T2087 The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions

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Glossary

Abhidharma piṭaka:The section (Skt. piṭaka,

"basket") of the Buddhist canon (Tripiṭaka)

containing systematic accounts of the teachings of the sutras. See alsoTripiṭaka. absolute truth: The ultimate truth that is beyond words and conceptualization, generally contrasted with relative truth, the conventional truth that can be put into words. Mahayana teachings insist that both relative truth and absolute truth are equally valid. See alsoMahayana.

Ānanda: The Buddha's cousin, close disciple, and personal attendant. He was renowned for his ability to recite all of the Buddha's sermons from memory. Anāthapiṇḍika: A wealthy lay follower and donor to the Buddha. Also called Sudatta. arhat: A saint who has freed himself from the bonds of samsara by eliminating all passions. The spirtual ideal of the Hinayana. See alsoHinayana. Avalokiteśvara: The celestial bodhisattva who embodies compassion. āyatana:Literally,

"seat"; the twelve āyatanasrefer to the six sense faculties and their associated six objects.

bhikṣu/bhikṣuṇī:A Buddhist monk/nun.

bodhisattva: A seeker of buddhahood who gradually perfects the virtues of wisdom and compassion for the sake of liberating all sentient beings from suffering. The spiritual ideal of the Mahayana. See alsoMahayana.

bodhitree: The tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. buddha-dharma. SeeDharma.

deva:A god.

Dharma: The doctrine taught by the Buddha; Buddhist teachings. dhātu:Sphere or realm. The eighteen dhātus arethe twelve āyatanas and the six corresponding consciousnesses. See alsoāyatana. doctrine of emptiness (śūnyatā): One of the central tenets of Mahayana Buddhism, the doctrine that all things exist only in dependence on a complex web of causes and conditions and are empty of any permanent essence. eight emancipations: Emancipation from attachment to forms and desires through eight types of meditation.

ekayāna(One Vehicle): Also called buddhayāna(buddha vehicle); a term used to denote the Mahayana as the final and complete Dharma of the Buddha, not merely a part or a preliminary stage, as the Hinayana is considered to be by Mahayanists. The 355

Glossary

One Vehicle teaching, which asserts that all beings have the capacity for buddhahood, is emphatically maintained in the teaching of the Lotus Sutra(Saddhar mapuṇdarīkasūtra). five desires: Desire for the objects of the five senses.

five branches of mundane knowledge: Grammar, mathematics, medicine, logic, and philosophy. five precepts: (1) not to kill, (2) not to steal, (3) not to commit adultery, (4) not to speak falsely, and (5) not to ingest intoxicants.

four forms of birth: The four possible ways that living beings may be born: (1) birth from a womb, (2) birth from an egg, (3) birth from moisture, and (4) birth through metamorphosis.

four monastic requisites: The four necessities of a monk: clothing, food, bedding (or a dwelling place), and medicine.

Four Noble Truths: The fundamental Buddhist teaching: (1) Existence is characterized by suffering, (2) defilements are the cause of suffering, (3) suffering can be ended, (4) the way to end suffering is through following the Buddha's eightfold noble path, i.e., right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

Hinayana ("Small Vehicle"): A derogatory term applied by Mahayanists to various schools of Buddhism that exalt as their ideal the arhat. See alsoarhat; Mahayana. image period: According to a belief in the gradual decline of the Buddha's teaching (usually said to begin a thousand years after the Buddha's death and to last for a thousand years), the image, or "counterfeit,

" period is the second period, during

which conditions are not as favorable for practice as in the first period of the true Dharma, but are still better than in the third period of the final Dharma. Jambudvīpa: The phenomenal world of human beings; this world. Jātaka stories: Tales of the Buddha's previous lives as a bodhisattva. kalpa:An immense period of time, an eon.

kaṣāya:A Buddhist monastic robe.

koṭi:An extremely large number, usually ten million or sometimes one hundred million. li:A Chinese unit of measuring distance, approximately one-third of a mile. mahāsattva("great being"): A bodhisattva of great wisdom and compassion. Mahayana ("Great Vehicle"): Teachings on the attainment of enlightenment or buddhahood in which the ideal is the bodhisattva, in contrast to the Hinayana ideal of arhatship. See alsobodhisattva; Hinayana.

Maitreya: The future buddha, presently residing in Tuṣita Heaven. Māra: The personification of evil; the tempter who exploits the human tendency to be attached to worldly life rather than follow the Buddhist path of liberation. Nāgārjuna (ca. 150-250 C.E.): A scholar and monk acknowledged as a founder in the Mahayana Buddhist schools. His works emphasized the teachings on emptiness. 356

Glossary

nirvana: The state in which passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom attained; the final goal of Buddhist practice.

prajñā:Transcendent wisdom; knowledge of absolute truth. See alsoabsolute truth. pratyekabuddha("solitary buddha"): A self-enlightened buddha, one who has realized awakening by him- or herself through direct perception of twelvefold causation, and who does not teach others. See alsotwelvefold causation. rākṣasa/rākṣasī:A type of ogre (male/female).

ṛṣi:A sage or seer.

śāla:A type of tree under which the Buddha passed into final nirvana (pari nirvāṇa). samādhi:A state of deep meditative absorption.

Śāriputra: One of the Buddha's original disciples, called "foremost of the wise. "

śarīra:Relic(s) of the physicial body of the Buddha, such as bones, teeth, fingernails, or hair.

Sarvāstivāda: An early school of Buddhism.

śāstra:A Buddhist treatise; a scholastic work, sometimes a commentary on a sutra. six supernatural powers: (1) supernatural vision, (2) supernatural hearing, (3) the power to know others' thoughts, (4) the power to know one's own past lives and those of others, (5) the power to perform miracles, such as appearing anywhere at will, and (6) the power to eradicate defilements.

skandhas ("aggregates"). The five elements that form the personality or self, consisting of matter or form, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness. śramaṇa:A Buddhist monk.

śrāmaṇera:A male novice.

śrāvaka("hearer"): Originally a term for the earliest followers of the Buddha, those who heard him teach directly; the term later came to refer to followers of the Hinayana. See alsoHinayana.

stupa: A tope or reliquary monument; a large hemispherical structure in which relics are enshrined. See also śarīra.

sutra: A discourse of the Buddha. Capitalized, it constitutes one of the three "baskets" (piṭakas) of the Buddhist teachings. See alsoTripiṭaka.

Tathāgata ("Thus-come" or "Thus-gone"): An epithet for a buddha. ten good deeds: (1) not to kill, (2) not to steal, (3) not to engage in illicit sexual practices, (4) not to lie, (5) not to utter harsh words, (6) not to utter words that cause enmity among people, (7) not to engage in idle talk, (8) not to be greedy, (9) not to be angry, and (10) not to have wrong views.

ten powers: The ten powers of a buddha, which give complete knowledge of (1) right and wrong; (2) the past, present, and future karma of all sentient beings; (3) all forms of meditation; (4) the powers and faculties of all sentient beings; (5) the desires, or moral direction, of every being; (6) the different levels of existence; (7) the results of various methods of practice; (8) the transmigratory states of all sentient 357

Translator's Introduction

beings and the courses of karma they follow; (9) the past lives of all sentient beings and nirvana; and (10) the destruction of all evil passions. three evil paths: The three lower realms of existence in which sentient beings transmigrate as retribution for evil deeds: (1) hell, (2) the realm of hungry ghosts, and (3) the realm of animals.

three insights: (1) Insight into the conditions of self and others in previous lives, (2) divine insight into future conditions, and (3) nirvanic insight into present suffering to overcome all passions.

three realms: The three worlds in which sentient beings transmigrate: (1) the world of desire, (2) the world of pure form, and (3) the world of non-form. three vehicles: The three Buddhist paths of practice, the two vehicles of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas in the Hinayana, and the bodhisattva vehicle of the Mahayana. See alsobodhisattva; Hinayana; Mahayana; pratyekabuddha; śrāvaka. Tripiṭaka ("three baskets"): the Buddhist canon, comprised of Sutra (discourses), Vinaya (monastic code), and Abhidharma (scholastic treatises). See alsoAbhi dharma piṭaka; sutra; Vinaya.

Triple Gem: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha (the Buddhist community). twelvefold causation (pratītyasamutpāda): the twelvefold cycle of causes and conditions that comprise the human experience: (1) ignorance, (2) volitional activity, (3) consciousness, (4) name and form, (5) six senses, (6) contact, (7) feeling, (8) attachment, (9) clinging, (10) existence, (11) birth/rebirth, and (12) old age and death. upāsaka/upāsikā:Male or female lay devotees.

Vasubandhu (fl. ca. 300-400 C.E.): A Buddhist scholar and monk who was an important expounder of the Abhidharma.

vihāra:A hall, or monastic dwelling place.

Vinaya: Disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks; one of the three parts of the Tripiṭaka. See alsoTripiṭaka.

yakṣa: A kind of demon.

358

Bibliography

Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra, trans. She-kia-fang-che.Visva-Bharati Research Publications. Birbuhm: Bidyut Rajan Basu Santiniketan Press, 1959. This text is Taishō no. 2088. The author, Daoxuan, had access to Xuanzang's traveling accounts while he was working as an assistant at Xuanzang's translation center. Xuanzang is sometimes listed as the author of this text.

Beal, Samuel, trans. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World. Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629), 2 vols. (1886). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1906, reprint. Many subsequent editions. —

. trans. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang.London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1911, new ed. Huili, the author of this biography, may have composed this text from Xuanzang's dictation.

Grousset, René. In the Footsteps of the Buddha.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. An abridged version of a French original, based on Samual Beal's translations, Si-Yu-Kiand The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang (see above). Julien, Stanislas, trans. Histoire de la vie de Hiouen-Thsang et de ses voyages dans l'Inde, depuis l'

an 629 jusqu

'

en 645, par Hoei-li et Yen-thsong: Suivie de documents et d'

eclaircissements geographiques tirés de la relation originale de Hiouen-Thsang. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1853.

—

. Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales, traduits du sanscrit en chinois, en l' an

648, par Hiouen-thsang.Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1857-1858. The text translated in this book may have been originally written in Chinese by Xuanzang. Li Rongxi, trans. A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci' en Monastery of

the Great Tang Dynasty.Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1995.

Li Yung-hsi, trans. The Life of Hsüan-tsang, the Tripitaka-Master of the Great Tzu En Monastery.Peking: Chinese Buddhist Association, 1959. Watters, Thomas. On Yuan Chwang

'

s Travels in India, 629-645 A.D.London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1904. Many subsequent editions. Waley, Arthur. The Real Tripitaka: And Other Pieces.London: Allen and Unwin, 1952. Accounts of the travels of Faxian and Songyun, translated in Samuel Beal's Si-Yu-Ki(see above); accounts of the journey of Yijing. 359

Index

A

Ācāra, 277, 297, 302 Ajātaśatru, King, 237, 243-244, 248, 255 Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya, 172, 175, 224 ākiñcanyāyatana,177 alms, 31, 33, 36, 39, 57, 64, 66, 73, 88, 91, 125, 129, 137, 138, 146, 203, 218, 223, 253, 274, 297, 306 -bowl(s), 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 59, 166, 173, 175, 184, 188, 198, 225, 226, 253, 255, 270, 283, 293, 309 -givers/-giving, 81, 138, 203, 229, 248, 250, 266, 274

-houses, 97, 115

-round, 197, 238, 255 Āmrapālī, 185

Aṃśuvarman, 193

Ānanda, 32, 60, 86-87, 105, 106, 147, 164, 167-168, 185, 187, 188-190, 199, 240, 244, 245-246, 255 Anāthapiṇḍika, 146-147 Aṅgulimāla, 145-146 animal(s), 20, 22, 37, 50, 54, 64, 76, 80, 85, 139, 154, 174, 177, 179-180, 191, 231, 274, 286, 287, 290, 296, 327 aquatic animals/fish/sea clam, 18, 21, 233

apes/monkeys, 54, 93, 106, 138, 174, 179-180, 184, 279

camel(s), 191, 304, 307, 308, 327 cattle/cow(s), 16, 31, 44, 105, 217, 304, 305, 307

bull(s), 20, 42, 146, deer/doe, 22, 164-165, 174-175, 221 deer girl/woman, 186-187 king(s), 174, 175

dog(s), 54, 137, 174 domestic, 16, 304, 316 donkey(s)/mule(s), 54, 191, 300, 304, 307

elephant(s), 14, 37, 39, 48, 49, 50, 54, 66, 75, 92, 94, 125, 128, 153, 154, 159, 160, 191, 202, 231, 237, 238, 247, 260, 266, 271, 296, 297, 298 golden, 13

drunken, 237, 238

king/lord of, 14, 15, 174 white, 75, 174, 241 wild, 139, 159, 162, 262, 263, 266, 271

fierce/ferocious/wild, 34, 45, 52, 93, 139, 196, 207, 208, 209, 233, 263, 295, 286, 287, 288, 299 fox(es), 54, 179-180 hare, 42, 60, 164, 165, 179-180 horse(s), xiv, 14, 18, 23, 31, 37, 50, 54, 86, 93, 116, 158, 191, 202, 286, 287, 289, 298, 311, 316, 336, 340 good, 17, 23, 30, 32, 308, 321 heavenly, 289, 291 lapis lazuli, 13,

lord of, 14, 15

white, 154, 340

jackal(s), 4, 99, 279 361

Index

animal(s) (continued):

kumbhīra(crocodile), 174 leopard, 233

lion(s), 14, 54, 114, 118, 155, 182, 184, 237, 241, 285-288

ox/oxen/yaks, 42, 54, 162, 192, 42, 54, 162

pig(s), 54, 114

ram/sheep, 23, 31, 42, 45, 51, 105, 116, 304, 307, 311, 316

rat(s), 150, 335-336

tigress, 85

turtle(s), 233, 324

wolf/wolves, 4, 54, 99, 279 See alsobird(s); insect(s); serpent(s)/ snake(s)

Aniruddha, 166-167

Ārāḍakālāma, 177

argumentation, 48, 65, 210, 300, arhat(s), 29, 32, 36, 39, 57, 68, 69-70, 79, 83, 86, 87-88, 89-90, 93, 94, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 111, 115, 142, 188, 198, 199, 201, 235, 238, 240, 244, 245, 246, 253, 255, 256, 277, 281-282, 295, 297, 302, 305, 309, 323, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333-334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 341, 344 See alsosaint(s); sage(s) arhatship, 90, 106, 146, 165, 184, 197, 242, 246, 253, 255, 278, 279 See alsosainthood

Asaṅga, 59, 133-135, 140 ascetic(s), 138, 139, 209 ash-smearing, 298, 304, 307, 332 naked, 249, 283

asceticism, 176, 224, 316 See alsoausterity(ies)

Asita, 153

Aśoka, King, 87-88, 159-160, 184, 197, 198-203, 215, 216-217, 244, 248, 283, 292, 304, 326, 331

362

monuments/pillars/shrines/stupas built by, 39, 55, 56, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 80-81, 84, 85, 86, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 116, 117, 118, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140, 142, 146, 148, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 171, 172, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 192, 198, 200, 201, 202, 214, 215, 218, 221, 235, 244, 246, 247, 253, 254, 257, 258, 264, 267, 269, 271, 272, 277, 281, 282, 283, 295, 296, 302, 305, 307, 309, 310, 316, 317, 326 Aśvaghoṣa, 206-207, 327 Aśvajit, 238, 253, 255

austerity/austerities, 84, 139, 149, 156, 171, 172, 214, 215, 224, 233, 238, 242, 273

See alsoasceticism

Avalokiteśvara, 222, 252, 257, 280, 284, image(s)/statue(s) of, 34, 75, 93, 124, 207, 216, 218, 251, 252, 257, 258, 264, 280, 297,

āyatana(s), 58

B

Bakula, 261

Bālāditya, King, 98-100, 249, 252 Bhadraruci, 299-300, 307 Bhāskaravarman. SeeKumāra, King Bhāvaviveka, 279-280

bhikṣu(s), xiii, 84, 111, 147, 150, 151, 156, 160, 166, 172, 185, 229, 234, 241-243, 244, 251, 253, 255, 256, 260, 299-300, 305, 310, 322, 328-329 faulty/indolent/negligent, 188-189, 244 disciplinary rules for, 192 forest dwelling, 124

See alsomonk(s); śrāvaka(s) bhikṣuṇī(s), 106, 119, 234, 305

Bhīmādevī, 67-68

Bhuvanaikabāhu V, King, xv, 312 Bianji, xviii, xiv, 315, 351 Bimbisāra, King, 197, 236, 237, 239, 247-248, 253-254, 261 bird(s), 76, 122, 163-164, 174, 207, 233, 240, 251, 257, 293, 324, 333 bluebirds, 221

bustards, 324

crows, 233

dove(s), 74, 274

ducks, 324

geese/goose, 76, 256-257, 324 hawk, 74

jīvaṃjīvas (two-headed birds), 192 peacock(s), 45, 74

pheasant(s), 163-164 pigeon(s), 257

swans, 324, 351

birth, 32, 179, 228, 298, 346 of the Buddha, 3, 44, 344, 345 four forms of, 87, 90, 99, 127, 274, 293, 333

birth and death, 5, 13, 15, 165, 171, 333 See alsorebirth; transmigration birthlessness, 278

bodhicitta,152

Bodhila, 94

bodhimaṇḍa,216

See alsoseat(s)

bodhisattva(s), 34, 79, 93, 105, 106, 111, 113, 124, 134, 173, 188, 206, 209, 257, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278-280, 283, 284, 302

deeds, 163, 164, 174, 179, 188, 231, 248

of the eighth stage, 13 first stage of, 204

image of, 124, 257

way, 66, 73, 74, 75, 131, 293, 297 Index

Bodhisattva, 56, 153-154, 158, 161, 172, 174-175, 214-215, 221-222, 224, 227 See alsoBuddha; Śākya/Śākyamuni Bowang, Marquis of, 3, 9, 352 See alsoZhang Qian

Brahmā, 46, 66, 68, 118, 119, 128, 156, 221, 227, 234, 236, 258 Brahmadatta, 121

Brahmānanda, King, 186 brahmanical, 41, 63, 148, 164 buddha(s), 13, 81, 90, 102, 135, 156, 164, 166, 173, 191, 200, 215, 221, 227, 229, 234, 238, 279, 280, 281 of the bhadrakalpa, 60, 102, 187, 215, 227

hall, 18, 28, 34, 283 images, 19, 131, 219, 299 seven, 299

past, 215, 229

four, 60, 65, 101, 102, 104-106, 116, 117, 119, 130, 131-133, 136, 140, 142, 162, 173, 189, 200, 207, 231, 241, 252, 256, 264, 267, 269, 271, 283, 295, 296, 309, 310, 311 three, 172, 181, 258, 259, 260, 302 Buddha, 5, 7, 13, 15, 30, 48, 61, 62, 72, 79, 83, 86-87, 88, 91, 106, 111, 118, 119, 129, 132, 139, 140, 145-152, 155-157, 162, 164-167, 169, 173, 175, 182-192, 198, 208, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222-226, 228, 233-240, 243, 245, 246, 248, 251-258, 261-262, 265, 274, 277, 279, 293, 299, 302, 205, 315, 334, 337-338, 341, 344-345, 347, 349, 350, 352 articles/objects of: almsbowl, 59, 166

bathing pot/kuṇḍikā, 28, 261 broom, 28

robe(s), 166, 234

staff, 261

birth of, 3, 44

363

Index

Buddha (continued): buddhahood/enlightenment of, 44, 216, 218

demise/nirvana of, 44, 64, 79, 133, 163, 164, 165, 166-167, 168, 184, 188, 189, 216, 244, 247, 248, 255, 277, 279, 292, 341, 345 footprint(s)/soles of the feet, 18, 167, 200, 240, 262, 267 image(s)/statue(s), 3, 18, 26, 28, 31, 33, 57, 61-62, 118, 128, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, 146, 150, 172, 207, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227, 250, 252, 256, 261, 275, 277, 282, 292, 293, 294, 297, 299, 310, 323, 327, 334, 335, 340, 348

past/previous lives, 73, 187, 198 relics, 35, 159, 160, 199, 202, 212 bones, 38, 80, 103, 159, 184, 207 hair and (finger)nails, 140, 251 tooth, 28, 32, 56, 92, 93, 131, 312, 313

teachings, 9, 30, 43, 88, 89, 151, 182, 183, 188-189, 225, 229, 241, 245, 246, 276, 333, 347, 350 bequeathed, 32, 215, 250, 279, 292 See alsoŚākyamuni/Śākya Buddha; Tathāgata

Buddhadāsa, 136

buddha-dharma, 7, 55, 60, 62, 64, 87, 88, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 110, 114, 117, 124, 126, 140, 141, 159, 169, 171, 182, 183, 188, 190, 195, 200, 202, 211, 216, 217, 218, 222, 238, 244, 255, 264, 265, 268-269, 272, 292, 303, 304, 305, 306, 317, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 330, 331, 333, 338 last period of, 140 See alsoBuddhism; Dharma Buddhagupta, King, 249 364

buddhahood, 29, 74, 90, 100, 215, 216, 229, 241, 251, 274, 278, 280, 282 of the Buddha/Tathāgata, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224, 253 prediction of, 56, 172 Buddhasiṃha, 133-134 Buddhism, xv, 3, 8, 71, 86, 92, 98, 110, 125, 126, 264, 293, 297, 312, 331, 343, 346

image period of, 345, 349 Hinayana. SeeHinayana sects. Seesect(s)/school(s) Chinese, viii

See alsobuddha-dharma Buddhist(s), xiv, 3, 28, 30, 193, 219, 228, 288, 300, 321, 324, 347 canon/books/scriptures/text(s), xiii, 3, 8, 9, 10, 42, 84, 88, 94, 111, 235, 299, 349, 350

doctrine(s)/teaching(s)/theories, xiii, 8, 10, 69, 70, 133, 208 monk(s), 63, 64, 84, 165, 182, 226, 264, 265, 266

order, 32

temple, 131, 140, 150 C

Cai Yin, 3

cakravartin. Seeuniversal monarch calendar:

Chinese, 12, 158, 162, 163, 220 Indian, 220, 227

months:

Āṣāḍha, 43

Āśvayuja, 43

Bhādrapada, 43

Caitra, 43

Jyeṣṭha, 43

Kārttika, 43, 163

Māgha, 43

Mārgaśīrṣa, 43 Pauṣa, 43

Phālguna, 43

Śravaṇa, 43

Vaiśākha, 43, 158, 162, 163, 220 caṇḍāla(s), 82 See alsocaste(s) Candragupta, 250 Candraprabha, King, 81, 274 caste(s), 41, 45, 49, 105, 110, 123, 137, 155, 182, 191, 192, 212, 235, 264, 272, 296, 302, 303, 304, 305, 344 brahman(s), 37, 41, 45, 47, 49, 54, 66, 67, 68, 69-70, 73, 107, 109, 126, 128, 130, 133, 136, 137, 149, 151, 159, 162, 168-170, 172, 179, 182, 183, 191, 195, 205-206, 208-209, 211-213, 218-219, 223, 225-226, 235, 238, 244, 248, 253, 254, 264, 266, 274, 299-300, 304 demon-eloquent, 205 fire-worshiping, 216 long-nailed, 255 māṇava(young brahman), 254 straight-natured, 168 kṣatriya(s), 45, 49, 50, 54, 192, 235, 272, 296, 302, 303, 344 low/mixed, 54 vaiśya(s), 49, 54, 105, 123, śūdra(s), 49, 110, 305 See also caṇḍāla(s) caves/grottoes, 34, 56-57, 67, 84, 89, 102, 104, 106, 107, 119, 140, 163, 201, 214, 215, 226-227, 234, 236-237, 240, 241, 242, 244, 256, 262-263, 281, 326, 327, 330-331, 334, 348 Ajantā grottoes, xv, Asura's Palace, 237, 241, 279, 280 dragon, 140, 348 Pippala Cave, 241, Index

Rock Chamber, 3 Shadow Cave, 57-58 Chandaka, 161 Changjie, 3, 8 See alsoChen Su Chen clan/family, xiii, 7, 9, 346 Chen Chong, 7 Chen Hui, xiii Chen Kang, xiii Chen Ping, 7

Chen Shi, xiii, 7 Chen Su, xiii Chen Xin, xiii Chen Zhong, 7 China, xiv, 3, 7, 10, 14, 42, 43, 44, 102, 227, 229, 230, 239, 249, 266, 284, 352 Chang'an, 3, 5, 9 Chengdu, xiii Chenliu, xiii Eastern Capital, 4 Huazhu, 7

Imperial Garden, 4 Ruzhou, 9

Shangdang prefecture, xiii Shu region/state, 266, 301, 346 Lishan, 7

Luoyang, xiii, 3, 4, 349 Lu state, 346 Qin region, 346 Ten Spirits Islands, 4 Wei state, 346 Wukuai state, 346 Yan region, 346 Yingchuan region, 7 Youxiong, 7

Yu state, 11

Yuexi, 3

Yunming, 8

Zhao region, 346 Ciñcā, 149

365

Index

cities/towns/villages, 4, 14, 16, 17-18, 22, 23, 29, 31, 35, 39, 44, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65-67, 71, 81, 94, 95, 97, 104, 106, 108, 125, 130, 133, 136-137, 139-140, 142, 146, 152-157, 159, 161-162, 167, 175, 178, 181, 187, 190, 196-197, 200-205, 207, 208, 212-214, 235, 237-239, 248, 255, 258, 260, 262-264, 267, 270, 272, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284, 286, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 307, 308, 310-313, 315, 317-320, 325, 326, 332, 342, 347 ancient/old, 92, 97, 101, 121, 152, 154, 155, 159, 188, 190, 192, 195, 197, 202

capital, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 55, 56, 59, 76, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 91, 95, 97, 101-105, 107, 109, 110, 115-117, 121, 130, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 145, 157, 159, 171, 180, 190, 192, 193, 195, 259, 262-264,266, 267-272, 276, 278, 279-283, 285, 288, 291-292, 294, 295, 298, 301-310, 312, 315-320, 323, 325, 328, 329, 330, 340, 341, 348

great, 33, 34, 107, 109, 110, 131, 132, 136, 137, 152, 155, 168, 171, 181, 187, 238, 296, 299, 301 frontier/isolated, 21, 22, 294, 317, 328, 335

iron, 288-289, 291, 312 mountain, 239, 240, 242, 243 new, 92, 101, 248 royal/palace, 31, 35, 38, 59, 82, 94, 104, 108, 145, 152-153, 184, 190, 195, 197, 200, 237, 239, 248, 295, 313, 332, 334-340 cities, named:

Araurak, 341, 342 Bhagya, 334

366

Bhallika, 29

Bhillamāla, 303

Bhīmā, 340, 341, 342 Campā, 259, 262

Cañśuma, 190

Caritra, 270

City of Fragrant Flowers, 197 City of Hunchbacked Maidens, 123 City of Sushe River/Sushe City, 21, 22 City of Śvetavat Temple, 35 City of the Royal House, 248 City of the Son of Pāṭali. SeePāṭali putra City of White Water, 22 Darada, 79

Gayā, 213, 349

Gongyu, 22

Hanruo, 188

Hesaluo (Guzar), 315 Hexina (Ghazni), 315 Hilo, 58

Hubina, 316

Kaccheśvara, 307

Kālapināka, 254, 255 Kāñcīpura, 282

Kanyākubja, 127, 128 Kāśapura, 140

Khamdādh, 321

Kolika, 253

Kuśāgrapura, 237, 247, 347 Kuśinagara, 167, 199, 244, 347 Kusumapura, 121, 122, 195 Lāvaṇīla Village, 258 Lumbinī, 157

Magadha (city), 240 Mahāśāla, 182

Maṅgala, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79 Mayūra, 115

Navadevakula, 132 Nina, 342

Ormus, 309

Pāṭaliputra, 188, 195, 197, 204, 205, 248, 279

Puruṣapura, 59, Puṣkarāvatī, 65 Rājagṛha, xiv, xv, 89, 169, 172, 197, 238, 245, 247, 248, 253, 254, 260 Śākala, 97, 101 Śākula, 112

Śalātura, 68

Sarnath, xv

Smaller Rājagṛha, 28 Sthūlīśvara, 307 Surasthāna, 308 Taras, 22

Trapuṣa, 29

Uḍakhand, 68, 70, 80 Vaiśālī, 185, 187, 188-189, 190, 244 Varṣa, 66-67

Veṅgīpura, 276-277 Vichavapura, 304 clans/peoples/tribes, 7, 14, 16, 28, 41, 49, 64, 76-78, 100, 151, 156, 158, 175, 179, 187, 263, 290, 326, 351 Cakar, 24

Hu, 15, 21, 22, 24, 45, 326, 331 Hun, 335, 336 Krīta, 87, 91-92 Lao, 266

Licchavi(s), 187-188, 192 Malla(s), 166, 167, 168 Man, 266

Rong, 12, 15

Śākya(s), 75, 91, 153, 155, 157, 224, 255

Suli, 21, 33

Yi, 12, 266

cloth/clothes/garments, 14, 16, 20, 21, 26, 32, 33, 44, 45, 48, 52, 71, 99, 104, 121, 137, 138, 147, 149, 151, 157, 158, 161, Index

176, 178, 205, 223, 225, 253, 322, 326, 327, 333, 336, 338 brocade, 17, 18, 308 cotton/felt, 16, 20, 21, 26, 33, 44, 45, 55, 58, 71, 77, 86, 95, 97, 158, 167, 182, 308, 318, 320, 321, 324, 325, 329, 330, 331 damask, 18

deerskin, 56, 161, 176, 225 fur, 21, 31, 33, 308, 320, 323, 328, 331 helacape, 45

hemp/hempen (śāṇaka), 16, 17, 20, 21, 26, 31, 32, 33, 45, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 328, 329, 331 kambala,45

kapok, 105

kauśeya/silk, 4, 6, 8, 21, 22, 45, 97, 107, 128, 331, 338-339, 352 kṣauma(linen), 45 ramie, 308, 334 white, 16, 71, 84, 97 wool/woolen, 33, 42, 45, 80, 86, 308, 330, 331

See alsorobe(s) compassion, 8, 15, 20, 57, 72, 151, 152, 182, 190, 215, 219, 227, 240, 248, 273, 293, 333

mind of, 57, 74, 124, 127, 146, 147, 209, 254, 277 Confucian/Confucius, xiii, 350 countries/regions/states: Agni, 11, 16

Ahicchattra, 97, 116, 117 Alini, 315, 319 Ānandapura, 285, 302 Andarāb, 27, 315, 317 Andhra, 259, 276, 278 Ārhan, 27

Aṭali, 285, 301 Audumbatira, 285, 307, 308, 309 367

Index

countries/regions/states (continued): Avaṇḍa, 285, 309 Ayamukha, 121, 135 Ayodhyā, 121, 132, 135 Bactria, 3

Badakshān, 315, 320 Baghlan, 11, 27 Baktra, 11, 28, 30 Bālukā, 11, 20, Balūra, 71, 79, 325 Bāmīyāna, 11, 31, 156, Bārāṇasī, 170, 171, 348 Betik, 11, 24-25 Bharukacchapa, 285, 298 Bihar, xv

Brahmapura, 97, 115 Bukhārā, 11, 24, Calmadana. SeeJumo Campā, 259, 262, Cīnabhukti, 97, 101, 102 Cukuka, 315, 330 Dhānakaṭaka, 259, 278, 280 Dharmasthiti, 27, 315, 321, 323, 324 Dongli. SeeTāmraliptī Draviḍa, 259, 282, 294 Dvārapatī, 267, Feihan, 11, 23, Gandhāra, 33, 36, 41, 59, 88, 89, 100, 133

Garjanapati, 171, 180, Gostana, 315, 330, 331, 335-336, 338, 340-341, 342

Goviṣāṇa, 97, 116, Gūrjara, 285, 303, 304, Gūzgānān, 11, 30 Himatala, 27, 91, 156, 315, 319 Horiṣmīka, 11, 25 Hrum/Hrum-Simingān, 11, 27, 309 Huoh, 315, 318, 319 Invakan, 315, 320-321 Īraṇaparvata, 258, 259 368

Īśānapura, 267, Jāguḍa, 35, 222, 311, 315, 316 Jālaṃdhara, 97, 103 Jumo, 342

Kabhanda, 315, 325, 328 Kacik, 11, 30

Kaikānān, 311

Kajaṅgala, 259, 263 Kajuṅghira, 126, 266 Kaliṅga, 259, 271 Kāmalaṅka, 267 Kāmarūpa, 126, 259, 264, 266 Kanyākubja, 119, 121, 123, 302 Kapilavastu, 145, 152, 344, 347 Kāpiśī, 11, 32, 33, 55, 59, 80, 310, 316, 317

Kapitha, 97, 117, 348 Kapūtānā, 11, 24 Karṇasuvarṇa, 123, 124, 259, 267 Kasanna, 11, 21, 25 Kasha, 315, 324, 325, 328, 329 Kaśmīra, 54, 69, 71, 80, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 94, 95, 100, 112, 114, 335 Kauśāmbī, 121, 139, 341, 348 Khagan, 11, 24 Kharūn, 11, 26 Khosita, 315

Khost, 27, 315, 317 Khotan, xiv, 116 Khulm, 11, 27

Khuttalān, 11, 27 Kishm,27

Kiṭa, 285, 301 Komidai, 11, 27 Koṅgoda, 259, 270 Koṅkaṇapura, 285, 294 Kosala, 188, 259, 271, 272 Krisma, 315, 319, 320 Kuci, 11, 17, 20, 334 Kulūta, 97, 103, 104 Kumāri. SeeMalakūṭa

Kurān, 27

Kuraṇa, 315, 321 Kuṣāṇika, 11, 24 Kuśinagara, 78, 79, 145, 162, 168, 185, 187, 199, 347 Kuvāyāna, 11, 27 Lāhul, 104

Lampā, 26, 39, 41, 55, 95 Laṅgala, 285, 307 Lulan, 342

Madakhshān, 27 Magadha, 87, 98, 126, 189, 190, 193, 195, 199, 208, 217, 231, 232, 237, 244, 253, 254, 258, 265, 279, 298, 348

Mahācampā, 267 Mahācīna, 126, 127, 265 Mahārāṣṭra, 285, 295, 296 Maheśvarapura, 285, 304 Malakūṭa, 259, 283 Mālava, 285, 298, 301, 302 Mathurā, 97, 105, 188 Matipura, 97, 110, 115, 116 Mimohe, 11, 24 Mūlasthānapura, 285, 306 Mungān, 27, 315, 318, 319 Nagarahāra, 41, 55, 348 Navadevakula, 1 Navāp. SeeLulan Nepāla, 171, 192 Nujkend, 11, 22, 23 North Lāta. SeeValabhi Pārghar, 27, 315, 319 Pāriyātra, 97, 104 Parṇotsa, 71, 94-95 Pārsa/Persia, 25, 30, 60, 285, 288, 308, 309, 325 Parvata, 285, 306, Pātāsila, 309 Prayāga, 121, 136 Index

Puṇḍravardhana, 259, 263 Rāhu, 315, 319 Rāhula, 27

Rājapura, 71, 95 Rāmagrāma, 145, 159 Sahāniyan, 11, 26 Samarkand, 11, 23, 24, 25 Samataṭa, 212, 259, 266, 267 Śatadru, 97, 104 Shangmi, 156, 315, 323 Shash, 11, 22-23 Shūmān, 11, 26 Śikni, 27, 315, 323 Siṃhala/Sri Lanka, xiv, xv, 110, 227, 228-229, 257, 270, 272, 284, 285, 292, 294, 312-313 Siṃhapura, 71, 84 Sindhu, 285, 304, 307, 309, 310 Soḷī, 312

South Lāta. SeeMālava Śrāvastī, 64, 143, 145-146, 349 Śrīkrītati. See Kasha Śrīkṣetra, 267 Sthāneśvara, 97, 107, 109 Śrughna, 97, 108-109 Suli, 21, 66

Suraṭṭha, 285, 302, 303 Sutrūshana, 11, 23 Suvarṇagotra, 116 Ṭakka, 95, 97, 112, 306 Takṣaśilā, 71, 80, 82, 85, 327, 332 Talaqān, 11, 30 Tāmraliptī, 4, 259, 267 Tianzhu. SeeIndia Tirmidh, 11, 26 Tukhāra, 25, 31, 33, 91, 181, 182, 317-321, 323, 324, 342 Uḍa, 259, 269 Udyāna, 70

Ujjayanī, 285, 303, 304 369

Index

countries/regions/states (continued): Uraśā, 71, 85

Vaiśālī, 171, 183-184, 190, 191, 193, 248, 348

Valabhi, 285, 301, 302, 202 Varṇu, 285, 310

Vilaśāṇa, 97, 117

Viṣaka, 121, 142

Vṛji, 171, 190, 191

Vṛjiṣṭhāna, 315, 316

Wakhsh, 11, 27

West/Western Regions, 3, 4, 7, 15, 288, 342, 352

Women's Country, 288, 308, 309 Wusha, 315, 318, 328

Xisu, 26

Yamanadvīpa, 267

Yamgān, 27

Zhizhituo, 285, 304

Zumathān, 11, 30

See alsoChina; India

cowherd(s), 57, 60

Cunda, 162

D

debate(s), 10, 49, 64, 89, 109, 112, 113, 125, 136, 141, 150, 203-206, 209, 210, 211-212, 250, 268, 300 See alsoargumentation deed(s), 124, 165, 172, 228, 235, 275, 278, 344

bodhisattva, 163, 164, 174, 179, 188, 231, 248

evil/misdeeds/treacherous, 20, 36, 51, 60, 76, 78, 81, 103, 118, 159, 189, 191, 197, 217, 226, 239, 257, 300, 316

good/meritorious/superior/virtuous, 12, 32, 34, 36, 37, 60, 66, 69, 72, 88, 99, 103, 106, 108, 115, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 135, 139, 142, 370

145, 159, 160, 168, 180, 191, 198, 199, 202-203, 211, 218, 222, 228, 247, 251, 280, 285, 287, 299, 301, 305, 306, 313, 316, 321, 330, 333, 339-340, 347, 349

ten, 29

deity(ies), 5, 30, 31, 34, 39, 60, 61, 68, 72, 91, 97, 148, 157, 171, 184, 198, 199-201, 206, 218, 262, 270, 276, 279-283, 285, 294, 301, 306, 333, 346, 349 See alsodeva(s); god(s) demon(s), 4, 34, 179, 182-183, 205, 206, 227, 288

See alsorākṣasī(s); yakṣa(s) desert(s), 20, 23, 84, 304, 329, 331, 332, 335-336, 342, 349

Great Desert, 342

deva(s), 65, 90, 110, 176, 181, 208, 251, 259

image(s)/statue(s), 65, 157, 182 See alsodeity/deities; god(s); temple(s), deva Deva, 10, 136-137, 154, 204-205, 272-273, 281-282, 327 Devadatta, 149, 174, 237, 240, 242, 268 Devaśarman, 142

Devasena, 111

Dhanapāla, 237

Dharma, 15, 18, 29, 36, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 88, 89, 91, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111, 116-118, 126, 130, 132-135, 139-142, 146, 148, 149, 156, 164, 165, 167, 168, 172, 175, 177, 185, 188, 191, 192, 204, 205, 212, 213, 225, 234, 236, 238-240, 242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 252-259, 261, 264, 265, 269, 273, 277, 279, 282, 283, 295, 302, 305, 307, 311, 322, 323, 333-335, 337, 342, 344-346, 349, 351

bequeathed, 173

extinction/termination of, 32, 87

eye of, 151

gate, 5, 347

great/supreme, 89, 233, 345 piṭaka(s), 149, 233, 244, 245, 246 profound/subtle, 235, 265, 281, 345 relic(s), 235, 236 right/true, 48, 57-59, 74, 110, 164, 169, 176, 183, 189, 213, 216, 224, 265, 268, 271, 292, 300, 304, 327, 345

wheel, 172, 173, 223, 344, 347, 348 wonderful, 94, 134, 135, 151, 176, 177, 181, 192, 236, 239, 251, 252, 259, 267

dharma body, 166 Dharmapāla, 140-142, 212-213, 250, 279-280, 282-283 dharmarāja,156

See alsoKing of the Dharma Dharmatrāta, 59, 66 dhātus, 58

Dhruvapaṭu, 302 Dignāga, 277-278, 297 Dīpaṃkara, 56

doctrine(s), 5, 15, 49, 58, 63, 84, 102, 131, 142, 164, 192, 330, 338, 344 abstruse/profound, 109, 136, 327, 345, 346

Buddhist, xiii, 208, 300, 346 Hinayana, 132, 133 Mahayana, 114, 115, 132, 133 of emptiness, 344 great/sublime/wonderful, 83, 89, 130, 133, 345

heretical, 208, 216, 300 heterodox, 183, 296, 298, 303 orthodox, 183, 296, 298, 303 dragon(s)/nāga(s), 8, 17-18, 20, 21, 36-39, 57, 72-73, 75, 76-78, 80, 84, 86-87, 92, 93, 117, 119, 140, 158, 159-160, Index

168, 173, 207, 215, 223, 226-227, 241, 248-249, 313, 324, 339, 340, 348 Apalāla, 78

girl/woman, 76-77, 78, 339 king(s), 13, 36-37, 57, 72, 77, 80, 87, 159, 168, 174, 223-224 Anavapta, 168

Elāpattra, 80, 168 Mucilinda, 168, 223-224, 226 Nālandā, 248

palace, 36, 77, 78, 159, 340, 342, 349 See alsolakes/ponds/pools, dragon/ nāga;springs, nāga Droṇodana, King, 149 dynasty(ies), 5, 12, 250, 291 Han, 3, 7, 345

Later Han, xiii, 7 Ming, xv, 312

Northern Qi, xiii Northern Wei, xiii Sui, 4

Tang, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 126, 127, 345 Yin, 347

Zhou, 7, 347

E

East Land. SeeChina eight diamond guardians, 156 ekayāna.SeeOne Vehicle eloquence, 49, 205, 206, 212, 272, 273 four kinds of unhindered, 83 emancipations, 49, 205, 206, 212, 272, 273 eight, 63, 87, 281, 292 way of, 176, 212 emperor(s), 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 312, 313, 332, 343, 346, 349, 352-353 Chengzu, xiv-xv Five, 4

Fuxi, 11

Gaozong, 10

Ming, xiii, 3

371

Index

emperor(s) (continued): Shennong, xiii

Shun, 7, 11, 346

Taizong, xiv, 10, 12

three ancient, 12

Wu, 11, 346

Yao, 11, 346

Mandate of Heaven, 11, 12 Yellow Emperor, 7, 11 emptiness, 5, 42, 119, 344 enlightenment, 72, 152, 154, 172, 176, 216, 238, 256, 278, 311, 337 of the Buddha/Tathagata, 44, 48, 81, 139, 153, 155, 156, 172, 176, 214-215, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 255

Evil One. See Māra

existence, 5, 52, 81, 94, 99, 142, 208, 215, 276, 333, 344

evil states/ways of, 37, 76, 109 intermediate, state of, 32, 179 F

Faxian, 10

five desires, 151

flower(s), 9, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 38, 44, 51, 53, 56-59, 61, 71, 73, 75, 80, 81, 85,86, 93, 95, 103, 105, 106, 110, 118, 121, 128, 131, 132, 142, 156, 157, 159, 160, 167, 180, 181, 183, 186, 190, 192, 195, 215, 216, 220, 227, 229, 237, 239, 244, 252, 256, 257-259, 261, 266-271, 282, 284, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 312, 315, 317, 318, 321, 323, 325, 326, 328, 329, 336

campaka,136

celestial/divine/heavenly, 81, 166, 208, 215, 244

orchids, 8

osmanthus, 8

See alsolotus

372

forest(s)/wood(s), 23, 39, 52, 60, 71, 84, 87, 92, 95, 103, 106, 107, 111, 116, 121, 122, 124, 128, 136, 139, 140, 143, 152, 156, 160, 162, 163, 164, 170, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, 187, 189, 196, 207, 209, 223, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 243, 244, 257, 258, 262, 263, 268, 270, 271, 272, 276, 278, 286, 287, 295, 305, 306, 309, 310, 317, 333, 336, 337 Lumbinī Wood, 157

Wood of Regaining Eyes, 152 Yaṣṭi Wood, 235, 236, 347 See alsogardens/groves/parks four heavenly kings, 156, 158 See also wheel king(s)/wheel-turning monarch

four continents, 13, 188 Godānīya, 13

Jambu/Jambudvīpa, 13, 14, 37, 60, 114, 119, 121, 153, 172, 199, 200, 203, 215, 258, 262, 288, 289, 317, 318, 324

Kuru, 13

Videha, 13

Four Noble Truths, 208 four ordeals, 51

fruit, 9, 16, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 53-54, 55, 66, 71, 73, 80, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 101, 103, 104, 105, 110, 121, 122, 132, 136, 142, 171, 180, 183, 190, 192, 196, 202, 203, 239, 259, 263-264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 282, 284, 285, 286, 298, 303, 304, 309, 310, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331 āmalaka(myrobalan), 53, 202, 203, 217

āmra(mango), 53, 95, 105, 172, 183 āmla(tamarind), 53

apricot, 54

badara(jujube), 53

breadfruit, 263-264

crabapple, 16, 54, 320, 330 chestnut, 53

date, 53

fuling(Poria cocos), 264 grapes, 16, 21, 22, 54, 95, 320, 330 kapittha(wood apple), 53 madhūka(licorice), 53 moca(plantain), 53, 95, 183 nārikera(coconut), 53, 264 nyagrodha(banyan), 122 panasa(jackfruit), 53 peach, 54

pear, 16, 54, 301, 320, 330 persimmon, 53

pomegranate, 54

oranges, 54

tinduka,53

uḍumbara(fig), 53, 95 walnut, 320

See alsotree(s)

funeral customs, 52-53 G

gardens/groves/parks, 70, 84, 114, 133, 140, 147, 162, 163, 185, 235, 243, 244, 248, 310, 344

Āmrapālī Garden, 185 Bamboo Garden/Grove, 243, 244 Deer Park, 5, 29, 175, 177, 347, 348, 352

Anāthapiṇḍika Garden/Garden of Anāthapiṇḍika, 146, 147, 149, 151 Garden of Leisure and Repose, 350 Jetavana Garden/Prince Jeta's garden, 5, 118, 147, 148, 150, Imperial Garden, 4, 352 Śala Grove, 163

See alsoforests/woods gāthā,73

Gautama, 148-149, 164, 238 See alsoŚākyamuni; Siddhārtha Index

Ghoṣa, 83

Ghoṣila, 140

god(s), 31, 46, 53, 60, 61, 66, 79, 86, 107, 125, 216, 219, 222, 227, 243, 264, 292, 293, 306, 307, 316, 318, 322, 324, 326, 338, 349

earth/of the wood, 219, 222, 224 mountain, 35, 214, 277, 279, 324 sun, 260, 326

See alsodeity/deities;deva(s); heavenly beings goddess(es), 66, 67, 340 Golden Flower, 17 Gopa, 142

Gopāla, 57

Great Dharma Hall, 145 Great Vehicle. SeeMahayana Grand Palace of Almsgiving, 138 Great Council, 234 Guṇamati, 208-212, 251, 302 Guṇaprabha, 110-111, 307 H

Hall of the Good Dharma, 118 Hanzi, 350

Harṣavardhana, 123 heaven(s)/Heaven, 3, 12, 53, 83, 99, 1-8, 109, 111, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 146, 151, 158, 166, 191, 192, 262, 291, 307, 337

Brahmā, 146

Devapura, 118, 119 Lord of, 107

Mandate of, 11, 12 of Neither Thought Nor Non-thought, 233

of Pure Abode, 161, 214,221 Son of, 127

Trāyastriṃśa, 118, 139, 146 Tuṣita, 79, 111, 133, 134, 280, 282 Way of, 9

373

Index

heavenly being(s), 13, 29, 31, 75, 102, 118, 119, 133, 134, 147, 148, 149, 153, 155, 158, 161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 188, 191, 192, 208, 215, 235, 244, 245, 262, 263, 264, 267, 280, 281, 283, 301, 306, 334, 344

See alsodeity/deities/deva(s); god(s) hell(s), 149, 151, 197-198, 201, 241, 299, 304

of incessant suffering, 101, 115 small hot, 241

of uninterrupted pain/torture, 150, 151 herb(s), 53

hiṅgu,315

medicinal, 86, 103

heretic(s), 45, 55, 59, 65, 71, 89, 91, 95, 103-105, 107, 109-110, 115-117, 121, 130, 132, 134-137, 139-142, 145, 148-150, 152, 174, 176, 184, 190, 192, 195, 204, 205, 211-213, 224, 231-232, 238, 242, 243, 251, 254, 259, 262-264, 266-269, 270-272, 277, 279, 281-284, 294, 296, 298, 301-308, 312, 316 ash-smearing, 67, 308, 309, 310 heretical, 322

adherents/disciples/believers/followers/ students, 33, 130, 138, 171, 217, 226 doctrines/teachings/theories, 69, 86, 109, 117, 171, 204, 208, 216, 235, 300

religions/systems, 55, 59, 68, 136, 149, 265

śāstramasters/scholars/teachers, 64, 141, 203-204, 211

schools, 129, 150

texts/treatises, 299, 235 hetuvidyā,277-278, 348

See alsośāstra(s)/treatise(s), Hetuvidyā-śāstra Hinayana, 110, 132, 303, 305, 307-310 adherents/followers, 48, 136 374

doctrines/tenets/theories/views, 111, 132, 133, 292, 305

śāstramasters, 142

school(s), 33, 102, 104, 105, 107, 117, 142, 259, 294, 298, 301, 302, 304, 307, 318

teachings, 16, 17, 20, 28, 30, 31, 63, 66, 67, 101, 103, 109, 111-112, 116, 121, 135, 136, 139, 140, 152, 181, 190, 192, 256, 258, 259, 262, 264, 268, 296, 308, 325, 328, 330 See alsosect(s)/school(s), Hinayana Hindu deities/devas/gods/goddesses: Bhīmādevī, 67-68

Brahmā/Mahābrahmā, 46, 66, 68, 118, 119, 128, 156, 221, 223, 227, 234, 236, 258

Hārītī, 66

Indra, 66, 68, 74, 118, 119, 128, 149, 150, 156, 161, 163-164, 168, 179-180, 221, 223, 227, 234, 236, 254, 256

Īśvara, 157

Maheśvara/Śiva, 67, 68, 131, 179, 218, 219-220, 223, 284, 307, 308 Śunā, 35, 316

Sūrya, 131

hungry ghosts, 132

I

image(s)/statue(s), 18, 34, 61, 62, 67, 79, 85, 93, 106, 118, 124, 125, 128-129, 139, 146, 153, 154, 207, 216, 217, 218-220, 221, 252, 256, 257-258, 263, 270, 276, 292-293, 294, 333, 334-335, 341-342, 348 of Avalokiteśvara, 34, 75, 93, 124, 207, 216, 218, 251, 252, 257-258, 264, 280, 297

of Bhīmādevī, 67

of Brahmā, 118

buddha/of the Buddha, Tathāgata, 3, 18-19, 26, 28, 33, 57, 61, 62, 85, 118, 128-131, 136, 138, 139, 146, 171, 172, 218-220, 224, 227, 243, 250, 252, 256, 263, 267, 275-277, 282, 292-294, 297, 299, 323, 327, 334-335, 340-341, 348 delivering a sermon/turning the wheel of the Dharma, 172, 240, 348

in an emaciated state, 224 facing east, 150, 218-219, 220, 294

of the four buddhas, 60 recumbent, 31

of the seven buddhas, 299 seated/sitting, 61, 223, 261 standing, 18, 31, 62, 220, 252, 310, 334, 340

walking, 173

of deities/devas/gods, 34, 65, 157, 171, 182, 222, 299, 306, 307, 322 of Indra, 118

of Īśvara, 157

of Kāśyapa, 221

of Maitreya, 79, 181, 218, 295 of Pāṇini, 69

of Rāhula, 154, 170 of Tārā, 207, 252

of Vaiśravaṇa, 28, 333 of Yaśodharā, 154

immortals, 207, 208 impermanence, 129, 188, 197 India, xiii, xiv, xv, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17, 33, 41, 43, 54, 55, 59, 64, 67, 71, 80, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 102, 103, 126, 129, 130, 181, 202, 212, 214, 221, 223, 228, 229, 230, 235, 237, 250, 265, 284, 285, 308, 312, 330, 331, 346, 347-348, 349, 352 Central, 46, 56, 57, 65, 86, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 116, 117, Index

119, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 152, 159, 162, 170, 180, 183, 192, 193, 250, 258, 262, 263, 264, 269, 270, 271-272, 277, 282, 304, 307, 309, 310, 311

East, 94, 123, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270

five parts of, 41, 98, 103, 107, 114, 115, 125, 249, 266, 296, 298, 306, 327 North, 39, 45, 55, 59, 70, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 95, 101, 103, 104, 115, 135, 190, 306

South, 136, 179, 204, 208, 209, 210, 212, 268, 271, 276, 278, 281, 282, 283, 285, 294, 295, 298, 301, 303, 304

West, 235, 297, 299, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310 Indian Ocean, xv

insect(s), 34, 64, 299 insight(s), 17, 212, 251, 254 into the emptiness of all things, 119 of impermanence, 197 three, 83, 89, 188, 206 J

Jains, 84

See alsonirgrantha(s) Jayasena, 234, 236 Jeta, Prince, 147, 150 See alsogardens/groves/parks, Jetavana Garden Jinaputra, 307

Jing Bo, 3, 6

Jingqi, 72

Jīvaka, 239

Jñānacandra, 251

Jyotiṣka, 248

K

Kalandaka, 243

375

Index

Kali, King, 72

kalpa(s), 32, 76, 102, 168, 179, 185, 216, 219, 233, 262, 271, 282, 312, 344 bhadrakalpa,57, 60, 102, 152, 154, 155, 173, 187, 215, 227, 282 Kanakamuni, 155

Kaniṣka, King, 33, 36-37, 60, 63, 65, 69, 88, 90, 91, 102

Kapittha, 191

karma/karmic, 38, 69, 94, 108, 297 retribution, 37, 99, 115 Kāśyapa, 30, 72, 80, 152, 167, 173, 214, 221, 222, 231, 233, 234, 244-246, 256, 329

See alsoMahākāśyapa Kāśyapa brothers, 225-226 Gayā-Kāśyapa, 214, 226 Nadī-Kāśyapa, 214, 226 Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa, 225, 226 Kāśyapa-Mātaṅga, 3 Kātyāyana, 102

See alsoMahākātyāyana Khan, Turkish, 22, 28 King of the Dharma, 166, 188, 198, 213, 245, 246, 273, 344 See alsoBuddha

knowledge(s), 9, 48, 68, 69, 86, 103, 113, 114, 117, 133, 169, 189, 203, 212, 246, 254, 268, 273, 278, 298, 347, 351 five, 46-47, 89, 90, 169, 206 three, 63, 245

Kokālika, 149

koṭi(s), 100, 101, 199, 236, 248, 256, 260, 276, 301

Krakucchanda, 154, 155 Kuafu, 352

Kubjaśobhita, 188 Kumāra, King, 126, 127, 128, 264-266 Kumārajīva, 350

Kumāralāta, 81, 327 Kuṇāla, Prince, 81 L

lakes/ponds/pools, 4, 13-14, 21, 32, 35-36, 58, 74, 84, 85, 92, 106, 115, 116, 121, 122, 132, 143, 150, 151, 155, 157-160, 173-174, 177, 181, 183, 187, 193, 198, 202, 215, 218, 223-225, 231, 233, 237, 239, 241, 258, 263, 264, 284, 306, 340 Anavatapta Lake, 13, 147, 148, 240 Divine Lake, 3

dragon/nāga,4, 17-18, 36-37, 75-77, 80, 86-87, 117, 119, 159, 174, 223, 224, 226, 248, 324 Great Pure Lake, 21 Hero's Pond/Life-saving Pond, 177-179 Kalandaka Pool, 247 See alsospring(s) Land of Blessedness/Happiness/Purity. SeeIndia

Land of Lions. Seecountries/regions/ states, Siṃhala/Sri Lanka lay/laypeople/layperson, 28, 48, 49, 64, 75, 118, 173, 174, 215, 216, 229, 234, 252, 254

layman, 238, 261 lion bed/seat, 44, 98, 125, 126, 166 lotus, 58, 80, 84, 119, 134, 158, 186, 198, 227, 231, 239, 257, 258 blue, 81, 186

See alsoflower(s) M

Mādhava, 208-211 Madhyāntika, 79, 86-87 Mahādeva, 87, 188, 189 Mahākāśyapa, 89, 167-168, 233-234, 244-246, 344

See alsoKāśyapa

Mahākātyāyana, 309 See alsoKātyāyana 376

Mahāmāyā, Lady, 153, 158, 166, 225 Mahāsattva, Prince, 85 Mahayana, 33, 105, 227, 270, 292, 294, 301, 303, 307, 318 doctrine(s)/teaching(s), 55, 67, 71, 80, 85, 86, 93, 103, 104, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 132-135, 183, 189, 190, 192, 195, 207, 208, 264, 269, 272, 292, 296, 298, 300, 303, 305, 307, 308, 310, 316, 330, 331 followers/students, 48, 106, 347 scriptures/treatises, 331, 348 tenets, 256, 334

See alsoGreat Vehicle Mahāyanadeva, 347

See alsoXuanzang

Mahendra, 200-201, 283, 292 Maheśvaradeva, 299 Mahirakula, King, 97-100 Maitreya, 79, 81, 90, 111, 133, 134, 172, 173, 181, 218, 219, 234, 275, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 295, 334 Maitrībala, King, 75, 274 Mañjuśrī, 105, 278 Manoratha, 59, 64-65 Māra(s), 156, 185-186, 219, 222, 224, 227, 240, 241

King of, 221, 227

marsh(es)/marshland(s), 8, 22, 60, 71, 92, 98, 174, 175, 207, 209, 224, 271, 272, 281, 305, 324, 337, 340, 342 Small Marshland, 32 Maudgalaputra/Maudgalyāyana, 105, 106, 109, 139, 147-148, 149, 244, 253, 254, 260

meditation, 34, 48, 57, 63, 67, 71, 106, 111, 119, 122, 134, 152, 155, 172, 201, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 231, 232, 233, 236, 240-243, 246, 259, 261, 277, 278, 292, 329, 333, 334 Middle Kingdom. SeeChina Index

Middle Way, 8

Mokṣadeva, 347

See alsoXuanzang

monasteries/monastic institutions, 8, 16-18, 20, 26-36, 38, 44, 55, 56, 59, 63, 65-67, 71, 79-81, 83-89, 91-95, 97, 100-107, 109-112, 114-118, 125, 128-136, 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, 148-150, 152, 157, 160, 162, 169, 171, 173, 175, 181-185, 190, 192, 195, 197, 202-208, 211-213, 215, 217, 228, 229, 248-251, 253, 256-259, 262-264, 266-272, 274-277, 279, 281-283, 292, 294-298, 301-310, 316-318, 320, 321, 323-328, 330, 331, 333-335, 337-340 Āścarya Monastery, 19 Avaraśaila Monastery, 279 Aviddhakarṇa Monastery, 181, 182 Banyan Monastery, 157 Ci'en Monastery, 7 Dark Forest Monastery, 102 Deer Park Monastery, 172 Dīrghabhāvana Monastery, 334 Eastern Cakuri Monastery, 18 Govinda Monastery, 108 Guṇamati Monastery, 212 Jingtu Monastery, xiii Kapotaka Monastery, 257 Kukkuṭārāma Monastery, 10, 202, 203, 347

Mahābodhi Monastery, 227 Mahāvana Monastery, 73 Mayū Monastery, 73, 74 Maza Monastery, 338 Nālandā Monastery, xiv, xv, 212, 248, 265

New Monastery, 28

Old Queen's Monastery, 38 Old Royal Monastery, 38 Piṇḍaka Monastery, 39 Pūrvaśaila Monastery, 279 377

Index

monasteries/monastic institutions (continued): Puṣpagiri Monastery, 269 Rāhula Momastery, 34

Raktamṛttikā Monastery, 268 Samājñā Monastery, 336 Sarpauṣadhi Monastery, 74 Śīlabhadra Monastery, 213 Śrāmaṇera Monastery, 160 Śvetapura Monastery, 189 Tilaḍhāka Monastery, 207 Vāśibhā Monastery, 264 Vikrītavana Monastery, 94 Zongchi Monastery, xiv, 351 See alsovihāra(s)

monastic, 48, 130, 160, 203, 276 regulations/rules, 52, 246, 250 requisites, four, 19, 88, 125, 160, 202, 299

monk(s), xiii, xiv, 8, 16-20, 26-34, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 75, 78, 80, 81, 84-95, 98, 101-105, 107-111, 114-118, 126, 128, 130-136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 149, 152, 160, 161, 165, 169-170, 171, 172, 174, 181-184, 188-192, 195, 200-205, 207, 208, 211-213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 226-229, 236, 240, 242, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250-258, 259-269, 271, 272, 276, 277, 279, 281-283, 292-296, 298, 299-310, 316-318, 320, 321, 324, 325, 327-331, 334, 335, 337, 339, 340, 350 assembly/community of, 28, 48, 49, 74, 78, 88, 98, 106, 141, 149, 160, 191, 246, 249, 251, 253, 255, 283, 333

See alsobhikṣu(s); śrāvaka(s) mountains/passes/peaks/valleys, 5, 13, 16-18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33-35, 38, 39, 41, 48, 55-57, 59, 67, 70-378 74, 76, 79-82, 84-89, 92-95, 98, 100, 102-104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 115, 116, 138, 162, 167, 175, 186, 192, 200-202, 204, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 222-224, 233-237, 239-244, 254, 256-258, 261-263, 266, 267, 269-272, 275-277, 279, 280, 282, 284, 286, 290, 293, 294, 297, 305, 308, 310, 311, 315-321, 323-332, 334, 342 Aruṇa Mountain, 35, 316 Bālasena Range, 317

Black Range, 15, 32, 39, 55 Bhrāmaragiri Mountain, 275 Buddhavana Mountain, 234, 235 Cong Ling Mountains, 318, 320, 324-325, 327, 328, 349 Daṇḍaloka Mountain, 67 Fragrant Mountain, 13 Gayā Mountain, 214

Gośṛṅga Mountain, 334 Gṛdhrakūṭa. SeeVulture Peak Gurupāda Mountain. See Kukkuṭa/Kukkuṭapāda Mountain Hangu Pass, 4

Hiḍḍa Mountain, 73

Great Snow Mountains/Snow Mountains, 4, 13, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 41, 55, 79, 84, 91, 103, 116, 152, 156, 192, 218, 223, 240, 260, 317, 318, 332, 335, 346 Ice Mountains, 20, 346 Indraśailaguhā Mountain, 256, 257 Īraṇa Mountain, 259

Iron Gate, 25, 318, 346 Jishi Mountain, 14

Kukkuṭa/Kukkuṭapāda Mountain, 233, 234

Kunming route, 3

Lanpolu Mountain, 75

Laṅkā Mountain, 293

Malaya Mountain, 284 Mountain of Ceylon. Seecountries/ regions/states, Siṃhala Mount Sumeru, 13, 245 North Mountain, 231, 239, 240 Onion Range. SeeCong Ling Mountains Pamir Mountains/Range/Valley, 4, 9, 20, 23, 25, 27, 32, 324, 325 Pilusāra Mountain, 39 Potalaka Mountain, 284 Prāgbodhi Mountain, 214, 215, 227, 348

Qionglai Mountain, 3 Rama-Indus Valley, 315 Rocky Gate, 346 Sanirāja Valley, 74 South Hill/Mountain, 81, 244 Spiritual Mountain. SeeGayā Mountain Strong Elephant Mountain. See Pilusāra Mountain Śunāśīra Mountain, 35, 316 Ujjanta Mountain, 303 Vipula Hill/Mountain, 240, 242 Vulture Peak, 3, 10, 172, 238, 348, 349, 352

Yumen Pass, 4, 15 music/musical/musicians, 34, 46, 52, 73, 128, 131, 137, 196, 216, 229, 252, 258, 261, 288, 306, 308, 331, 340, 349 celestial/heavenly, 81, 148, 208 instrument(s), 9, 329 N

nāga(s). Seedragon(s)/nāga(s) Nāgārjuna, 204, 272-276, 279, 327 Nanda, 154

Nanda, King, 202 Nārāyaṇa, 182, 264 Nārāyaṇadeva, 59, 299 Index

nirgrantha(s), 249, 264, 267, 271 See alsoJains

nirvana, 169, 185, 242 of Ānanda, 190, 244 of arhat(s), 29, 94, 245, 246 of the Buddha/Tathāgata, 31, 44, 57, 64, 74, 78, 79, 86-87, 88, 91, 102, 109, 113, 155, 159, 162-168, 183-188, 197, 199, 216, 233, 243, 244-248, 255, 279, 297 mahānirvāṇa,165, 233, 329 parinirvāṇa,87, 163, 185 of Kāśyapa/Mahākāśyapa, 233-234 of Maudgalyāyana, 253 of pratyekabuddha(s), 172, 187, 226, 271

of Śāṇakavāsa, 32 of Śāriputra, 254, 255 of Subhadra, 164, 165 nonaction, 211, 345 O

One Vehicle, 8, 248 See alsovehicle(s) P

Pāṇini, 68-69

Pārśva, 59, 63, 69, 88-89 Patience, 72

piṭaka(s), 246

Dhāraṇī, 246

fivefold, 246

Miscellaneous, 246 See alsośāstra(s)/treatise(s); scripture(s)/sutra(s)/text(s); Tripiṭaka Prabhākaravardhana, 123 Prabhāmitra, 251 Prabhāpāla, 173 prajñā.Seewisdom Prajāpatī, 145

Prasenajit, King, 145, 146, 152, 155 379

Index

pratyekabuddha(s), 32, 172, 187, 226, 271 precept(s), 18, 183, 200, 207, 211 five, 29

prediction(s), 31, 57, 58, 60, 87, 151, 173, 186, 198

of buddhahood, 56, 172 Pulakeśin, 296

punishment(s), 19, 49, 50, 83, 98, 124, 152, 200, 287, 290, 296, 300, 326, 339 Pūrṇa, 94

Pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra, 105, 106 Pūrṇavarman, King, 217, 252 Q

Qin, Prince of, 127, 265, 266 quinquennial assembly/congregations, 18, 31, 33

R

Rāhula, 34-35, 105, 106, 154, 169, 248 Rājyavardhana, 123-124 rākṣasī(s), 288290, 291, 312 Ratnākāra, 184, 185

rebirth, 69, 89, 94, 101, 108, 134, 139, 151, 158, 163, 185, 253, 254, 322 (three) evil states of, 108, 109, 191 See alsobirth and death relic(s), 29, 32, 35, 38, 58-59, 74-75, 131, 148, 159, 160, 162, 168, 183, 184, 189, 190, 199, 202, 212, 227, 244, 295, 332

bone(s), 29, 34, 38, 39, 61, 74, 78, 79, 80, 86, 92, 93, 94, 101, 103, 105, 108,159, 167, 181, 184, 198, 199, 207, 227, 243, 253, 254, 309, 337, 348

bottle/casket, 131, 183 Dharma, 235, 236

hair and (finger)nail(s), 58, 109, 116, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 140, 142-143, 192, 310 380

tooth, 28, 32, 56, 92, 93, 102, 131, 292, 312, 313

Revata, 188

rivers/streams, 5, 17-21, 23, 25, 30, 34, 38, 51-53, 55, 65, 70-75, 80, 86, 92-95, 101, 104, 109-110, 122, 127, 128, 136-138, 151, 159, 163-164, 167, 169, 171, 180, 186-188, 190, 191, 212, 214, 223, 224, 226, 237, 241, 257, 264, 266, 267, 279, 284, 290, 294, 295, 303, 311, 317, 319, 324, 330, 337, 339-340 Airāvatī/Ajitavatī River, 162-163 Ganges River, 13, 53, 88, 109, 115, 117, 121, 124, 125, 130, 132, 134, 135, 171, 180, 182, 186, 189, 193, 195, 200, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 344

Gold River, 167

Gui River, 346

Hiraṇyavatī River. SeeAirāvatī/Ajitavatī River Indus River, 13, 68, 79, 80, 84, 85, 97, 101

Jumna River, 136

Mahā River, 231, 233

Mahī River, 298, 302

Nairañjanā River, 176, 213, 215, 221, 224, 225, 231

Narmadā River, 298

Oil River, 158

Oxus River, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 321, 324

Sanirāja River, 74

She River, 23

Sindhu River, 304, 305, 306, 307 Sītā River, 14, 324-325, 328, 330 Śubhavastu River, 71-72 Sushe River, 21

Three Rivers, 346

Varaṇā River, 171, 172

Vipāśā River, 97

Yamunā River, 109

Yellow River, 14, 33, 102 Ying River, 9

See alsosprings

robe(s), 5, 9, 32, 35, 45, 52, 58, 73, 89, 92, 98, 100, 147, 148, 158, 161, 169, 173, 174, 182, 188, 192, 200, 205, 212, 213, 226, 240, 241, 254, 277, 283, 299, 300, 302, 305-306, 310, 329, 335, 351 double/saṃghāti,29, 32, 166, 205, 310 kaśāya,234

nivāsana,45

saṃkakṣikā,29, 45

upper/uttarāsaṅga,29, 58 robber(s)/thief, 62, 281, 283, 292-293 ṛṣi(s), 67, 68, 69, 72, 104, 122-123, 153, 186, 214, 271, 303, 309 See alsosage(s)

Ṛṣi of the Big Tree, 122 S

śabdavidyā.SeeSanskrit, grammar sage(s), 3, 11, 41, 62, 65, 77, 89, 112, 113, 122, 123, 148, 153, 188, 189, 211, 229, 246, 250, 279, 291, 299, 303, 337, 345, 352

See alsoarhat(s); ṛṣi(s); saint(s) saint(s), 3, 13, 29, 41, 65, 89, 135, 148, 152, 188, 189, 202, 206, 208, 272, 279, 300, 303, 323, 333, 345, 349 See alsoarhat(s); saint(s) sainthood, 29, 63, 69, 89, 101, 111, 173, 176, 177, 192, 197, 201, 215, 234, 238, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 253, 257, 261, 292, 297, 305, 322, 330 See alsoarhatship

Śakrāditya, King, 248-249, 250 Śākyamuni/Śākya Buddha, 38, 56, 60, 66, 72, 81, 102, 105, 140, 153, 156, 173, Index

197, 235, 292, 308, 312, 329, 342, 347 See alsoBodhisattva; Buddha; Siddhār tha; Tathāgata Sālha, 188

samādhi,48, 208, 255, 281, 329 of complete cessation, 208, 255 diamond, 214, 215, 278 of fire/firelight, 94, 165 of mental extinction, 327, 329, 331 of neither thought nor non-thought, 232

ultimate, of perfection, 32 Sambhoga, 188

Saṃghabhadra, 93, 112-114 Śāṇakavāsa, 32

Sañjaya, 253, 254

Sanskrit, 73, 75, 349

grammar (śabdavidyā), 193, 348 texts, xiii, 10, 346, 349 Śāriputra, 8, 105, 106, 109, 147-148, 149, 150, 184, 238, 240, 244, 253, 254-255, 256

śarīra. Seerelic(s)

Sarvārthasiddha, Prince, 175-177, 295 Śaśāṅka, King, 123, 169, 200, 217, 219 śāstra(s)/treatise(s), 47, 48, 59, 63, 81, 87, 89, 90-91, 111, 112, 113, 114, 133, 135, 193, 251, 276, 299, 302, 348 Abhidharma, 48, 106

Abhidharmadīpa-śāstra,67 Abhidharma-jñāna-prasthāna-śāstra, 102

Abhidharmakośa-śāstra,63, 112, 113 Abhidharma-prakaraṇa-pāda-śāstra, 65, 93

Abhidharmatābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra,66 Abhidharma-nyāyānusāra-śāstra,93 Abhidharma-vibhāṣā-śāstra,90 Commentary on the Yogācārabhūmiśāstra,307 381

Index

śāstra(s)/treatise(s) (continued): Exposition of the Abhidharma-śāstra, 94

of the five knowledges, 46 Hetuvidyā-śāstra,277-278 Kośakarakā-śāstra,112, 113 Madhyāntavibhāga-śāstra,133 Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra,136, 330 Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra-śāstra,133 Nyāyānusāra-śāstra,113 Paramārtha-satya-śāstra,101 Prakaraṇāryavācā-śāstra,140 Śabdavidyā-śāstra,68, 69 Śataśāstra-vaipulya,136 Tattvasaṃcaya-śāstra,94 Tattva-satya-śāstra,110 Treatise on the Essential Truth of the Holy Teachings (Sheng jiao yao shi lun), 142

Upadeśa-śāstra,90

Vibhāṣā-śāstra,64, 69, 89, 111, 112, 133

Vijñānakāya-śāstra,142 Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi-śāstra,140 Vinaya-vibhāṣā-śāstra,90 Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra,xiii, xiv, 133, 278

See alsoscripture(s)/sutra(s)/ text(s) śāstramaster(s), 63-64, 65, 66, 67, 81, 93, 94, 102, 109, 110-111, 112, 113, 114-115, 133, 136, 141, 142, 210, 212-213, 254, 265, 279-281, 307, 326-327 heretical, 64, 141

Śātavāha, King, 272, 273, 275, 276 sea(s): 4, 7, 9, 13, 14, 41, 98, 109, 222, 266, 267, 270, 283, 284, 287, 288, 289, 291, 298, 303, 307, 313 four, 4, 346

Hot Sea, 21, 318

Northeast Sea, 14

Northwest Sea, 14

382

Salt Sea, 13, 21

Southeast Sea, 13

South Sea, 69, 222, 228, 257, 284 Southwest Sea, 13

West Sea, 303

seat(s), 29, 39, 44, 100, 125, 157, 173, 177, 185, 198, 210, 212, 215, 216, 220, 221, 231, 232, 236, 246, 261, 273, 282, 299, 300, 339, 348

diamond, 215-216, 223, 313 of discussion, 141, 205 lion, 44, 98, 125, 126, 166 precious/of the seven precious substances, 153, 221 rock, 183, 201

See alsobodhimaṇḍa

sects/schools, 9, 45, 48, 64, 80, 85, 88, 109, 113, 114, 126, 128, 141, 153, 163, 184, 229, 292, 306, 345, 346 Abhayagiri, 292

Hinayana, 33, 102, 104, 105, 107, 117, 132, 142, 294, 301, 304, 307, 318 eighteen, 48

Dharmagupta, 348

Kāśyapīya, 348

Lokottaravāda, 31

Mahāsāṃghika, 94, 279, 317 Mahīśāsaka, 133, 348 Sarvāstivāda, 16, 17, 20, 30, 71, 102, 110, 112, 114, 132, 133, 136, 163, 257, 259, 303, 308, 325, 328, 330, 348, 351 Saṃmitīya, 117, 118, 135, 142, 145, 152, 171, 172, 184, 259, 268, 298, 302, 305, 307, 309, 310, 348 Sthavira, 153, 158, 220, 227, 266, 271, 282, 292, 298, 303, 348 Sautrāntika, 81, 133, 327 heretical, 129

six, 150

heterodox, 114, 129

Mahayana, 33, 105, 227-228, 271, 292, 294, 301, 303-304, 307, 318 Mahāvihāra, 292

orthodox, 135

Sāṃkhya, 208, 279

scripture(s)/sutra(s)/text(s), xiv, 3, 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, 43, 48, 53, 63, 74, 90, 94, 106, 114, 139, 141, 163, 187, 189, 191, 214, 235, 236, 254, 274, 276, 278, 327, 330, 331, 345, 348, 349 Āgamas, four, 344

Book of Twelve Chapters,46 Buddhist, xiii, 3, 9, 10, 42, 84, 88, 94, 111, 235, 299, 349, 350 nine classes of, 8 Chinese:

Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'

en Monastery of

the Great Tang Dynasty, A, xiv Comprehensive Map of the Earth,3 Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions, The/Record, xiii¬-xv, 6, 10, 12, 16, 351-353 Historical Records,351 Lyric of the Millet Shoots,347 Music of Prince Qin '

s Victory,127

National Record,86 Ode to Flowering Wheat,347 Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripiṭaka,10

Record of India,101, 181, 184, 202 Record Relating the Preface to the Holy Teachings of the Tripiṭaka, A,10

Shanhai jing(Book on Mountains and Seas), 3, 353

Spring and Autumn Annals,350 Talk on Heaven,3

Wanghui pian("Chapter on the Royal Meeting"), 3 Index

Collection of the Great Congregation, 246

Daśabhūmi-sūtra,135 esoteric, 8, 10

Four Vedas, 8, 47

heretical, 235, 299 Jātaka stories, xiv, 73, 100 Laṅkā-sūtra,293

Mahayana, 331, 348 Mahākāruṇikacitta-dhāraṇī,280 Nīlapiṭa (Blue Collection), 46 Ratnamegha-sūtra,214 Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra,240, 348 Samanatamukha-dhāraṇī,187 Sanskrit, xiii, 10, 346, 349 Skandhadhātu-āyatana-sūtra,117 twelve divisions of, 344 Vajrapāṇi-dhāraṇī,280 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra,184 See alsopiṭaka(s);śāstras/treatises; Vinaya

serpent(s)/snake(s), 159, 208, 241, 284 poisonous/venomous, 207, 266, 281 python, 34, 74

sūma(water serpent), 74 Shehu, 28

See alsoKhan, Turkish Siddhārtha, Prince, 155, 157, 224 See alsoBuddha; Gautama; Śākyamuni Śīlabhadra, xiv, 212-213, 251, 265 Śīlāditya, King, xiv, 125, 126-128, 130, 138, 252, 263, 266, 296, 298, 302 Siṃha, 288, 290

Siṃhala, 288-292

Śivaka, 74

skandhas, 58

Skandhila, 93

Small Vehicle. SeeHinayana spirit(s), 62, 89, 157, 177-178, 179, 197, 198-199, 200, 201, 207, 208, 235, 243, 383

Index

spirit(s) (continued): 270, 276, 279, 285, 293, 294, 322 evil, 137, 205, 206

spring(s), 16, 22, 32, 41, 72, 80, 85, 87, 117, 157, 158, 212, 214, 217, 224, 236, 240, 241, 262, 315

Apalāla Dragon Spring, 72 Arrow Spring, 157

nāga,39

Thousand Springs, 21-22, 318 See alsolakes/ponds/pools; rivers Spring Palace, 10

śramaṇa(s), 54, 64, 69, 92-93, 94, 125, 126, 128, 130, 133, 146, 148, 154, 181-182, 197, 205, 209-210, 219, 222, 226, 228-229, 235, 268-269, 322-323, 336-337 See alsobhikṣu(s); monk(s) śrāmaṇera(s), 84, 93, 106, 160, 235, 255, 335

See alsobhikṣu(s); monk(s) śrāvaka,233

See alsobhikṣu(s); monk(s) Śrīgupta, 238-239

Śrīlabdha, 133

Śrutaviṃśatikoṭi, 260, 295 state(s):

of existence/rebirth/transmigration, 108, 109, 134, 191, 233 of intermediate existence (antarā bhava), 32, 179 meditative/of samādhi, trance, 208, 233, 281

of nirvana, 165

of nothingness (ākiñcanyāyatana), 177 of no thought and no non-thought (naivasaṃjñāsaṃjñānāyatana), 177 of tranquility, 224

Sthiramati, 251, 302 stupa(s), 26, 29-30, 33-36, 38, 56-63, 66-68, 72-75, 81, 84-85, 90, 92-95, 384

100-103, 105, 106, 109, 114, 116, 117, 129-134, 136, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 150-155, 157-168, 172-175, 177, 179-181, 183-190, 192, 197-200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 221-227, 231, 234-244, 247, 248, 251-262, 264, 267, 269-271, 277, 295, 296, 299, 309, 310, 328, 329, 331, 336, 337 Adbhuta Stupa, 75

Āmalaka Stupa, 202, 203 Bell Striking Stupa, 203, 205 built by Ācāra, 277

built by Brahmā and Indra, 66, 119, 227

built by Jayasena, 236 built by King Ajātaśatru, 243-244 built by King Aśoka, 39, 55-56, 65, 66, 67, 74, 75, 80-81, 84-86, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 116, 117, 130-133, 135, 136, 140, 142, 148, 152, 155, 156, 158-160, 199, 202, 214, 215, 221, 235, 244, 246, 247, 253, 254, 257, 258, 264, 267, 269, 271, 272, 277, 281-283, 295, 296, 302, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310, 316, 317, 326

built by King Kaniṣka, 60 built by King Prasenajit, 145 built by King Śīlāditya, 125 built by King Uttarasena, 74-75 Haṃsa Stupa, 256

Relic Bottle Stupa, 183 Rohitaka Stupa, 75

Strong Elepant Stupa, 39 Stupa of Fire-fighting, 164 Sūma Stupa, 74

Saffron Stupa, 222, 223 Subhadra, 164-165

Subhūti, 119

Sudāna, Prince, 66-67 Sudatta, 145, 146-147, 150

Śuddhodana, King, 153-154, 155, 156-157, 175, 224, 238 Sun of Wisdom, 7, 141, 213, 217, 244, 349 See alsoBuddha

supernatural power(s), 29, 34, 36, 57, 67, 79, 87, 88, 111, 139, 147-150, 165, 183, 185, 188, 190, 191, 199, 208, 225, 226, 235, 245, 246, 260, 271, 277, 279, 281-283, 295, 297, 305, 312, 328-330, 335, 336, 352

five, 271

six, 63, 87, 89, 94, 206, 233, 245, 281, 292

Śyāmaka, 66

T

Tārā, 207, 252

Tathāgata, 29, 39, 43, 48, 56-59, 61, 62, 69, 72-75, 78-79, 81, 85, 101, 104, 106, 109, 116- 119, 129-132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 142, 145-150, 152, 156, 157, 163-169, 172-174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183-185, 187-189, 191, 192, 198, 199, 202, 208, 214, 216, 219-221, 223-228, 231, 233, 235-237, 239-241, 243-248, 251-253, 256, 257, 259-262, 264, 267, 269, 272, 277, 281-283, 292-293, 295, 297 , 302, 307, 309-311, 322, 333, 334 demise/nirvana of, 59, 60, 66, 68-69, 87, 88, 91, 109, 111, 159, 162, 163, 166-168, 183, 185, 216, 243, 244-245, 277 footprint, 57, 72, 73

image(s) of, 85, 139, 171, 173, 218, 243, 348

relic(s) of, 38, 39, 61, 86, 92, 101, 108, 109, 148, 168, 181, 184, 198, 199, 227, 295, 348

cranial/skull bone, 38, 58 eyeball, 58

Index

hair and nails, 29, 38, 58, 106, 116, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 140, 142-143, 192, 310

See alsoBuddha; Śākyamuni/Śākya Buddha

Tathāgatagupta, King, 249 taxation/tax(es), 53, 64, 127, 293, 308 temple(s), 29, 46, 67, 68, 119, 125, 131, 137, 139-140, 145-147, 150, 163, 172, 173, 185, 199, 200, 223, 243, 251, 252, 257, 258, 264, 269, 292, 295, 297, 299, 306, 310, 312, 322, 323, 333, 336 Bamboo Temple/Bamboo Grove Temple, 247, 260

Brass Temple, 252

City of Śvetavat Temple, 35 deva,17, 33, 55, 59, 65, 71, 84, 92, 95, 97, 101, 103-105, 107, 109, 110, 115-117, 121, 132, 135-137, 139, 142, 145, 150, 152, 157, 171, 181, 184, 190, 192, 195, 197, 258, 259, 262-264, 266-272, 277, 279, 281-283, 294, 296, 298, 301-310, 316, 317, 322

Jetavana Temple, 152, 169 of Maheśvara, 307, 308

Nārāyaṇa, 182

Temple of the Buddha's Tooth, 292 Temple of the Deer Park, xv Temple of the Sun God, 306 See alsomonastery(ies)/monastic institutions; vihāra(s)

ten powers, 148, 189, 345 three realms, 7, 63, 90, 94, 156-157, 278, 333

of desire (kāmadhātu), 156 of form (rūpadhātu), 156 transformations, divine/miraculous, 234, 242, 345

transmigration, 41, 233, 234, 242 385

Index

transmigration (continued): six paths of, 238 three ways of, 151 See alsobirth and death; rebirth Trapuṣa, 29

tree(s), 21-23, 32, 36, 37, 53, 55, 58, 60, 67, 69, 76, 84, 85, 92, 95, 101, 103, 106, 107, 122, 136-138, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150-151, 155, 157, 161, 163, 171, 183-185, 187, 196, 207, 215, 216-217, 219, 224, 233, 239, 251-252, 256, 257, 263, 264, 271, 288, 295, 303, 312, 313, 317, 321, 323, 325, 327, 328, 330, 338 āmalaka(myrobalan), 53 āmra/mango, 53, 95, 105 āmla(tamarind), 53 aśoka,158

badara(jujube), 53 birch-leaf pear, 301 candaneva, 284

elāpattra,80

jambu,161

kapittha(wood apple), 53 karṇikāra(mayeng), 237 karpūra(camphor, 284 madhūka(licorice), 53 moca(plantain), 53, 95 mulberry, 338-339 nārikera(coconut), 53 banyan/nyagrodha,122, 174 panasa(jackfruit), 53 pāṭalī,196

pepper, 301

pine, 284

pipal,60, 215, 216, 224 śāla,78, 79, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 244, 245, 344

tāla,257, 295

tinduka,53

uḍumbara(fig), 53, 95 white sandal, 284 386

xunlu(frankincense), 301 See alsobodhitree Tree of the Son-in-Law, 196 Trikoṭi, 256

Tripiṭaka, xiii, 7, 63, 88-90, 114, 188, 206, 208, 244, 246, 250, 292, 330, 344 Abhidharma, 69, 90, 246 Sutra(s), 48, 246 Vinaya, 90, 246 Triple Gem, 19, 31, 33, 37, 70, 80, 87, 95, 99, 103, 127, 128, 169, 173, 182, 183, 198-200, 248, 298, 302, 304, 305, 307, 310, 312, 316, 318, 320, 321, 330 truth(s), 5, 8, 15, 47, 48, 64, 69, 112, 129, 137, 192, 350

absolute/of bhūtatathatā,4 conventional/worldly, 101, 209 superior/supreme/transcendental, 9, 101, 113, 209, 273 ultimate, 9, 83, 114, 129, 135, 176, 177, 212, 254, 347 Turk(s)/Turkish, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 316, 317, 318, 320 Turkish Khan, 22, 28 twelvefold causation, 83 U

Udayana, King, 139, 146, 341, 348 Udraka Rāmaputra, 177, 232-233 Ujjayana, King, 186 Unicorn, 67

universal monarch, 119, 153, 156, 176, 188, 251, 344

See alsowheel king(s)/wheel-turning monarch

Upagupta, 106, 198, 201, 205 Upāli, 105, 106, 246 upāsakas/upāsikās, 234, 235 See alsolay/laypeople/layperson; layman

Utpalavarṇā, 119

Uttara, 281

Uttarasena, King, 74-75, 78 V

Vairocana, 333

Vaiśravaṇa, 28, 331, 333 Vajra, 250

Vajrapāṇi, 72, 165, 280 Vasubandhu, 59, 63, 65, 101, 112-114, 132-135, 140

Vasumitra, 65, 89-90 vehicle(s), 8, 292 five, 47, 56

three, 206, 345

See alsoOne Vehicle vidyā.Seeknowledges, five vihāra(s), 29, 75 See alsomonastery(ies)/monastic institution(s); temple(s) Vikramāditya, King, 64, 65 Vimalakīrti, 184-185 Vimalamitra, 114 Vinaya, 16, 17, 48, 80, 106, 189, 228, 250 five traditions of, 71 piṭaka/texts, 43, 90, 246 See alsoTripiṭaka Virūḍhaka, King, 75, 150-151, 155-156 Viśākhā, 150

Viśeṣamitra, 251 Vyāsa, 236

W

wheel(s), 13

gold/golden, 13, 215, 251, 344 See alsoDharma, wheel; wheel king(s); wheel sign(s) wheel king(s)/wheel-turning monarch, 13, 14, 70, 238, 344 copper, 13

gold, 10, 13, 32 iron, 13

Index

silver, 13

See alsofour heavenly kings; universal monarch

wheel sign(s), 57, 146, 167, 199, 207 wine, 54, 196, 296 wisdom, 32, 48, 65, 69, 87, 99, 109, 113, 121, 137, 204, 206, 212, 221, 241, 242, 253, 254, 255, 265, 266, 272, 274, 277, 282, 289, 291, 292, 298, 303, 324, 351 all-knowing/omniscient, 148, 153, 238 of the Buddha/Tathāgata, 8, 337, 345 eye of, 119

of the three knowledges, 63 transcendental, 148 world(s), 4, 7, 12, 32, 37, 39, 48, 52, 57, 68, 69, 72, 81, 99, 106, 145, 147, 148, 158, 164, 166, 169, 173, 174, 177, 182, 185, 186, 188, 191, 199, 201, 204, 205, 211, 217, 227, 234, 239, 243-246, 252-255, 262, 266, 269, 277, 280, 282, 283, 299, 300, 302, 305, 326, 327, 329, 337, 341, 343-346 human, 32, 36, 122, 159, 168, 201, 221, 280, 322, 337, 352 illusory/of illusion, 235, 280 impermanent/material, 8, 234 nether, 110

present/sahā,13, 112 See alsothree realms worldly, 15, 47, 69, 123, 154, 203, 209, 251

Wu, Emperor, 3

Wu, King, 7

X

Xuanzang, xiii-xiv, 5, 7, 315, 346 Xun family/Xun Shu, 7, 9 Y

yakṣa(s), 34, 75, 85, 89, 91, 261, 262 See alsodemon(s) 387