T192 Buddhacarita In Praise of Buddha’s Acts

Chapter 28: The Division of the Relics

Chapter XXVIII

The Division of the Relics

1. The crowd of Mallas made offerings to the relics. They brought unsurpassed worship with exquisite fragrant flowers.

2. Then the kings of seven countries179 heard that the Buddha was extinguished. They sent messengers to the Mallas requesting the Buddha's relics. 3. The multitude of Mallas revered the Tathāgata's body but, completely relying on valiance, they had proud thoughts. They would rather give up their own lives than give up the Buddha's relics.

4. The messengers all returned empty-handed and the seven kings became very angry. They raised armies and like clouds and rain they came to Kuśinagara. 5. The people who were outside the city all returned in fear. They notified the multitude of Mallas that the armies and horses of the [other] countries were coming, that their chariots with elephants and horses and their multitudes on foot had surrounded Kuśinagara.

6. The groves outside the city, the springs and ponds, the flowers, fruit, and trees, were all trampled by the armies. The splendid observation towers were all smashed.

7. When the Mallas climbed the observation towers on the city wall, [they saw that] their property was all destroyed. They prepared their weapons for battle in order to aim them at the enemy outside. 8. Bows and crossbows, carriages for catapults, and flying torches—all came forth. The seven kings surrounded the city and each of their armies were [composed of] elite troops.

9. Their ceremonial plumes were very bright, just like the light of the seven luminaries.

180Their bells and drums were like thunder and their ferocity formed a profuse cloud. The Mallas were very rash. They opened the gates and ordered [their warriors] to confront them.

10. The elderly men and women who believed wholeheartedly in the Buddha's Law were startled and made a sincere vow: "May they not cause 201

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harm when subduing the others!" They lovingly admonished them to not wish to do battle.

11. But the valiant men were wearing their heavy armor. They wielded their battle-axes and brandished their long swords. As bells and drums sounded in confusion, they grasped their weapons, though they had not yet crossed them in battle.

12. There was a brahman called Droṇa. He was learned and possessed superior cleverness. His modesty was honored by all. He was kind at heart and found happiness in the Right Law. He said to the kings: 13.

"Observe the state of these walls! Even one man is enough to withstand you. How much less could you subdue them with their singleminded vigor!

14.

"Yes, if you destroy them, what meritorious fame would there be? After you have crossed your sharp weapons, the conditions would not be good for either of you.

15.

"If you harm others because of this, both will be hurt. In battle there is much volatility, and the conditions are difficult to predict. 16.

"The strong may overcome the weak or the weak may overcome the strong. When a man in his vigor makes light of a poisonous snake, how could he not hurt himself?

17.

"Some men are gentle by nature, praised by women and children, but when facing the enemy they become warriors, as if oil had been poured onto a fire.

18.

"Do not make light of a weak enemy in battle, thinking he is fit for nothing! His physical strength may not be sufficient to rely on, but the force of his strategy may be stronger.

19.

"Once there was an excellent king, called Karandhama. Sitting upright, he gave rise to friendly thoughts, yet he could subdue his enemies. 20.

"Even though he ruled over the four worlds and his fame and riches were abundant, eventually all was destroyed, just as an ox turns back when he has had enough to drink.

21.

"You should apply yourselves to your duty, to righteousness, and to harmony! A victory in war increases resentment, but after a victory of harmony there is no distress.

22.

"Your present bloodthirsty hostility, this is absolutely not possible! 202

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As you wish to bring worship to the Buddha, you should follow the Buddha's forbearance!"

23. Thus the brahman decidedly expressed his sincerity. As his way was proper and his meaning was in agreement with what is reasonable, he had spoken out without fear.

24. The kings then said to the brahman,

"You have now skillfully responded

to the occasion. You are clever and [what you say] makes much sense. 25.

"Your friendly and utterly honest words comply with the Law and rely on a strong principle. Do listen to our explanation of our duty as a ruler! 26.

"One may feel contempt for a clash of strong forces competing due to the five desires, or one must not hurry off to fight seeking some diversion. We are fighting for the Law now. What is astonishing about that? 27.

"When one is proud and disregards righteousness, people in the world still humbly comply. All the more so in the case of the Buddha, who is free from pride and converts others to humility! But we cannot bring him worship if we destroy ourselves.

28.

"In the past the rulers of the great earth, the Vṛṣṇis and the An dhakas, fought over a beautiful maiden and destroyed each other. 29.

"How much more should we now bring worship to our teacher, who is in quietude, free from desire! Holding oneself dear and valuing life, do not strive with force!

30.

"The former kings, the Kauravas, fought with the Pāṇḍavas, and in the process they destroyed each other, all due to their greed. How much more do we further wish for life for the sake of our teacher, who is without greed! 31.

"The son of a seer, Rāma, was angry at the thousand-armed king. He destroyed the land and killed its people, just because he was angry. How much more should we value life for the sake of our teacher who is without anger!

32.

"Rāma killed the demons for the sake of Sītā. How much less should we destroy life for the sake of our teacher who is received by the gods! 33.

"The two demons, Alāyudha and Baka, were steadfast enemies. Due only to their foolishness, they greatly harmed beings. How much more should we further value life for the sake of the wise teacher! 34.

"Among many others, such ones senselessly ruined themselves. How much more should the teacher of gods and humans now be revered by the 203

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world all around! Should we not diligently strive to bring worship, considering ourselves and valuing life?

35.

"If you want to stop the fighting, enter the city for us and urge them to open up [their minds], so that our wish is fulfilled! 36.

"You have appeased our minds for a while because of your right words, just as a venomous snake is stopped for a while by the power of an incantation!"

37. The brahman then accepted the kings' instructions. He entered the city and went to the Mallas. He made polite inquiries and expressed his sincerity to them. 38.

"The kings among people outside all want to destroy this city. They have their sharp weapons in hand and are wearing their heavy armor. Their elite troops dazzle in the sunlight and they will burst forth with the ferocity of a lion. 39.

"But because of the Law they are still afraid of [committing] wrong behavior. That is why they have sent me here. Their purpose is to inform you of something.

40.

"'[We do not wish to take] your land and neither do we seek cash possessions. Nor [do we come] out of pride and neither do we feel resentment in our hearts.

41.

"'We have come here because we respect the great seer. Since you know our intention, why take pains to oppose us? 42.

"'As both parties are the same as to whom they respect, we are brothers in the Law. Let us with all our hearts bring worship together to the bequeathed spirit of the World-honored One!

43.

"'Stinginess concerning money is not the greatest fault. The fault of parsimony concerning the Law is the worst, despised by all in the world! 44.

"'Those who have decided not to be open should develop a way of hospitality! But if you do not have the ways of a kṣatriya, close the gates and guard yourselves!'

45.

"They are all like this in expressing the way of their destiny. I have my personal feelings, but I have expressed their sincerity. 46.

"Both parties must not oppose one another! All should reasonably be united! When the World-honored One was in the world, he always taught forbearance. If one does not comply with his noble teaching, why would one use the term 'worship'?

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47.

"People in the world argue about the five desires, about riches and lands and dwellings. If one acts according to the Right Law, one should follow its noble principle. When one tries to act according to the Law but feels enmity, this contradicts reason.

48.

"The Buddha is quiet and compassionate, and he always wishes to put all at ease. Yet by [wishing to] worship the One with Great Compassion you may bring great harm. You should equally divide his relics and let them be worshiped everywhere!

49.

"By complying with the Law, your fame will spread. When righteousness pervades your principles, it will be proclaimed! If others behave wrongly, you should bring harmony to them with the Law! That then is happiness with the Law, so that the Law may abide for a long time. 50.

"The Buddha has said that of all gifts the gift of the Law is most excellent. People perform the giving of riches, but it is difficult to perform the gift of the Law.

"

51. When the Mallas heard these words, they were ashamed and looked at each other. They responded to the brahman,

"We are deeply moved by

your purpose in coming.

52.

"Your words, which show friendliness and which comply with the Law, are spoken in a refined and correct way, in agreement with reason. Befitting a brahman, [your words] agree with your qualities. 53.

"You have skillfully brought harmony to the contentions of both parties and have shown us the essential path, just as when one controls a horse which has lost its way and returns to the correct way. 54.

"We should adopt this as reasonable and follow your explanation! If we do not accept your sincere words, we would certainly feel regret later!" 55. They immediately opened the [container of] the Buddha's relics and divided them equally into eight parts. They themselves brought worship to one part and the seven other parts were handed over to the brahman. 56. When the seven kings obtained the relics, they rejoiced and accepted them, [raising them] to their heads [as a sign of respect]. They took [the relics] and returned to their own countries. There they erected stupas and brought worship.

57. The brahman asked the Mallas for the container of their relics as his share. He further asked the seven kings about the division of the eighth share. 205

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He took it181 back and enshrined it in a caitya, calling it the Shrine of the Golden Pitcher.

182

58. The people of Kuśinagara collected the remaining ashes and erected a caitya,called the Ashes Shrine.

183

59. The eight stupas erected by the eight kings, the Golden Pitcher, and the Ashes [Shrine]—in this way ten stupas were initially erected in Jambudvīpa. 60. The men and women of the whole country all held up a precious flowered parasol and brought worship to their stupas, decorating them like the golden mountain.

184 Night and day they brought lasting praise with all kinds of music.

61. At that time, five hundred arhats had forever lost the protection of their great teacher. They were afraid, having no one on whom to rely, and returned to Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa. They gathered at the cliff [dwelling] of Lord Śakra185 and assembled the treasury of scriptural texts. 62. All together they promoted the elder Ānanda. "From the first to the

last expositions of the Tathāgata, great and small, you have heard them all! Vaideha muni,proclaim them for the great assembly!" 63. In the great assembly Ānanda ascended the lion throne. Just as the Buddha had expounded his expositions, he declared, "Thus have I heard.

"

64. All in the entire council let their tears flow. They were moved by the sound [of this phrase],

"I have heard.

" It was written down as expounded,

as to the doctrine, as to the time, as to the place, and as to the persons [present at the time of the teaching]. Finally they completed the treasury of the scriptural texts. 65. Through diligent application and study they all obtained nirvana. The same applies to the nirvana one now obtains or will obtain. 66. When King Aśoka ("Without Sorrow") appeared in the world, as an imposing person he could well cause sorrow. As a gentle person he removed sorrow, just like a blossoming aśokatree.

67. Ruling over Jambudvīpa, his mind was steadfastly without any worry and he deeply believed in the Right Law. That is why he was named King Aśoka.

68. Progeny of the Mauryas, he was born endowed with the correct nature. He saved the world all around and erected shrines. His former name was Caṇḍāśoka but his present name is Dharmāśoka. 186

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69. He opened the stupas of the seven kings to collect the relics. He divided them and erected eighty-four thousand stupas in a day. 70. Only the eighth stupa, situated in Rāmagrāma, was guarded by divinedragons. The king could not take those [relics]. 71. Even though he did not obtain its relics, he knew that the Buddha's bequeathed spirit was there, worshiped by divine dragons, and his serene faith increased.

72. While the king ruled over the land, he obtained the first noble fruition.

187He let all in the world everywhere bring worship to the Tathāgata's stupas. In the past, in the future, and in the present, all may obtain deliverance. 73. Those who respectfully brought worship to the Tathāgata when he was in the present world, when he was in nirvana, and to his relics—their merits are equal and without any difference.

74. When a wise one profoundly observes the Tathāgata's qualities with a supreme mind, when he cherishes his path and brings worship, his merits will be excellent too.

75. When the Buddha had obtained his worthy excellent Law, he was worthy of receiving everyone's worship. After he had reached the deathless place, his believers were at ease too. That is why all gods and humans should always bring worship.

76. The highest and most compassionate one has thorough insight into the highest meaning, and saves all beings. Who would not be moved by hearing about him? 77. The suffering of birth, old age, illness, and death—no suffering in the world surpasses these. The suffering of death is the greatest suffering, feared by gods.

78. When he is forever free from the two kinds of suffering, 188 why not

bring him worship? The happiness of not having to experience a later experience [of existence] is unsurpassed among any worldly happiness. 79. The endless round of birth [and rebirth] is the greatest suffering. This suffering is unequaled in the world. The Buddha is free from the suffering of rebirth and neither will he experience the happiness of a later existence. He has extensively shown this to the world. Why not bring him worship? 207

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80. I have praised the most worthy of the munis and his acts throughout [this text]. I did not manifest my own understanding, nor did I seek fame. I have followed the explanations of the Buddha's scriptural texts in order to rescue the world.

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Notes

1 The translator, who produced the Chinese text, is actually Baoyun. See Translator's Introduction.

2 The seven stars of the constellation Ursa Major, the "Big Dipper. "

3 The highest five heavens in the fourth trance (dhyāna) are the pure abodes, śuddhā vāsa. 4 The term used here for spiritual beings is bhūtas. 5 The Rāja-śāstras, the first treatises on political science. 6 Maheśvara is Śiva. He had a six-faced son, Kārttikeya, the god of war, also known as Skanda.

7 The fourfold attitudes of the noble are contentment with clothing, with food, and with a monk's bedding and seating, and also devotion to the way of deliverance by means of appropriate behavior.

8 The fourfold pure conduct is practicing kindness (maitrī), compassion (karuṇā), sympathetic joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekṣā). Also called the four immeasurables. 9 I.e., gold.

10 The explanations of the phrases in this passage vary: "The one" is himself; "the seven" are the seven constituents of royal authority. "Free from the seven": the seven vices

of a king; "the five" are skillful diplomatic means. "Having obtained the three": duty,

riches, and desire, i.e. dharma, artha,and kāma. See Chapter X, stanza 31. "He understood three": the three strengths a king should have; or the three elements listed in stanza 6, above; or the three conditions of continuance, increase, and diminution. "Knowing the two": good and bad policy; "he gave up the two": desire and anger. 11 The northern park of Indra, atop Mount Sumeru. 12 I.e., Vyāsa.

13 I.e., Ṛṣyaśṛṅga.

14 I.e., Ahalyā.

15 I.e., Prabhāsa.

16 The two Aśvins appear in the sky before dawn, and are considered to be the physicians of heaven.

17 Māra rules the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), which contains six kinds of desiring gods.

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Notes

18 The brahmakāyikagods are the first in the first trance (dhyāna) of the material realm, above the realm of desire.

19 20 The three existences are those of the past, present, and future. The Vindhya Mountains are a famous mountain range, far to the south of the Snowy Mountains (the Himalayas). In stanza 42, above, the Bodhisattva was warned by the brahmans not to go south.

21 Ārāḍa was Śākyamuni's famous Sāṃkhya teacher. See Chapter XII, especially stanzas 14-34 and 38-54.

22 23 24 Jñeya water: the water of what is to be known.

Vṛtra was killed by Indra, who then hid himself in the waters. A drought ensued. Cakravākabirds: a pair of ducks, symbols of conjugal love. In China they are usually called yuanyang,mandarin ducks.

25 27 28 29 King Daśaratha mourned for the loss of his son, Rāma. 26 Śakunta,a bird (of prey).

The five ceremonial ornaments are all emblems of social rank. Jayanta was the son of Indra and Śacī.

Vāmadeva and Vasiṣṭha were King Daśaratha's chief minister and his preceptor (purohita). 30 31 32 Śukra and Bṛhaspati, the son of Āṅgirasa, were ministers of Indra. Bṛhaspati, Indra's minister, addressing Jayanta, Indra's son. The Sanskrit version, Chapter IX, stanza 25, mentions Rāma, son of Daśaratha, and Rāma, descendant of Bhṛgu. The Chinese seems to phonetically render rāme(ṇa) ca bhā(rgaveṇa).

33 Chinese mythology holds that the sun comes up in the east underneath a giant mulberry tree, which has one root but two mutually supporting trunks. This tree, the rodhra tree, has yellow flowers, like the color of the Law.

34 35 I.e., Purūravas, an ancient king of the lunar race. His celestial queen was Uruvaśī. Having practiced asceticism, Bali defeated Indra, but Viṣṇu took away his power and Indra regained the upper hand.

36 I.e., Ugrāyudha.

37 38 During the Han, the eastern market in Chang'an was the site of executions. Of the seven vices of kings, four are said to be the result of desire: gambling, drinking, hunting, and womanizing. The Kauravas were gamblers. The Vṛṣṇis and the Andhakas were fond of wine, and the Mekhalas and the Daṇḍakas were addicted to hunting. For the fourth vice, see stanza 37, below.

39 The eight worldly factors are gain and loss, eulogy and defamation, ridicule and praise, joy and sorrow. They are also known as the "eight winds. "

40 The three happinesses: dharma, artha, kāma; i.e., duty, riches, desire. See note 10. 210

Notes

41 The three realms are the realms of desire (kāmadhātu), of form (rūpadhātu), and of no-form (ārūpyadhātu).

42 43 The birds drink from the rain to extinguish the fire, the enemy. Here we have an early explanation of Sāṃkhya philosophy. The individual corporal being, sattva,is made up of eight constituents for primary nature or matter (prakṛti), sixteen constituents for secondary matter, change (vikāra), birth (jāti), death (maraṇa), and old age (jarā). Nature's constituent is mainly the unseen power (avyakta; the text has "seeing,

" perhaps meaning the unseen), but also intellection (buddhi), the self (ahaṃkāra), and the five great elements (earth, water, fire, wind, and space). The sixteen secondary material elements are the five sense faculties and their objects (eye and form; ear and sound; nose and smell; tongue and taste; body and tactile sensation), hands, feet, speech or voice, the organs of generation and secretion, and the faculty of the mind. The five faculties are called the faculties of intellection. Hands, feet, speech, and the two "paths" are the faculties of action. The faculty of the mind is twofold: action and intellection.

44 Instead of the term "knower of the field,

" the text always has "knower of the cause,

"

i.e., the self (ātman). See also stanza 56, below.

45 Prajāpati is thought to be Hiraṇyagarbha. Kapila, the traditional founder of Sāṃkhya, is said to be a personification of Hiraṇyagarbha, the creator. 46 "The seen":vyakta.

47 These are the eight causes of the three items listed in the stanza above: foolishness, action, and desire.

48 The five modes are the fivefold types of ignorance listed here: darkness, delusion, great delusion, anger, and fear.

49 Stanzas 41-47 describe the four trances (dhyānas). The Abhidharma explains them in the same way.

50 In Buddhism, the four trances (dhyānas) occur in the realm of form. The number of heavens associated with them varies. In the case of Aśvaghoṣa, the total number probably was seventeen or eighteen. "Brahma heaven" is a term used to designate all the

heavens of the first trance. Ābhāsvara (Universal Light) and Śubhakṛtsna (Universal Purity) are the highest heavens in the second and third trances. Bṛhatphala is a heaven of the fourth trance, the highest heaven of which is Akaniṣṭha. As Ārāḍa is explaining Sāṃkhya yoga, it seems that the four heavens mentioned in these stanzas may be the highest of his respective trances.

51 Stanzas 48-50 give an explanation of the three spheres (āyatanas) in the immaterial realm. They are the spheres of unlimited space, of unlimited consciousness, and of emptiness. For the fourth sphere, see stanza 70, below.

52 Muñjais a sedge-like grass.

53 Jaigīṣavya, Janaka, and Vṛddha Parāśara, also known as Pañcaśikha, are all Sāṃkhya seers.

54 The "three" that are rejected: foolishness, action, and desire. 211

Notes

55 Sāṃkhya is understood as "enumeration.

" Here, in particular, anything counted as "I" and "mine" seems to be meant.

56 57 58 Guṇa: attribute,quality, or psychic state, specifically of the self. The possessor of an attribute (guṇa)is a guṇin, i.e., a self. Udraka taught the fourth immaterial sphere, i.e., that of of neither perception nor nonperception. 59 Gaja means "elephant.

" This refers to Mount Gayaśiras, famous for its numerous ascetics (whence probably the name Nagarī, "town"), near Gayā.

60 Kumudais a lotus flower.

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 See Chapter V, stanza 12ff. The aśvattha,or bodhitree (ficus religiosa). Three existences of past, present, and future. See note 19. Kṣatriya is the warrior, or noble, caste.

See Chapter XI, stanza 17.

The maiden of the Snowy Mountains is Pārvatī. Maheśvara is Śiva. Bhūta,a spiritual being. See also Chapter I, stanza 30, and note 4. 68 Abhisaṃbodhi: enlightenment.

Both five and six destinations are mentioned throughout the text. Is this Baoyun's "correction"? Or a later scribal error? Or was the number not fixed? 70 The five signs of imminent death are: 1) the flowery crown withers, 2) one's armpits sweat, 3) one's clothes are dirty, 4) the body's brightness is lost, or one has bad body odor, 5) one ceases to enjoy one's original status. 71 72 The three classes are a sense faculty, its object, and the corresponding consciousness. I.e., contact (sparśa), one of the links of dependent origination. See notes 72 and 73 below.

73 Stanzas 41-44 mention ten links of dependent origination: consciousness (vijñāna), name-and-form (nāmarūpa), six sense faculties (ṣaḍāyatana), contact (sparśa), experiencing (vedanā), craving (tṛṣṇā), grasping (upādāna), existence (bhava), birth (jāti), and old age and death (jarāmaraṇa).

74 Here two more links, ignorance or delusion (moha) and formation (saṃskāra), are added, adding up to the twelve links of dependent origination. 75 The four kings are the guardians of the world and of the Law, dwelling on Sumeru. In the east, Dhṛtarāṣṭra; in the south, Virūḍhaka; in the west, Virūpākṣa; and in the north, Vaiśravaṇa.

76 The context makes it clear that "Tathāgata" is interpreted here as "Thus-come, " i.e.,

one who has come to enlightenment.

77 78 The five stars are the constellation Hastā. I.e., the fire that destroys the world at the end of the kalpa(eon). 212

Notes

79 80 Gaja is usually called Gayā Kāśyapa.

I.e., the four pure abodes: 1) of those in the realm of form, and 2) of those in the realm of no-form. Collectively referred to here as the brahmavihāras. 3) the celestial abodes of the six kinds of desiring gods, and 4) the abodes of the noble ones who have embarked on the noble path.

81 82 Bhadrā, the wife of Mahākāśyapa.

The four analytical knowledges (pratisaṃvid): 1) of factors, 2) of the meanings, 3) of expression, and 4) of inspired speech.

83 The Abhidharmahṛdayaexplains that with the ten kinds of knowledge, the ten kinds of affliction are removed. Dharmaśreṣṭhin's work is older than the Buddhacaritaand so is Kātyāyanīputra's Aṣṭagrantha.See the Introduction in C. Willemen, The Essence of Scholasticism (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2006). 84 I.e., having converted from "the three" of brahmans—duty (dharma), riches (artha), and desire (kāma)—to "the three" of Buddhists, the Three Jewels (triratna): Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

85 86 88 89 90 91 The three disciples are Śāriputra, Maudgalyāyana, and Mahākāśyapa. The three poisons, or primary afflictions: greed, anger, and delusion. 87 The three-starred constellation, Jyeṣṭhā.

The thirty-three gods of the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, plus the sun and moon. I.e., fulfillment of the celestial five desires.

I.e., of a stream-winner (srotaāpanna), the first of the four fruitions of a śramaṇa. In the highest of the four immaterial attainments, also known as the highest existence (bhavāgra).

92 The world is not made by Iśvara (stanzas 22-32); neither by any wrong cause, i.e., a specific nature (stanzas 33-47); or by time (stanzas 48-49); or by a self, ātman (stanzas 50-54), nor is it uncaused (stanzas 55-57). 93 94 95 Specific nature is svabhāva,cosmic force.

Attribute: guṇa. See Chapter XII, stanza 62, and note 56. This means a substantial entity (dravya). In Chapter XII, stanza 64, the term guṇin is used. The text does not explicitly mention the three attributes (guṇas) of Sāṃkhya. 96 The body is the support (āśraya) for thought (citta) and for what is counted as thought (caitta).

97 The eight mindfulnesses are wanting little, satisfaction, renunciation, right mindfulness, right concentration, zeal, right wisdom, and absence of idle speech. 98 99 Jambhala, the lord of wealth.

The city of the five mountains is Rājagṛha.

100 The Himalayas.

101 The three actions of body, speech, and mind.

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Notes

102 I.e., the three poisons: greed, anger, and delusion. 103 The fourth action is that which leads to quietude, insight. 104 Amṛtodana was the younger brother of the king, and the father of Devadatta. Another tradition says that Droṇodana, another brother, was the father of Devadatta and the elder brother of Ānanda.

105 Yaśodharā.

106 Mount Kailāsa is the location of Śiva's palace and the residence of Kuvera. 107 The ten directions are the eight cardinal directions, plus the nadir and zenith; i.e., everywhere.

108 Countryman: Triśaṅku; seer: Viśvāmitra, son of Gādhin. The constellation Triśaṅku is thought to be that known as the Southern Cross. 109 I.e., the first three items listed here but not the last one: from "one brightness" (royal position) to another (wisdom).

110 The term for violent whirlwind here isvairambhaka. 111 I.e., the wheel, or cycle, of samsara. 112 Any seer may obtain the five supernatural powers: 1) divine eye, 2) divine ear, 3) knowledge of others' thoughts, 4) knowledge of former existences, and 5) bases of psychic or miraculous powers.

113 I.e., Sāṃkāśya.

114 All converted in or near Rājagṛha. Jyotiṣka was a wealthy person, son of the nirgrantha (Jain) Subhadra. Jivaka was the physician of King Bimbisāra and King Ajātaśatru. Prince Abhaya was a son of Bimbisāra and Āmrapālī. Nyagrodha stayed in the Udumbarīkārāma, in Rājagṛha. Upāli from Nālandā was a Jain who became an upāsaka, lay disciple.

115 Puṣkara is known in Pāli as Pukkusāti, friend of Bimbisāra; he ruled over the northern region, Uttarāpatha, whose capital was Takṣaśilā. 116 Haimavata and Sātāgra were two yakṣademons. 117 Mount Vipula was largest of the five mountains around Rājagṛha. 118 On Mount Pāṣāṇaka there was a shrine where Pārāyaṇika, one of the sixteen disciples of Bāvari, seems to have been converted. 119 At Sthāṇumatī, a village in Magadha, the Buddha stayed in the Āmrayaṣṭikā Grove and converted people.

120 Pañcaśikha was a heavenly musician, present when Śakra met the Buddha. 121 Veṇukaṇṭakī was a village in the land of Avanti. 122 Known as Veṇukaṇḍikā Nandamātā.

123 Pūrṇabhadra, a yakṣa.

124 "Village of dwarfs" translates such words as, for example, vāmana(ka). Āpaṇa, in the land of Aṅguttarāpa, is meant.

214

Notes

125 Aṅgulimāla ("Garland of Fingers") was a famous, cruel thief from Kośala. He robbed and mutilated travelers in the woods of Jālinī. 126 The wealthy Meṇḍhaka from Bhadrika or Bhadra in Aṅgā, seems to be meant here by "Prajīvana.

"

127 Bhadravālin and Bhadra: two yakṣas. 128 Satyaka Nirgranthaputra was a famous Jain, as was Siṃha. 129 Alakāvatī is the city were Kuvera dwells, together with his yakṣa attendants. 130 Called Khara.

131 The gautamakas and māgaṇḍikas are two heretical groups of brahmans. 132 Upāsikās are female lay disciples.

133 Uttarā is better known as Kubjottarā. 134 Devadatta was the nephew of the Buddha. See note 104. 135 Ajātaśatru was the son of Bimbisāra and Vaidehī. He succeeded to the throne after he had his father put in jail. He had been under the influence of Devadatta but repented and became a devout Buddhist.

136 Avīci literally means "without any choice, " with the implication of "interminable. "

137 Āmrapāli was a popular courtesan in Vaiśālī. The text actually just says Āmra. 138 Parinirvāṇa, final nirvana, death.

139 A shrine, often a place where sacred relics are enshrined. 140 I.e., Varṣākāra.

141 The eastern gate.

142 The three woeful destinations are those of hell, hungry ghosts, and animals. 143 The five insignia of royalty: sword; canopy; crown; chowrie (cāmara), a type of whisk; and ornamental footwear.

144 In the Mahāvana, on the banks of the Markaṭa (Monkey) Pond. 145 The four ranges, or spheres, of action (gocara) refer to the four applications of mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna), i.e., to the body (impure), to experiencing (painful), to thoughts (impermanent), and to factors (without a self). These four are explained in stanzas 22-25.

146 I.e., Mount Sumeru.

147 A makarais a huge mythical fish, a fabulous sea creature. 148 The śālagrove mentioned here seems to be the place of the Ānanda Shrine, or Caitya. 149 "The Law" is Dharma; "the discipline" is Vinaya; "what I have proclaimed" refers to the Abhidharma.

150 "Clear expositions" are upadeśa.In stanzas 34-35 Aśvaghoṣa's ideas are mentioned. 151 Usually bhavarāga. Here the term is used as an interpretation of the Sāṃkhya term sattva,goodness, a quality that should be developed. 215

Notes

152 The prātimokṣa is the moral code of the monastic precepts (Vinaya). 153 The first dhyānaof the realm of form (rūpadhātu). See Chapter XII, stanzas 42-43. 154 The "nine concentrations" are the four trances (dhyānas) of the realm of form, and the four immaterial attainments, samāpattis. See Chapter XII, stanzas 44-50 and 70. The ninth is the attainment of extinction, nirodhasamāpatti. 155 See note 75.

156 See note 3.

157 The celestial spirits of the eight classes are eight types of supernatural beings: devas, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kiṃnaras, and mahoragas. 158 A stretch, yin,is a unit of measure corresponding to a hundred-foot length. 159 The Chinese character here, gu, may be understood as having the radical "wood, "

meaning a branch, which agrees with the Tibetan Chapter XXVII, stanza 11. 160 Three divisions: trikāṇḍaka.

161 A śikhi is a crested bird, presumably a peacock or perhaps some kind of crane. 162 The sun, Sūrya, has seven horses. Chinese mythology explains that it descends at night into a cave of Yanzi Mountain, far to the west. 163 I.e., the body.

164 The four benefits, or the four "favorable winds": gain, eulogy, praise, and joy. See note 39.

165 The four losses, or four "unfavorable winds": loss, defamation, ridicule, and sorrow. See note 39.

166 Eight factors: see note 39.

"Group of five": the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa) to attention? I.e., lustful desire, malice, sloth and torpor, excitability, doubt. 167 "With the three": the triple sight? I.e., 1) the physical eye, 2) the divine eye, and 3) the eye of noble wisdom.

"Has seen the three": the three realms or worlds? Or the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha)?

168 "Free from the three": the three poisons of greed, anger, and delusion? "Has accomplished the three": the three actions of body, speech, and mind? 169 "The one": bodhi, enlightenment?

170 Seven births or existences, saptabhava? I.e., the five destinations (gati), the existence of actions (karmabhava), and the intermediate existence (antarābhava), as in the Saptabhava-sūtra mentioned in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, Chapter 3. One may also think of the seven abodes of consciousness, vijñānasthiti. 171 "Long sleep" means death.

172 I.e., a self, ātman.

173 Stanzas 47-51 deal with the five higher knowledges or superknowledges, abhijñā: 1) the divine eye, 2) the divine ear, 3) bases of psychic power (ṛddhipāda), 4) knowledge of others' mental states, and 5) knowledge of the end of impurities. 216

Notes

174 During the Zhou dynasty (eleventh century-221 B.C.E.) a feudal state of the first class was entitled to maintain three kinds of troops. From this comes the general meaning of "three armies.

" Of course, one may think of infantry, chariots, and cavalry. 175 Aniruddha.

176 A caityais a shrine or funeral monument. The Makuṭabandhana Caitya is meant here. 177 The oxhead sandalwood (gośīrṣa candana) referred to here is a special variety of sandalwood.

178 Relics (śarīras) are the bones, etc., that remain after cremation. 179 The seven countries are: 1) the Mallas from Pāpā, 2) the Bulukas from Calakalpā, 3) the Krauḍyas from Rāmagrāma, 4) the Brahmans from Viṣṇudvīpa, 5) the Śākyas from Kapilavastu, 6) the Licchavis from Vaiśālī, and 7) the Varṣākāra, sent by Ajātaśatru from Magadha. It just so happens that in China there were also seven well-known states during the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.E.). 180 The seven luminaries are the sun, moon, and five planets: Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, and Saturn. The term may be used to indicate the days of the week. 181 After the Mallas of Kuśinagara and the seven kings had agreed to share the relics, the eighth share was transported in a golden pitcher. 182 Sauvarṇakumbha bhṛṅgāra.The stupa may be called Kumbha Stupa. 183 Aṅgāra Stupa.

184 Mount Kailāsa? See note 106.

185 Indraśailaguhā, the cavern of Indra's Rock.

186 As a conqueror, Aśoka (lit.,

"Without Sorrow") was called Caṇḍa ("Fierce"). After his conversion he was known as Dharma (virtuous, dutiful). 187 The fruition of stream-winning. He was a srotaāpanna,having gained the first of the four fruitions of a śramaṇa, asceticism.

188 The two kinds of suffering: 1) On earth (stanza 77ab), and 2) in heaven (stanza 77cd). 217

Glossary

Abhidharma: A collection of treatises containing detailed analyses of the psychological and spiritual content of early Buddhist teachings; one of the three divisions of the Tripiṭaka. See alsoTripiṭaka.

Abhidharmakośa: The Treatise on the Storehouse of the Abhidharma by Vasubandhu (ca. 350-430); a very important text in the propagation and development of Chinese Buddhism.

abhisaṃbodhi: Full and complete enlightenment attained by the Buddha. Ānanda: The cousin of the Buddha who served as his close disciple and personal attendant.

arhat: "One who is worthy,

" a saint who has eradicated the passions and attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara); arhatship is the highest of the four stages of spiritual development in early Buddhism. See also samsara. Aśoka ("Without Sorrow"): King of the Maurya kingdom in northern India (ca. 264-227 B.C.E.). A convert to Buddhism after a particularly bloody series of battles, Aśoka implemented a "reign of Dharma" and state support of Buddhism. According to the Sarvāstivāda tradition, during his reign the Buddhist sangha was divided by a schism that led to the development of two main schools.

asura:A supernatural being, or demigod, constantly engaged in warring against the gods; one of the six woeful destinations in samsara. See also destinations; samsara. Avīci: The worst of the eight hot hells, located deep beneath Jambudvīpa, the continent where human beings live. In Chinese it is rendered in different ways, e.g., "without

any choice,

" with the implication of "interminable.

" See alsohell.

bhikṣu:A mendicant or Buddhist monk, a fully ordained member of the sangha. bodhi:Enlightenment, the state of undefiled purity and eternal bliss. bodhisattva: Lit.,

"enlightenment being.

" Originally an appellation of the Buddha, before

his enlightenment. Later the term was used generally for an excellent practitioner or teacher. In the Mahayana, the bodhisattva is one who has engendered the profound aspiration to achieve enlightenment (bodhicitta) on behalf of all sentient beings, through the practice of the six perfections (pāramitās) and the eventual attainment of a series of spiritual stages (bhūmis). See alsoMahayana; six perfections. brahmadeva: Brahma, the highest god according to certain Hindu beliefs; the first and lowest of the four dhyāna(trance) heavens in the realm of form. See alsodhyāna; three realms.

219

Glossary

caitya:A shrine or funerary monument. See also stupa.

dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda): The fundamental Buddhist doctrine that all phenomena (dharmas) arise in relation to causes and conditions and in turn are the causes and conditions for the arising of other phenomena. Nothing exists independently of its causes and conditions. See also dharma. destinations: The six realms of rebirth in which sentient beings transmigrate in samsara, consisting of three upper relams of gods, asuras, and human beings; and three lower realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hell. Both five and six destinations are mentioned in this text, and are often referred to as "woeful, " because they are part of

the cycle of samsara. See also asura; hell; hungry ghost; samsara. dharma: Phenomenon, factor, element; the elements that make up the perceived phenomenal world. Dharma: The Buddhist teaching, truth, or law. See also Law.

dhyāna: Meditation; a state of meditative concentration and absorption, also referred to as a trance.

four great kings: Acording to Buddhist cosmology, the guardian gods of the four directions, the kings of the four great continents surrounding Mount Sumeru: 1) Dhṛta rāṣṭra in the east; 2) Virūḍhaka in the south; 3) Virūpākṣa in the west; and 4) Vaiśravaṇa in the north. See alsoMount Sumeru.

four noble tuths: The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism: 1) the truth of suffering, 2) the truth of the cause of suffering, 3) the truth of the cessation of suffering, and 4) the truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering, i.e., the noble eightfold path. See also noble eightfold path.

gandharva:A type of supernatural being; a heavenly musician. gāthā:Stanza; one of the twelve (or nine) types of Buddhist scriptures; gāthārepeat in verse form the substance of the discourses in prose found in sutras. See alsosutra. hell (naraka): The lowest level of samsaric existence, where those who have committed offenses are reborn and suffer torment for many eons. There are eight hot hells and eight cold hells. See alsoAvīci; destinations; samsara.

hungry ghost (preta): One who is reborn into one of the lower destinations of samsaric existence, where beings suffer the torment of insatiable hunger. See alsodestinations; samsara.

Jainism: One of India's traditional religions, known for its emphasis on nonviolence (ahiṃsā). The founder, Vardharmāna, known as Mahāvīra, was nearly contemporary of Śākyamuni. After twelve years of asceticism he gained insight and was called jina,

"excellent one.

"

kalpa:An eon, an immensely long period of time; also a period of great cosmic change. kāṣāya:A dyed garment; the robe worn by a Buddhist monastic. Law: Dharma, the Buddhist teaching or truth, the understanding and application of which leads ultimately to nirvana. Also appears in this text as "Law of delivernace, " "Law

of tranquility.

" See alsoDharma; nirvana.

220

Glossary

Mahayana: Lit.,

"Great Vehicle"; a movement within Buddhism that developed in India around 100 B.C.E.and which exalts as its religious ideal the bodhisattva. See also bodhi sattva.

mandāra, mahāmāndārava flowers: Flowers of the mandāra(coral) tree. Māra: Lit.,

"death-agent,

" the Evil One, arch-enemy of all who seek to live a holy life. He rules the sensual world.

Mount Sumeru: In Buddhist cosmology, the highest mountain rising from the center of the world (axis mundi); it has four sides, is narrower in the center, and is surrounded by eight mountain ranges. In the ocean between the seventh and eighth of these ranges are the four great continents. See also four great kings. muni: Sage; one who has achieved tranquility.

Nirgrantha: Jain ascetic, a follower of Mahāvīra, said to be a contemporary of the Buddha. See also Jainism.

nirvana: Liberation from samsara, a state of perfect peace in which all the passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom attained. See also samsara. noble eightfold path: The eight aspects of practice for attaining nirvana, as taught by the Buddha; the fourth of the four noble truths: 1) right view, 2) right thought, 3) right speech, 4) right action, 5) right livelihood, 6) right effort, 7) right mindfulness, and 8) right concentration. See also four noble truths; nirvana. parinirvāṇa:Complete nirvana, commonly used to describe the death of the Buddha (ca. 483 B.C.E.). See also nirvana.

prātimokṣa:The code of precepts contained in the Vinaya, one of the three parts of the Tripiṭaka; the moral code for monastic life. See alsoVinaya. Śākyamuni: Lit.,

"Sage of the Śākyas"; the historical Buddha who lived in Central India in the fifth century B.C.E., and whose life and teachings form the basis of Buddhism. samādhi:Concentration, focusing the mind on one point. Sāṃkhya: Lit.,

"Enumeration.

" One of the six schools of classical Hindu philosophy. samsara: The cycle of existence, the continuous round of birth and death through which beings transmigrate; the world of suffering, contrasted with the liberation and peace of nirvana. See alsonirvana.

sense faculties: The sense perceptions that correspond to the six sense organs—visual (eye), auditory (ear), olfactory (nose), gustatory (tongue), tactile (body), and mental perceptions (mind).

six perfections (pāramitās): Six qualities that are to be perfected by bodhisattvas as they progress along the path to enlightenment: 1) giving or generosity (dāna), 2) ethics or morality (śīla), 3) patience or forbearance (kṣānti), 4) energy or effort (vīrya), 5) meditation (dhyāna), and 6) wisdom (prajñā). See alsobodhisattva. soma:An intoxicating drink made from the juice of the milkweed plant. śramaṇa:A wandering ascetic, mendicant.

221

Glossary

stream-winner (srotaāpanna): The first of the four stages of spiritual attainment in early Buddhist teachings; one who has entered the stream of the Dharma. stupa: A monument, usually conical in form, containing relics of the Buddha or marking the site of an important event in the Buddha's life and which serves as a site for worship and veneration. See also caitya.

sutra: A scriptural text, discourses of the Buddha. Capitalized, the term refers to one of the parts of the Tripiṭaka, the Buddhist canon. See alsoTripiṭaka. Tathāgata: An epithet of the Buddha, meaning one who has gone to (gata) and come from (āgata) suchness (tathā). In Chinese it is rendered as "Thus-come. "

three realms: The three realms of samsaric existence, consisting of the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), i.e., the world of ordinary consciousness accompanied by desires; the realm of form, or material realm (rūpadhātu), in which desires have been eliminated but the physical body remains; and the realm of no-form, or immaterial realm (ārūpyadhātu), in which the physical form no longer exists. Tripiṭaka: Lit.,

"three baskets"; the three divisions of the Buddhist canon, consisting of Abhi dharma (treatises), Sutra (discourses), and Vinaya (monastic code). See also Abhi dharma; sutra; Vinaya.

unique vehicle (ekayāna): Aside from its obvious meaning, this term is also used to denote the "one vehicle,

" as mentioned in the Lotus Sutra,which unites the teachings of early Buddhism and the Mahyana. The latter meaning was popular in Nanjing in the fifth century, propagated by such scholars as Huiguan. Vinaya: Precepts and rules of conduct for monastics; one of the three divisions of the Tripiṭaka. See alsoTripiṭaka.

yakṣa:A type of supernatural being; a kind of demon, fearsome in appearance. 222

Bibliography

Bareau, A. Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha. 3 vols. Paris: Presses de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, 1971-1995. Beal, S. Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king. A Life of Buddha by Aśvaghosa Bodhisattva. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975, reprint. Hokazono, K.

"Amṛtānanda ni yoru Buddhacarita no fuka bubun, " Kagoshima Keizai

Daigaku Ronshū 22 (1981): 2-4; Daigaku Ronshū 23 (1982): 1; Daigaku Ronshū 24 (1983): 2.

Jackson, D. P.

"On the Date of the Tibetan Translation of Aśvaghoṣa's Buddhacarita, "

Studia Indologiczne4 (1997): 41-62. Johnson, E. H.

"The Buddha's Mission and Last Journey: Buddhacarita,XV-XXVIII, "

Acta Orientalia15 (1937): 26-62, 85-111, 231-92. —

. The Buddhacarita or Acts of the Buddha.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2004, reprint. Ōminami, R. Busshogyōsan, in Shin kokuyaku Daizōkyō, Hon '

enbu 1, pp. 125-426.

Tokyo: Daizō Shuppansha, 2002. Siegling, W. Ein Glossar zu Aśvaghoṣas Buddhacarita. Göttingen: Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Indologie und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Göttingen Nr. 3, 1985.

Waldschmidt, E. Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra. Berlin: Abhangdlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst Jahrgang, Nr. 2 (1950), Nr. 3 (1951). Weller, F. Das Leben des Buddha von Aśvaghoṣa.Liepzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer, 1926. Veröffentlichungen des Forschunginstitut für vergliechende Religionsgeschichte an der Universität Liepzig, Reihe II, Heft 3. Wohlgemuth, E. Über die Chinesische Version von Aśvaghoṣas Buddhacarita. Berlin: Abt. 1 (Osasiatische Studien), 1916. 223

Index

A

Ābhāsvara Heaven 86, 212 Abhaya 151, 215 Abhidharma (see alsoTripiṭaka) 211, 216

Abhidharmahṛdaya 213 Abhidharmakośabhāṣya 217 abhisaṃbodhi 99, 212 abode(s) 63, 81, 110, 175, 217 brahma 123

celestial 123, 213 of the noble 111, 123, 213 pure 5, 21, 23, 32, 36, 44, 90, 96, 134, 135, 136, 145, 190, 209, 213 accumulation 33, 49, 111 adamantine 10, 98, 170, 191, 192, 198 Āditya 14, 71

affliction(s) 86, 104, 105, 107, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 124, 135, 163, 167, 174, 185, 188, 192, 193, 194, 198, 213

ten kinds of 127, 213 Agastya 28

Agniveśya 152

Ahalyā 209

Aiḷa (see alsoPurūravas) 76, 94 Aja 57

Ajātaśatru 154, 215, 216, 218 Ājñāta Kauṇḍinya 112 Alakāvatī 152, 215 Alāyudha 203

alms, almsround(s) 70, 71, 72, 80, 86, 105, 123, 124, 138, 141, 143, 185 Ambarīṣa 65

Āmra Garden, Grove 158, 161 Āmrapālī 157-160, 165, 215, 216 Āmrayaṣṭikā Grove 215 Amṛtānanda xiii Amṛtodana 141, 214 Ānanda 141, 154, 167, 168, 169, 176, 177, 181, 206, 214 Ānanda Caitya, Shrine 216 Anāthapiṇḍada 129-130, 133, 135, 136, 145

anchorite(s) 45, 48, 60 Andhakas 78, 203, 211 Aṅgā 215

Aṅgada 151

Aṅgapura 151

Aṅgāra Stupa (see alsoAshes Shrine) 218

Aṅgiras 7

Āṅgirasa 60, 210 Aṅgulimāla 152, 215 Aṅguttarāpa 215 animal(s) (see alsobeast) 5, 21, 24, 39, 47, 52, 63, 65, 91, 96, 100, 101, 108, 162, 177, 184, 185 destination 100, 134, 216 king(s) of (see alsolion) 4, 45, 105 six domestic 20 Aniruddha 141, 188, 189, 191, 218 annihilation (see alsotwo extremes; views, two, of the two extremes) 33, 111, 183

Antideva 8, 61, 66 225

Index

Anuja 61

Apalāla 153

Āpaṇa 215

Ārāḍa 50, 59, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 105, 210, 212

arhat(s), arhatship xiii, 109, 113, 114, 125, 196, 206

Arhat (see also Buddha) 114 Āṣāḍha 61

ascetic(s) 8, 9, 147, 212 asceticism (see also austerities) 10, 28, 34, 46, 48, 49, 55, 66, 76, 89, 94, 97, 98, 101, 108, 109, 110, 115, 118, 126, 162, 210, 218

forest of 40, 44, 45, 52, 53, 59, 65, 89, 117

Ashes Shrine (see alsoAṅgāra Stupa) 206

Asita 8, 11, 57 Aśoka xiii, 206, 218 aśoka tree 206 Aṣṭagrantha 213 asura(s) 78, 163, 188, 190, 217 Aśvaghoṣa xiii-xiv, 1, 211, 216 Aśvajit 108, 113, 123, 124 aśvatthagrove, tree (see also bodhi grove, tree) 93, 212 Aśvins 45, 210 Āṭavika 152

ātman.Seeself

Ātreya 7, 152

Atri 7, 141

attachment(s) 28, 73, 77, 84, 85, 100, 107, 110, 135, 146 attribute(s) 88, 132, 133, 212, 214 augur (see alsoseer) 157 Aurva 4

austerities (see alsoasceticism) 41, 46, 47, 50, 66, 89, 108, 109, 140, 185 Avanti 215

Avīci Hell 155, 216 226

awakening (see also bodhi;enlightenment) 6, 10, 91, 97, 111, 197 right 9, 11, 50, 89, 91, 97, 103, 107, 109, 140

āyatanas. Seethree spheres Ayodhyā 153

B

Bāhu 61

Bahuputraka Shrine 125 Baka 203

Bali 76, 210

Baoyun xiv-xvii, 209, 212 Bāvari 215

beast(s) (see also animal) 28, 45, 95 Bhadra 152, 215 Bhadrā 213

Bhadraka 152

Bhadrakarma 152 Bhadravālin 152, 215 Bhadrika 108, 152, 215 Bhārgas 153

Bhārgava 39

Bheṣaka 153

bhikṣu(s) (see also monk) 32, 107, 114, 115, 117, 123, 124, 125, 136, 154, 158, 159, 175, 183, 185 five 89, 90, 105, 109, 113 Bhīṣma 61

Bhoganagara 175 Bhṛgu 7, 210

bhūta.Seespiritual beings Bimbisāra 69, 70, 73, 75, 113, 117, 119, 120, 123, 215, 216 bird(s) 5, 10, 19, 24, 28, 36, 39, 42, 45, 46, 47, 52, 58, 61, 63, 65, 70, 77, 78, 81, 87, 91, 95, 108, 145, 146, 149, 162, 166, 177, 185, 187, 192, 210, 211, 217

birth (see alsobirth and death) xvi, 4, 6, 10, 17, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42, 49, 62, 63,

65, 75, 80, 84, 85, 102, 103, 118, 120, 130, 139, 140, 147, 164, 170, 182, 187, 207, 211, 213, 217

of the Buddha, Śākyamuni xiii, xvi, 3-6, 9, 11, 14

birth and death (see alsorebirth; samsara) 10, 31, 32, 34, 43, 46, 47, 59, 80, 83, 89, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 110, 111, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 130, 132, 135, 139, 140, 148, 163, 169, 170, 175, 178, 181, 182, 187, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 bodhi(see also awakening; enlightenment) 90, 217 bodhigrove, tree 93, 95, 104, 105, 212 bodhisattva(s) xiv, 17

Bodhisattva (see also Buddha) 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 46, 48, 49, 61, 70, 71, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 210

Bodhisattva Aśvaghoṣa

'

s Kāvya. See

Maming pusa zan

body(ies) 11, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 56, 71, 78, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 100, 102, 109, 110, 111, 114, 119, 125, 126, 130, 138, 146, 148, 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 167, 168, 177, 178, 183, 185, 187, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217

of the Crown Prince, Buddha, Tathāgata 4, 15, 22, 33, 42, 43, 53, 59, 63, 89, 90, 91, 95, 115, 141, 142, 166, 168, 169, 175, 176, 177, 178, 193, 197, 198, 201

luminous (see alsostar) 7 body, speech, and mind (see alsothree actions) 214, 217

bond(s) (see alsofetters) 10, 83, 87, 98, 114, 119, 130, 132

brahmadeva 8

Index

Brahma, Brahmadeva 15, 104, 105, 115, 117, 137

Brahma Heaven 86, 105, 112, 211 brahmakāyika god(s) 46, 210 brahman(s) xiii, 6, 7, 11, 25, 26, 45, 46, 48, 49, 55, 57, 59, 83, 85, 87, 107, 108, 115, 151, 152, 153, 157, 181, 182, 183, 191, 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 213, 215

Brahmans 218

brahmavihāras. Seeabode(s), brahma, of the pure

Brahmāyus 152

Bṛhadvājin 152

Bṛhaspati 7, 28, 48, 60, 210 Bṛhatphala Heaven 87, 212 Buddha (see alsoBodhi sattva; Crown Prince; Gautama; Śākyamuni; Tathāgata; World-honored One) xiv, xvi, 103, 104, 105, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 216

body (see alsobody, of the Crown Prince, Buddha, Tathāgata) 141, 169, 197, 198

disciple(s) 112, 119

divine power 140, 149, 150, 161 extinction, nirvana, parinirvāṇa 183, 189, 190, 191, 196, 198

name 129, 136

path 4, 182

qualities, virtue 104, 116, 153, 196 relics 201, 205

wisdom 175, 191

227

Index

buddha(s) 4, 109, 150 eye 104

former, of the past 5, 33, 91, 98, 170, 197

of future worlds 170 Buddhabhadra xiv, xv Buddhacarita xiii-xvii, 213 Chinese xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii Indian xv

Nepalese xvi

Sanskrit xiii, xvi Taishō edition xv

Tibetan xiii

Buddhacarita-kāvya. SeeFo benxing zan Buddhacarita-sūtra.SeeFo benxing jing Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha (see also Three Jewels) 157, 213, 217 Buddha

'

s Acts.SeeBuddhacarita Buddhism xiii, 211 Buddhist(s) xiv, 213, 216 Bulukas 218

Busshogyōsan xiv

C

caitya(see also stupa) 197, 206, 218 Calakalpā 218

Caṇḍa, Caṇḍāśoka (see alsoAśoka) xiii, 206, 218

Caṇḍa. SeeKaniṣka

Candramas 25, 28

causality 9, 62, 87, 115, 120, 124, 132, 146, 147, 178, 183 cause(s) 7, 47, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 100, 102, 111, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 147, 166, 183, 194, 211, 214

for, of birth 65, 102 and conditions 87, 133, 169, 183 for, of deliverance 40, 61, 64, 135 and effect, fruition, result 9, 55, 64, 133, 139

228

knower of (see also self) 84, 87, 88, 124, 211

of suffering 47, 111, 140, 188 celestial 5, 9, 14, 15, 25, 44, 48, 51, 56, 63, 73, 94, 103, 130, 146, 158, 170, 190, 191, 195, 214 abodes 123, 213

crown(s) 53, 61, 71, 79, 142, 161 flowers 98, 112

happiness(es) 47, 57, 76, 78 king(s), ruler 4, 12, 63, 76, 93, 104, 136, 139

maiden(s) 55, 76, 93, 159 music 15, 35, 103, 112, 165, 197 palace(s) 43, 104, 150, 165, 190 queen 15, 25, 26, 28, 210 son(s) 25, 28, 36, 43, 44, 46, 191, 192 spirit(s) 11, 12, 23, 38, 41, 50, 55, 56, 59, 73, 90, 105, 112, 151, 157, 190, 217

Celestial Nanda Garden 24 Central Asia xiv

Central India(n) (see also India) xiii, xv, 221

Chandaka 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Chang'an xiv, xvii, 211 Chengshi lun xiii

China xiv, 210, 218 Chinese xiv, xvi, xvii, 210, 217 language xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, 209, 210, 217

Classics xvi

common, commonplace 3, 23, 26, 45, 55, 70, 79, 86, 113, 114, 117, 131, 137, 141, 143, 146, 149, 169, 173, 196, 197

commoner(s), common people, person 75, 83, 85, 105, 108, 109, 114, 130, 137, 149 compassion, compassionate 16, 31, 42, 60, 97, 105, 126, 135, 143, 154, 164,

170, 173, 174, 179, 188, 189, 205, 207, 209

great 3, 10, 99, 104, 105, 109, 126, 140, 159, 183, 196

concentration(s) 98, 99, 101, 102, 110, 112, 126, 134, 187, 189, 190, 214 nine 189, 216

Confucian xvi

consciousness(es) 23, 56, 65, 102, 103, 120, 174, 194, 213, 217

six 120

unlimited 87, 212

constellation(s) (see also planet; star) 20, 146, 209, 213, 214

conversion, convert(ed) xiii, xiv, 15, 16, 66, 115, 123, 129, 137, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 162, 165, 174, 195, 203, 213, 215, 218 covetousness, hatred, and delusion (see alsogreed, anger, and delusion; three poisons) 78

craving 80, 101, 102, 103, 139, 182, 213 Crown Prince (see alsoBuddha; Siddhār tha) 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 83, 84, 86, 87, 137, 142 Cunda 176

D

Daṇḍa 151

Daṇḍakas 78, 211

Daochang Temple xv

Daśabala Kāśyapa 108

Daśaratha 57, 210

Da Zhoushi (see alsoTan Wuchen) xv death (see alsobirth and death; old age, illness, and death) 10, 11, 16, 24, 27, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 47, 54, 57, 62, 63, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 100, 101, 102, 103, Index

120, 130, 139, 148, 153, 160, 185, 187, 207, 211, 213, 216, 217 five signs of 101, 212

of Śākyamuni (see also pari nirvāṇa) xiii

deathless, deathlessness 37, 207 deer 14, 35, 37, 44, 45, 46, 78, 80 deliverance 5, 6, 32, 59, 64, 65, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 104, 109, 117, 118, 125, 126, 132, 133, 135, 168, 184, 186, 189, 207, 209

cause for, of 40, 61, 64, 135 gate of 10, 170

path of 10, 65, 81, 93, 110, 125, 181, 186

true 34, 50, 75, 81, 87, 186 delusion (see also ignorance) 10, 22, 27, 62, 85, 101, 103, 125, 127, 149, 168, 174, 182, 193, 211, 213

eight kinds of 85

four kinds of 188

great 85, 188

demon(s) (see also yakṣa) 93, 151, 152, 153, 203, 215

dependent origination 213 desire(s) (see alsoduty, riches, desire) 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 40, 50, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 96, 101, 108, 110, 111, 117, 118, 126, 129, 135, 142, 143, 159, 160, 163-64, 167, 174, 177, 182, 186, 189, 192, 196, 203, 209, 211, 212, 217 five 10, 17, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 47, 62, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 85, 93, 118, 135, 139, 142, 148, 149, 158, 159, 174, 187, 203, 205, 214

for existence 130, 182

for matter 87, 126

object(s) of 10, 50, 77, 78, 80, 83, 148 realm of 86, 210, 211, 222 229

Index

destination(s) 42, 81, 154 animal 100, 134, 216 five, six 85, 99, 101, 131, 134, 139, 159, 212, 216, 217 of humans 100

of hungry ghosts 57, 100, 134 woeful 43, 77, 80, 99, 104, 111, 129, 133, 140, 146, 159, 163, 184, 216 Devadatta 153, 155, 214, 216 devas (see also god) 217 dharma, artha, kāma. Seeduty, riches, desire

Dharma (see also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Law) 216

Dharma, Dharmāśoka (see alsoAśoka) 206, 218

Dharmaguptaka xiv

Dharmarddhin (see alsoTan Wuchen) xv

Dharmaśreṣṭhin 213 Dharmavṛddhin (see alsoTan Wuchen) xv

Dhṛtarāṣṭra 213, 220 Dīrghatapas Gautama 25 disciple(s) 84, 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125, 127, 137, 141, 177, 183, 189, 213, 215

lay 215, 216

discipline (see alsoVinaya) 97, 175, 176, 216

dragon(s) 37, 38, 43, 73, 91, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 145

-elephant 26, 61, 192 kings 4, 153

-snakes 96

Dragon-Elephant Gate 197 Droṇa 202

Droṇodana 214

Druma 61, 66

duck(s) (see alsomandarin ducks) 55, 210

230

duty, riches, desire (see also three happinesses) 72, 209, 211 dyed garment, robe (see also kāṣāya; robe) 44, 60, 114, 142, 162 E

eightfold path 103, 110, 111, 182 eight winds. Seeeight worldly factors eight worldly factors 79, 193, 211, 217 element(s) 130, 195, 211 five great 84, 91, 211 four 22

objective 84, 85, 87 elephant(s) 11, 13, 26, 33, 41, 56, 83, 95, 139, 154, 167, 185, 187, 190, 192, 194, 201, 212

dragon- 26, 61, 192 maddened 19, 33, 34, 149, 151, 153, 154, 184

emptiness 87, 212

enlightenment (see also awakening; bodhi) 212, 213, 217 eon(s) 4, 13, 17, 97, 98, 101, 147, 155, 177, 189, 194, 195 fire of 115, 148, 191, 213 Essence of Scholasticism, The(Willemen) 213 evil, evildoer(s) 14, 47, 54, 77, 86, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 115, 116, 131, 133, 145, 146, 147, 153, 155, 159, 163, 184, 185, 187, 195 extinction 10, 32, 47, 49, 65, 80, 84, 103, 111, 119, 120, 124, 126, 130, 132, 134, 135, 140, 148, 165, 167, 169, 170, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 189, 191, 196, 197, 199, 217 eye (see alsosense faculties, senses) 84, 211, 217

buddha 104

celestial, divine, highest, of purity, universal 50, 99, 101, 102, 111, 135, 195, 215, 217

Index

of the Law 110, 112, 120, 124, 125 of wisdom 93, 188, 217 of the world (see also Buddha) 177 F

factor(s) 84, 124, 126, 132, 133, 183, 188, 191, 213, 216

eight worldly 79, 93, 211, 217 faculties 15, 16, 21, 23, 33, 52, 59, 65, 72, 84, 86, 89, 90, 102, 107, 110, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 123, 129, 142, 147, 158, 159, 184, 193, 195, 211 of action 84, 211

of intellection 84, 211 of mind 84, 211

sense 71, 89, 102, 103, 109, 120, 159, 177, 184, 195, 211, 213 faith 118, 125, 129, 140, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 160, 183, 185, 207 Faxian xiv, xv

Fei Changfang xv

fetters (see also bond) 135, 188 First Council xiii

five desires 17, 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 47, 62, 63, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 85, 93, 135, 139, 159, 203, 205, 214

objects of 10, 28, 29, 34, 73, 75, 77, 118, 148, 174, 187

five modes 85, 211

Fo benxing jing xv

Fo benxing zan xv

foolish, foolishness 22, 27, 32, 42, 54, 62, 63, 64, 75, 76, 77, 80, 85, 86, 97, 109, 110, 117, 126, 196, 203 foolishness, action, and desire 84, 211, 212

forbearance 97, 98, 185, 194, 203, 204 forest (s) (see alsomountain; wilderness) 3, 6, 8, 17, 33, 39, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 78, 90, 95, 98, 99, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 143, 146, 162, 188, 194 of asceticism 40, 44, 45, 52, 53, 59, 65, 89, 117

formation(s) 103, 130, 167, 169, 191, 213

four analytical knowledges 126, 213 four benefits, four losses (see also eight worldly factors) 193, 217 fourfold attitudes of the noble (see also abodes, of the noble) 13, 209 fourfold pure conduct 14, 209 four kings 105, 190, 213 four pure abodes. Seeabodes, pure, of the noble

four ranges (see also mindfulness, four applications of) 168, 169 fruition(s) 9, 21, 43, 46, 64, 65, 81, 83, 87, 90, 113, 114, 118, 120, 125, 129, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141, 147 of arhatship 113

first 130, 207, 214, 218 of a śramaṇa 214, 218 G

Gādhin 7, 214

Gaja (see also Gayā Kāśyapa) 116, 213 Gaja Mountain (see alsoMount Gaya śiras) 89, 115, 152, 178 Gandhāra 151, 153

gandharva(s) 15, 35, 217 Ganges River 16, 69, 108, 157, 158, 162, 170

Gansu province xv

Gardabha 152

Garuḍa 198

garuḍas 217

gāthā(s) (see alsostanza) 151, 175, 191 Gautama (see alsoBuddha) 28, 108, 109 Gautama Ford 158

Gautama Gate 157, 158 231

Index

gautamaka(s) 152, 215

Gautamī (see also Mahāprajāpāti Gautamī) 41 Gayā 108, 212

Gayā Kāśyapa (see also Gaja) 213 god(s) 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 59, 60, 65, 71, 72, 89, 91, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 112, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 134, 138, 139, 140, 148, 150, 151, 154, 158, 163, 165, 169, 177, 178, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 197, 199, 203, 207, 209, 210 brahmakāyika 46, 210

immaterial, of no form 126, 148 of the pure abodes 5, 21, 23, 32, 36, 90, 96, 190

six kinds of desiring 210, 213 thirty-three 76, 213

Vasu 45

going forth (see also renunciation) 11, 17, 34, 60, 64, 141

greed, anger, and delusion (see also covetousness, hatred, and delusion; three poisons) 63, 97, 104, 139, 154, 197, 213, 214, 217

guṇa.Seeattribute

Guzang (see alsoLiangzhou) xv, xvi H

Haimavata 151, 215

Han dynasty xvii, 211

happiness(es) 6, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 46, 47, 64, 73, 77, 79, 80, 81, 86, 102, 107, 120, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 147, 148, 149, 161, 162, 163, 175, 186, 191, 194, 207 celestial 47, 57, 76, 78, 129 of the five desires 35, 129, 139 of going forth, renunciation 35, 64, 86 232

in, of the Law, Right Law 8, 49, 55, 60, 63, 73, 129, 146, 160, 181, 194, 197, 202, 205

of prosperity 37, 141

of quietude, subtle, of tranquility 129, 178, 188

of rebirth in heaven 17, 46, 49, 50, 79, 94, 101, 135, 151, 186

three (see also duty, riches, desire) 80, 211

worldly 17, 22, 108, 141, 163, 207 Harivarman xiii

Haryaṅka family 75

Haryaśva 134

Hastā 213

Hastaka 152

heaven(s) 14, 17, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 57, 65, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 80, 85, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 104, 111, 119, 129, 130, 135, 136, 146, 151, 163, 167, 170, 186, 190, 191, 195, 196, 210, 211-212, 218

hell(s) 99, 101, 216

heretic(s), heretical 7, 16, 47, 149, 150, 153, 173, 181, 194, 215

Hotan. SeeKhotan

Hikata Ryūshō xv

Himalayas (see alsoSnowy Mountains) 210, 214

Hindu xvi

Hiraṇyagarbha (see alsoKapila; Prajāpati) 211 Hiraṇyavatī River 176, 197 horse(s) 9, 11, 13, 14, 19, 24, 26, 31, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 95, 139, 184, 192, 196, 201, 205, 217

householder(s) (see alsoworldling) 149, 186, 187

Huiguan xv, xvii

Index

hungry ghost(s) 57, 100, 101 destination of 57, 100, 134, 216 I

ignorance (see also delusion) 88, 110, 127, 149, 168, 170, 174, 176, 187, 211, 213

Ikṣvāku 3, 7, 45, 59, 83, 104, 123 immortal, immortality 9, 37, 83, 107, 110, 112, 121, 124, 130, 134, 139, 140, 141, 151, 154, 175, 194 impermanence 24, 28, 29, 32, 40, 62, 76, 77, 80, 126, 130, 134, 147, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195 incense (see also sandalwood) 5, 53, 145 India, Indian (see also Central India) xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 1, 219 Indra 209, 210, 218 Indra's Rock. SeeIndraśailaguhā Indraśailaguhā 218 insight 4, 17, 60, 83, 107, 112, 114, 133, 135, 141, 154, 164, 174, 181, 183, 191, 195, 207, 214 Īśvara 65, 69, 89, 102, 124, 131, 148, 169

J

Jaigīṣavya 87, 212 Jain (see alsonirgrantha) 151, 215 Jālinī 215

Jambhala 214

Jambudvīpa 150, 190, 206 jāmbūnada 14

jambūtree 32, 90 Janaka 7, 61, 87, 212 Japanese xiv

Jātiśroṇi 152 Jayanta 59, 60, 210 Jeta 135, 136 Jetavana 145

Jiankang xv, xvi, xvii Jīvaka 151

Johnston, E. H. xiv jñeyawater 50, 210 Jupiter 218

Jyeṣṭhā 213

Jyotiṣka 151, 215 K

Kakśīvat 4

Kāla 91

Kālaka 153

Kālāma family 83 Kālidāsa xiii Kalmāṣadamya 152 kalpa.Seeeon

Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā xiii kāmadhātu. Seerealm, of desire Kaniṣka xiii

Kapila (see also Hiraṇyagarbha; Prajāpati) 84, 123, 152, 211 Kapilavastu 12, 41, 43, 51, 137, 141, 145, 218

Kapiñjalāda 28 Karandhama 202 karṇikāra flowers 36, 171 Kārttikeya 209 kāṣāya (see also dyed garment; robe) 44, 71, 141

Kāśi (see alsoVārāṇasī) 105, 108 Kaśmīra xiii

Kāśyapa (see alsoMahākāśyapa) 115, 116, 118, 119, 198 Kāśyapa family, seers (see alsoDaśa bala Kāśyapa; Gaya Kāśyapa; Kāśyapa; Mahākāśyapa; Uruvilva Kāśyapa) 115, 117, 118, 125 Kātyāyana 152 Kātyāyanīputra 213 Kauṇḍinya family (see alsoĀjñāta Kauṇḍinya) 108, 112 Kauravas 78, 203, 211 233

Index

Kauśāṃbī 153

kāvya literature xiii, xiv Kenya 151

Khotan xiv

kiṃnaras 217

king(s) xiii, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 107, 117, 118, 121, 123, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 151, 154, 157, 162, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 210, 214 animal 105

of the animals (see also lion) 4, 45 celestial 4, 5, 12, 63, 93, 104, 136, 139 dragon 4, 153

eight 206

of the five desires (see also Māra) 93 former, of the past, previous 7, 17, 63, 73, 83, 148, 203

four 105, 136, 190, 213 of the gods of the pure abodes 21 goose 37

human, of humans 17, 25, 139, 146, 196

of the Law, physician-, Śākya, of the Śākyas (see alsoBuddha) 3, 9, 10, 170

lion 33, 71, 96, 177

ox 33, 53, 105, 138, 162, 190 seer 17, 93, 94, 140, 169, 191 seven 201, 205, 207, 218 thousand-armed (see alsoUgrā yudha) 77, 203

vices of 209, 211

wheel-turning 6, 8, 57, 72, 76, 140, 169 Kośala 129, 135, 145, 153, 215 Krauḍyas 218

Kṛmila 141

234

Kṛśāśva 146

kṣatriya 77, 94, 204, 212 Kubjottarā (see also Uttarā) 216 Kukustā River 176

Kumāra 152

Kumārajīva xv

Kumāralāta xiii

Kumbha Stupa (see also Shrine of the Golden Pitcher) 218

Kumbhīra 153

kumuda flower (see also lotus) 89, 212 Kuṇṭhadhāna 141

Kuśika 7

Kuśinagara 113, 176, 201, 206, 218 Kūṭadatta 151

Kuṭi 158

Kuvera 214, 215

L

Law (see alsoDharma; Right Law; True Law) xiv, 5, 10, 14, 16, 20, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 49, 55, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 71, 72, 73, 81, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 124, 125, 129, 130, 137, 138, 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 183, 184, 186, 193, 194, 197, 201, 203, 204, 205, 210, 213, 216 bridge of 170, 197

excellent, fine, wonderful 4-5, 32, 116, 124, 140, 149, 151, 168, 169, 174, 194, 207

eye of 111, 112, 120, 124 first exposition of 105 garment, robe of xvii, 52, 63, 71 happiness in, with 49, 55, 60, 63, 73, 146, 160, 162, 181, 193, 194, 205 profound 107, 112, 140, 151, 194 superior, unsurpassed 61, 97, 194

of tranquility 76, 105, 198 wheel of 104, 107, 198 lay disciple(s) (see also upāsaka; upāsikā) 215, 216 Liangzhou xiv, xv, xvi Licchavi(s) 152, 161, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 218 lion(s) 4, 31, 45, 53, 91, 95, 105, 112, 138, 161, 175, 192, 196, 204, 206 king 33, 71, 96, 177 Liuheshan Temple xv Liu Song dynasty xv lotus(es) 3, 4, 5, 20, 38, 53, 56, 63, 124, 138, 154, 190, 212 Lotus Sutra xvii Lumbinī 3, 5

lunar (see also moon) 61, 210 M

Magadha 117, 137, 157, 215, 218 māgaṇḍika 152, 215 Mahākāśyapa (see also Kāśyapa) 126, 127, 213

mahāmāndārava flowers (see also mandāraflowers) 102 Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra xv Mahāprajāpāti Gautamī (see also Gautamī) 14, 53 Mahāsāṃghika(s) xiii Mahāsudarśana 55 Mahāvana 216

Mahāvibhāṣā xiii Mahāyus 152

Maheśvara (see alsoŚiva) 12, 71, 94, 209, 212

Mahīvatī 152

mahoragas 217

makarafish 174, 216 Makuṭabandhana Caitya 218 Mallas 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 205, 218 Index

Maming pusa zan xv mandāra flowers (see also mahāmāndārava flowers) 5, 221 mandarin ducks (see also duck) 55, 211 Māndhātṛ 4, 72, 76, 138, 169 maṇi 40

Manu 14, 57

Māra(s), Māra Pāpīyas (see also Pāpīyas) 6, 46, 93-98, 99, 104, 165, 190, 194, 195, 210

mark(s) 6, 37, 72, 125 of the Buddha's body (see also wheel, on the palms or soles) 69, 70, 141, 152, 170, 193

Markaṭa Pond 165, 216 Mars 218

Mathurā 152

Maudgalyāyana xiv, 124, 213 Mauryas 206

Māyā 3, 14

medicines(s) 14, 56, 62, 78, 164, 178, 185, 188, 193

meditation 7, 81, 90, 139 Meghākalī 96

Mekhalas 78, 211 Meṇḍhaka (see also Prajīvana) 215 mendicants (see also bhikṣu; monk) 149 Mercury 218

merit(s), meritorious 16, 41, 43, 46, 47, 48, 53, 56, 72, 75, 94, 101, 117, 118, 130, 134, 136, 140, 146, 163, 170, 177, 202, 207

field of 105, 136 roots of 21, 28

mind(s) (see alsobody, speech, and mind) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 71, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 124, 125, 126, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 235

Index

mind(s) (continued) 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 204, 206, 207, 211

of the Bodhisattva, Buddha, Crown Prince, Tathāgata 4, 15, 16, 17, 22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 46, 54, 63, 66, 70, 75, 88, 89, 94, 96, 98, 99, 104, 109, 110, 117, 134, 138, 142, 143, 154, 165, 189, 193

compassionate 154, 189 controlled, firm, settled, stable 26, 34, 37, 42, 54, 117, 162 fickle 175, 184

fine 47, 89

open 66, 83, 182, 185 upright 81, 159

mindful, mindfulness(es) 135, 147, 149, 154, 162, 173, 175, 185, 187 eight 135, 214

four applications of (see also four ranges) 216

of the Law, Right Law 33, 169 right 110, 112, 118, 158, 159, 187, 214 minister(s) 11, 12, 13, 19, 22, 30, 31, 35, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67, 69, 137, 141, 161, 210

monk(s) (see alsobhikṣu) xiv, 209 monkey(s) 184, 187

moon, moonlight (see alsolunar) 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 22, 33, 42, 44, 46, 60, 67, 71, 79, 83, 89, 90, 94, 98, 104, 107, 113, 138, 169, 173, 181, 183, 188, 190, 192, 196, 213, 218

morality 10, 81, 86, 93, 112, 117, 129, 161, 162-63, 181, 184 mountain(s) (see alsoforest; wilderness) 5, 6, 8, 17, 33, 35, 42, 43, 45, 53, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 78, 95, 100, 236

102, 105, 108, 113, 114, 115, 137, 143, 147, 149, 162, 170, 176, 178, 188, 190, 192, 198, 206, 210 five 69, 137, 214, 215 Mount Aṭavī 152

Mount Gayaśiras (see also Gaja Mountain) 212 Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa (see alsoVulture Peak) 153, 206

Mount Kailāsa 145, 214, 218 Mount Lu xiv

Mount Pāṇḍava 70, 71 Mount Pāṣāṇaka 151, 215 Mount Sumeru (see also Sumeru) 7, 35, 97, 209, 216

Mount Tai xvii, 154 Mount Vaidehaka 151 Mount Vipula 151, 215 mūlācārya xiii

mulberry tree xvii, 71, 210 muni(s) (see alsoseer) 42, 50, 66, 81, 83, 91, 93, 94, 96, 103, 104, 108, 152, 191, 192, 194, 195, 206, 208 muñjagrass 87, 212

N

Nadī 116

Nādikā 158

Nagarī 89, 212

nāgas (see alsodragon) 217 Nahuṣa 76

Nairañjanā River 89, 90, 165 Nakula 153

Nalakūbara 12

Nālandā 215

Nanda xiv, 141, 151 Nandā Balajā 90

Nanjing. SeeJiankang Nārāyaṇa 61

nature(s) 6, 15, 26, 31, 36, 45, 62, 64, 65, 84, 85, 87, 94, 97, 111, 120, 124,

126, 130, 132, 153, 168, 169, 182, 186, 188, 191, 202, 206, 211 specific 7, 64, 65, 101, 102, 132-33, 154, 168, 182, 214 Nepalese xvi

Nikumbha 146

nirgrantha(see also Jain) 151, 215 nirvana 33, 113, 139, 183, 191, 192, 206 of the Buddha, World-honored One 157, 165, 167, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 183, 189, 190, 192, 196, 198, 206, 207

final, great (see also parinirvāṇa) 135, 157, 216

Nirvana Sutra(see alsoMahā pari nirvāṇasūtra) xv-xvi Northern Liang dynasty 1 Nyagrodha 151, 215 O

obeisance 12, 20, 40, 59, 60, 69, 108, 119, 124, 125, 140, 141, 154, 159, 160, 164, 169, 177, 183 offering(s) 8, 11, 65, 136, 145, 157, 160, 165, 176, 197, 199, 201 fire, to fire 16, 48, 115, 116, 118, 162, 192

old age, illness, and death 27, 28, 29, 32, 59, 62, 65, 75, 84, 89, 110, 111, 118, 130, 147, 164, 174, 207 Ōminami Ryūshō xiv omniscience, omniscient 103, 109, 119, 123, 174, 195

Omniscient One (see alsoBuddha) 149, 175, 178

"On the Date of the Tibetan Translation of Aśvaghoṣa's Buddha carita" (Jackson) xiii

order (see alsoSangha) 136, 145, 153, 157

origination 32, 47, 84, 102, 103 Index

ox, oxen 14, 31, 45, 95, 159, 185, 202 king 33, 53, 105, 138, 162, 190 P

Pāli 215

Pañcaśikha (see alsoVṛddha Parāśara) 151, 212, 215

Pāṇḍavas 203

Pāpā 176, 218

Pāpīyas (see also Māra, Māra Pāpīyas) 93, 165

Parāśara (see alsoVṛddha Parāśara) 7, 28, 212

Pārāyaṇika 151, 215 parinirvāṇa 173, 181, 183, 190, 191, 216 Pārvatī 212

Pāṭalī Caitya 157

Pāṭaliputra 157

path(s) 9, 17, 26, 45, 46, 55, 57, 72, 77, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 108, 110, 113, 116, 118, 124, 125, 130, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 149, 162, 174, 178, 187, 188, 195, 207

of arhatship 125

of a buddha, Buddha, Tathāgata 4, 109, 153, 181, 182 of deliverance 10, 65, 81, 93, 110, 125, 181, 186

eightfold 103, 110, 111, 182 essential 109, 205 final 87, 182

of freedom from desire, of little desire 110, 143

heretical 181, 194 of meditation, quietude, silence, tranquility 7, 17, 194, 196 middle 110

noble 194, 213

of right awakening 9, 11, 91, 97, 103 right, pure, straight 66, 90, 109, 111, 118, 151, 186

237

Index

path(s) (continued) of seers 11, 16, 17 true, of truth 46, 50, 193 two 84, 211

of the unique vehicle 169 wrong 97, 147, 173, 174, 182, 191 peacock(s) 45, 70, 217 permanence (see also two extremes; views, two, of the two extremes) 32, 76, 139, 169, 183 planet(s) (see also constellation; star) 218

power(s) 38, 65, 76, 96, 100, 113, 118, 131, 157, 166, 173, 198, 204, 210, 211, 215, 217

of beauty 25, 26, 162 divine 11, 21, 37, 119, 140, 141, 149, 150, 152, 155, 157, 161, 165, 173, 174, 193

of the Law 90, 160 royal 72, 147

supernatural 125, 138, 150, 195, 215 of wisdom 107, 174 Prabhāsa 209

practice(s) 16, 46, 47, 48, 55, 59, 66, 118, 120, 175, 185 of austerities 101, 109 of the Law 34, 49, 114, 160 of the path 11, 17, 149, 178 Prajā 153

Prajāpati (see alsoHiraṇyagarbha; Kapila) 84, 211 Prajīvana (see alsoMeṇḍhaka) 152, 215 Prakrit xvi

Prasenajit 134, 145 prātimokṣa(see alsoVinaya) 183, 184, 216

precepts 45, 89, 97, 119, 126, 163, 184, 216

preceptor 57, 59, 60, 67, 69, 137, 183, 210

238

Prodbhūtopadeśa.SeeChengshi lun propriety(ies) 15, 35, 70, 75, 80, 109, 136

Pṛthu 4

Pukkusāti. SeePuṣkara Punarvasu 60

pure conduct 8, 14, 17, 26, 66, 85, 86, 117, 209

Pūrṇabhadra 151, 152, 215 Purūravas (see alsoAiḷa) 210 Puṣkara 151, 215 Puṣkarasārin 153 Q

qualities 42, 47, 52, 71, 75, 162, 164, 175, 181, 205, 212, 216 of the Crown Prince, Bodhisattva, Buddha, Gautama, Tathāgata 5, 8, 48, 70, 71, 116, 141, 153, 157, 193, 195, 196, 198, 207 excellent, fine, good, noble 11, 47, 97, 118, 163, 184

pure 3, 15, 111 ten 127

quietude 3, 64, 81, 86, 87, 90, 94, 96, 107, 112, 129, 130, 139, 141, 149, 168, 175, 177, 178, 187, 193, 194, 195, 203, 214

R

Rāgā 93

Rāhula 17, 56, 142 Rājagṛha xiii, 70, 82, 117, 123, 153, 157, 198, 214, 215 Rāja-śāstras 209 rākṣasa 152

Rāma (descendant of Bhṛgu) 42, 51, 61, 77, 203, 210

Rāma (son of Daśaratha) 60, 61, 65, 66, 210

Rāmagrāma 207, 218

Rāṣṭrapāla 152

Ratī 93

realm(s) 93, 198 of desire 86, 210, 211 of form, material 149, 210, 211, 213, 216

of no-form, immaterial 149, 211, 212, 213

three (see also three worlds) 81, 149, 211, 217

rebirth 17, 40, 46, 47, 49, 50, 79, 85, 86, 94, 101, 118, 120, 130, 135, 139, 151, 186, 188, 207

relics xiii, 198, 199, 201, 205, 207, 216, 218

renunciation (see also going forth) 25, 35, 86, 129, 130, 170, 175, 214 retreat, summer, three-month 136, 150, 165

Right Law (see also Law; True Law) 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 33, 40, 41, 43, 48, 59, 80, 90, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 116, 141, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 160, 163, 173, 175, 183, 186, 187, 189, 197, 202, 205, 206 eye of 110, 125 faith in 153, 160 happiness in 8, 129 receptacle, vessel for, of 83, 116, 129, 140, 162, 181

robe (see alsodyed garment; kāṣāya) 44, 133, 186

of the Law xvii, 63, 71 rodhra. Seemulberry tree root(s) xvii, 40, 46, 97, 162, 174, 192, 210

meritorious, of merit 21, 28 wholesome 113, 143, 185 Ṛṣyaśṛṅga 209

Index

S

Śacī 210

sacrifice(s), sacrificial 11, 16, 17, 50, 55, 56, 65, 73, 80, 81, 118, 125, 151, 170, 192

Sagara 7

Sāketa xiii

śakunta bird 210 Śakra 3, 12, 26, 28, 33, 45, 48, 56, 59, 60, 71, 72, 76, 81, 108, 117, 146, 169, 188, 206, 215

Śākyamuni (see also Buddha) xiii, 125, 210

Śākya(s) 39, 51, 70, 118, 141, 161, 218 śālagrove, trees 175, 176, 190, 196, 216 Śālvadruma 61

Śālvas 66

salvation 6, 145, 173, 178, 193, 195, 196 samādhi(s) 10, 32, 99, 130, 135, 149, 165, 166, 187, 189 Saṃjaya 57

Sāṃkāśya 215

Sāṃkhya philosophy xvi, 210, 211, 212, 214, 216

samsara (see alsobirth and death; rebirth) 26, 148, 168, 215 Sanatkumāra 15

sandalwood 5, 14, 35, 167, 218 oxhead 197, 218 Sandalwood Hall 152 Sangha (see alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 157, 213, 217 Sanskrit xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 210 Saptabhava-sūtra 217 Sārasvata 7

Śāriputra xiv, 123, 124, 136, 213 Śāriputraprakaraṇa xiv Sarvāstivāda xiii Sātāgra 151, 215 Saturn 218

239

Index

Satyaka Nirgranthaputra 152, 215 Saundarānanda xiv

Sautrāntika(s) xiii, xiv scriptural text(s), scripture(s) (see also sutra) 7, 11, 65, 84, 85, 86, 110, 157, 176, 206, 208

seer(s) (see also muni) 7, 8-9, 11, 20, 26, 28, 29, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 59, 60, 65, 76, 77, 84, 87, 88, 89, 94, 103, 104, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 123, 137, 146, 149, 152, 153, 169, 191, 203, 212, 214, 215

brahman 26, 48, 115, 191 celestial, divine 8, 14, 16, 25, 45, 48, 150

great, greatest 25, 81, 83, 93, 103, 105, 112, 115, 162, 175, 192, 204 king(s) 17, 93, 94, 140, 169, 191 path of 11, 16

royal 48, 115, 141

serpent- 46

Śela 151

self 65, 84-85, 87, 88, 102, 104, 111, 119, 120, 124, 126, 130, 133, 164, 168, 169, 183, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217 self-discipline, self-control 25, 112, 142 Senajit kings 61

Sengyou xiv, xv

sense faculties, senses 71, 89, 103, 109, 159, 177, 184, 195, 211, 213 six 102, 103, 120, 213 sense objects 28, 184, 187, 211, 213 serpent(s) (see alsosnake) 46, 76 Śetavika 153

seven precious things 12, 13, 35, 63, 150, 196

Shrine of the Golden Pitcher (see also Kumbha Stupa) 206

Śibi 100

Siddhārtha (see alsoCrown Prince; Buddha) 14, 141

240

Siṃha 152, 161, 173, 175, 215 singleminded(ness) 20, 202 Sītā 203

Śiva (see also Maheśvara) 209, 212, 214 Skanda. SeeKārttikeya snake(s) (see also serpent) 63, 75, 77, 79, 95, 96, 139, 165, 178, 184, 185, 192, 202, 204

Snowy Mountains (see also Himala yas) 13, 48, 54, 67, 94, 210, 212 solitude 26, 63, 79, 86, 141, 168, 175 soma 16

Southern Cross. SeeTriśaṅku spirit(s) 3, 4, 6, 16, 38, 55, 96, 103, 104, 112, 118, 121, 131, 151, 152 celestial 11, 12, 23, 38, 41, 50, 55, 56, 59, 73, 90, 105, 112, 151, 157, 190, 217

spiritual beings 5, 209, 212 śramaṇa(s) 11, 32, 33, 114, 125 four fruitions of 214, 218 Śrāvastī 134, 136, 152 Śrīguptaka 151

Śroṇa 151

srotaāpanna. Seestream-winner stanza(s) (see also gāthā) xvi, xvii, 7, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218

star(s) (see alsoconstellation; planet) 7, 20, 38, 52, 60, 95, 98, 137, 139, 173, 183, 196

five 113, 213

seven 4, 209

three 127, 213

Stavakarṇin 152

Sthāṇumatī 151, 215

Sthūlakoṣṭhaka 152

stream-winner (see alsofruition, first) 214 stupa(s) (see alsocaitya) 205, 206, 207, 218

Subhadra 181, 182, 183, 215

Śubhakṛtsna Heaven 86, 212 Śūcīloma 152

Śuddhodana 3, 11, 13, 17, 59, 142 suffering 6, 10, 19, 22, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 54, 55, 61, 63, 77, 78, 79, 81, 86, 89, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 110, 111, 117, 119, 120, 126, 130, 131, 133, 140, 147, 148, 149, 154, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 177, 178, 179, 181, 186, 187, 189, 191, 196, 198, 207

basis of 118, 130, 148

beings, of beings 37, 104, 107, 115, 118, 170

of birth and death 31, 43, 85, 89, 105, 110, 140, 164, 178, 196, 207 cause(s) of 47, 100, 111, 140, 188 great 22, 29, 32, 47, 55, 79, 85, 101, 111, 129, 140, 160, 174, 177, 196, 198

of illness 22, 28, 65, 130, 164, 207 of old age 21, 28, 65, 130, 164, 207 receptacle, vessel of 22, 189, 193 of separation 42, 49, 61, 62, 101 truth of 188

two kinds of 207, 218

of woeful destinations 43, 159 Suhmas 152

Śukra 7, 60, 210

Śūla 129

Sumantra 42

Sumeru (see alsoMount Sumeru) 5, 40, 51, 67, 73, 138, 146, 148, 165, 192, 198, 213

sun xvii, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 29, 31, 35, 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, 51, 59, 60, 67, 71, 91, 97, 120, 124, 137, 138, 141, 150, 153, 154, 161, 163, 170, 181, 190, 192, 197, 210, 213, 217, 218 Sunda 78

Sundarī 25

Index

supernatural 116, 195

being(s) 217

power(s) 125, 138, 150, 195, 215 Śūra 151

Śūrpāraka 152

Sūrya (see also sun) 217 sutra(s) (see also scriptural text, scripture) xv, 175 Sutra (see alsoTripiṭaka) xiii Sūtrālaṃkāra xiv

Suvarṇākṣī xiii

svabhāva. Seenature(s), specific T

Ṭakana 152

Takṣaśilā 215

Tan Wuchen xiv, xv, 1

Tathāgata (see alsoBuddha) 5, 7, 105, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 117, 124, 129, 136, 141, 143, 147, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 164, 165, 168, 170, 177, 178, 181, 183, 190, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199, 201, 206, 207, 213

Tattvasiddhi-śāstra.SeeChengshi lun "The Buddha's Mission and Last Journey: BuddhacaritaXV-XXVIII" (Johnston) xiv

three actions (see alsobody, speech, and mind) 139, 214, 217

three existences 49, 94, 166, 174, 210, 212

three happinesses (see alsoduty, riches, desire) 80, 211

Three Jewels (see alsoBuddha, Dharma, and Sangha) 213, 217

three poisons (see alsocovetousness, hatred, and delusion; greed, anger, and delusion) 213, 214, 217

three spheres 212

three worlds (see alsorealms, three) 110, 112, 139, 167, 170, 191, 197 241

Index

Tibetan xiii, 217 tonsure 52, 60, 142, 186 trance(s) 11, 86-87, 90, 99, 153, 211-212, 216

first 32, 86, 189, 210, 212 fourth 86, 87, 189, 209, 212 second 86, 212 third 86, 212 tranquil, tranquility 15, 16, 34, 49, 64, 66, 70, 71, 89, 90, 98, 99, 103, 110, 111, 113, 118, 126, 130, 138, 140, 159, 168, 169, 173, 174, 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 Law of 76, 105, 198 Trāyastriṃśa Heaven 43, 76, 127, 150, 213

treatises 7, 209 Tripiṭaka (see alsoAbhidharma; Sutra; Vinaya) xiii, 1 Triśaṅku 146, 214 Tṛṣṇā 93

True Law (see also Law; Right Law) 112, 168, 175, 176 twice-born 7, 46, 124, 125, 151 two extremes (see also annihilation; permanence; views, two, of the two extremes) 110, 119 U

Udāyin 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 141 Udraka Rāmaputra 83, 88, 89, 105, 212 Udumbarīkārāma 215 Ugrāyudha 210 unique vehicle xvii, 169 Universal Light. SeeĀbhāsvara Heaven Universal Purity. SeeŚubhakṛtsna Heaven

Upaga 107, 108 Upāli 141, 151, 215 242

Upananda 141 upāsaka(see also lay disciple) 215 upāsikā(s) (see also lay disciple) 153, 216

Upasunda 78

Upatiṣya 124, 135 Ursa Major 209 Uruvaśī 210

Uruvilva Kāśyapa 116 Uttarā (see also Kubjottarā) 153, 216 Uttarāpatha 215 V

Vaibhāṣika xiii Vaibhrāja 61 Vaideha 206

Vaidehī 216

Vairañjā 152 Vaiśālī 152, 158, 161, 165, 170, 173, 175, 216, 218 Vaiśravaṇa 12, 35, 213 Vajra 61

Vālmīki 7

Vāmadeva 60, 210 Vāraṇa 152

Vārāṇasī (see also Kāśi) 105, 107, 152 Vārāṇasī River 108 Varṣākāra 216, 218 Vasiṣṭha 8, 60, 66, 169, 210 Vāṣpa 108

Vasu god 45

Vedas 7

Veṇugrāmaka 165 Veṇukaṇḍikā Nandamātā 215 Veṇukaṇṭakī 151, 215 Venus 218

Veṇuvana 123, 124, 129 Vibhāṇḍaka 26 Videha 61

Videhapura 152

view(s) 15, 85, 119, 130, 150, 183, 195 of annihilation 183

of permanence 183

right 103, 110, 131

of self 119, 126

two, of the two extremes (see also two extremes) 119, 126

wrong 41, 104, 131, 147, 149, 174, 181 Vinaya (see also prātimokṣa;Tripiṭaka) 216

Vindhya Mountains 50, 210 Virūḍhaka 213

Virūpākṣa 213

Viṣṇu 210

Viṣṇudvīpa 218

Viśvāmitra 26, 214

Vṛddha Parāśara (see also Pañca śikha; Parāśara) 87, 212

Vṛṣṇis 78, 203, 211

Vṛtra 52, 210

Vulture Peak (see alsoMount Gṛdhrakūṭa) 69

Vyāsa 7, 209

W

Warring States period 218 wheel(s) 22

of existence, the five destinations, samsara 46, 84, 85, 101, 103, 111, 118, 131, 139, 140, 215 of the Law, Right Law, True Law 104, 107, 108, 112, 194, 198 on the palms or soles (see alsomarks, of the Buddha's body) 9, 43, 152 wheel-turning king(s) 6, 8, 57, 72, 76, 140, 169

wilderness (s) (see alsoforest; mountain) 19, 33, 34, 42, 48, 97, 110, 163, 178 of afflictions 167

of birth and death 10, 80, 163 Index

wisdom 7, 10, 17, 61, 64, 81, 86, 87, 93, 97, 110, 113, 125, 134, 135, 158, 160, 164, 170, 173, 176, 182, 187, 188, 193, 196, 214

adamantine 10, 198

arrow of 93, 159

boat of 10, 97, 149, 174, 187 of the Crown Prince, Bodhisattva, Buddha, Tathagata 10, 21, 32, 49, 70, 83, 97, 140, 167, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 197

eye of 93, 188, 217

lamp of 97, 108, 110, 123, 127, 168, 187

power of 107, 174

pure 97, 117

three kinds of 188

world(s) 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 32, 42, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54, 68, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 91, 93, 97, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, 118, 119, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140, 145, 148, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 213, 214

eye of (see alsoBuddha) 177 four 6, 72, 76, 79, 138, 202 future, later 64, 80, 81, 143, 147, 162, 163, 170

present 39, 80, 146, 162, 163, 178, 184, 207

three 110, 112, 139, 167, 170, 191, 197, 217

two 80, 110

World-honored One (see alsoBuddha) 105, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 243