

bhikṣuṇī(biqiuni): A Buddhist nun. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples. dharmakāya(fashen): The Dharma body. There are various interpretations for this term. In the Sarvāstivādin school, it refers to the true Dharma expounded by the Buddha or the collection of the auspicious qualities of the Buddha, including his wisdom, compassion, and various powers. In the Mahāyāna the term evolved into a kind of cosmic principle that was regarded as the true nature of the Buddha or the body of ultimate reality and the source from which his other forms derived. For instance, the dharmakāyais one of the two kinds of buddha bodies along with the physical form (rūpakāya), or of the three kinds of buddha bodies along with the enjoyment or reward body (saṃbhogakāya) and the accommodative body (nirmāṇakāya), or of the four kinds of buddha bodies along with the enjoyment or reward body, the accommodative body, and the transformed body, or of the ten kinds of buddha bodies, two versions of which are presented in the Huayanjing(Garland Sutra).. Daodejing(Scripture of the Way and Its Virtue): The foundational Daoist scripture authored by Laozi.

eight kinds of gods and demigods who protect Buddhism (babuzhong): gods (devas), demigods (asuras), dragons (nāgas), demons (yakṣas), divine musicians (gandharvas), mythical birds (garuḍas), half-horse, half-human beings (kiṃnaras), and great serpents (mahoragas).

eight difficulties (ba

'

nan): The eight conditions in which one is unable to encounter a buddha or hear the Dharma: being in hell; being in the state of an animal; being in the state of a hungry ghost; being in the heaven of long life or in Uttarakuru, the continent to the north of Mount Sumeru where people always enjoy great happiness (people in these worlds would not therefore be motivated to seek truth); being deaf, blind, and mute; being knowledgeable about worldly affairs and eloquent (which may defer people from following the true path); and living during the period before or after the Buddha's appearance in the world.

eight kinds of suffering (baku): The suffering brought about by birth, aging, illness, death, separation from what one loves, encountering what one despises, not finding what one seeks; and the five skandhas. See alsofive skandhas. 323

Glossary

eight precepts: (bajiezhai): Not to kill, not to steal, not to commit sexual conduct, not to use false speech, not to ingest intoxicants, not to perform such acts as wearing bodily decoration, using perfume, singing and dancing, and going to see dances or plays, sleeping in a raised bed, and eating after noon. See alsofive precepts; six purification days.

five cardinal duties (wudian): A father's righteousness, a mother's benevolence, an elder brother's love, a younger brother's respect, and a son's filial piety. five cardinal virtues (wuchang): Benevolence, justice, politeness, wisdom, and fidelity. Five Classics: The Confucian canon comprising the Book of Changes(Yijingor Zhouyi), which looks into the law between Heaven, Earth, and human beings by asserting that all phenomena of the universe come from changes caused by the union and separation of yinand yang;the Book of History(Shujingor Shangshu), a record of two ideal rulers, Yao and Shun, and the three dynasties of Xia, Yin (Shang), and Zhou; the Book of Odes(Shijingor Maoshi), a collection of three hundred odes composed prior to Confucius's time; the Spring and Autumn Annals(Chunqiu), which discerns virtue and vice in various historic events that happened in all states for a period of two hundred and forty-two years, from the first year of Lord Yin up to Lord Ai of Lu state; and the Book of Rites(Liji), a compilation of records of theory and practice regarding rites.

five desires (wuyuor wuqing): Desires that arise in connection with the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch; or desires for wealth, sex, food and drink, fame, and sleep.

five penalties (wuxing): Branding, cutting off the nose, cutting off the feet, castration, and death. The earliest record that describes wuxingis the Canon of Shun in the Book of History,in which Gao Yao carried out these penalties at Shun's command. five precepts (wujie;Skt. pañcaśīla): Not to kill, not to steal, not to use false speech, not to commit sexual misconduct, and not to ingest intoxicants. These are the five basic precepts taken by laypeople on entering the Buddhist path.

five primary elements (wuchang): Fire, wood, earth, metal, and water. See alsofour great elements.

five realms of existence (wudao, wutu, or wuqu): The realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, human beings, and heavenly beings. See also six realms of existence. five roots of wholesomeness (wugen): 1) Belief in the Three Treasures, 2) making efforts to practice good, 3) being mindful of the true Dharma, 4) concentration, and 5) the investigation of the true nature of things. (Volume II)

Five Sacred Mountains (wuyue): The Eastern Mountain (Mount Tai), the Southern Mountain (Mount Heng or Huo), the Western Mountain (Mount Hua), the Northern Mountain (Mount Heng), and the Central Mountain (Mount Song). 324

Glossary

five skandhas (Skt. pañcaskandha; wuyinor wuyun): The five constituent elements of existence that produce various kinds of suffering: matter or form (rūpa), perception (vedanā), conception (samjñā), volition (samskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna). Five Thearchs (wudi): Five legendary emperors: Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), Emperor Gaoyang (Zhuanxu), Emperor Gaoxin (Diku), Emperor Yao, and Emperor Shun. four devils (Skt. māras; simo): Defilements (Skt. kleśas), the five skandhas, death (Skt. maraṇa), and the king of devils, Māra, in the Paranirmitavaśavartin Heaven, who tries to thwart one's attempts to carry out good acts.

four fruits (siguo): The four stages of spiritual attainment in the Hinayana: the fruit of entering the stream of the sacred Dharma (Skt. srota-āpanna), the fruit of only one more rebirth (Skt. sakṛdāgāmin), the fruit of not returning (Skt. anāgāmin); and the fruit of arhatship.

four gravest offenses (Skt. pārājika; boluoyi): Engaging in sexual intercourse, stealing, taking life, and lying about one's spiritual attainment. Monks who commit even one of these offences is permanently expelled from the sangha. four great elements (sida): Earth, water, fire and wind. See alsofive primary elements. Four Holy Rivers (sidu): The Yangzi River, the Yellow River, the Huai River, and the Ji River.

four immeasurable minds (Skt. catur-apramāṇaor catvāry apramāṇāni;sidengxinor siwuliangxin): Benevolence (ci), or giving pleasure and happiness to others; compassion (bei), or removing others' pain and suffering; taking joy in making other people happy (xi); and giving up all attachments (sheor hu). four kinds of Buddhist disciples (sizhong): Monks (bhikṣus), nuns (bhikṣuṇīs), laymen (upāsakas), and laywomen (upāsikās).

Grand Terminus (taiji): In Daosim, the origin of all things in the universe. icchantika(yichanti): One who has no good roots and has no possibility of becoming a buddha.

kalpa(jie): An eon, an immeasurably long period of time.

Mount Sumeru (Xumishan): In Buddhist cosmology, the highest mountain that rises from the center of the world.

nine kinds of Buddhist scriptures (jiubujing): The first nine of the twelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures. Seetwelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures.

nine realms of the transmigration of birth and death (jiudi): Subdivisions of the three realms of samsaric existence, consisting of the realm of desire, the four meditation heavens of the realm of form, and the four domains of the realm of nonform. See alsothree realms of existence.

325

Glossary

nine schools (jiuliu): Confucianism, Daoism, the school of Yin-Yang, Legalism, the Nominalist school, the school of Mo Di (i.e., Mohism), the school of the Political Strategists, the school of Miscellaneous Thoughts, and the school of the Farming Life. nirvana (niepan): The ultimate goal of Buddhism, where delusions are extinguished and the highest wisdom is attained.

pure speech (qingtan): Discourse following doctrines or theories found in the Laozi Daodejingand the Zhuangziwithout regard to its practicality. The earliest example is that carried out by Fu Gu and Xun Can in the first year of the Taihe era (227). It was popular during the period from the Wei kingdom (220-265) through the Jin dynasty (265-420).

Seven Classics: The Five Classics plus the Book of Music(Yuejing), no longer extant, and the Analects(Lunyu) of Confucius. See also Five Classics.

seven kinds of self-conceit (qiman): The feeling of superiority toward those who are inferior; the feeling of superiority toward those who are one's equals; the feeling of superiority toward those who are superior to oneself; being proud of oneself and despising others; considering oneself to be more worthy or virtuous than one actually is; false humility, i.e., feeling pride at one's humility; and proudly thinking that one is virtuous although, in fact, one is a person of little virtue. six arts (liuyi): Six areas in which a refined person must be skilled: rites, music, archery, driving a chariot, learning, and mathematics.

Six Classics: The Five Classics plus the Book of Music. See also Five Classics. six domestic animals: Horse, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs, and pigs. six extreme evils (liuji): Misfortune that results in shortening one's life, sickness, mental distress, poverty, wickedness, and weakness. Also called the six feelings (liuqing). six pāramitās (liuboluomior liudu): The six qualities or "perfections" a bodhisattva practices in order to attain nirvana: (1) generosity (Skt. dāna), giving property, the Dharma, and peace; (2) morality (Skt. śīla), observing precepts; (3) forbearance or patience (Skt. kṣānti); 4) diligence or effort (Skt. vīrya); (5) meditation (Skt. dhyāna); and (5) wisdom (Skt. prajñā).

six purification days (liuzhai): The eighth, fourteenth, fifteenth, twenty-third, twentyninth, and thirtieth days of the month, during which laypeople observe eight precepts (the five basic precepts along with additional proscriptions against indulging in adornment or perfume, entertainment, sleeping in a raised bed, or eating after midday) in order to purify themselves. See alsofive precepts.

six realms of existence (liudaoor liuqu): The six realms into which sentient beings are reborn in the course of samsaric existence: the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras, and heavenly beings.

326

Glossary

six relations (liuqin): Father, mother, elder and younger brothers, wife, and children. six sense organs (liugen): Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, the tactile body, and mind. six supernatural powers (liutongor liushentong): (1) The ability to go anywhere at will and to transform oneself or objects at will; (2) the capability of seeing anything at any distance; (3) the capability of hearing any sound at any distance: (4) the ability to know others' thoughts; (5) the ability to know one's own and others' former lives; and (6) the ability to destroy all evil passions.

śramaṇa(shamen): A Buddhist monk.

śrāmaṇera(shami): A male novice.

śrāmaṇerikā(shamini): A female novice.

tathāgata(rulai): One of ten epithets for a buddha, construed as "one who comes from thusness.

"

ten epithets for the Buddha (shihao): Thus-come One, One Worthy of Alms, Fully Enlightened, One Having Wisdom and Practice, One who Has Attained Emancipation, Knower of the World, Unsurpassed, Tamer of Humans, Teacher of Gods and Humans, and Enlightened and World-honored One.

ten powers (shili): Ten powers attributed to a buddha: (1) distinguishing right and wrong; (2) knowing the karma of all sentient beings of the past, present, and future, and its outcome; (3) knowing all forms of meditation; (4) knowing the greater and lesser capacities of sentient beings; (5) knowing the thoughts and desires of sentient beings; (6) knowing the different levels of existence of sentient beings; (7) knowing the results of various methods of practice; (8) knowing the transmigratory states of all sentient beings and the courses of karma they follow; (9) knowing the past lives of all sentient beings and the nirvanic state of nondefilement; and (10) knowing how to destroy all evil passions.

ten wholesome acts (shishan): Not killing living beings, not stealing, not committing adultery, not telling lies, not uttering harsh words, not uttering words that cause enmity between people, not engaging in idle talk, not being greedy, not being angry, and not holding wrong views.

Three Augusts (sanhuang): Three legendary monarchs of ancient China. There are several different theories about the identity of these figures. For instance, Sima Qian's Shiji lists Tianhuang (Emperor of Heaven), Dihuang (Emperor of Earth), and Renhuang (Emperor of People) in the Sanhuangji(Chronicles of the Three Augusts), and Tianhuang, Dihuang, and Qinhuang (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty) in the Qin Shihuangji (Chronicles of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty). The Chunqiu wei (a book about charms and omens circulated in the Han dynasty as appendices to the Spring and Autumn Annals) lists Fuxi, Shen Nong, and Nüwa as the Three Augusts.

327

Glossary

three kinds of emptiness (sankong): The three gates of emancipation: emptiness (kong), devoid of characteristics (wuxiang), and absence of aspiration (wuyuan). three lowest realms of existence (santu, sanqu, or san

ghosts, and animals. See alsosix realms of existence.

'

e): The realms of hell, hungry

three most revered people (zaisan): The sovereign, one's parents, and one's teacher. three periods of existence (sanshi): Past, present, and future. three periods of the Dharma: The period of the True Dharma (zhengfa), when the Buddha's teaching is properly practiced and enlightenment can be attained; the period of the Semblance Dharma (xiangfa), when the teaching is practiced but enlightenment is no longer attainable; and the last period of the Decadent Dharma (mofa), when only the teaching still exists but practice and attainment are no longer possible. three poisons (sandu): Greed, anger, and stupidity.

three powers (sancai): Heaven, human beings, and Earth.

three realms of existence (sanjie): The realm of desire (Skt. kāmadhatu), which comprises the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, asuras, and human beings, and a part of heaven; the realm of form (Skt. rūpadhātu), which includes part of a lower heaven and in which there are only refined types of form without sexual desire and other appetitites; and the realm of nonform (Skt. arūpyadhātu), in which there is no material form, only meditative states.

three transcendental knowledges (sandaor sanming): The ability to know one's former lives and those of others, the ability to know one's future destiny and that of others, and the ability to know about all the suffering of the present life and to remove its root cause.

three vehicles (sansheng): The three kinds of teaching and paths of practice for śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas.

trichiliocosm (Skt. tri-sāhasra-mahāsāhasra): In ancient Indian cosmology, the entire universe in which a thousand worlds make a small one-thousand world; a thousand of these make a medium one-thousand world; and a thousand of these make a great one-thousand world.

Tripiṭaka (sanzang): The three "baskets,

" or collections, of the Buddhist teachings; Sutra

(discourses of the Buddha), Vinaya (monastic rules), and Abhidharma (treatises). twelve causations (Skt. pratītyasamupāda;shieryinyuan): A foundational Buddhist teaching on the twelvefold links of cyclic existence: (1) ignorance (avidyā), (2) volition (saṃskāra), (3) consciousness (vijñāna), (4) mental functions and the formation of physical elements (nāmarūpa), (5) six senses (āyatana), (6) contact with sense objects (sparśa), (7) sensation or feeling (vedanā), (8) craving (tṛṣṇā), (9) grasping what one desires (upādāna), (10) existence (bhava), (11) birth (jāti), and (12) old age and death (jāramaraṇa).

328

Glossary

twelve gates of meditation (shiermen): Three groups of the four stages of meditation: the four stages of meditation in the realm of form, the four immeasurable virtues attained through meditation, and the four stages of meditation in the realm of nonform. twelve kinds of Buddhist scriptures (shierbujing): (1) sūtra, the Buddha's exposition of the Dharma in prose; (2) geya, verses that repeat the ideas already expressed in prose; 3) gāthā, verses containing ideas not expressed in the prose section of a sūtra; (4) nidāna, narratives of past occurrences that explain a person's present state; (5) itivṛttaka, narratives of past lives of the Buddha's disciples; (6) jātaka, narratives of the Buddha's past lives; (7) adbhuta-dharma, accounts of miracles performed by the Buddha or other deities; (8) avadāna, exposition of the Dharma through allegories; (9) upadeśa, discussions of doctrine, often in question-and-answer form; (10) udāna, exposition of the Dharma by the Buddha without awaiting questions or requests from his disciples; (11) vaipulya, full-length, in-depth exposition of principles of truth; and (12) vyākaraṇa, the Buddha's predictions of his disciples' attainment of buddhahood.

upāsaka:A layman. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples.

upāsikā: A laywoman. See alsofour kinds of Buddhist disciples. Way of the Spirit (shendao): In Daoism, the unfathomed mysterious way, the transcendental religious world, or a synonym for a supreme spiritual being.

329

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Index

A

Afang Palace, 106 Āgama sutras, 248 aging, 32, 170, 171, 173, 301n210 See alsocausation(s), twelve Ajitakeśakambala, 289n1 Analects(Lunyu), 23, 26-27, 97 See alsoSeven Classics animals, 7, 22, 35, 40, 41, 63, 75, 84, 91, 94, 113, 125, 132, 135, 139, 142, 148, 155, 194, 246, 248, 279 badger, 29, 42

birds/fowl, 36, 42, 44, 55, 57, 74, 75, 89, 94, 112, 126, 143, 173, 231, 246, 248, 251, 272, 272, 273, 281, 295n102, 302n220, 318n467, 319n493

dove, 70, 77, 300n194 hedan,4

jingwei,4, 289n3

owl(s), 35, 212, 263 swallow(s), 55, 230, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243

wild duck(s), 230, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243

wild geese/goose, 55, 112, 230, 2133, 235

zhen,263

chimpanzee, 272

cows, 22, 23, 140, 150, 211, 280 music played for, 29, 276 deer, 12, 23, 37, 75, 278, 279, 280 dog(s), 74, 125, 142, 155, 261, 266, 272, 278

domestic, six/three, 40, 140, 150, 151, 156

fish, 11, 23, 75, 76, 82, 91, 113, 126, 139, 142, 148, 155, 194, 264, 307n304, 308n310

fox, 29, 42, 261, 265, 266, 272, 275 hog(s)/pig(s), 74, 75, 113, 140, 142, 150, 155

killing/slaughter of, 22, 74, 75-76, 94, 128, 131, 135, 140, 142, 143, 151, 252 hare(s), 76, 225, 277 horse(s), 6, 13, 23, 41, 42, 103, 280, 294n94

and Dongye Bi, 34, 278 Kaṇṭhaka, 7, 8

Qiji, 11

and Zidu, 92, 303n238 insects, 35, 41, 74, 85, 88, 94, 99, 119, 126, 173, 246, 250, 251, 271, 272, 273, 281, 308n313 otter(s), 75, 126, 135, 308n310 pregnant and baby/young animals, 75, 94, 113, 306n289

sacrifice, 100, 140, 150, 156 sheep, 11, 74, 76, 125, 140, 143, 150, 253, 319n494

shrimp, barbels of, 144, 310n342 snake(s), 27, 55, 126 tiger(s), 15, 30, 63, 70, 74, 77, 94, 216, 300n194, 319n494

twelve, of the Zodiac, 290n15 335

Index

animal(s) (continued) wolf/wolves, 75, 126, 135, 216, 308n310

See also five supernatural animals; hunting

Anguo. SeeSun Sheng An Qisheng, 79

Aśvaka, 289n1

See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil Avalokiteśvara, 88 Avīci Hell, 219 B

Bai Qi, 77, 295n108 cruelty of, 38, 70, 73-74, 116, 300n190 sending provisions to King Zhao, 102, 109

suicide of, 38-39 Bailun,80

Ban Si, 65

Bao Zidu, 92, 303n238 Ba River, 69

Bei, 216

Beijing chao,316n445 beilü. Seetwelve classical Chinese musical notes Beishan jing,289n3 bhikṣu(s) (biqiu), 69, 89, 117, 122, 175 six evil, 289n1 See alsoBuddhist clergy; four kinds of Buddhist disciples; śramaṇas Bian He, 27-28, 219, 255, 293n69 Bian Que, 12, 43-44, 76-77 Bianwei lu,295n105 Bi Gan, 47

Bimbisāra, King, 76 Bing Ji, 74, 301n202 Biographies of Arrayed Transcendents (Liexianzhuan), 69, 159, 316n434 See also Liu Xiang 336

birth and death, 40, 53, 57, 85, 86, 149, 161, 162, 167, 168, 169, 177, 178-180, 183, 184, 185-187, 188, 189, 195, 199, 201, 247, 283 See alsorebirth; transmigration Bo, 55

boat, metaphors of: and carriage, 11, 225, 248, 276 carving a mark on the side of, 225, 250, 270, 277, 317n458, 319n484 hidden in a ravine, 60, 103, 104, 110, 231, 305n275, 318n468 Bocheng Zigao, 213 body and spirit, 164, 165, 168, 170-172 See also New Discourse on Body and Spirit

Bo Fazu, 106

Book of Changes(Yijing), 51, 64, 74, 86, 91, 100, 127, 138, 145, 147, 161, 174, 208, 217, 251

"Commentary of Appended Judg ments" (Xicizhuan), 145 diagrams/hexagrams/lines/symbols of, 64, 126, 133, 138, 145, 185, 198, 260 "Explanation of the Words and Sentences" (Wenyan), 145 See alsoFive Classics Book of History(Shujing, Shangshu), 12, 15, 28, 51, 52, 155 Announcement about Drunkenness (Jiugao), 113

Canon of Shu(Tangdian), 67 Canon of Yu(Yudian), 67 Hongfan chapter, 58, 169 Kong Anguo's preface (Shangshu xu), 66

See alsoFive Classics Book of Mountains and Seas(Shanhaijing), 68, 117, 121, 159 See also Shanhaijing

Book of Music(Yuejing), 12, 51 See alsoSix Classics

Book of Odes(Shijing), 12, 15, 23, 28, 51, 119, 126

See alsoFive Classics

Book of Rites (Liji), 12, 51, 52, 68, 190, 193, 272

See alsoFive Classics

Bo, Princess, 14, 98

Bo Qi, 300n190

Boyang, 228, 235, 241, 242 See alsoLaozi

Boyang, Lord/Marquis, 132, 301n202 See alsoBing Ji

Boyi, 22, 68, 81

and Shuqi:

death of, on Mount Shouyang, 15, 22, 35-36, 47, 212

exemplary lives of, 21, 24, 73, 98 See alsoBook of Mountains and Seas Boyou, 121

Bo Yu, 36

Brahmā Heaven, king of, 220, 284 Buddha, xv, 11, 17, 19, 30, 33, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47-48, 49, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69, 71, 72-73, 76-77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 94, 101, 102, 103, 106, 108, 109, 110, 120, 134, 137, 143, 158, 182, 189, 190, 201, 217, 221, 222, 226, 229, 230, 234, 244, 250, 251, 254, 261, 262, 263, 270, 280, 284, 285, 298n157, 300n195

biography of, 7-9, 98-99

and Confucians/Daoists, 12, 16, 23, 37, 43, 65, 77, 95, 104, 246, 253, 260, 274, 283, 284, 286

disciple(s), 47, 220, 289n1 image/relics of, 25, 42, 43, 69, 80, 81 light/marks/qualities/powers/virtue of, 3, 9, 12-13, 25, 30, 58, 70, 99, 104, 110, 120, 122, 207, 274, 284 Index

teaching/voice/words, 28, 43, 45, 72, 79, 95, 99, 103, 108, 117, 120, 121, 164, 169, 174, 190, 220, 223, 224, 226, 227, 247

See alsoŚakyamuni

Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 316n448 See alsothree revered ones; Three Treasures

Buddhism, 65, 67, 68, 80, 85, 102, 104, 106, 110, 111, 116, 119, 126, 136, 144, 175, 191, 192, 197, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 219, 220, 221, 222, 229, 232, 253, 269, 275, 280, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 290n8, 297n149

adoption/transmission in China/Chinese, xvi, xvii, 25, 69, 80-81, 116, 260, 261-262, 264, 274, 286 and Confucianism/Daoism, 20-21, 28, 34, 51-52, 58, 62, 65, 87, 95, 106, 107-108, 114, 115, 121, 132, 134, 144, 153, 159, 169, 183, 184, 190, 193-194, 205, 208, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 230-232, 234, 235, 237-241, 243-247, 250, 251, 254, 257-260, 262, 264-266, 268, 270, 272-275, 278, 283, 286-287, 318n477

criticism/doubts/negative views of, xv, 7, 24, 27, 29, 30, 42, 45, 49, 70, 73, 79-80, 100, 106, 115, 185, 190, 216, 227, 246

as heretical/foreign, 3, 12, 118, 134, 270-271

protection/promulgation of, xv, xvi, 4, 30, 33, 91, 129, 175-190

Buddhist(s), xvi, xvii, 17-18, 20, 21, 31, 32, 34, 42, 44, 51, 67, 68, 71, 79, 81, 96, 102, 105, 106, 109-110, 112, 113, 115, 129, 175, 190, 225, 236, 237, 242, 242, 246, 249, 253, 267, 297n149

337

Index

Buddhist(s) (continued): clergy/monk(s), xv, xvi, 4, 42, 69, 73, 99, 117, 144, 159, 160, 174, 177-178, 180, 214, 224, 225, 230, 232-233, 246, 248, 249-250, 260, 261, 265, 267, 277

lay/laypeople, xv, xvi, xvii, 4, 36, 73, 101, 175, 176, 177, 282 See alsobhikṣus; four kinds of Buddhist disciples; śramaṇas Buddhist doctrine(s)/teaching(s), xv, xvi, 12, 45, 50, 64, 66, 68, 78, 81, 85, 86, 87, 89, 100, 102, 106, 109, 112, 121, 137, 143, 157, 158, 167, 168, 170, 175, 206, 233, 237, 249, 250, 254, 262, 269

and Confucianism/Daoism, 28, 82, 182, 207, 220, 240

geyiinterpretation of, xvii, 65 Buddhist scripture(s)/texts, xv, xvii, xviii, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 36, 40, 46, 47, 50, 59, 60, 64, 69, 71, 89, 102, 103-104, 107, 110, 116, 118, 120, 122, 132, 137, 177, 186, 196, 202, 203, 206, 215, 217, 222, 241, 247, 248, 263, 264, 265, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279, 284, 285, 286, 287, 297n149 twelve kinds of, 8, 100 Bu Shang. SeeZixia

C

Caishu Du, 19, 21, 93, 136, 144, 160, 215, 316n438

Cai state, 318n478

Cai Yin, 25

cakravartin. Seewheel-turning king Cang Jie, 89, 250

Cangwu prefecture, 5, 289n4 Emperor Shun's tomb, 35, 279 338

Canon of Filial Piety,11-12, 13, 14, 15, 18

See alsoConfucius; Xiaojing Cao Gui, 251

Cao Pi, 303n238

Cao state, 22

causation(s), 121, 205, 223 twelve, 105, 116

Celestial Officer/Thearch, 41 Chanda, 289n1

See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil Chandaka, 7, 8

Chang, 20

Chang Ahanjing,317n452 Chang Ju, 213

Changping, 76

Chaofu, 24, 67, 208, 216 Chang Ju, 213

Chen county/region, 121, 170, 307n303 Cheng, Emperor, 174

Cheng, King, 36, 82, 169, 307n301, 320n503

Chen Xiang, 18, 19

Chisongzi, 30, 45, 52, 208 Chuci, 318n478

Chunqiu. See Spring and Autumn Annals Chunqiu Zuoshizhuan(Spring and Autumn with Commentary), 42, 69, 97, 120 Du Yu's preface, 310n347 See also Zuo Qiuming Chunyu Sheng (Chunyu Kun), 108, 110, 306n279

Chu state, 27, 30, 38, 51, 82, 105, 123, 148, 169, 193, 219, 230, 233, 255, 257, 261, 293n69, 297n134, 305n270, 317n458

Ku county, 236, 240, 244 Ying (capital city), 27, 205 See alsoMount Chu

Classics, 5, 12, 24-25, 28-29, 30, 36, 38

See also Five Classics; Seven Classics; Six Classics

Collection for the Propagation and Clari fication of Buddhism (Hongmingji), xv-xviii, 4 See also Seng you

Collection of Records Derived from the Tripiṭaka(Chusanzangjiji), xviii See alsoSengyou

Confucian, 118, 144, 178, 226 cap, 91, 291n28

doctrines/teachings, 34, 79, 82, 120, 127, 182, 234, 239

literature/texts, 52, 141, 153 scholars, 29, 52, 66, 126, 216, 222, 241, 284

See alsoConfucianism/Confucianist(s) Confucianism/Confucianist(s), 33, 51, 52, 58, 65, 108, 115, 134, 144, 153, 159, 183, 193, 194, 196, 204, 205, 206, 207, 215, 218, 220, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238, 246, 259, 260, 277 compared with Buddhism, 3, 234, 239, 267

and Daoism/Daoists, xv, xvi, xvii, 239, 245, 260

and the Five Classics, 9, 11 See also Confucius; Legalists; Nominalists; nine schools; Six Classics Confucius, 9-10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43, 45, 51, 57, 58, 65, 66, 81, 118, 121, 126, 131, 136, 150, 192, 193, 214, 223, 228, 231, 236, 240, 249, 261, 284, 291n28, 294nn86, 94; 307nn292, 303; 313n395, 322n528

books/writings of, 12, 15, 31, 49, 51, 83, 118

and Boyi and Shuqi, 15, 47, 98 cited/quoted, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 31, 33, 35, 36, 44, 47, Index

62, 64, 81-82, 87, 113, 264, 268, 279, 315nn418, 420

disciple(s), 21, 120-121, 211, 308n308 dream of, 35, 77, 279, 301n210 and the Duke of Zhou, 3, 49, 51, 77, 80, 88, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 106, 108, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 121, 142, 147, 153, 155, 164, 170, 215, 246, 285

and Fan Xu, 80, 302n215 and the Five Classics, 9, 11 and Jie Yu, 27

and Laozi, 12, 64-65, 66, 68, 229, 253, 257, 260, 274

and Qu Boyu, 308n324

and Ran Boniu, 53, 205 and Ran Qiu, 62, 268, 299n167 and Rong Qiqi, 296n114 and Shaozheng Mao, 93

and Taibo, 14, 97, 275 and Xiang Tuo, 47

and Xu You, 15

and Yan Hui, 205, 228

and Yan Yuan/Yanzi, 36, 44, 47, 59, 279 and Yao, 143, 182, 183, 228, 249 and Zhuan Sun/Zichang, 12, 225, 317n457

and Zilu, 18, 32, 87, 113, 131, 205, 261, 268, 307n291

and Ziyou, 12

and Zixia, 315n423

See alsoAnalects;Canon of Filial Piety; Five Classics; Spring and Autumn Annals

Cui Wenzi, 213

D

Dan, 12, 18, 44

See alsoZhou, Duke of

Danzhu, 21, 170, 188

339

Index

dao/Dao, 147, 290n9, 305n267, 311n368, 317n462, 318n472, 319n481, 320n505, 321n517

Daoan, xvi, xvii, 89, 106 Daodejing,6, 26, 31, 37, 65, 68, 232, 235, 244, 253, 311n368 Daojing(Dao) and Dejing(De) divisions of, 244, 295n104 See also Laozi; Laozi/Laozi Daodejing Daode zhengjing zhigui,297n137 Daohan, 114

Daoheng, 207

See also Discourse to Elucidate the Refutation

Daoism/Daoist teaching, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, 35, 36, 47, 65, 74, 106, 107, 221-224, 226-227, 230-235, 237-241, 243-246, 249-252, 254, 257, 259-260, 262-266, 268-270, 272-275, 278-281, 283, 286-287, 318n477, 320n505 inactivity/vacancy in, 65, 236, 240, 242, 266

See also nine schools; wuwei Daoist(s), 3, 5, 33, 92, 222, 227, 236, 241, 244, 249, 253, 257, 258, 277, 280, 287 monk(s), 221, 225, 230, 232-233, 250 Daoist practices and rituals: unity of the yin-yangvapors (heqi), xvii guiding the breath (daoyin), 309n327 mud and ash fête (tutanzhi), xvii Daoist schools:

Shangqing (Supreme Purity), 253 Way of the Celestial Master (Tianshidao), xvii

Way of the Five Pecks of Grains (Wudoumidao), xvii, 281 Daoist scripture(s), xviii, 221, 249, 253, 269, 270, 272, 274, 280, 287, 290n115 See alsoDaodejing; Laozi Daodejing; Liezi; Sequel Scripture of No Spirit; 340

Scripture of the Yellow Court; Scripture on Laozi who Edified the Barbarians; Wonderful Scripture of the Truth of the Numinous Jewel Daoxuan, xviii

See also Extensive Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism

Dawang, 126

Dawei, 67

Dayuezhi (Central Asia), 25 Dazhidulun,80, 302n228 Deer Park (Mṛgadāva), 284 Devadatta, 219

Dharma, xv, 4, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 116, 120, 122, 176, 182, 188, 206, 250, 284, 286

Great, 3, 175, 275, 281, 282 Semblance, 3

See alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Buddhist teaching; Dharmanature dharmakāya,57, 58, 65, 104-105, 111, 116, 119, 147, 323

Dharma King. SeeBuddha Dharma-nature, 118, 232, 236, 240, 242, 243, 244

dharmas, 244

Diamond Sutra(Vajracchedikāprajñā pāramitā-sūtra; Jingang borejing), 263 Dian region, 62

Ding, 60

Ding, Prince, 34, 278 Discourse on Buddhist Laymen and Clergy (Baiheilun):

He Chengtian's critique/responses, 100-101, 107-115, 123 Zong Bing's responses, 101-107, 115-122

See alsoHuilin

Discourse on Health Care (Yang sheng lun), 135 See alsoZhongsan

Discourse on Regeneration (Geng sheng lun), 161-162 Luo Junzhang's response to Sun Sheng, 163

Sun Changsha's letter to Luo Junzhang, 162-163 See alsoLuo Junzhang

Discourse on the Clarification of Reward and Retribution (Ming Baoyinglun) 196-202

See alsoHuiyuan

Discourse on the Elucidation of Delusions (Lihuolun), 5-36

See alsoMouzi Bo

Discourse onthe Equality of Good (Junshanlun). SeeDiscourse on Buddhist Laymen and Clergy

Discourse on the Five Kinds of Perversions, 207 Discourse on the Full Understanding of Life(Daxinglun), 125-127 He's responses to Yan Yanzhi, 129-132, 138-144

Yan Yanzhi's expiations of, 127-128, 132-137, 144-160

See also He Chengtian Discourse on the Immortality of the Spirit(Shen bumielun), 164-170 See alsoZheng Daozi

Discourse on the Non-Chinese and the Chinese(Yi xialun), 221, 318n477 Huitong's disputation of, 273-282 Ming Zhengjun's response, 221-229 Shi Shengmin's response, 282-288 See also Discourse on the Western Tribe and China

Xie Zhenzhi's response, 245-255 Index

Zhu Guangzhi's doubts about, 265-273 Zhu Zhaozhi's critique, 257-265 See alsodoubts about Buddhism; Gu Discourse on the Śramaṇa '

s Robe Worn

with a Bared Shoulder (Shamen tanfulun), 190-192

He Wuji's crticism, 192-193 Huiyuan's reeponse, 193-196 See alsoHuiyuan

Discourse on the Way and the Wise, 114 See alsoSun Chuo [Xinggong] Discourse on the Way to Reach the Origin of the Two Teachings, 232, 234, 239-245

See also Discourse to Rectify [the Argument on] the Two Teachings Discourse on the Western Tribe and China(Rong hualun), 282-288 See alsoSengmin

Discourse on Three Periods of Reward and Retribution (Sanbaolun), 202-206 See alsoHuiyuan

Discourse on Three Sects(Sanzonglun), 240, 243

See alsoZhan Yong

Discourse on Why Śramaṇas Do Not Bow to the Sovereign (Shamen bujing wangzhelun) 174-190

See alsoHuiyuan; śramaṇas Discourse to Clarify Buddhism(Mingfolun), 49-90, 107, 115, 122 See also Zong Bing

Discourse to Correct Faulty Accuusations [against Buddhism] (Zhengwulun), 37-48

Discourse to Elucidate the Refutation (Shibolun), 297-221

See alsoDaoheng

341

Index

Discourse to Explain the[Buddhist] Way (Yudaolun), 91-100 See alsoSun Chuo [Xinggong] Discourse to Rectify [the Argument on] the Two Teachings(Zheng erjiaolun), 221-229

See alsoDiscourse on the Way to Reach the Origin of the Two Teachings; Ming Zhengjun

Di state, 19, 317n465 Divine Book(Shenshu), 30-31 See alsoGan Ji

Divine Transcendents, 35, 279 See alsoWay of the Divine Transcendents Dongfang Shuo, 68 Dongguan Library, 29 Dongye Bi, 34, 278, 294n89 Dong Zhuo, 39

Dou Ying, 75

Duangan Mu/Mu of Duangan, 24, 215, 316n442

Du Fang, 170

Duyou, 39

Du Yu, 310n347

E

eight kinds of gods and demigods, 220, 323

See alsogods

eight difficulties, 215, 323 eight kinds of suffering, 105, 120, 323 See alsoaging; birth; death; five skan dhas; illness eight wise men, 80, 116-117, 211 emptiness, 27, 60, 61, 63, 103, 109, 118, 171, 249

and Daoist concepts of nothingness/ vacancy/void, 110, 236, 266 of emptiness (śūnyatā-śūnyatā), 286 and form, 116, 118, 236, 239, 240 three kinds of, 284 truth of, 305n272 enlightenment, 59, 63, 64, 189, 210, 219, 247, 264, 283

of Buddha, 99, 284 path/way to, 8, 98, 189, 191, 195, 222 right, perfect/supreme, 99, 253, 258, 261, 283

thirty-seven elements of, 36, 215, 295n103

See alsonirvana Extensive Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism (Guang Hongmingji), xviii, 321n518 See alsoDaoxuan F

Fa, 44

See alsoWu, King Fajing, xviii

Zhongjing mulu,xviii Falang, King, xviii Family Law (Menlü), 230-231 See alsoZhang Rong fangshu("square documents"), 144, 310n343

Fan Xu, 80, 302n215 Fei Changfang, xviii filial piety, xvii, 12, 13, 14-15, 43, 54-55, 66, 85, 95, 96, 99, 178, 218, 225, 226, 267, 274, 277, 302n232 See alsoCanon of Filial Piety First Emperor of the Qin dynasty, 102, 106, 109, 115, 118 See alsoQin dynasty five cardinal duties (wudian), 81, 323 five cardinal virtues, 10 Five Classics, 6, 9, 11, 13, 20 and Buddhist scriptures, 5, 28, 50, 224, 259-260

342

and Confucian teachings, 83, 118 See alsoBook of Changes; Book of History; Book of Odes; Book of Rites; Seven Classics; Six Classics; Spring and Autumn Annals five desires (wuyuor wuqing), 282, 324 See alsosexuality five penalties (wuxing), 21, 112, 113, 215, 303n234

five powers, 30, 295n103 five primary elements, 131, 134, 164, 290n15

five realms of existence, 40, 53, 76, 285, 324

Five Sacred Mountains, 10-11, 54 See alsoMount Heng; Mount Hua; Mount Song; Mount Tai five skandhas (pañcaskandha;wuyinor wuyun), 251-252, 298-299n149, 324 Five Thearchs, 9, 41, 52, 56, 66, 68, 230, 232, 233, 237

books by, 67

See alsoGaoxin; Gaoyang; Shun; Yao; Yellow Emperor

Five Thousand Words,6, 26, 31, 253, 274, 280, 284

See also Daodejing Foshuo Chaoriming sanmei jing,299n173 Fotudeng, xvii, 69, 106 four devils (māras; simo), 3, 324 four fruits, 238, 245, 325 four gravest offenses (pārājika; boluoyi), 101

four great elements, 147, 174, 196-200, 229

Four Holy Rivers, 54 four immeasurable minds, 175, 193, 250, 262, 270

four kinds of Buddhist disciples, 81 See alsobhikṣu; Buddhist(s), clergy/ monks, lay/laypeople; śramaṇa Index

four sages, 57-58 See alsoConfucius; Duke of Zhou; Shun; Yellow Emperor four states, 318n478 See alsoCai state; Guan state: Shang state; Yan state

four supernatural animals, 125 dragon(s), 13, 35, 42, 55, 57, 58, 125, 145, 262, 283, 284 kylin,12, 22-23, 125, 138, 228, 272, 279-280

phoenix(es), 11, 12, 35, 121, 125, 228, 272

turtle(s), 27-28, 35, 125, 293n70 Flying Emperor, 67 See alsowheel-turning king Foshuo Chaoriming sanmei jing, 299n173

Fozu lidai tongzai,295n105 Futu. SeeBuddhism Fuxi, 13, 52, 142, 146, 155, 251, 259 See alsoThree Augusts Fuyan, 78

Fu Yue, 77-78

Fu Yi, 25

G

Ganges River, 51, 61 Gan Ji, 30

Gaosengzhuan,300nn188, 189; 302n216, 307n295

Gaoxin, Emperor, 66, 211 Gao Xing, 14, 98

Gaoyang, Emperor, 66, 211 Gao Yao, 21

Gaozong, Emperor, 77, 79 Gaozu, Emperor, 116, 123 Gan Bao, 69

Ge Gong, 65

Gelu, 75

Geng Gong, 70, 77 343

Index

Gengsang Chu, 215 Ge Xuan, 227

go(yi), 50, 101, 264 god(s), 8, 9, 21, 25, 100, 190, 205, 214, 220, 287

See alsoeight kinds of of gods and demigods

gong. Seetwelve classical Chinese musical notes Gong, Duke of, 14 Gonggong, 215 Gongli (Zhong Changtong), 135 Gongming Yi, 29, 276 Gongshu Ban, 21, 212 Gongsun Yang, 24 Gongyang,69

See also Spring and Autumn Annals Grand One, 259 grand submission to the natural course, 137, 143, 157, 309n330 Grand Terminus (taiji), 166, 251, 311n360

Grand Void, 51, 286, 287 Great Model(Hongfan), 15 Great Pervader, 100, 184, 188, 305n267 Great Sage. See Buddha; Sage Great Way, 19, 20, 26, 28, 31, 50, 60, 66, 72, 83, 91, 181, 205, 210, 220, 226, 259, 263, 274, 278 See also Way, the Guang Cheng, 67, 300n183 Guangdong province, 289n4 See alsoJiaozhou Guangdu, 121

Guang Hongmingji. See Extensive Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism Guangling, 282 Guangxi province, 289n4 See alsoJiaozhou 344

Guanshu Xian, 19, 21, 93, 136, 144, 160, 215, 316n438

Guan state, 284, 318n478 Guan Youan, 120 Guanzhong, 221 See also Shansi province Gu/Gusou, 19, 53, 72, 170, 188 Gu Huan, 245, 251, 257, 260, 265, 273, 282, 318n477, 320n505, 322n531 See also Discourse on the Non-Chinese and the Chinese Guiji, 35, 279 Guiyang, 6

Guliang,69

See also Spring and Autumn Annals Gun, 97, 121

Gunyu, 215

Guo Ju, 120, 307n300 Guo Linzong, 65 Guo Pu, 68, 118 Guo state, 295n106 Guo Wenju, 80, 106 Guzhu, 98

H

Han dynasty/land/period/state, xv, xvi, 19, 25, 45, 49, 68, 70, 74, 77, 79, 83, 89, 116, 123, 131, 154, 222, 259, 283, 302n232

See alsoLater Han dynasty Han Fei, 27, 216, 217 Han Feizi:

"Five Kinds of Vermin, " 207, 216,

314n410

Heshi,293n69, 316n450 Shoulin,301n204 Wudu,317n459

Han Xin, 93

Hanyuan, 93

Heavenly Master. SeeBuddha; Yellow Emperor

He Chengtian, 306n286, 314n414 Discourse on the Full Understanding of Life,125-127

Response to Yan of Yongjia, 129-132 Second Response to Yan of Yongjia, 138-144

Elucidation of the Criticism on [the Discourse] on the Equality of Good, 107-115

Letter to Zong Bing, 100-101 Second Response to Zong Bing, 123 He Chong, 174

He Dian, 230

He of Hengyang. SeeHe Chengtian He Yin, 230

hexagram(s), 74, 139, 146, 148 piand tongren,260, 320n501 sixty-four, 145

See also Book of Changes Hiraṇyavātī (Ajitavatī) River, 284 Houji, 54, 55, 83, 121, 302n221 Hu, 69

Hu Tu, 121

Huaiyin, Marquis of. SeeHan Xin Huandou, 215

Huangdi. SeeYellow Emperor Huan Junshan, 170

Hui, King/Prince, 92, 301n205, 303n240 Huilin, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 113, 114, 117, 122

See also Discourse on Buddhist Laymenand Clergy Hui of Liuxia, 24, 73 Hui Shi, 103

Huitong, 273, 322n531 Huiyuan, xvi, xvii, 89-90, 106, 174, 190, 193, 196, 202

See alsoDiscourse on the Clarification of Reward and Retribution; Dis course on the Śramaṇa '

s Robe Worn

with a Bared Shoulder; Discourse on Index

Three Periods of Reward and Retribution; Discourse on Why Śramaṇas Do Not Bow to the Sovereign Huizi (Hui Shi), 103 hunting, 24, 156, 194, 278, 308n310 appropriate season/time, 75-76, 94, 113, 126, 128, 140, 141, 150, 154, 194, 306nn288, 289

five offenses, 113, 126, 306n289 threefold use of game, 143, 309n339 and sanqu zhi li ("the politeness of providing a way of escape"), 193, 194, 303n245

See alsoanimals

I

icchantikas, 70

illness, 173, 259, 303n237 of Confucius, 32

and Daoists/those of the Way of the immortals, 32, 259

of Mouzi, 5

treated with cold or heat, 209, 315n415

immortals/immortality, 30, 33, 35, 45, 118, 121, 180, 182, 208, 222, 226, 228, 238, 268, 278, 279 abstention from eating grain, 5, 31 books/texts, 5, 30-31 eight immortals, 30 four immortals of Mount Gushi, 67 and illness, 32, 259 of the spirit, 53-54, 55, 56, 57, 79, 88, 106, 112, 115, 122, 165- 166, 183 India, xvi, 81, 121 Buddha's origins in, 7-8, 25, 39, 80-81 identified as:

central kingdom, 8, 252, 275, 284 foreign/barbarian land, 39, 80, 118, 158, 246

Shendu, 118

345

Index

India, identified as (continued): Tianzhu, 68, 118 western land, 147, 282, 284 Zhugan, 37

Laozi's travels in, 221, 284, 285 Inner Section of the Mysterious and Sublime (Xuanmiao Neipan), 222 Invisible One. SeeBuddha J

Ji. SeeLu, Duke of, 294n94 Jianchu Temple, 1 Jiandi, 302n220 Jiang Yuan, 302n221 Jiangzuo, 69

Jiankang, 114 Jiantuole, 80, 106, 106, 114, 302n216 Jiao, 148

Jiao Shen (Zhongyang), 135 Jiaozhi, 5

Jiaozhou, 5, 289n4 Jia Sheng/Jia Yi, 110 Ji clan/family, 35, 215 Ji county, 118 Ji, Duke of, 57 See alsoDuke of Zhou Jie, King, 34, 55, 56 cruelty/tyranny of, 39, 46, 55, 271 Jie Ni, 213

Jie state, 75 Jie Yu, 27

Ji Gang. SeeZhongsan Ji Kang, 54, 144 Jili, 20

Ji Lu, 65

Jin dynasty/period/state, xv, xvii, 14, 15, 29, 30, 38, 49, 69, 74, 75, 83, 92, 121, 174, 189, 207, 222, 257, 294n83, 302n231, 303n240 Eastern, xv, xvi, xvii, 80 Western, xvi, 80 346

Jingang borejing. See Diamond Sutra Jing Ke, 102, 109 Jing, Lord, 172 Jing River, 208, 251 Jingzhou, 5

Jinji,69

Jin, Marquis of, 295n106 Jin Ridi, 116, 153 Jinyangqiu,69 See alsoSun Sheng Jiujiang, 70, 77 Jīvaka, 80, 106, 114 Ji, Viscount of, 15 Jizha, 34, 54, 55, 73, 141, 152 as an exemplary sage, 130 ranking of, 134, 139, 146, 147, 148 Juanzi, 45

Jue. SeeBuddha Ju Liang, 208, 314n412 K

Kabuda-kātyāyana, 289n1 Kaiyang Gate, 25 Kālodāyin Udāyin, 289n1 See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil Kao Shu, 97

Khotan, 34

Kimura Eiichi, 312n388 King Aśoka Temple Koguryo, 285

Kong Anguo, 66 Kong Zhigui, 230 Kong Zhongzhi, 230 Kuang, 29, 33, 34, 252, 294n83 Kuang region, 121, 307n303 Kumāra Guangjing. SeeConfucius L

Lao Dan. SeeLaozi Laozi, 22, 52, 64, 65, 68, 80, 101, 108,

170, 192-193, 215, 222, 223, 227, 236, 237, 240, 241, 274, 284 and Buddha/Śakyamuni, 37, 68, 242, 244, 246, 272, 283, 284 and abstention from grain, 31, 279 and Confucius, 12, 64-65, 68, 229, 253, 257, 260, 274 and existence and nonexistence, 237, 240, 243

identified as Mahākāśyapa, 274, 284, 322n544

in India, 221, 284-285 life span of, 170 physical features of, 13 quoted, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23-24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 35, 45, 215, 226, 237, 243, 248, 259, 275, 279, 280, 281 teaching/way of, 31, 52, 108, 178, 223, 227, 229, 231, 235, 237, 240, 243-244, 246, 249, 257, 272, 280, 287 and the undefined and complete, 149-150

views of the body, 17, 32, 223, 281, 293n78

and the void/nothingness, 50, 244, 286 and wuwei,16, 64, 215 See also Daodejing; Five Thousand Words; Laozi Daodejing Laozi Daodejing,xvi, 28, 31, 36, 78, 91, 147, 174, 222, 303n233 and interpretation of Buddhist scriptures, xvii See also Daodejing; Five Thousand Words

Laozi daquan pusajing, 321n518 Laozi xishengjing,295n105 Later Han dynasty, 5, 39, 49, 69, 70, 77, 135

Legalists, 83

See alsonine schools Index

Li, 150, 192, 240, 251, 257, 272 See alsoLaozi

Liang dynasty/state, xv, 1, 14, 19, 98, 293n67, 301n205 Lidai sanbaoji,xviii See alsoFei Changfang Lieyizhuan,303n238 See alsoCao Pi

Liezi,290n12, 296n114 life span/longevity, 30, 44, 45, 55, 74, 100, 103, 151, 171, 222, 226, 234, 249 and Daoist belief/practice, 32, 246, 249, 280, 283

Liji. See Book of Rites Li, King, 255, 293n69 Ling, Emperor, 5 Lingling, 6

Ling Zhe, 22, 93 Liu Boshi, 172

Liudujijing,300n194 Liuli, King, 76 Liu Shao, 312n389 Liu Yan, 6

Liu You, 45

Liuxia, 24, 73

Liu Xiang, 69, 117 Liuzi county, 69 Li Zhu, 63, 252 Lotus Sutra (Fahuajing), 72, 253, 298n157 Loutanjing,39, 295n111 Luan Da, 283

Lu Cheng, 170

Lunyu. See Analects Lüoan,317n458

Luo Junzhang, 161, 162 Luo River, 19, 57, 118, 216 Luoyang, 25, 44 Lu state, 14, 19, 21, 24, 29, 34, 35, 51, 70, 77, 83, 212, 215, 272-273, 276, 278, 294n94

Duke of. SeeJi

347

Index

Lu Zhonglian, 213 Lü Shang, 12, 22, 33, 143, 290n14, 292n45

M

Mafu, Lord. SeeZhao Kuo Mahākāśyapa, 274, 284 Mahayana, 66, 122 Ma Jun, 213

Mañjuśrī, 153, 198 Man state, 51

Maskarī-gośālīputra, 289n1 Māyā (Qingmiao), 7, 221-222 medicine(s), 12, 32, 64, 140, 151, 213, 249 and control of the vapor of the body, 109, 315n415

one of the four requisites, 189 refusal of, 43-44, 64, 76-77 meditation/meditative, 222, 254 practiced by the Buddha, 98-99 Mencius, 19, 33, 65, 95 appreciation of King Xuan of Qi, 75-76

driving off Yang Zhu and Mo Di, 5, 33, 289n5

ridicule of Chen Xiang's studies with Xu Xing, 18-19

on the rule of right, 24 on the trees of Mount Niu, 308n319 Meng Gongchuo, 15 Meng Ke. SeeMencius Mengsun, 110

merit(s)/meritorious acts/deeds, 21, 22, 47, 81, 92, 94, 114, 120, 129, 131-132, 133, 136, 137, 149, 151, 155, 168, 169, 178, 183, 188, 195, 201, 204, 209, 210, 214, 217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, 240, 263, 269, 274, 277

of Taibo, 97

348

of Vimalakīrti, 282 See alsoreward and retribution Merupradīparāja: lion seat of, 108, 119 and transformation of Vimalakīrti's room, 72, 298n158 Miaofa lianhuajing,301n198, 319n490 Middle Kingdom. SeeChina Milky Way, 169, 311n365 Ming, Emperor, 49, 69 Xianjie mausoleum, 25 Mingling, 101, 305n270 Ming Zhengjun, 221 See also Discourse to Rectify [the Argument on] the Two Teachings Min Ziqian, 21

mirror, 276

and Buddha/Buddhism, 3, 252 metaphor of mirror and dust, 60-61 and the three transcendental knowledges, 261 Mo Di, 5, 33, 289n5 Mohism/Mohist(s), 15, 107, 230, 232, 233, 238

See alsonine schools Mount Ao, 29

Mount Chu, 293n69 Mount Dai, 4, 28, 66 Mount Gushi, 67 Mount Gu Ye, 67 Mount Heng, 31

Mount Hua, 30-31 Mount Ji, 216

Mount Jing, 255 Mount Juci, 67

Mount Kongtong, 66 Mount Kunlun, 30, 87, 121 Mount Li, 22

Mount Longmen, 141, 152 Mount Lu, 89

Mount Meng, 51, 83

Mount Ming, 178, 311n373 Mount Niu, 130, 133 Mount Shang, 79, 216 Mount Shouyang, 15, 24, 36, 98, 212 Mount Song, 22, 28, 30 Mount Sumeru (Xumishan), 3, 49, 70, 77, 247, 300n194 Mount Tai, 22, 30, 34, 35, 52, 83, 112, 250, 278

Mount Weilei, 215 Mount Yu, 121

Mount Yunhe, 141, 152 Mouzi Bo, 5-36

See also Discourse on the Elucidation of Delusions

Mu, King (Chu state), 82, 169, 261 See alsoShangchen Mu, Prince (Qi state), 303n240 Mucalinda, King, 220 music, 3, 14, 27, 29, 34, 45, 72, 127, 141, 143, 152, 176, 230, 271, 294n94 and Chinese ceremonies/rites, 108, 121, 259, 260, 317n465 and the deaf man and the braying of a donkey, 273-274 eight kinds of musical sounds, 125, 306n285

five notes of traditional Chinse music, 23-24, 29, 292n55, 308n316 played for a cow, 29, 276 See alsotwelve classical Chinese musical notes

musical composition(s), 34 Beili,45

Cao,29, 276

Dashao, 91

Daxia, 91

Dazhang,27

songs, 27, 57, 89 "Cloud Gate,

" 49

"Rushes" (Xingwei), 126, 308n311 Index

"Yellow Flowers, " 49

Xianchi,27

Xiaoshao,27

musical instruments, 6, 27, 10, 125, 143, 271, 296n117, 306n285 Chinese zither (qin), 6, 29, 33, 42, 127, 141, 152, 296n117 drums, 18, 38, 42, 271, 296n117 N

Nanda, 289n1

See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil Nanjun, 196

Nature, 125, 143, 188, 199 law of, 128, 159, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 205, 228, 229, 232, 235, 244, 246, 272, 286 New Discourse on Body and Spirit, 170-174

See alsoHuan Junshan Nie Zheng, 14

nine schools, 80, 107, 108 Ning Qi, 20

Ning Wuzi, 26

Nirgrantha-jñātiputra, 289n1 nirvana, 37, 65, 104, 111, 116, 121, 213, 279, 295n103

of Buddha/Śākyamuni, 8, 37, 249, 254 equated with Daoist transcendence, 226, 246, 278

and the spirit/Way, 61, 121, 180, 226, 278

as state of complete extinction/no change/nonexistence, 116, 179, 223 as wuwei, 64, 290n8 Nominalists, 83 See alsonine schools non-beginning, 50-51, 169, 223 as profound, 62, 169 349

Index

non-Buddhism/non-Buddhist(s), xvi, xvii, 51, 71, 95, 118, 153, 176, 247 six non-Buddhist masters, 289n1 Northern Wei dynasty, xvi See alsoWei dynasty

numinous beings, 73, 83, 88, 122, 148-149, 166, 170, 186, 228 Buddha/Śākyamuni as, 283-284 three, 113, 306n290

See alsosentient beings; spirits numinous powers, 57, 58, 59 and numinous mushrooms, 250, 254 O

One, the, 84, 98, 179, 222, 226, 233, 236, 238, 239, 254, 297n137, 302n222 preservation of, 18, 32 and the spirit/Way, 54, 178, 297n141 One of Transcendent Wisdom, 269 See alsoBuddha

P

Paekche, 285

Panwu, 66

Pengsheng, 92

Pengzu, 45, 222

Pi, 35, 294nn84, 95

Ping, Lord, 294n83

Prabhūtaratna, 72

precepts, 9, 20, 42, 46, 47, 71, 76, 81, 88, 111, 122, 188, 208, 258, 264 nonobservance/violations of, xvi, 31 five, 9, 36, 40, 46, 105, 112, 113, 215 two hundred and fifty, 9 Poyelun,321n518

Pu, 113, 121, 308n309 Puban of Hedong, 69

Purnavasu, 289n1

See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil 350

Q

Qi. SeeHouji

Qiang, 19, 285

Qi Bo, 32

Qiji, 11

Qi Liang, wife of, 102, 109 Qin dynasty/state, 19, 30, 70, 73, 75, 77, 102, 118, 143, 158, 216, 217, 222, 303nn237, 240

First Emperor of, 106, 109, 115, 118 Qingjing faxingjing (Sutra of Pure Dharma Acts), 321n518, 322n544 Qingliang Tower, 25

Qin Jing, 25

Qi state, 13, 19, 20, 30, 34, 69, 75, 92, 172, 272, 278, 294n94, 306n279 Marquis of, 103, 110, 305n274 Qiu, 50

Qiushui,305n267

Qu Boyu, 132, 293n64, 308n324 Queen Mother of the West, 118 Que Gonze, 80, 106

R

Rāhula, 261, 271

Ran Boniu, 36, 41, 65, 205, 208, 314n410 illness of, 53, 82, 121, 169, 211 Ran Qiu, 62, 65, 211, 268, 299n167, in Ratnaśikhi, 108, 119 rebirth, 88, 126

in Heaven, 105, 112, 154, 176 in the Western Paradise, 100 See alsobirth and death; transmigration receptivity, 120, 181, 252 Renwuzhi,312n389

See alsoLiu Shao

reward and retribution, 22, 58, 63, 71, 74, 78, 82, 92, 93, 105, 129, 131, 136-137, 142, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 176, 197, 198-202, 217

doctrine/law of, 58, 141, 153, 176 and rebirth/transmigration, 76, 79, 81, 82, 108, 111-112, 117, 118, 176, 188, 201, 202

three periods of, xvii, 202-206 See alsomerit(s), and demerit(s) Rites of Zhou(Zhouli), 141, 152 Rong Qiqi, 41, 296n114 Rong state, 285

Ruhuan sanmei jing,313n403 Rui state, 238, 244, 245 S

Sage, 79, 155, 210, 221, 224, 226, 247, 250, 264, 286, 287, 288 See alsoBuddha

sage king(s), 3, 19, 75, 92, 108, 147, 183, 219, 311n368

Śakra-devendra, 220

Śākya clan, 76

Śākyamuni, 72, 101, 106, 113, 122, 153, 154, 156, 183, 194, 223, 234, 236, 239, 247, 261, 263, 283, 289n1, 298n157

passing/nirvana of, 80, 249 and the Duke of Zhou, 153, 158, 192 and Laozi, 242, 244, 251, 253, 257, 272

teaching of, 110, 119, 147, 158, 170, 177, 193, 236, 237, 241, 243 See alsoBuddha

Samarkand, 264

Samantabhadra, 284

Sanfen,52

Sañjayī-vairatīputra, 289n1 Sanmiao, 215

Scripture of the Yellow Court(Huang ting jing), 253 Scripture on Laozi who Edified the Barbarians(Laozi huahujing), 284 Sengmin, 282

Index

See also Discourse on the Western Tribe and China

Sengyou, xv-xvi, xviii, 4 on criticisms and questions between Zhou and Zhang, 245

See also Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism; Collection of Records Derived from the Tripiṭaka

sentient beings, 85, 87, 88, 96, 111, 126, 127-128, 130-131, 134, 149, 165, 166, 201, 218, 276

and Buddha/Buddhism, 8, 19, 43, 63, 72, 73, 91, 111, 120, 137, 147, 157, 188, 189, 217, 224, 249, 260, 285, 286, 287

killing/harming of, 74, 156 and spirit(s), 52, 58, 62, 69, 72, 84 sense(s), 63, 83, 112, 174, 182, 236, 297n149

organs, 23, 165

See alsosix feelings Sequel Scripture of No Spirit(Wuling xiajing), 41-42, 296n115 Seven Classics, 10, 12, 13, 21 See alsoAnalects; Book of Changes; Book of History; Book of Music; Book of Odes; Book of Rites; Five Classics

seven treasures, 102, 109, 247, 298n157 sexuality, 56, 113, 287 Shan, 230, 231

Shanci, 230, 231, 318n466 See alsoZhou Yong

Shandong provice, 69 Shangchen, 82, 169, 261, 320n503 See alsoMu, King, Prince Shang dynasty, 24, 83, 117, 291n28, 309n337, 318n478

See alsoYin dynasty

Shangjun/Shang Yang, 53, 216, 217 351

Index

Shangqing (Supreme Purity) school, 253 Shangshu. See Book of History Shanhaijing,68, 300n186, 307n304 Beishanjing,289n3 Nanshanjing,307n304 See also Book of Mountains and Seas Shan state, 230

Shanxi province, 121-122 Shaozi, 230-231

Sha River, 116

Shaozheng Mao, 93 Shendu. SeeIndia

Shenjian,216

See alsoXun Yue

Shen Nong, 32, 43, 151 writing of, 52, 135, 140 See alsoThree Augusts Shen Sheng, 46, 121 Shensi province. SeeGuanzhong Shi Chong, 46

Shiji,67

Shijing,307n297, 308nn311, 314, 315; 310n353, 318n478

See also Book of Odes Shi Le, 69

Shi Que, 97

Shi Yi, 118

Shuangjin family, 103, 305n274 Shujing, 316nn438,439; 320n509, 322n535

See also Book of History Shun, Emperor, 3, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 22, 27, 42, 53, 67, 72, 215, 216, 225

birth of, 39, 50-51, 170 and Gu (father), 19, 51, 72, 170, 188 lifespan of, 32, 35, 67 music composed by, 27, 91 and Shangjun (son), 53 unusual eyes of, 13, 53 352

tomb in Cangwu, 35, 279 amd Yu, 298n153

See alsoFive Thearchs; Yao and Shun; Yu Shun

Shuqi. SeeBoyi and Shuqi Shusun Qiaoru, 21 Si, 121, 131

See alsoZigong

Sima Qian, 66, 67, 91, 156 SeealsoShiji; Sun Qiao; Zichang Sima Zhongda. SeeXuan, Emperor Si River, 65, 118 six arts, 21, 35

Six Classics, 52, 106, 117, 215 See alsoBook of Changes; Book of History; Book of Music; Book of Odes; Book of Rites; Five Classics; Spring and Autumn Annals six extreme evils/sufferings, 88, 211, 315n422

six feelings, 71, 78 See alsosense(s), organs six masters, 3, 289n1 six pāramitās, 63, 73, 250, 265 six purification days, 9 six realms of existence, 204 six relations, 178, 253 six sense organs, 23 six supernatural powers, 99 Song dynasty/state, 14, 27, 30, 38, 83, 98, 101

Song Jun, 70, 77

Song Yu, 27

Soushenji,307n300 spirit(s), xv, 16-18, 31, 41, 42, 50-62, 65-67, 69, 71-74, 78, 80, 83-88, 99, 101, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117, 119, 121, 122, 128, 131, 136, 139, 140, 141, 149, 157, 152, 162, 164-173, 180, 184-188, 195, 196, 198-200, 203, 205-207, 214,

215, 217, 228, 231, 235, 236, 241, 242, 249, 259, 261, 297n141, 302n226, 307n291, 312n381, 313n404 evil, 42, 131, 136, 275 exquisite/extraordinary, 55, 119, 120, 122, 126, 128, 131, 134, 136, 139, 142, 149, 152, 154, 156 of Heaven, 141, 152

immortal/imperishable, 53-54, 55, 56, 73, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87, 88, 106, 112, 115, 122, 165, 166, 183 lofty, 53, 73, 153, 208, 315n414 essence/foundation/origin/source, 66, 76, 84, 87, 89, 161, 164, 180, 228 perishing, xvii, 17, 49, 79, 84, 106, 112, 126, 164

principle of, 61, 65, 72, 166 subtle, 61, 85, 102, 108, 119, 164, 165 and transmigration, xv, 120, 187, 204 vapor, 55, 172

vigorous, 52, 53, 54, 68, 73, 74, 82, 84, 88, 89, 156

wandering, 98, 131, 136 See alsoWay of the Spirit spiritual:

darkness, 142, 155, 199, 221, 249 function(s), 70, 72, 76, 232, 236 intelligence, 52, 60, 62, 67, 78, 83, 95, 101, 108, 125, 126, 134, 164, 166, 249, 282

spiritual being(s), 8, 17, 18, 41, 84, 108, 140-141, 152, 282

Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), 11, 51, 69

See also Five Classics Spring and Autumn with Commentary. See Chunqiu Zuoshizhuan śramaṇas, xvi, 24, 26, 34, 44, 45, 71, 154, 181, 189, 191, 195, 196, 206, 207, 213-219, 277, 287 behavior/conduct/deportment of, 9, 15, Index

16, 21, 23, 25, 188, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214

deference toward sovereigns, 174, 180 and filial piety, 14, 96 and five kinds of perversions, 207, 209-211, 216

and shaving hair and beards, 13, 14, 16, 78

and wearing robes, 190, 194 See alsoBuddhist(s), clergy/monk(s); four kinds of Buddhist disciples Subhadra, 220

Sudāna, Prince, 19-20 Śuddhodana, King, 7

Sui, Marquis of, 15, 19, 291n22 Suiren, 166

Sui state, 62

Sun Changsha, 162

Sun Chuo [Xinggong], 80, 91, 114, 116-117 See also Discourse on the Way and the Wise; Discourse to Explain the [Buddhist] Way

Sun En, 281-282

Sun, Lord, 137

See alsoXunzi

Sun Qiao, 130, 134, 141, 147, 152, 156 See alsoSima Qian; Zichang Sun Sheng, 69, 162, 163 Supreme Thearch, 172 Su Qin, 24

sutra(s), 9, 25, 37, 71, 79, 179, 182, 254, 295n105, 298n157, 300n195, 302n214, 317n452

Sutra of Forty-two Chapters(Sichier zhang), 25 sword(s), 9, 197

Moye, 109, 306n281

parable of carving a mark on a boat after dropping a sword in the water, 225, 270, 277, 317n458, 319n484 353

Index

T

Taibo, 14, 97, 275, 286 Taigong Wang Lü Shang, 12, 22, 33, 143, 290n14, 292n45 Taiping yulan,310n342 Taishō canon/Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, xv, xviii, 295n111, 300n195, 302n214 Taixue National University, 29 Taizi ruiying benqi jing,xviii, 297n138, 312n379, 317nn451, 454; 318n474, 322n545

Taizi Xudanajing(Jinapatra-arthasiddhisūtra), 291n39 Tang, Emperor, 21, 51, 142, 155, 126, 308n313

See alsoYao, Emperor Tang, King (Yin dynasty), 20, 34, 44, 46, 56, 93, 95, 190

See alsoThree Augusts Tao Qian, 45-46

Tao Zhugong, 213

Tathāgata, 3, 66, 68, 76, 88, 182, 192, 253, 284, 285

See alsoBuddha

Ten Celestial Stems, 13, 290n15 Teng, Lord, 158

Teng state, 15

Teng Xiu 144, 310n342 ten wholesome acts, 40, 104, 295n112 Three Ancient Books,66 Three Augusts, 56, 235 See alsoTang, King; Wu, King; Yu, King

three dynasties, 68, 92, 93, 190 See alsoXin; Yin; Zhou three kinds of acts (of body, speech, and mind), 189, 203

three numinous beings, 113, 306n290 three periods of existence, xv, xvii, 40, 149, 168, 222, 223

354

three powers, 125, 127, 129, 130, 138, 139, 142, 145-148, 155, 157, 246, 251, 309n337

three realms of existence, 43, 59, 82, 84, 99, 179, 221, 249

three revered ones, 218, 316n448 See alsoBuddha, Dharma, Sangha; Three Treasures

three sovereigns, 126, 128 See alsoDawang, Wang Ji; Wen Wang three teachings, 65-66, 231, 259 See alsoBuddhism; Confucianism; Daoism

three transcendental knowledges, 99, 161, 247, 261

Three Treasures, xv, 4, 316n448 See alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha; three revered ones Tian Fen, 74-75

Tian Kaizhi, 320n494 Tianzhu, 68, 118

See alsoIndia

Tiying, 89, 302n232 transmigration, 53, 57, 85, 86, 149, 162, 167, 168, 169, 178, 179, 180, 186, 199, 201, 247

See alsobirth and death; rebirth Tong prefecture, 170 triple truths, 305nn271, 272 truth of existence (youdi), 102-103 truth of nonexistence (wudi), 103 Turfan, 116

twelve kinds of scriptures, 8, 100 twelve notes of classical Chinese music, 289n7, 290n10, 319n479 beilü,45, 127, 130, 308n316 gong,10, 24, 127, 130, 220, 246, 290n10, 308n316

huangzhong,127, 248, 289n7, 308n316, 318n479

jue, 24, 27, 290n10, 308n316

Index

qingjue,29, 276

shang,10, 24, 27, 220, 246, 290n10, 308n316

six yang lünotes, 127, 289n7, 308nn316, 317

six yin lünotes, 127, 289n7, 308nn316, 317

yu, 24, 290n10, 308n316 zhonglü,289n7

zhi, 24, 290n10, 308n316 See alsomusic/musical compositions U

Upananda, 289n1

See alsobhikṣu(s), six evil V

Vajracchedikā prajñā pāramitā-sūtra. See Diamond Sutra

vapor(s), 31, 44, 55, 96, 113, 134, 147, 148, 166, 171, 172, 184-185, 187, 191, 197, 204, 228, 307n292 admonishing/controlling, 102, 109, 315n415

coarse, 184, 186

common, 96, 149

concentrating, 233, 238, 271 exquisite, 184, 186

of harmony, 135, 140, 204 pestilential/vicious, 39, 171 primordial, 227, 317n464 pure, 44, 112, 116, 125 yin and yang,xvii, 149, 173, 184, 185, 186, 287

Vietnam. SeeJiaozhi

Vimalakīrti, 72, 77, 272, 282, 298n158 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra,298n158, 299n159, 300nn194, 195 See also Foshuo Wei mo jiejing Vulture Peak (Gṛdhrakuṭa), 64, 284 W

waiting by a stump, metaphor of, 225, 250, 277, 319n484

Wang Bi, 240

Wang Ji, 126

Wang Ling, 75

Wang Mang, 106

Wang Qiao, 30

Wang Xiang, 120, 307n300 Wangziqiao, 45, 52, 208 Wang Zun, 25

Warring States period, 79, 306n279 Way, the, xv, 3, 4, 8, 9-10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26-27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 42, 52, 56, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71-72, 78, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 98, 104, 105, 109, 114, 118, 126, 128, 131, 135, 143, 151, 154, 156, 159, 167, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 185, 186, 198, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 235, 237, 240, 242, 243, 246, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254, 258, 259, 263, 267, 268, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 297n148, 317n455, 320n505 fundamental/profound/true, 82, 241, 247

highest, 18, 25, 29, 91 subtle, 49, 269, 270, 280 ultimate, 67, 180, 181, 182, 183, 210, 229, 2130, 268, 281

See alsoGreat Way; Way, Buddhist Way, Buddhist/of the Buddha, Tathāgata, 6, 9-10, 12, 17, 32, 34, 46, 47, 51, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 72, 73, 76, 80, 81, 84, 89, 96, 116, 121, 122, 129, 178, 183, 188, 192, 193, 197-198, 202, 211, 215, 218, 220, 222, 223, 241, 250, 267, 270, 277, 282, 284, 287 355

Index

Way of Heaven, 8, 10, 17, 26, 51, 74, 75, 81, 87, 125, 131, 230, 233, 275-276, 282

See alsoDaoism

Way of the Celestial Master, xvii Way of the Divine Transcendents/Immortals, 31, 32, 34, 265, 283 See alsoDaoism

Way of the Five Pecks of Grain, xvii, 281 See alsoDaoism

Way of the Spirit, 77, 78,83, 85, 169, 181, 186, 223, 230, 231 See alsoDaoism

Wei, Duke, 320n494 Wei dynasty/period/state, xv, 15, 19, 24, 27, 74, 75, 83, 97, 132, 144, 215, 222, 246, 309n324, 316n442 See alsoNorthern Wei dynasty Wei Ke, 92, 303n237 Wei, King, 306n279 Wei Linggong,307n303 Weimojie suoshuojing,298n158, 321n516 Weimojing xuanshu,321n518 Wei River, 208, 251 Weisheng Gao, 33, 294n86 Wen, Emperor:

of the Han dynasty, 89 of the Song dynasty, 101 of the Wei dynasty, 144 Wen, King, 13, 24, 35, 44, 54-55, 146, 238, 244, 290n14, 293n69, 318n473 Boyi and Shuqi compared with, 24 musical compositions of, 34 Wen, Marquis, 302n231 Wenming. SeeYu, King Wen Wang, 126

Wenxuan,293n67

Wenzi, 186

Western Jin dynasty, xvi, 80 Western Paradise, 100 356

wheel-turning king, 67, 182-183, 214, 251

Wonderful Scripture of the Truth of the Numinous Jewel(Lingbao miaozhenjing), 253 World-honored One, 191 See also Buddha Wu Cheng, 12

See alsoZhou, Duke of Wu Ding, Emperor, 57 Wu, Emperor, xvi, 18, 57, 68, 225 Wu, King, 15, 24, 32, 34, 35, 44, 56, 95, 190, 211, 293n69, 307n301 See alsoThree Augusts Wuliang xiajing,296n115 Wu state, 34, 35, 54, 55, 130, 141, 152, 286, 294n95

wuwei("non-action"): and Buddhism/Buddhist teachings, 8, 9, 15, 16, 20-21, 27, 28-29, 31, 32, 40, 254, 275, 290n8 and Laozi/Five Thousand Words, 16, 215, 228, 253

and diminishing/reducing day by day, 32, 57, 105, 112, 313n399 and nirvana, 37, 64, 290n8 Wu-Yue region, 14 Wuzhai, 67

Wuzhong, 114

Wuzhuang, 314n412 Wuzi Xu, 35, 294n95 X

Xia dynasty/state, 15, 34, 68, 92, 190, 309n337

Xiang, 72

See alsoGuan Xian Xiang Ji, 70, 77, 122 cruelty/tyranny of, 70, 73-74, 300n190

Xiang, King, 27 Xiang, Lord, 193 Xiangmai, 295n105 Xiang, Prince, 92 Xiang Tuo, 47

Xiang Wu, 116

Xiang Xiu, 161 Xiaojing,255, 290n16, 291nn32, 40; 294n93, 296n113, 304nn251, 252, 253, 255; 311n372 See also Canon of Filial Piety Xiaoming, Emperor, 25 Xi Ba, 75

Xie, 83, 302n220 Xie Zhengzhi, 245, 251, 260, 265 Xi Fuji, 22

Xi, Lord, 193

Xi Shi, 321n517 Xuan, Emperor, 74, 75, 132 and Bing Ji, 74, 301n202 Xuan, Lord, 158 Xuan, King, 75 Xuan Meng, 22, 93 See alsoZhao Dun Xuanyuan, 51, 66, 121 See alsoYellow Emperor Xue state, 15

Xunyue, 216

See also Shenjian Xunzi, 136, 141, 153 See alsoSun, Lord Xu state, 193

Xu Xing, 18, 19 Xu You, 15, 16, 22, 24, 67, 208 Xuzhou, 45

Y

Yandi, 296n124 Yangdu, 1

Yang, Emperor, 225 Index

Yang Huo, 30

Yang, Marquis, 70, 77 Yang Wangsun, 65 Yang Zhu, 5, 33, 289n5 Yangzi River, 286 Yan Hui/Yan Yuan. 41, 59, 65, 130, 134, 139, 146, 147, 148, 205, 208, 228, 284

and Dongye Bi, 34, 278 untimely death, 36, 44, 47, 82, 121, 169, 211, 279, 315n422 Yan Junping, 52, 65, 213 Yan of Yongjia/Yan Yanzhi, 127-129, 138

Yan state, 228, 318n478 Yan Yannian, 74, 75, 105, 111 Yan Ying, 172, 305n274 Yan Yuan. SeeYanzi Yanzi, 44, 59, 60, 103 See alsoYan Hui/Yan Yuan Yanzi of Qi state. SeeYan Ying Yaochi, 118

Yao, Emperor, 3, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 42, 44, 49, 51, 66, 67, 72, 84, 95, 97, 143, 154, 155, 181, 182, 183, 198, 208, 211, 216, 225, 291n24 and the bush of luck-tea, 57 life span of, 32, 35, 249 son Danzhu, 21, 170, 188 virtuous nature of, 55, 56, 84, 91 See alsoFive Thearchs; Tang, Emperor

Yao Lüe, 69

Yao region, 62 Yecheng Temple, 273 Yellow Books(Huangshu), 280, 322n541 Yellow Emperor, 16, 43, 51, 57, 58, 66, 67, 186, 208, 291n24, 299n174, 314n412, 318n470 and acupuncture, 32 battle against Yandi, 296n124 357

Index

Yellow Emperor (continued): and eating meat, 23 music composed by: "Cloud Gate,

" 49

Xianchi,27

Sanfen,52

teaching of, 231, 240 See alsoFive Thearchs; Three Augusts; Xuanyuan Yellow Face. SeeBuddha Yellow River, 19, 21, 30, 57 Yi, 79

Yi Dun, 33

Yijing. See Book of Changes yinand yang,8, 13, 44, 52, 125, 139, 147, 149, 166, 184, 194, 251, 289n7, 290n12

musical notes, 127, 308n317 vapor(s), 149, 173, 184, 185, 186 See also Daoism Yin dynasty, 15, 20, 34, 35, 44, 45, 47, 57, 68, 77, 92, 97, 100, 126, 190, 216, 225, 283, 291n28, 309n337, 320n507, 321n509

See alsoShang dynasty Ying (city), 27, 55, 105, 112, 312n373 Ying (king of Chu), 114 Ying Bu, 154, 310n354 Ying family, 217 Ying Jifu/Ying Zheng, 257 Ying River, 216 Yin, Prince, 34, 278 Yin Shou, 12

Yin Wenzi, 37, 39 Yin Xi, 65, 68 Yi River, 118 Yisang, 93

Yixi era, 207 Yi Yin, 20, 130, 134, 139, 143, 146, 147, 148

Yong gate, 25 358

Yongjia, 129, 138 Youling, 66

You Yu, 19, 116, 153 Yu (Jiang of Chu state), 123 See alsoXiang Ji Yuan, 207

Yuan, Lord, 27 Yuan Xian, 16 Yuanxing era, 174, 189, 313n392 Yu Bing, General, 174 Yu Daosui, 80, 106, 117 Yu Dingguo, 301n202, 306n277 Yue Guang, 80 Yue state/region, 14, 160, 228, 230, 233, 252, 257, 286 Yuezheng Zi Chun, 95 Yu Falan, 80, 106, 114, 117 Yu family, 74, 131, 136, 306n277 Yu Gong, 105, 111, 306n277 See alsoYu, Lord Yugong,117

Yu, King, 13, 19, 39, 46, 93, 97, 190 See alsoThree Augusts Yuling, 213

Yu, Lord, 74, 301n202 See alsoYu Gong Yu Qie, 28

Yu Qing, 22

Yu Rang, 14

Yu state, 73, 238, 244, 245, 295n106 Yu (Shun), Emperor, 51, 57, 58, 62, 121, 298n153

Daxia composed by,91 mausoleum at Guiji, 35, 279 See alsoShun, Emperor Yu Wenbing, 117 Yuzhang prefecture, 6 Z

Zai Wo, 54, 65 Zai Yu, 121, 211

Zang Wen Zhong, 33, 294n86 Zeng Shen, 21, 36, 279 Zengyi Ahanjing,301n207 See alsoCollection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism Zengzi, 13

Ze Rong, 6, 45-46, 114 Zhang Heng, 213 Zhang Liang Zifang, 54 Zhang Ling, 227 Zhang Rong, 230-231, 234, 245 See also Family Law Zhang Wen Zhong, 294n86 Zhang Yi, 24

Zhao Dun, 22, 93 See alsoMeng; Xuan Meng Zhao dynasty/family/state, 15, 38, 70, 73, 76, 77

Zhao, King, 102, 109 Zhao Kuo, 76, 78 See also Mafu, Lord Zhao Meng, 38

Zhaoming, Prince, 293n67 Zheng Daozi, 164 See also Discourse on the Immortality of the Spirit

Zheng Kangcheng, 65 Zhengshi era, 248 Zheng state, 27, 97, 130, 141, 152, 193, 280

Zhengyang, 135

See alsoJiao Shen Zhi, 34, 46, 148, 271 Zhicheng Temple, 101 Zhi Daolin, 80, 106, 116, 117 Zhi Dun, xvi, 104 Zhifu, 67

Zhi Jian, 316n445 Zhong Changtong, 135 Zhong'er, 22

Index

Zhong Gong, 211 Zhonghua, 39, 53, 188 See alsoEmperor Shun Zhongjing mulu,xviii Zhonglun,80

Zhongsan, 135, 140 See alsoJi Gang Zhong You, 87, 121, 131, 205, 211, 268 See alsoZilu

Zhou, Duke of, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 32, 35, 43, 57, 58, 192, 223 and Confucius, 3, 77, 80, 88, 91, 94, 101, 106, 108, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 142, 147, 155, 158, 164, 246, 285, 301n210 teachings/writings of, 49, 51, 93, 94, 95, 112, 114, 120, 153, 155, 169-170, 193, 215 and brothers Guanshu Xian and Caishu Du, 19, 21, 93, 316n439 and Emperor/King Wen, 44, 54, 55 and Emperor/King Wu, 18, 32, 307n301

equated with Buddha/Śākyamuni/ Tathāgata, 95, 153, 284, 285 reburial of, 35, 279 and Taigong Wang Lü Shang, 12, 33-34

Zhou dynasty/state, 13, 15, 20, 23, 30, 34, 57, 68, 92, 97, 100, 113, 117, 118, 136, 151, 155, 158, 190, 211, 215, 216, 225, 280, 284, 286, 303n234, 309n337, 319n494 Zhou, King, 34, 35, 56, 57 Beili composed by, 45 cruelty/tyranny of 39, 47, 320n507, 321n509

Zhouli. See Rites of Zhou Zhou Yafu, 154, 310n354 Zhouyi. See Book of Changes 359

Index

Zhou Yong, 230, 239, 268, 318n466 criticism/responses to Zhang Rong's Family Law,230, 239-245 See alsoShanci

Zhouxu, 97

Zhou Zhongzhi, 46 Zhuang, King/Lord, 22, 82, 97, 148, 261 Zhuangzhou. SeeZhuangzi Zhuangzi, 44, 50, 52, 62, 65, 66, 80, 101, 108, 118, 137, 141, 148, 152, 157, 178, 186, 215, 223, 227, 246, 284 Zhuangzi,xvi, 110, 118, 181, 182, 185, 217, 222, 251, 294n89, 303n233, 310n355

chapter on the "Great and Most Honored Master,

" 186

chapter on "Nourishing the Lord of Life,

" 187

and geyi,xvii, 65 Zhuan Sun, 225, 317n457 See alsoZichang Zhuanxu (Emperor Gaoyang), 66, 211 See alsoFive Thearchs Zhu Falan, 69

Zhu Fasheng, 106 Zhu Faxing, 80, 106 Zhu Fayan, xvii Zhu Guangzhi, 265-273 Zhu River, 65, 118 Zhu Shixing (or Zixing, third century Chinese Buddhist leader), xvi Zhu Zhaozhi, 257-258 Zichang, 130, 134, 139, 141, 146, 147, 148, 152, 156

360

and Confucius, 12, 225 and the Shiji,67 See alsoSima Qian; Sun Chao; Zhuan Sun

Zigong, 12, 54, 65, 87, 121, 131, 211 beard lost by, 121 Buddhist teaching received internally by, 65

and Prince Yin and Prince Ding, 34, 278

See alsoSi; Zisi Zilu, 16, 87, 113, 114, 211, 268, 308n309 and Confucius, 18, 32, 87 death of, 36, 121 See alsoZhong You Zishang, 211

See alsoZixia

Zisi, 65, 211

See alsoZigong

Zixia, 23, 65, 118, 211, 315n423 See alsoBu Shang; Zishang Zixing. SeeZhu Shixing Ziye. SeeKuang

Ziyou, 12

Zong Bing, 49, 297n149, 306n286, 315n415

response to He Chengtian/He of Hengyang, 100-106, 115-122 See also Discourse to Clarify Buddhism

Zou Yan, 72, 102, 109 Zuo Qiuming, 42, 121, 308n308, 309n331

See also Chunqiu Zuoshizhuan