T2046 Lives of Great Monks and Nuns

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Glossary

anågåmin("non-returner"): A sage who has destroyed all evil passions and is therefore not subject to rebirth in samsara. The third of the four stages of spiritual development in the Hinayana. See also arhat; Hinayana; samsara; srotaåpanna.

arhat ("worthy one"): One who has completely eradicated all passions and desires and attained emancipation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara); the highest of the four stages of spiritual development and the ideal of the Hinayana. See alsoanågåmin; Hinayana; samsara; srotaåpanna. asuras: A class of demonic beings that are in constant conflict with the devas. See also devas.

AvalokiteΩvara: The name of a great bodhisattva who represents compassion. See also bodhisattva.

bhik≈u:A fully ordained Buddhist monk. Monks undertake to adhere to the Vinaya, a code of rules and disciplines. See also Vinaya. bhik≈u√∆:A fully ordained Buddhist nun. Nuns undertake to adhere to the Vinaya, a code of rules and disciplines. See also Vinaya. bodhi:Enlightenment.

bodhisattva: (literally,

"enlightenment being"): A person who has made the

aspiration to one day achieve enlightenment (bodhicitta) with a view to the welfare and happiness of all beings. This altrusitic ideal is at the core of Mahayana teachings, as opposed to the concern for individual attainment emphasized in the Hinayana. As Mahayana philosophy developed over the centuries, bodhisattvas were deified; these great bodhisattvas, such as AvalokiteΩvara, MañjuΩr∆, and Maitreya, are passionless, selfless beings with universal compassion who see the emptiness of phenomena and are destined to become a Buddha. See alsoHinayana; emptiness; Mahayana.

Chan (Japanese: Zen): A major East Asian school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes the practice of meditation.

"Chan"is a transliteration

of the Sanskrit term "dhyåna,

"meditation. See alsodyhåna;Mahayana.

215

Glossary

devas: Heavenly beings, gods.

Dharma ("truth,

" "law,

" "principle"): The Buddhist teachings, such as

the four noble truths, the eightfold path, emptiness, and so on. See also eightfold path; emptiness; four noble truths.

dhyåna: meditation, meditative concentration.

eightfold path: (1) right view, (2) right thought, (3) right speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) right e›ort, (7) right mindfulness, and (8) right meditation. The practice of the eightfold path is the means by which su›ering can be ended, and it is taught as part of the four noble truths, one of the basic doctrines of Buddhism. See alsofour noble truths.

eight precepts: A set of prohibitory rules undertaken by lay Buddhists at certain times. They are: (1) not to kill; (2) not to steal; (3) not to engage in sexual misconduct (i.e., adultery); (4) not to use false or harmful speech; (5) not to use intoxicants; (6) not to sleep in a raised or luxurious bed; (7) not to engage in idle pleasures such as using perfumes, oils, or decoration on the body, singing and dancing, or viewing plays and dances; and (8) not to eat after midday. The first five of these are the five basic precepts.See alsofive precepts; precepts; ten precepts. emptiness (Ω¥nyatå): The doctrine that all phenomena exist only in dependence on a complex web of causes and conditions and are thus "empty" of any sort of independent, permanent identity. Hinayana schools teach that the concept of a permanent "self" is a delusory idea. Mahayana schools further developed this idea, emphasizing that not only the "self" but all phenomena are originally empty. The theory of emptiness was elaborated extensively in the Prajñåpåramitå literature and became a central tenet of Mahayana Buddhist thought. See also Hinayana; Mahayana; Prajñåpåramitå.

Five Classics: The five literary works of Confucius, the Book of Changes, the Odes,the Book of History,the Book of Rites,and the Spring and Autumn Annals,which were studied as part of a classical education in China.

five precepts: The five basic prohibitory rules undertaken by all Buddhists. They are: (1) not to kill; (2) not to steal; (3) not to engage in sexual acts (for monastics) or sexual misconduct, i.e., adultery (for laypeople); (4) not to use false or harmful speech; and (5) not to ingest intoxicants. four daily requisites: The four necessities of life that monks and nuns are allowed to possess, (1) food, (2) clothing, (3) a sleeping or dwelling place, and (4) medicine.

216

Glossary

four forms of birth: According to Buddhism, the four possible ways that beings may be born, i.e., (1) from a womb (viviparous), as with mammals (2) from an egg (oviparous), as with birds; (3) from moisture, as with worms and fishes; and (4) by metamorphosis, as with moths from a chrysalis or as spirits reborn into heavens or hells. four groups of followers: The four classes of Buddhist followers, i.e., bhik≈us (monks), bhik≈u√∆s (nuns), upåsakas (laymen), and upåsikås (laywomen). See alsobhik≈u; bhik≈u√∆; upåsaka; upåsikå. four noble truths: The fundamental Buddhist teaching: (1) life is characterized by su›ering; (2) the cause of su›ering is craving; (3) there is an end to su›ering; and (4) the way to end su›ering is the practice of the eightfold path which leads to nirvana. See alsoeightfold path; nirvana.

four neavenly kings: The guardian kings of the four heavenly realms that comprise the Buddhist cosmos.

ge:A unit of capacity, approximately one-tenth of a pint. Hinayana ("Lesser Vehicle"): A term applied by Mahayana Buddhists to the various schools of early Buddhism that exalt as their ideal the arhat. See also arhat; Mahayana.

Holy Monk: An image, often of MañjuΩr∆, displayed in the monk's or nun's hall of a Mahayana monastery or nunnery. See alsoMahayana; MañjuΩr∆.

Jambudv∆pa: The southern continent of the Buddhist cosmos, corresponding to our world.

kalpa:An immense period of time, an eon.

karma ("action"): any action of body, speech, or mind (thought), which may be either morally good, bad, or neutral. The consequences of one's actions lead to states of either pleasure or su›ering or to neutral states. The concept of karma is connected with the Buddhist theory of transmigration, since most actions have either a positive or negative e›ect on a person's consciousness and lead to rebirth in samsara. See alsosamsara; Three Activities; transmigration.

lak≈a:A unit of measure, usually 10,000.

li:A unit of distance, approximately one-third of a mile. Mådhyamika: One of the major schools of Mahayana Buddhism, established by Någårjuna and his followers. Its tenets are primarily based on the Prajñåpåramitå sutras. See alsoMahayana; Prajñåpåramitå. 217

Glossary

Mahayana ("Great Vehicle"): A branch of Buddhism that emerged in India around 100 B.C.E.,centered on the doctrine of Ω¥nyatå(emptiness) and which exalts as its religious ideal the bodhisattva, a selfless being who delays his or her own entry into nirvana in order to help liberate all sentient beings. To distinguish its soteriological path from the ideal of the arhat promulgated in earlier Buddhist schools, Mahayanists applied the term Hinayana ("Lesser Vehicle") to that branch of Buddhism. See alsoarhat; bodhisattva; emptiness; Hinayana. Maitreya: The name of a great bodhisattva who is revered as the Buddha of the future. See also bodhisattva.

MañjuΩr∆: The name of a great bodhisattva who represents wisdom. See also bodhisattva.

nirvana: Liberation from samsara, the final goal of Buddhist aspiration and practice, a state in which all passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom attained. See alsoeightfold path; samsara. parinirvå√a:Complete nirvana; perfect extinction. The term is also used to refer specifically to the passing into final liberation of the Buddha. See alsonirvana.

Period of Decadence: The last of the three periods of the Dharma predicted to occur after the Buddha's parinirvå√a. During the Period of Decadence (which corresponds to the present age), the teaching of the Buddha exists, but neither practice in accordance with the teaching nor enlightenment in this life are possible. The other two periods are the Period of the True Dharma, when the Buddha's teaching was practiced and enlightenment was attainable; and the Semblance Period, when the teaching was practiced but enlightenment was no longer possible. See alsoSemblance Period.

prajñå:Nondiscriminating or transcendental wisdom. Prajñåpåramitå ("perfection of wisdom"): The name of a body of Mahayana literature that emphasizes the doctrine of emptiness, and which served as a fundamental text for a number of Buddhist schools, including Mådhyamika and Yogåcåra. See alsoemptiness; Mådhyamika; Mahayana; Yogåcåra. pratyekabuddha("solitary enlightened one"): A sage who attains enlightenment without the guidance of a teacher and who intends neither to guide others nor to expound the teaching to others. One of the two kinds of Hinayana sages. See alsoHinayana; Ωråvaka. precepts: Vows concerning moral conduct taken by lay Buddhists and monastics. While di›erent types of lay Buddhist practitioners take 218

Glossary

various sets of precepts, all Buddhists are supposed to follow the five basic precepts. In addition, there are two hundred fifty monastic rules for monks and three hundred forty-eight for nuns, which are detailed in the Vinaya. See alsoeight precepts; five precepts; ten precepts; Vinaya.

Pure Land: The name of a cosmic realm of perfect peace and happiness, presided over by Amitabha Buddha. Also called the Land of Supreme Bliss and the Western Paradise. The term also refers to a major school of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism. See alsoMahayana.

sågaranåga("ocean serpent"): A type of någa,or semi-mythical serpent. Någas appear in many Buddhist texts as guardians of Buddhist scriptures that are kept at a palace deep in the ocean. ¸åkyamuni: The historical Buddha, who lived in India in the fifth century B.C.E.and whose life and teachings form the basis of Buddhism. Ωålatrees: The twin trees under which the Buddha passed into parinirvå√a. See also parinirvå√a.

samådhi:A state of meditative concentration.

samsara: The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth through which beings migrate due to karmic causes, generally contrasted with nirvana. The Buddha's teachings are designed to liberate sentient beings from samsara, which is considered the world of su›ering. See alsokarma; nirvana. sangha: The Buddhist order. Originally meaning the community of ordained monks, the term came to encompass all four groups of followers of the Buddha's teaching. In a wider sense, the sangha includes all Buddhist practitioners. Also one of the Three Refuges. See also four groups of followers; Three Refuges.

Ωar∆ras: ("ashes") Refers to the remains, or relics, of esteemed monks and nuns that are collected upon cremation of the body and venerated. They are sometimes interred in a stupa, a reliquary monument. Semblance Period: The second of the three periods of the Dharma predicted to occur after the Buddha's parinirvå√a. During the Semblance Period, the teaching of the Buddha existed and was practiced but enlightenment was no longer possible. The other two periods are the Period of the True Dharma, when the Buddha's teaching was practiced and enlightenment was attainable; and the Period of Decadence, when the teaching exists but neither practice nor enlightenment are possible. See alsoPeriod of Decadence.

219

Glossary

seven precious gems: A phrase generally used to indicate something luxuriously or richly appointed. Di›erent texts cite various combinations, including pearl, diamond, coral, ruby, emerald, sapphire, topaz, crystal, silver, gold, etc.

Ωik≈amå√å: A young (age eighteen to twenty) female Buddhist novitiate. Ω∆la:morality, uprightness in keeping the precepts. See alsoprecepts. Ωrama√a:A religious mendicant, one who has renounced lay life and taken up ascetic life seeking salvation. May also refer to a Buddhist monk. Ωråma√era: A male Buddhist novice who has taken vows to obey the ten precepts. See alsoten precepts.

Ωråma√erikå: A female Buddhist novice who has taken vows to obey the ten precepts. See alsoten precepts.

Ωråvaka("word-hearer"): Originally, a disciple and contemporary of ¸åkyamuni Buddha, one who heard his teachings directly. Later used generally by Mahayana Buddhists to refer to Hinayana Buddhists. One of the two kinds of Hinayana sages. Seealso Hinayana; Mahayana; pratyekabuddha; ¸åkyamuni.

srotaåpanna("stream-enterer"): One who has entered the stream of emancipation, i.e., a practitioner who has entered the Buddhist path. The first of the four stages of spiritual development in the Hinayana; the other three stages are that of sak®dågåmin,("once-returner"), one who will return to the world (i.e., samsara) only once more before full realization of arhatship; anågåmin("non-returner"); and arhat. See also anågåmin;arhat; Hinayana; samsara.

Taoism: A school of mysticism founded in China around the sixth century B.C.E.,based on the teachings of the legendary figure Lao-tzu as explicated in the text of the Tao te Ching. The basic principle is that of the Tao, the "Way,

" the natural law of the universe. The Taoist goal

is to achieve oneness with the Tao.

ten precepts: A set of prohibitory rules undertaken by Buddhist novices. They are: (1) not to kill; (2) not to steal, (3) not to engage in sexual acts; (4) not to use false or harmful speech; (5) not to take intoxicants; (6) not to use perfumes or oils on the body; (7) not to sing, dance, or view performances of theater, dance, etc.; (8) not to sleep on a raised or luxurious bed; (9) not to eat past midday; and (10) not to handle gold, silver, or jewels. The first five of these these comprise the five basic precepts undertaken by all Buddhists. See alsoeight precepts; five precepts; precepts.

220

Glossary

Three Activities: The three actions of body, speech, and mind, through which karma is created.See alsokarma.

Three Obediences: A set of restrictive injunctions on the conduct of women found in Indian Brahmanic texts such as the Månavadharma("Laws of Manu") and in later Chinese sources as well. They stipulate that a woman must be obedient to her father when young, to her husband when married, and to her son when elderly.

three realms: The three realms of samsaric existence in Buddhist cosmology, (1) the realm of desire (kåmadhåtu), the lowest realm in which beings experience desire and are attached to form; (2) the realm of form (r¥padhåtu), the middle realm in which beings have severed desires but still exist in subtle material form; and (3) the formless realm (år¥padhåtu), the highest realm experienced by beings who have severed all desires and attachment to form but have not yet achieved enlightenment. See alsosamsara.

Three Refuges: Buddha, Dharma (the teachings), and Sangha (the monastic community). These are said to be refuges because upon ordination the practitioner "takes refuge" in them. Also known as the Triple Gem. See alsoDharma; sangha; Triple Gem.

transmigration: The cycle of birth and death to which sentient beings are subject. Beings are reborn in one of the three realms of samsara according to karmic causes created in previous lives. The Buddha's teachings are designed to free sentient beings from the su›ering of samsaric existence, which is contrasted with nirvana, liberation from the cycle of transmigration. See alsofour noble truths; karma; nirvana; three realms.

Tripi†aka: The three divisions (pi†aka,

"baskets") of the Buddhist canon,

consisting of the Abhidharma, treatises on Buddhist doctrine; the Sutra, the sermons of the Buddha; and the Vinaya, the monastic code. Triple Gem: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. See also Three Refuges. upåsaka:A male lay Buddhist. All lay Buddhists undertake the practice of five basic precepts. See alsofive precepts.

upåsikå:A female lay Buddhist. All lay Buddhists undertake the practice of five basic precepts. See alsofive precepts.

vihåra: Originally, a dwelling for monastics. The term may also refer to a Buddhist monastery/nunnery, temple, hall, or other religious building.

221

Glossary

Vinaya: Texts on monastic discipline, outlining the precepts and rules of behavior to be followed by Buddhist monks and nuns. One of the three divisions of the Tripi†aka. See alsoprecepts; Tripi†aka. yak≈as: A class of demonic beings. Yogåcåra: A major Mahayana Buddhist philosophical school, founded in the fourth century by Asaçga and Vasubandhu, which advocates the doctrine of "consciousness only. " Also known as Vijñånavåda. See alsoMahayana.

yojana: literally,

"stage"; a unit used to measure how far an army can march in one day. The exact distance is unknown but is likely roughly equivalent to seven to nine miles. 222

Bibliography

Beal, Samuel. The Travels of Fa Hian and Sun Yun, Buddhist Pilgrims, from China to India (400 A.D.and 518 A.D.). London: Susil Gupta, 1864. Frauwaller, Erich. On the Date of Buddhist Master of Law Vasubandhu. Rome: Serie Orientale Rome III, 1951.

Giles, Herbert A. The Travels of Fa-hsien (399-414 A.D.), or,A Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923. Johnston, Edward H. The Buddhacarita or Acts of the Buddha. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984, 1992.

Law, Bimala Churn. AΩvagho≈a. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Volume 1, 1946.

Legge, James. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hian of His Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414). Translated and annotated with a Korean rescension of the Chinese text. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886.

Lindtner, Chr. Någårjuniana: Studies in the Writings and Philosophy of Någårjuna. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1982.

223

Index

A

Abhayagiri Vihåra 206, 207 Abhaya-Ωåstra 24 Abhidharma (see also Tripi†aka) 41, 42, 43, 176 AbhidharmakoΩa 32, 49, 147 AbhidharmakoΩa-Ωåstra (see also KoΩa-Ωåstra) 49, 50 Abhidharmavibhå≈å-Ωåstra (see also Vibhå≈å) 6 åcårya 144

Agni 164

Agnigocara 179 AjåtaΩatru, King 190, 193 Akani≈†ha Heaven 42 Alaµkårabuddhamårga-Ωåstra 24 alms 98, 72, 102, 106, 107, 126, 127, 130, 138, 145, 147, 150, 152, 153, 167, 170, 171, 175, 176, 184, 197, 206 almsbowl(s) 83, 87, 122, 123, 165, 176, 206

of the Buddha. See relics of the Buddha, almsbowl almsgivers, almsgiving 43, 150, 151

Amitåyus 93

Åmrapål∆, Lady 188, 193 anågåmin 195

Ånanda 62, 170, 176, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195

An-ding 135

An Gou 94

Açgulimåla 181 Aniruddha 177

An-ling 96

Anulå, Princess 63 argumentation (see also debate) 9, 10, 148, 178, 186 arhat(s) 39, 41, 42, 138, 168, 173, 179, 190, 194, 195, 199, 201, 207

arhatship 39, 69, 144, 181, 187, 190, 195, 198, 207 arjuna tree 27 Åryadeva 17, 18 Asaçga 33, 40, 41, 51, 52 ascetic, asceticism (see also austere) 70, 77, 78, 82, 92, 94, 100, 104, 110, 152, 195, 196, 200

Asita 185

AΩoka, King 63, 170, 178, 186, 190, 191, 192, 197, 198-9 assembly(ies) 40, 43, 44, 74, 77, 106, 108, 112, 117, 138, 167, 195, 208

pañcaΩikha 166 asura(s) 26, 27, 37, 38, 39 AΩvagho≈a 5, 6, 9, 13, 42 AΩvajit 193

austere, austerity (see also ascetic) 76, 82, 83, 89, 96, 105, 107, 112, 116, 131, 139, 148, 149, 153

225

Index

AvalokiteΩvara 94, 176, 210, 211 AvalokiteΩvara-s¥tra 77-8, 99 Avataµsaka-s¥tra 41, 52, 147, 159 Ayodhyå 33, 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53

B

Bai 117

Bai-ban Mountain 145 Bålåditya, King 49 Ba-ling, Prince of. See Xiao Zhaozhou

Bamboo Grove Nunnery 71, 72, 104

Baochang 61, 65, 89, 102, 130 Baoliang 147

Baoxian 110-2

Baoying 107, 125

Baoyong 146

Baoyun 163, 164, 171, 172 Bei-di 76, 89, 97, 105, 109 Bei-zhang Monastery 131 Bhi∂a 174

bhik≈u(s) (see also monk) 9, 10, 12, 13, 23, 25, 62, 63, 71, 103, 157 bhik≈u√∆(s) (see also nun) 61, 63, 64, 65, 71, 74, 111 Bhik≈upråtimok≈a 158 Biao-qi 142

Bimbisåra, King 193 Bin 151

Biographies of Buddhist Nuns 61, 64, 87, 114, 134, 154 Biographies of Eminent Monks 65, 160

Biographies of Famous Monks 65 Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu 6, 31, 53 Bi-qiu-ni zhuan. See Biographies of Buddhist Nuns

226

bird(s) (see also dove; crow; hawk) 76, 96, 120, 163, 194, 196, 198 birth and death (see also four forms of birth; rebirth) 102 bodhi 46

bodhicitta 109

Bodhi Nunnery 95

bodhisattva(s) 24, 25, 32, 39, 41, 42, 69, 91, 94, 122, 141, 165, 168, 170, 192

precepts. See precepts, bodhisattva stage(s) 24, 40, 69 Bodhisattva, the (see also Buddha) 169, 173, 195, 196, 206 Bo-hai Prefecture 96 boon 39, 46, 47, 48 Bo-ping 105

Brahmå 178, 179, 197 brahman(s) 21, 25, 27, 31, 39, 46, 47, 49, 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 191, 192, 201, 211 Brahmanism, Brahmanist 5, 211 Buddha (see also Bodhisattva, the; Gautama; ¸åkyamuni; Siddhårtha, Prince; World-honored One) 12, 25, 27, 41, 42, 44, 51, 61, 62, 63, 69, 77, 78, 79, 84, 91, 92, 99, 101, 115, 123, 135, 152, 157, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212 image of. See image, of the Buddha

relics of. See relics of the Buddha Buddhabhadra 159

Buddhacaritakåvya 5, 6

Buddha-Dharma 9, 24, 27, 105, 107, 116, 152, 175, 201 Buddhagotra-Ωåstra. See Nature of the Ratnatraya Buddha hall 107, 122, 139 Buddhahood 196, 200, 203, 206, 209

Buddhaj∆va 159 Buddhamitra 46, 47 Buddha-nature 141 Buddhas 79, 98, 173, 178, 179, 184, 186, 189, 196, 209 four 181, 194, 203 Buddha stupa (see also stupa) 23, 170, 179

Buddhatuçga 72, 74 BuddhayaΩas 158, 159 Buddhism 5, 6, 13, 17, 31, 32, 33, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71, 73, 76, 77, 82, 84, 157, 159, 168, 169, 174, 191, 202, 203, 205, 208, 209, 211

Buiguo 108

burning, of fingers (see also selfimmolation) 143 C

caitya(s) 121, 127, 128, 132 Caitya Vihåra 207 cakravartin 177, 197 Cambodia 65

Campå 203

ca√∂ålas 175

Canton 31

Canzhi 135

Cao-tang Monastery 145 Catalogue of Buddhist Texts of the Hua-lin Garden 65 CåturdiΩa Monastery 139 cave(s) 47, 193, 194, 195, 196, 207 Cave of Yu 154 Index

celestial beings (see also heavenly beings) 83, 165, 185, 190, 192, 196, 197

Central Asia 157, 159, 164 Central India (see also Middle Kingdom) 9, 12, 169, 202, 203, 204, 208, 213

ceremonial, ceremony(ies) 6, 64, 77, 80, 94, 102, 104, 108, 113, 130, 137, 138, 139, 143, 157, 158, 207, 208

chan. See dhyåna Chan school 32 Chandaka 187

Chang-an 91, 92, 121, 152, 158, 160, 163, 213

Changguang Prefecture 212 Chang-le Nunnery 140 Chang-shan 75

Chan-ji Nunnery 123, 124 Chan-lin Nunnery 135, 137, 139, 140, 145, 149

chant, chanting 6, 21, 99, 104, 109, 115, 116, 117, 130, 135, 151, 152, 195

Chaobian 108

Chaoming 131

Chao-ting 118

Chao-xi Nunnery 117 Charcoal Stupa 187 Ch'en dynasty 31 Cheng-du 140

Chen-liu 133

Chen Prefecture 110 Chen-ti. See Paramårtha China 17, 31, 32, 39, 61, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 82, 111, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164, 167, 172, 174, 182, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 210, 211, 213

Chong 73, 74, 75 227

Index

Chong-sheng Nunnery 117, 118 Chong-yin Nunnery 131 Chou 135

Chu 86, 92, 113, 142 Chuan Hongren 89 Ci 151

Ciñcåmå√avikå 183 Classified Excerpts from the Sutra and Vinaya Pi†akas. See Jinglü-yi-xiang clergy 81, 87, 89, 92, 93, 109, 118, 124, 126, 128, 142, 150, 205 Colombo 64

community of monks or nuns. See order; sangha

concentration (see also contemplation; meditation) 94, 98, 100, 125

confess, confession 52, 62, 78, 105, 119, 137, 139, 145, 205 Confucian, Confucianism 65 contemplation (see also meditation) 40, 101, 110, 124, 125, 131, 137, 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149

cow(s) 104, 201 crow(s) 83, 136 D

Dak≈ina 201, 202 Dan 71

Dan-yang 79, 92, 108, 118, 125 Daochang 64, 72 Dao-chang Monastery 91 Daogui 152-3

Daoji 153

Daojing 85

Dao-lin Monastery 108, 126 Daoqiong 92-3

Daorong 82-3

228

Daoshou 93-4

Daoxing 81-2

Daoxuan 65

Daoyi 86-7

Daozhao 109

Daozheng 163, 165, 169, 171, 182, 203

Daozong 109

Darada 168

DaΩabh¥mika-s¥tra 151 DaΩakuΩalakarmapatha. See Sutra of the Ten Evil Deeds daΩaΩ∆la (see also precepts, ten) 64 Da-zong-di-xuan-wen-ben-lun 6 debate, debating (see also argumentation) 9, 10, 11, 12, 26, 32, 46, 47, 50, 147, 148, 183, 184 deer 84, 200, 206 Deer Park 200, 201 Deer Park Vihåra of the Ascetics 200

deities, deity 190, 191, 203 Dele 132-3, 153 Dense Forest 47 Desheng 131

deva(s) 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 42, 184, 190

Deva. See Åryadeva Devadatta 183, 184, 194, 195 Devånaµpiya Tissa, King 63 Devasårå 104, 111, 117 Dharma (see also Buddha-Dharma; Triple Gem; Wheel of the Dharma) 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25, 27, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 79, 83, 84, 85, 92, 96, 115, 116, 126, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 163, 164,

169, 176, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 199, 206, 209, 210, 214

of the Period of Decadence 70 of the Semblance Period 70 Dharmagupta 64, 72 Dharmagupta-karman 158 Dharmagupta-vinaya 158 Dharmakåla 157-8 Dharmak∆rti 158, 207 Dharma-pi†aka 69 Dharmarak≈a 5

Dharmaruci 158

Dharmavivardhana 170 dhyåna (see also meditation) 98, 124, 129, 136, 140, 153, 213 of five practices 145 Ding-lin Monastery (see also Upper Ding-lin Monastery) 121, 122 Ding-yin Area 79 D∆paµkara 173

D∆rghågama 210

disciplinary rules (see also monastic rules; prohibitive rules; rules; Vinaya, rules) 24, 62, 70, 71, 75, 81, 89

Di-shan Nunnery 152, 153 Discourse to Unfold Wisdom (see also eight granthas) 41 divination 21, 82, 83 doctrine(s) 12, 17, 32, 40, 48, 87, 91, 112, 118, 142 Dong-gian 100

Dong-guan 73, 115 Dong-xiang 104

Door of Nectar 52 dove(s) 169, 201, 206 dragon(s) 167, 169, 179, 186, 187, 207

Dragon Temple 180 Index

Du Ba 75

Dun-huang 105, 163 Du-xiang 135

DvådaΩanikåya-Ωåstra 17 E

Eastern Nunnery 81, 82, 98 Eastern Qing-yuan Nunnery (see also Western Qing-yuan Nunnery; Qing-yuan Nunnery) 106, 125, 133, 145 East Videha 39

eighteen schools (see also Hinayana) 42, 50, 202 eightfold path 12 eight granthas (see also Discourse to Unfold Wisdom) 41-3 Eight Points of Deference 62 eight precepts. See precepts, eight Eight Rules of Veneration (see also Eight Points of Deference) 103 Elåpattra 200

elephant(s) 25, 48, 74, 171, 185, 186, 187, 193, 201, 206 Emancipation Stupa 172 Empress He's Nunnery (see also Yong-an Nunnery) 79, 86, 87, 148

emptiness (see also Ω¥nyatå) 17, 149, 180, 195

evil realm(s) 51, 52 evil spirit(s) 22, 119, 163, 179 F

Fabian 70, 108-9 Facai 115-6

Facheng 101

Fahong 92

Fahu 139

Fahui 144

229

Index

Fajin 124

Fajing 112-3, 126, 127, 133 Falin 107-8

Fan. See Wang Jingshen, mother of Fan County 101

Faquan 70, 125

Fasheng (of Jian-fu Nunnery) 90-1 Fasheng (of Southern Nunnery) 98-9

Fashi (monk) 71 Fashi (nun) 147 fast, fasting 74, 80, 83, 101, 128, 135, 146-7, 207 Faxian 157, 158-9, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 177, 180, 181, 182, 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 200, 202-3, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213-4

Faxiang 105-6

Faxuan 61, 153-4 Fayan 124

Faying 111, 136, 145 Fa-yin Nunnery/Vihåra 126, 127, 128, 132

Fayu 140, 141

Fayuan 115-6

Fazang 131

Feng 143-4

Fifty Stanzas on Serving the Guru 6

filial piety 79, 93, 120 Five Classics 131 five precepts. See precepts, five Five Texts 148

Following the Truth 50 flower(s) (see also lotus) 45, 73, 74, 78, 83, 91, 99, 165, 170, 171, 172, 176, 181, 182, 187, 192, 230

194, 198, 206, 207, 208, 209 four forms of birth (see also birth and death; rebirth) 69 Four Great Stupas 170, 197 four groups of Buddhist followers 12, 13, 70, 78, 98, 121, 122, 150, 181, 205, 207 four heavenly kings 185, 197, 209 four requisites 129, 140, 147 Fu-fa-zang-yin-yuan-zhuan. See Record of the Origin of Transmitting the Dharma-pi†aka Fu Gongsun 164

Fu Jian 76, 106 Fu-liu County 75 Fu Mountain 110 Fu-nan. See Cambodia Fu-tian Nunnery 129, 130 G

Gandhara. See Gandhåra Gandhåra 33, 170, 208 Ganges River 180, 188, 200, 203 Gan Ying 168

Gao-chang 143, 144, 164 Gao-ping 77, 84, 128 Gao-yang 124

Gao-zhu Nunnery 96 Garden of Gho≈ira 201 gåthå(s) 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50 Gautama (see also Buddha) 200 Gayå 195

gha√†å 9, 10, 112 Golden Flower Monastery 144 Gomati Monastery 164, 165 Guangjing 100-1, 126 Guang-ling 95, 96, 99, 100, 103 Guang-zhou 95, 117, 211, 212 Gu√avarman 89, 111, 133, 137 Guo Qia 147

GurusevådharmapañcåΩadgåthå. See Fifty Stanzas on Serving the Guru

Gu-su 154

H

Han dynasty 169 Han people 163, 167 Hari 180

hawk 169

heavenly beings (see also celestial beings) 178, 196, 200, 209 Heaven's Kin. See Vasubandhu He Chong 78, 80 He, Empress. See Empress He's Nunnery; Zhang, Empress hell(s) 183, 197 He-nei 98, 120 Heng-yang 154 heretic(s), heretical (see also non-Buddhist) 9, 10, 11, 23, 25, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 178, 180, 181, 186, 191, 201, 211 Hi∂∂a 172

Hinayana 27, 39, 42, 50, 51, 52, 157, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 174, 179, 180, 191, 201 Hira√yavat∆ River 187 Hong-an 89 Honghang 124 Hong-nong 76, 77 homeless life (see also home life, renunciation of) 61, 117, 119, 141

home life, renunciation of (see also renunciation; secular life, renunciation of) 23, 39, 41, 49, 74, 76, 90, 94, 96, 97, 101, 108, 127, 128, 135, 145, 145, 148, 151, 152, 184, 200 Index

horse(s) 13, 69, 86, 167, 187, 201, 206

Huaguang 143 Huaihui 126 Huai-nan 89 Hua-lin Nunnery 124 Huangfu Kui 76 Huang Xiuyi 137 Huan Xuan 86 Hua-yan Nunnery 120 Huichao 97 Huichu 154 Huicong 103 Huida 165, 169, 171 Huigao 146 Huiguo 89-90, 111 Huihui 151-2 Huiji 131

Huijian 163, 164 Huijiao 160 Huijing 163, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 174

Huijun 110 Huikai 90

Huilang 96 Huili 149

Huiling 139 Huiming 126, 127 Huimu 97-8 Huiqiong 95-6 Huisheng 145 Huisu 106

Huiwei 163, 164 Huixi 154

Huixing 125 Huixu 128-31, 145 Huiyao 113-4 Huiyi 90

Huiyin 152 Huiying 163 231

Index

Huiyu 91-2

Huiyuan 86

Huizhan 78, 80 Huizhi 95

Huizi 96

Hupei 159

Hu Zhenheng 160 I

image(s) 92, 93, 117, 137, 146, 150, 152, 154, 165, 168, 173, 179, 181, 185, 206, 210, 212 of the Buddha 79, 93, 98, 99, 165, 166, 169, 171, 173, 178, 181, 182, 192, 196, 203, 204, 205

of the Holy Monk 123, 138 image procession 93, 165-6, 191-2 impermanence 17, 47, 118, 132, 180, 195

incense 85, 110, 122, 123, 146, 165, 171, 172, 176, 182, 184, 192, 206, 207, 208, 209 India (see also Central India; Northern India; Southern India) 5, 12, 17, 24, 25, 31, 33, 39, 41, 50, 52, 61, 63, 65, 118, 157, 158, 163, 164, 167, 168, 203, 213

Indra 169, 170, 178, 179, 183, 193 Indradamana 37 Indus River 168, 169, 174, 177 invisibility, sorcerer's art of 21 J

Jambudv∆pa 23, 24, 37, 40, 41, 69, 90, 171, 177, 192, 197, 209 Japan 17

Jetavana Monastery/Vihåra 133, 181, 182, 183, 184 Ji 126, 151

232

Jian-an Nunnery 111, 117 Jian-chu Monastery 65 Jian-fu Nunnery 77, 79, 80, 90, 92, 93, 119, 121

Jiang 121

Jiang-ling 86, 91, 92, 93, 109, 128 Jiang-xia, Prince of (see also Liu Yigong) 95, 110 Jian-jing Nunnery 85 Jiankang (see also Nanjing) 159 Jian-kang County 79, 126, 127, 145, 148, 149, 151 Jianwen, Emperor 83 Jian-xi Vihåra 96 Jian-xian Nunnery 73, 74 Jieren 149

Jin 132

Ji-nan 80

Jin dynasty 64, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92, 111, 118, 132, 160, 212, 213 Jing 86, 92, 113, 129 Jing'ai 107

Jingcheng 104-5 Jingdu 119

Jing-fu Nunnery 89, 103, 108, 111 Jinggui 70, 127-8 Jinghui 126

Jingjian 61, 63-4, 65, 70, 71-3, 74, 111

Jinglian 125

Jing-ling 118, 124, 126, 127, 147, 153

Jing-ling, Prince of 126, 138, 140, 148

Jing-lü-yi-xiang 65 Jingxian 145-6 Jingxing 147-8 Jingxiu 135-9, 145, 149 Jingyao 148

Jingyin 111

Jingyuan 146-7 Jing-zhou 86, 128 Jin-ling 90, 121, 127 Jin-xiang 84 Jin-xing Monastery 112 Jinzhou 159

Ji Prefecture 103 Ji-shan Nunnery 128, 129, 130, 145

Ji-zhou 84

Jñånagiri 63, 72 Jñånaprasthåna. See Discourse to Unfold Wisdom Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian, The 157, 214 Ju-lu 146

Jun-ren 123

Ju-rong County 95 K

Kålapinåka 193 KålayaΩas 108, 140, 141 kalpa(s)

asaµkhyeya 206 bhadra 189, 209 Kanakamuni 185 Kang, Emperor 81 Kang, Empress 81 Kani≈ka, King 6, 170-1 Kanyåkubja 180 Kapilavastu 69, 159, 185, 186 karma, karmic 73, 82, 94, 97, 206, 209

Karmans 98

Kashmir. See KaΩm∆ra KaΩi 200

KaΩm∆ra 6, 41, 43, 44, 49, 50, 64, 72, 138, 158, 159, 166 KåΩyapa 185, 197, 201 Kåtyåyan∆ 41 Kåtyåyan∆putra 6, 41, 42, 43 Index

Kau√∂inya 200 KauΩåmb∆ 201 KauΩika 39

Kekaya 18

Kelaniya River 64 Kelaniya Temple 64 KhaΩa 165, 166 Khotan 164, 208 Kong Mo 116, 117 KoΩa-Ωåstra (see also AbhidharmakoΩa-Ωåstra) 49, 50 Kosala 186

Kong Xixian 133 Krakucchanda 185 K≈udraka-pi†aka 210 Kuai-ji 85, 95, 117, 121, 133, 154 Kucha 144, 158, 208 Kukku†apada 199 Kukyar 166

Kumåraj∆va 5, 18 kuΩa grass 196 KuΩinagara 69, 187 L

Ladakh 166

laity (see also lay devotees; lay-people) 87, 89, 92, 109, 118, 126, 128, 150, 154, 157, 205 Lake Anavatapta 138 Lakki 174

lamp(s) 116, 132, 170, 176, 182, 184, 192, 194, 207 Land of Bliss (see also Pure Land) 85, 91

Land of the Hero (see also Puru≈apura) 39, 50, 51 Land of the Lion (see also Sri Lanka) 103, 104, 133, 203, 208 Lang-ya 108, 121 Lang-zhong Nunnery 143 Lan-ling 95

233

Index

Laoshan 212

lay devotees (see also laity; lay-people) 61, 183, 185, 187 layman, laymen 12, 70, 77, 169, 172, 192, 206, 207 laypeople (see also laity; lay devotees) 77, 81, 93, 118, 124, 127, 128, 142, 158, 163, 164, 167, 171, 205, 209 laywoman, laywomen 12, 70 Le-an Nunnery 151, 152 Liang dynasty 31, 70, 135, 138, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 154, 160 Liang, Emperor 150 Liang Prefecture 97 Licchavis 188, 190 Liezong, Emperor 86 Li Hao 163

Life of AΩvagho≈a Bodhisattva, The 5, 13

Life of Deva Bodhisattva, The 18 Life of Faxian, The 160 Life of Någårjuna Bodhisattva, The 27

Ling-gen Monastery 145 Lingguang 132 Linghui 149

Ling-nan 118

Lingshou 73-5 Ling-yin 154

Lingyu 148-9

Lingzong 85-5 Lin-he, Prince of 109 lion(s) 178, 186, 192, 200, 201 Liu-chong Monastery 92 Liu-chuan, Prince of 142, 150 Liu Quan 142

Liu Qiu 109

Liu Yigong (see also Jiang-xia, 234

Prince of) 110 Li-yang 82

Li Yi 212

Long-chuan County 135 Long Mountains lotus (see also flower) 25, 38, 99, 166, 173, 198 Loyang 158

Lou-fan 86

Lumbin∆ 186

Luo-yang 72, 81, 82, 157 Lu Prefecture 117 Lü-qiu 128

M

Ma 136

MadhyadeΩa 9, 191 Mådhyamika 17 Mådhyamika-Ωåstra 17, 24, 25 Magadha 190

MahåkåΩyapa 5, 176, 195, 199 Mahallaka 9

Mahåmaitryupåya-Ωåstra 24 Mahåmaudgalyåyana (see also Maudgalyåyana) 176 Mahånågå 24

Mahåparinirvå√a-s¥tra 100, 121, 143, 151

Mahåprajåpat∆ 62, 63, 69, 89, 103, 181, 186

Mahåprajñåpåramitå-Ωåstra 17 Mahåprajñåpåramitå-s¥tra 17, 82, 97

Mahåsåµghikåbhidharma-Ωåstra 202

Mahåsåµghika-bhik≈u√∆-karman 64, 72

Mahåsåµghika-vinaya 159, 202 Mahåsåµghika-vinaya-h®daya 158 Mahåvihåra Monastery 207

Mahayana 5, 6, 17, 23, 24, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43, 48, 51, 52, 107, 125, 126, 142, 157, 164, 165, 166, 174, 176, 179, 191, 202 Mahåyånasaµgraha 52 MahåyånaΩraddhotpåda-Ωåstra 5, 6

Mahendra 63

Mah∆Ωåsaka-vinaya 159, 210 Maitreya 40, 41, 92, 93, 168, 200, 208, 209

ma√i pearls 203, 205 MañjuΩr∆ 176, 191

Manoratha 46

Mao 76

Måra 189, 196

Måra Påpiyas 194

Mathurå 174

Maudgalyåyana (see also Mahamaudgalyåyana) 176, 177, 193, 195

Måyå, Queen 186

meditation (see also walking meditation) 39, 40, 51, 70, 72, 78, 92, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 176, 179, 180, 181, 183, 186, 193, 194, 195, 201, 203 Mekå 195

Meng Ford 84

Meng Yi 85, 95

merit(s) 13, 106, 176, 184, 206 meritorious deed(s) 92, 102, 109, 127, 128, 135, 153, 209, 214 Miaoxiang 70, 76-7

Miao-xiang Nunnery 124 Index

Miaoyi 151

Miaoyin 85-6

Miaozhi 120-1

Middle Kingdom (see also Central India) 169, 175, 184, 196 Middle Nunnery 100

Middle Way. See Mådhyamika Mikkala 138

Ming Bolian 78

Ming dynasty 160

Ming, Emperor, of the Han dynasty 169

Ming, Emperor, of the Jin dynasty 82

Ming, Emperor, of the Song dynasty 111, 112, 118, 137, 146

Minggan 77-9

Miscellaneous Collection. See K≈udra-pi†aka

Mo-ling 112, 117, 140 monasteries, monastery 48, 50, 71, 75, 92, 127, 144, 159, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 184, 187, 191, 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 202, 204 monastic rules (see also disciplinary rules; prohibitive rules; rules; Vinaya, rules) 63, 157, 205 monk(s) (see also bhik≈u) 6, 12, 23, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 83, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 98, 101, 108, 111, 114, 117, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 148, 157, 158, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 235

Index

monk(s) (continued) 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213 morality (see also Ω∆la) 69, 70, 74, 107, 122, 129, 150 Mountain of the Vulture Cave 194 Mount Fearless 204 Mount G®dhrak¥†a 190, 193, 194 Mount Sumeru 85

Mount Tai 139

Mount Vinataka 209 Mount Vindhya 45, 47 Mucilinda 197

Mu, Emperor 79

N

någa(s) (see also sågaranåga) 24, 27, 42, 45, 46, 48, 197, 203, 204, 209

Nagarahåra 169, 171, 172, 173 Någårjuna 17, 18, 21-7 Nairåtmyaparip®cchå. See Sutra of a Nirgrantha Inquiring into the Meaning of Non-ego Nan-an Nunnery 95

Nan-chang, Princess of 137 Nan-cheng 139

Nanda 185

Nandi 104

Nanjing (see also Jiankang) 31, 159

Nan-lin Monastery 104, 111 Nan-pi 96

Nan-yang 118

Napika 185

Nåråya√a body 38

National Academy 131 Nature of the Ratnatraya 52 236

New Catalogue of Chinese Buddhist Texts 65

New Grove Nunnery 82, 83 New Royal Monastery 166 Niraya 192

Nirgranthaputra 193 nirvana (see also parinirvå√a) 132, 180, 185, 200

of the Buddha 41, 170, 177, 195 Nirvana Sutra 52, 135, 147, 151 Niu-mu Nunnery 91, 92 non-Buddhist(s) (see also heretic) 12, 13, 110, 183, 184 Northern India 9, 12, 13, 37, 169, 202

Northern Wei dynasty 18 Northern Yong-an Nunnery (see also Southern Yong-an Nunnery; Yong-an Nunnery) 79 North Mountain 76

novice(s), novitiate 62, 63, 64, 72, 81, 90, 159, 176, 187 nun(s) (see also bhik≈u√∆) 12, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 151, 153, 176, 177, 178, 179

nunneries, nunnery 48, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 136, 138, 140, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154

Index

Nunnery of Zhu-ge Village 97 nyagrodha tree 186, 197 NyåyånuΩåra. See Following the Truth

O

o›ense(s) 52, 62, 78, 90, 137, 175 o›ering(s) 9, 10, 45, 73, 85, 102, 113, 116, 123, 132, 136, 138, 146, 154, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 182, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 199, 206, 207, 208, 209 order (see also sangha) of monks 61, 62, 111 of nuns 63, 64

ordination 11, 23, 27, 62, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 81, 89, 90, 92, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 111, 112, 116, 118, 126, 131, 132, 133, 137, 145, 148, 154, 157, 158 dual 63, 64

Ou 91

Overshadowed Temple 184 ox(en) 181, 208

P

pagoda(s) 78, 79, 91, 97, 107, 113 Pamirs 166, 167, 168 PañcaΩikha 193

Pan, Lady 107

Pan-yu 118

Paramårtha 5, 6, 31, 32 Paramårthasaptati 48 Påråvatta Monastery 201 parinirvå√a (see also nirvana) 181, 193, 195

of the Buddha 44, 168, 175, 181, 187, 188, 190, 197, 206 PårΩva 5, 9-12

Parthia 158

På†aliputra 63, 190, 200, 202 Peng-cheng 71, 80, 106, 124, 133, 145, 149

Peng-cheng Monastery 139 Peng-cheng Nunnery 93 Period of Decadence. See Dharma, of the Period of Decadence Peshawar 33

Pi-ling 98, 132

Piöola 39

Ping, King 168

pipal tree 196, 199, 204-5 Pippala Cave 194

Po-kang 95

P'o shu p'an t'ou fa-shih chuan. See Biography of Dharma Master Vasubandhu

power(s) (see also spiritual power; supernatural power) 12, 40, 42, 43, 47, 177

Prabhåvat∆ 37, 38 prajñå 104

Prajñåpåramitå 176 Prajñåpåramitå-s¥tra 52 Prasenajit, King 181 Pråtimok≈a (see also Mahåsåµghika-bhik≈u√∆-karman) 64, 72 pratyekabuddha(s) 173, 180, 189, 200

precepts 62, 74, 97, 100, 103, 157, 205

bodhisattva 91, 122 eight 83, 117, 199, 209 five 77, 93, 135, 209 ten 63, 64, 72, 148 prohibitive rules (see also disciplinary rules; monastic rules; rules; Vinaya, rules) 100, 120, 137, 148, 153

237

Index

Pujing 100

Pulian 135

Pu√yatara 158 Pu√yayaΩas 5

Pure Land 91, 115 Pure Land school 32 Puru≈apura (see also Land of the Hero) 37, 170, 171 Puyao 100, 116 Pu-xian Nunnery 110, 111, 112, 126

Puzhao 96-7

Q

Qian-tang 131 Qiao Prefecture 104 Qi dynasty 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 129, 133, 138, 140, 147, 150, 153, 154

Qifu Quiangui 163 Qi-huan Nunnery 93, 94 Qi-ming Nunnery 118, 119, 131, 153

Qing-he Prefecture 75 Qing-shui 83

Qing-yuan Nunnery (see also Eastern Qing-yuan Nunnery; Western Qing-yuan Nunnery) 107, 135, 137

Qing-zhou 78, 89, 151, 212, 213 Qi, Prince 157 Qi-xing Nunnery/Vihåra 132, 133 Qu Anyuan 83

R

Råhula 176

Råjag®ha 193, 194 Råjasvåmin 191 Råmagråma 186 Råmåyana 43

238

rebirth (see also birth and death; four kinds of birth) 74, 95 Record of Buddhist Countries, A. See Journey of the Eminent Monk Faxian, The Record of the Origin of Transmitting the Dharma-pi†aka 5, 18, 27

relic(s) (see also Ωar∆ras) 114, 125, 188, 190

relics of the Buddha 186, 187, 193 almsbowl 12, 13, 167, 171, 172, 188, 197, 208-9 footprint 192, 204 hair 173, 178 nails 173, 178 saµghå†∆ robe 173, 186 skull 171, 172, 173 spittoon 167

sta› 173

tooth (see also Temple of the Buddha's Tooth) 167, 171, 173, 206-7

renunciation (see also homeless life; home life, renunciation of; secular life, renunciation of) 9, 23, 80, 81

Rou 151

Royal Garden Monastery 133 rules (see also disciplinary rules; monastic rules; prohibitive rules; Vinaya, rules) 11, 33, 62, 63, 64, 90, 93, 136, 137, 157, 164, 177, 195, 203, 207 Ru-nan 154

Ru-nan, Prince of 150 S

Saddharmapu√∂ar∆ka-s¥tra 52, 76, 81, 84, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 139, 145, 146, 149,

151, 153

"Chapter on the Universal Gate" 84

˛a∂gatikårikå. See Sutra of the Six Ways of Transmigration sågaranåga (see also någa) 138 saint(s), sainthood 83, 181 Såketa 6, 42

¸akra 37

¸åkya 9

¸åkya people 103, 184, 185, 186 ¸åkyamuni (see also Buddha) 46, 169, 178, 184, 208, 209 Ωåla trees 69, 187 samådhi (see also meditation) 9, 10, 39, 41, 42, 103, 104, 125, 126, 141, 149

fire 190

sunlight 41

pratyutpanna 128 Samantabhadra 93 Samaya of Light 50 Samayaprad∆pikå. See Samaya of Light

Saµghamitrå 63

Saµghapåla 65

saµghåråmas 169

Saµghavarman 65, 90, 104, 111, 133

Såµkhya-Ωåstra 45, 48 Saµyuktåbhidharma-h®daya-Ωåstra 202 Saµyuktågama 210 San-ceng Nunnery 109, 128 sandalwood 173, 181, 182, 207 sangha (see also order) 61, 62, 63, 71, 89, 90, 103, 112, 148, 157, 164, 176, 190

twofold 62, 103, 111 Sangha (see also Triple Gem) 77, 84

Index

Saçghabhadra 50

SåçkåΩya 177

Sanlun school 17 Sanron school. See Sanlun school Sanskrit 65, 158, 159, 202, 210 Saptapar√a Cave 195 ¸åriputra 176, 193, 195 Ωar∆ras (see also relics) 114 Sarvåstivåda, Sarvåstivådin school 39, 41, 48, 49

Sarvåstivåda-vinaya 111, 136, 149, 151, 154, 158, 202 Ωåstra(s) 49, 50, 52, 154 ¸ata-Ωåstra 17

Satyasiddhi-Ωåstra 147, 151 scripture(s) (see also sutra) 23, 24, 71, 72, 79, 81, 82, 84, 87, 91, 92, 94, 97, 99, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, 135, 139, 146, 152, 154, 176, 207, 208, 212 copying of 95, 98, 135, 138, 150, 152, 154, 203

secular life, renunciation of (see also home, renunciation of; renunciation) 79, 95, 99, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 113, 121, 131, 146, 147, 149, 153, 157 self-immolation (see also burning of the fingers; suicide) 102, 109, 113, 114, 127, 128, 132, 140, 190

Semblance Period. See Dharma, of the Semblance Period Sengao 126

Sengbian 109

Sengduan 70, 99-100 Senggai 123-4

Sengguo 70, 103-4 Senghua 110

239

Index

Sengji 70, 80-1 Sengjian 64, 72 Sengjing (monk) 163, 171, 172 Sengjing (nun) 117-8 Senglü 125

Sengmao 133-4 Sengmeng 118-20 Sengmin 65

Sengnian 139-40 Sengrou 154

Sengsao 65

Sengshao 163, 166 Sengshu 149-50 Sengyou 65

Sengyuan 120, 122, 123 Sengzhen 149

Sengzhi (father of Huisheng) 145 Sengzhi (nun) 124 Sengzong 122, 147 seven precious gems, substances 172, 178, 204, 205 Shan 98, 129, 132, 133, 142, 153 Shanmiao 70, 101-2 Shanshan 163

Shan-yang 104 Shan-yin 110, 153, 154 Shao-ling, Prince of 148 Sha River 213 Shen 124, 125, 149 Sheng Mountains 154 Shen Youzhi 128 Shen Yue 118

She-shan Monastery 123 Shi Hu 75

Shi Le 74

shrine(s) 79, 93, 94, 95, 116, 119, 136, 142, 150, 165, 166, 204, 205, 207

Shuai 118

Shu Prefecture 101, 113, 129, 140 Siddhårtha, Prince 185, 186, 187 240

Sight Recovery Wood 182-3 Ωik≈amå√å 62

¸ik≈ånanda 5

Ω∆la (see also morality; precepts) 62 ¸∆lanidåna-s¥tra 64, 72 Sima Long 98

Si River 64, 72 Six Discourses 42 Six Dynasties period 61 Siyin 145

Si-zhou 75, 76, 84 ΩmaΩåna 194

Snow Mountains 23, 167, 174 Song dynasty 89, 95, 96, 98, 103, 107, 109, 110, 11, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 129, 133, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 154 Song, general of 133 Song-lin Gate 138 sorcerer, sorcery 21, 22, 25 Southern Dynasties period 31, 32, 33

Southern India 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 177

Southern Jian-xing Nunnery 93 Southern Jin-ling Nunnery 148 Southern Nunnery 98 Southern Yong-an Nunnery 95, 116, 132

South Yan-zhou 142 spirit(s) (see also evil spirits) 44, 47, 179, 191, 203 spiritual power(s) (see also power; supernatural power) 142, 177, 184, 210, 211 Spurious Zhao dynasty (see also Zhao) 73

Ωrama√a(s) 10, 13, 21, 25, 46, 47, 71, 72, 200, 201, 207 Ωråma√era(s) 9, 10, 11

Ωråma√erikå 64, 72 Ωråvaka(s) 141 ¸råvast∆ 6, 42, 181, 184, 185 Sri Lanka (see also Land of the Lion) 63, 65, 103 ¸r∆målådev∆siµhanåda-s¥tra 52, 120, 149, 152 srotaåpanna 186, 195 statue(s) (see also image) 94, 123, 168, 178, 183, 204 Stone Hill 152 stupa(s) (see also Buddha stupa; Four Great Stupas) 23, 95, 96, 125, 142, 146, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 203, 204, 208 Stupa of Bows and Lances Laid Down 188

Subhadra 187

Sudåna 206

Sudatta 181, 183 ¸uddhodana, King 185, 200 suicide (see also self-immolation) 195

Sukhåvat∆vy¥ha-s¥tra (see also Door of Nectar) 52, 152 summer retreat 63, 163, 166, 167, 169, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 211, 213

Sundar∆ 183

Sun Hao 158

Ω¥nyatå (see also emptiness) 39, 40 supernatural power(s) (see also power; spiritual power) 9, 11, 168, 177, 194, 204 ¸¥raµgama-samådhi-s¥tra 92, 194

S¥ryak∆rti 5, 6 Index

sutra(s) (see also scripture) 12, 40, 41, 42, 49, 52, 94, 146, 149, 150, 154, 168, 195, 202, 210, 213

Sutras. See Tripi†aka S¥trålaçkåra-Ωåstra 5 Sutra of a Nirgrantha Inquiring into the Meaning of Non-ego 5 Sutra of the Seventeen Bh¥mis 40 Sutra of the Six Ways of Transmigration 5 Sutra of the Ten Evil Deeds 5 Suvastu 169

¸yåmaka 206

T

Tadwa 185

Tai-hou Nunnery 139 Tai-shan 81

Tai-xuan-tai Nunnery 94, 95, 105 Tak≈aΩilå 170 Tåmralipa 203 Tan 92

Tan'ai 91

Tanbei 79, 81 Tanbin 122

Tanche 116-7

Tang dynasty 32, 65 Tanhui 140-3

Tanjian 126-7, 128, 132 Tanjing 91

Tanlan 133

Tanluo 79

Tanrui 139

Tanyao 18

Tanyin 108

Tanyong 132

Tanzheng 131

Tanzhi 117

Tanzong 89

Taoism, Taoist 65, 75, 82, 83, 119 241

Index

Tathågata 91

teaching(s) 9, 12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 32, 40, 41, 46, 50, 61, 62, 69, 82, 107, 125, 126, 132, 139, 146, 154, 157, 170, 174, 179, 180, 190, 211, 213 Temple of the Buddha's Tooth 205 ten precepts. See precepts, ten Theravada, Theravadin 6 Three Activities 127 Three Obediences 74 three poisons 195 three realms 69 Three Refuges (see also Triple Gem) 107, 146, 209 three vehicles. See vehicles, three Tian-shu 124

tiger(s), tigress 78, 105, 170, 200, 206

Ti-lun school 32 TråyastriµΩa Heaven 177, 178, 181, 186

Tripi†aka(s) 5, 23, 31, 42, 92, 104, 143, 159, 160, 176 Triple Gem (see also Three Refuges) 6, 77, 84, 94, 113, 127, 169, 171, 199, 209, 213 triyana. See vehicles, three Tufa Rutan 163 Tu Mountains 154 Tuoba clan 124 Tu-shan 131

Tu≈ita Heaven 40, 41, 94, 101, 136, 139, 168, 208 two vehicles. See vehicles, two U

Udyåna 169

upasaµpadå. See ordination, dual upadeΩa 24

242

upådhyåya 71

upådhyåy∆ 72

Upåli 185

Upper Ding-lin Monastery (see also Ding-lin Monastery) 108 Utpalå 177, 178 V

Vaipulyaparinirvå√a-s¥tra 202 Vaipulya scriptures 24 VaiΩåkha 180

VaiΩål∆ 188, 189, 190, 208 vajra guardians 187 Vara√a 174

Vårå√as∆ 114, 200, 202 Vår≈aga√ya 45 VaΩasubhadra 43-4 Vasubandhu 31-3, 37, 39, 40, 41, 46, 48-53

Vasudeva, King 37 Vasurata 49

Vedas 21, 42

vegetarian, vegetarianism 76, 80, 82, 95, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 124, 125, 128, 129, 135, 139, 143, 147, 148, 149, 153 vehicle(s) 40, 69 Hinayana 40

three 51

two 91

Veluvana Kalandaka Monastery 194

Vibhå≈å (see also Abhidharmavibhå≈å-Ωåstra) 42-3, 44, 48, 50

vihåra(s) 89, 96, 115, 129, 137, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 192, 193, 200, 201, 205, 107, 108 Vijñånavåda (see also Yogåcåra) 31, 32

Vijñaptimåtratåsiddhi 52 Vikåra 138

Vikramåditya, King 46, 49 Vimalak∆rtinirdeΩa-s¥tra 52, 81, 86-7, 120, 126, 149 Vimok≈amårga 65

Vinaya (see also Tripi†aka) 42, 49, 63, 64, 65, 90, 91, 98, 106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 116, 119, 120, 124, 127, 128, 132, 136, 137, 146, 149, 150, 152, 154, 157, 158, 159, 163, 168, 176, 189, 190, 202, 203, 207, 213 rules (see also disciplinary rules; monastic rules; prohibitive rules; rules) 73, 78, 79, 82, 87, 90, 103, 104, 107, 112, 122, 128, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 197, 203, 207

Vinaya-pi†aka 87, 121, 158, 163 Vindhyavåsa 44

Viriñcivatsa 39

Vir¥∂haka, King 184, 186 ViΩåkhå 183

Vi≈√u 37, 38, 39

vow(s) 42, 43, 46, 48, 74, 93-4, 131, 140, 152, 153, 167, 199 Vyåkara√a-Ωåstra 37, 42, 49, 50 W

Wa-guan Monastery 117, 121 Wa-guan Nunnery 93 walking meditation (see also meditation) 152, 179, 180, 181, 183, 194, 197, 201, 203 Wang 113

Wang Chen 86

Wang Dao, Premier 85 Wang Gong 86

Wang Jingshen, mother of 107 Index

Wang, Lady 95

Wang Lun 121

Wang Tanzhi 107

Wang Puyang 83

Way, of the Buddha 9, 12, 72, 74, 80, 83, 84, 85, 91, 95, 98, 105, 109, 116, 119, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 140, 149, 151, 152, 174, 200 Wei dynasty 157

Wei Lang 116

Wen, Emperor 107, 111, 133, 140, 146

Wenhui, Crown Prince 118, 122, 123, 126, 138, 147, 150 Wenjiang 105

Wenxuan, Prince 118, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 138, 147, 150, 153

Western Land (see also Pure Land) 91

Western Nunnery 75, 76, 84 Western Qing-yuan Nunnery (see also Eastern Qing-yuan Nunnery; Qing-yuan Nunnery) 151 Western Region 71, 72, 89, 115 Western Yuezhi (see also Yuezhi) 208

Wheel of the Dharma 186, 197, 209

White Mountain 127, 128, 132, 133 Wilderness Vihåra 200 wolves 200

World-honored One (see also Buddha) 177, 182, 187, 189, 195, 200

Wu Chonghua, Lady 150 Wu County 98, 131, 158 Wu, Emperor, of the Song dynasty 107, 129

243

Index

Wu, Emperor, of the Qi dynasty 120

Wu-jiang Nunnery 82, 83 Wu Prefecture 91, 94, 98, 105, 119, 154

Wu-shi 135

Wu-ti, Emperor 31 Wu-wei Prefecture 71 Wu-xing 100, 118 X

Xian 131

Xiang-dong, Prince of 146 Xian-ju Nunnery 145, 149, 150 Xiao Chengzhi 95 Xiaowu, Emperor, of the Jin dynasty 83, 84, 85 Xiaowu, Emperor, of the Song dynasty 111, 140 Xiao Yi 129 wife of 129 Xiao Zhaozhou 154 Xiao Ziliang. See Wenxuan, Prince Xie Zhi 86

Xin-lin Nunnery. See New Grove Nunnery

Xin Monastery 159 Xi-ping 113 Xiu-wu 103

Xu 109

Xuanchang 129 Xuanqu 122

Xuan-wu, Prince of 142 Xuan-yan-ji 94 Xuanzao 94-5 Xue 92

Xun-yang County 86 Y

yak≈a(s) 42, 43, 44 Yama 197

244

yamen 113

Yamunå River 174 Yang Lingbian 82 Yang-lou Mountains 163 Yan-guan 118 Yang-zhou 108, 212 Yangzi River 78, 80, 112 Yan Hui 69

Yan-men 86

Yan-xing Nunnery 80, 81 Yao 136

Yavadv∆pa 211 Yellow Spring 178 Yeshou 106-7, 135 Yin 124, 125, 149 Ying-chuan 154 Yin Zhongkan 86 Yi-zhou 119, 142 Yogåcåra (see also Vijñånavåda) 31, 32

Yogåcårabh¥mi-Ωåstra. See Sutra of the Seventeen Bh¥mis Yong-an Nunnery (see also Empress He's Nunnery; Northern Yong-an Nunnery; Southern Yong-an Nunnery) 99, 100, 107

Yong-fu Nunnery 112 Yong-kang Nunnery 113 Yong-shi 145 Yu 132

Yuan 125, 126 Yuan Jian 133 Yuanjian, Prince 154 Yuezhi (see also Western Yuezhi) 12, 13, 64, 72 Yue Zun 118 Yu-hang 119 Yu, Prince 108 Yu Yong 154 Yu-yue 154

Yu-zhang 91, 129 Yu-zhou 132 Z

Zang, Lady 147 Zen. See Chan Zeng-cheng 115 Zhang Bian 91 Zhang Dai 119 Zhang, Empress 79 Zhang-guo Nunnery 96 Zhang, Imperial Lady 150 Zhang Jun 142 Zhang Qian 168 Zhang-ye 163 Zhang-ye, Prince of 163 Zhang Yuan 154 Zhang-guo Nunnery Zhao (see also Spurious Zhao dynasty) 73, 90, 124 Index

Zhao-ming Nunnery/Vihåra 133, 153, 154

Zhao Qian 113 Zhen 75

Zhen Fachong 140-1 Zhisheng 121-3 Zhixian 75-6 Zhiyan 163, 164 Zhong Mountain 118, 121, 123, 148, 150, 153 Zhong-xing 140 Zhong-zao Nunnery 118 Zhou dynasty 168 Zhou She 130 Zhou Yong 154 Zhuang-yan Monastery 65, 122 Zhu, Lady 130 Zhu-yuan Nunnery/Vihåra 110, 134, 146, 147 Zong 125

245