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Great Cessation-and-Contemplation Volume I

Thông tin: BDK America — English Tripiṭaka

of the Lotus Sutra that there is only one vehicle for all; that is, all beings have the potential to become buddhas, in contrast to the idea of the three vehicles (śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, bodhisattva) for attaining various goals for different people. sublime level(s) (of awakening) 妙位: The highest level of "subtle, wonderful, sublime awakening" 妙覺, the fifty-second and final stage of attainment; more generally the "wonderful" and "sublime" higher levels of attainment of the bodhisattva stages. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels.

sublime understanding 妙解: The understanding that arises from one's own practice or experiential insight, specifically the practice of "contemplation of the mind." subtle dust-like delusions 塵沙惑: The subtle delusions that remain even after the delusions of mistaken views and thoughts are destroyed; synonymous with "wisdom obstacle"; the inability to adequately analyze the phenomena of this world, as numerous as the sands of the universe; the passionate afflictions, which number more than the sands of the Ganges River.

sudden (immediate) teachings 頓敎: Teachings in which the Buddha suddenly and directly revealed his awakening.

Sudhana 善財: The protagonist of the last chapter of the Flower Garland Sutra and the subject of the independent Gandavyūha Sutra, which tells of how Sudhana visited fifty-three masters in search of the true Dharma, finally attaining awakening ("entering the Dharma realm") upon encountering and hearing Mañjuśrī's sermon. summit (of concentration) 頂: One of the sublevels of attainment in the Tripiṭaka Teachings, consisting of attainment of the four supranormal concentrative states and further apprehension of the sixteen truths.

superior (historical) body of manifestation (response) 勝應身 (Skt. nirmāṇakāya): The historical Buddha but who is endowed with superior powers and supremacies. See also bodies [of the Buddha].

supranormal powers 神通: The unobstructed, supranormal penetrating abilities possessed by buddhas and bodhisattvas.

supremacy in supranormal powers 遊戯神通: The superior abilities of buddhas and bodhisattvas to freely and joyfully lead and teach sentient beings; the unobstructed, joyful powers of buddhas and bodhisattvas.

śūraṅgama [samādhi] 首楞嚴[三昧]: The samadhic concentration of "heroic progress": For Zhiyi, the state wherein one has full realization of the Middle Path and no longer will retrogress to inferior states of realization. According to the Great Nirvana Sutra, there are five names for samadhic concentration: (1) the śūraṅgama samādhi, (2) prajñāpāramitā ("perfection of wisdom"), (3) the vajra samādhi, (4) the lion's roar samādhi, and (5) buddha-nature.

Sutasoma 普明: A king praised in Buddhist texts for his diligence and fidelity. 547

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systematic refutation of the alternatives of the tetralemma 四句推檢不得: A lengthy and systematic analysis of all possible positions and a refutation of the possibility of their conceptualization because all alternatives are "unobtainable"; the method followed by Zhiyi in the section on the "universal deconstruction of all dharmas" in the Mohezhiguan.

ten abodes 十住: The second ten of the fifty-two stages to buddhahood: (1) aspiration, (2) maintenance, (3) cultivation, (4) noble rebirth, (5) completion of means, (6) rectification of the mind, (7) nonretrogression, (8) childlike goodness, (9) achieving the stage of Dharma prince, and (10) consecration. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels. ten analogies [for emptiness] 十喩: Phenomena are like an illusion, a flame, the reflection of the moon on the surface of water, space, an echo, an illusory castle, a dream, a shadow, a reflection in a mirror, and a magical transformation. ten bodhisattvas of the ten stages of faith 十善菩薩: The ten bodhisattvas of the ten stages of faith of the Perfect Teaching.

ten considerations 十想: For a practitioner of the Buddha Dharma, ten things to consider: (1) impermanence, (2) suffering, (3) the lack of a self, (4) the impurity of food, (5) that it is impossible to find true happiness in this world, (6) death, (7) the impurity of the physical body, (8) severing passions and delusions, (9) becoming free of desires, and (10) exhausting [karmic bonds].

ten constituent virtuous qualities 支林功徳: Virtues summarized in ten types: (1) empty 空, (2) clear 明, (3) stable (concentrated) 定, (4) wisdom 智, (5) good mind 善心, (6) flexibility 柔軟, (7) joy 喜, (8) bliss 樂, (9) the realm of liberation 解脱境界, and (10) correspondence 相應.

ten demonic forces 十魔: (1) The demons of the five aggregates, (2) the demons of the passionate afflictions, (3) the demons of karma, (4) the demons of the mind, (5) the demon of death, (6) the heavenly demons, (7) the demons of losing one's good roots, (8) the demons of samadhic concentration, (9) the demons of good friends, (10) the demons of not knowing awakening and the true Dharma. See also Māra. ten destinies: Ten realms of samsaric rebirth, those of hell dwellers, beasts, hungry ghosts or spirits, asuras, humans, heavenly beings, śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, bodhisattvas, and buddhas. See also ten dharma realms.

ten dharma realm[s] [十]法界: (1) The totality of reality and (2) the ten realms or destinies (Skt. gati) of human existence, from hell to buddhahood. ten evil (immoral) deeds 十惡(十不善): (1) Killing; (2) stealing; (3) committing lustful, deviant sexual acts; (4) lying; (5) slander, or slighting someone; (6) using harsh, evil language; (7) frivolous speech (lit., "speaking with a forked tongue"); (8) greed; (9) anger; and (10) holding mistaken or deviant views.

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ten good deeds 十善: Avoidance of the ten evil deeds: Not killing, not stealing, avoiding lustful acts, not lying, not slandering, not using harsh language, not speaking frivolously, not being greedy, not being angry, not having mistaken views. ten levels of faith 十信: The first ten of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels.

ten levels of merit transference 十回向: The fourth ten of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice: (1) the salvation of sentient beings, (2) indestructibility, (3) equality with all buddhas, (4) pervading the universe, (5) inexhaustible virtue, (6) correspondence with all solid good roots of nondifferentiation, (7) awakening nondiscrimination toward all sentient beings, (8) the manifestation of suchness, (9) unrestrained and unattached liberation, and (10) the immeasurable Dharma realm. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels. ten levels of practice 十行: The third ten of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice, characterized as (1) joyful, (2) beneficial, (3) lacking hatefulness, (4) unexhausted, (5) unconfused, (6) attractive, (7) unattached, (8) honored, (9) exemplary, and (10) true. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels.

ten major (mental) domains 十大地法: All of the various types of mental activities: sensation 受, perception 想, volition 思, contact 触, desire 欲, wisdom 慧, remembrance 念, attention 作意, determination 勝解, and concentration 三摩地. ten modes of contemplation 十乘觀法: Modes or methods of contemplation taught in the Mohezhiguan: (1) to contemplate objects as inconceivable, beyond conceptual thought; (2) to arouse compassion and the correct aspiration for awakening; (3) contemplation that skillfully quiets the mind; (4) to universally deconstruct or destroy all dharmas; (5) to be conscious of what is conducive or obstructive to awakening; (6) to choose appropriate types of practice from among thirty-seven ways of meditation or "steps on the path" to awakening; (7) to control the auxiliary methods that help one attain awakening; (8) to know the stages of attainment; (9) to practice peace through patient forbearance; and (10) to avoid passionate attachment to any dharmas. See also thirty-seven steps on the path.

ten objects of contemplation 十境[觀]: The ten objects of contemplation that make up the focus of Chapter VII of the Mohezhiguan, consisting of the objects of (1) the five aggregates, the twelve sense entrances, and the eighteen sense realms 陰入界; (2) the body and mind subject to passionate afflictions 煩惱; (3) physical illness or disease 病患; (4) the marks of karma 業相; (5) demonic distractions 魔事; (6) dhyāna concentration, or meditation itself 禪定; (7) mistaken views 諸見; (8) overweening pride or arrogance 増上慢; (9) the two vehicles (śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha); and (10) bodhisattvahood.

ten periods [in a human life] 十時: The ten stages a human being passes through from conception to death: (1) membrane 膜, (2) foam 泡, (3) in the placenta 胞, (4) ball of flesh 肉團, (5) growth of limbs 逆, (6) infancy 嬰孩, (7) childhood 童子, (8) youth 少年, (9) mature adult 盛壯, and (10) decrepit old age 衰老.

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ten powers 十力: The powers of a buddha; the Great Treatise lists them as knowledge of (1) whether a view is suited to the path or not, (2) deeds and their respective recompense, (3) meditative states and techniques, (4) differences in the strength of beings' faculties, (5) the range of hopes or desires of beings, (6) dharmas and their natures, (7) the different destinies or abodes of existence, (8) one's own past existences, (9) karmic destinies in the future, and (10) exhaustion of outflows. The ten powers are often paired with the four fearlessnesses.

ten precepts 十戒: Basic precepts for monks and nuns in Theravāda and Nikāya Buddhism, of which the first five are also observed by lay practitioners: (1) not killing; (2) not stealing; (3) not engaging in improper sexual behavior, such as adultery; (4) not using false speech; (5) not ingesting intoxicating beverages; (6) not eating after noon; (7) not attendig dancing and singing shows; (8) not adorning oneself with garlands, perfumes, and ointments; (9) not using a high bed; and (10) not receiving gold and silver.

ten [sharp and dull] afflictions [利鈍]十使: The "five dull afflictions" of mistaken views of the self, extreme views, deviant views, attachment to precepts, and attachment to mistaken views, and the "five sharp afflictions" of passions, anger, arrogance, ignorance, and doubt.

ten spheres of the totality of objects 十一切處: Contemplations or meditations for becoming free of the passionate afflictions of the triple world; meditations on earth, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow, red, white, emptiness, and consciousness; the totality of contemplations; follows the attainment of the eight liberations and eight dominations.

ten stages 十地 (Skt. bhūmi): The ten bodhisattva stages of attainment in the Shared Teachings: (1) parched wisdom, (2) potential, (3) "eighth person," (4) insight, (5) weakening of delusions, (6) freedom from desires, (7) completion, (8) pratyekabuddhahood, (9) bodhisattvahood, and (10) buddhahood. The fifth ten of the fifty-two stages of bodhisattva practice in the Distinct Teachings, characterized as (1) joyful, (2) undefiled, (2) clear, (3) radiant ("heat"), (4) difficult to conquer, (5) face-to-face with reality (6) "manifested," (7) far-reaching, (8) immovable, (9) good, and (10) Dharma cloud. See also fifty-two [bodhisattva] levels.

ten stages common to all three vehicles 三乘共十地: In Tiantai, the ten stages of the Shared Teachings that are shared by śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. See also ten stages.

ten suchlike characteristics 十如是: Characteristics of reality, based on Kumārajīva's translation of the Lotus Sutra: suchlike (1) appearances 相, (2) nature 性, (3) essence 體, (4) power 力, (5) activity 作, (6) causes 因, (7) conditions 緣, (8) results 果, (9) recompense 報, and (10) "beginning and end ultimately equal" or "ultimate equality from beginning to end" 本末究竟等.

tentative and real 權實: The Tiantai teaching that there are tentative and real aspects among the Buddha's teaching, practices, capacities of sentient beings, and reality itself. See also three meanings of tentative.

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tentative design 權謀: A gloss for the meaning of "tentative": something that functions for a while but is then abandoned. See also three meanings of tentative. ten titles of the Tathāgata 如來十號: Epithets for the Buddha: (1) Thus-come One 如来, (2) One Who Deserves Honor or Offerings 應供, (3) One Who Has Realized Universal Knowledge or Complete Awakening 正編知, (4) One Who is Fully Proficient in Awakening and Practice 明行足, (5) Well Gone (or Blessed) 善逝, (6) One Who Understands the World 世間解, (7) Supreme One 無上士, (8) Tamer of Beings 調御丈夫, (9) Teacher of Human and Heavenly Beings 天人師, (10) Buddha or World-honored One 佛世尊.

ten types of minute dharmas 十種細法: Subtle afflictions associated with (1) sensations 受, (2) conceptions 想, (3) volitions 行, (4) contact 触, (5) attitudes 思, (6) desires 欲, (7) understanding 解, (8) mindfulness 念, (9) concentration 定, and (10) wisdom 慧.

ten types of [upholding] the precepts 十種戒: A comprehensive list given by Zhiyi in the Mohezhiguan for all types of upholding the precepts: (1) no fault 不缺, (2) no breaking 不破, (3) no rupturing 不穿, (4) not mixed 不雜, (5) in accordance with the path 隨道, (6) without attachment 不著, (7) praised as wise (conduct) or, "praised by the wise" 智所讃, (8) mastery 自在, (9) in accordance with concentration 隨定, and (10) complete 具足. ten wisdoms 十智: Ten types of wisdom listed in the Mohezhiguan: (1-2) realizing the truth about the two conventionalities of mistaken views and conceptual attitudes are the "wisdoms of [the Noble Truths] of suffering and their causes," (3) realizing the truth that cessation-and-contemplation is the "wisdom of [the Noble Truth of] the path," (4) realizing that the twenty-five types of existence do not arise is the "wisdom of [the Noble Truth of] extinction," (5) knowing that the triple world just like this is the "wisdom of thisness," (6) realizing that to teach in accordance with worldly names and words is called "worldly wisdom," (7) knowing that other sentient beings are also like this is called "the wisdom of [knowing] the minds or thoughts of others," (8) knowing that how to discriminate or distinguish among all phenomena is called the "wisdom of equality," (9) knowing that the exhaustion of suffering and its causes is called the "wisdom of exhaustion," and (10) realizing that undefiled wisdom is called the "wisdom of nonarising."

tetralemma 四句: A method of discourse in which there are four possible logical options; classically stated: "A," not "A," both, or neither; an alternate form is: "A," "B," both "A" and "B," and neither "A" nor "B"; in Buddhist works it is often stated in the ontological terms of the four teachings of existence, emptiness (nonexistence), both emptiness and existence, and neither emptiness nor existence. thirteen saṃghāvaśeṣa dharmas 十三僧殘法: The most severe moral offenses after the four pārājika offenses: (1) intentional emission of semen (except during a dream); (2) with defiled thoughts, having physical contact with a woman; (3) with defiled thoughts, using sexually suggestive speech with a woman; (4) with defiled thoughts, 551

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offering and praising sexual services; (5) acting as a go-between for acquiring sexual services; (6) having an inappropriate dwelling built for oneself; (7) having an inappropriate dwelling built for the sangha; (8) falsely accusing another monk with malicious intent; (9) taking up a legal question as a pretext to falsely accuse another monk; (10) taking action leading to a schism in the sangha; (11) following a schismatic monk; (12) corrupting families, or showing partiality to a particular person with the hope of receiving a donation; (13) not taking the advice of other monks to abandon evil ways. See also extreme offenses; four serious offenses. thirty-four enlightened mental states 三十四心: The sixteen mental states (eight of forbearance or recognition and eight of wisdom) that sever mistaken views, plus the eighteen attitudes (nine of nonobstruction and nine of liberation) that sever obstacles to true knowledge and wisdom.

thirty-seven steps on the path 三十七道品: Thirty-seven factors of awakening, or steps on the path that lead to awakening: (1-4) the four mindfulnesses 四念處, (5-8) the four proper endeavors 四正勤, (9-12) the four supranormal powers 四如意足, (13-17) the five good roots/faculties 五善根, (18-22) the five powers 五力, (23-29) the seven components of awakening 七覺支, and (30-37) the eightfold right (noble) path 八正(聖)道.

thirty-six beasts 三十六獸: Animals associated with the various times of the day, three animals corresponding to the twelve periods (roughly two hours each) in the division of a day. thirty-two major marks [of a buddha] 三十二相: The major physical marks or characteristics of a "great person" or buddha, in addition to eighty minor marks; lists vary but include such features as the hair of the head grows clockwise, the forehead is perfectly flat, the hands and feet are webbed, and the sexual organs are completely concealed. See also eighty minor marks.

three animals crossing a river 三獸渡河: An analogy for the various abilities of śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and buddhas. The Upāsakaśīla Sutra version says: "Good sons, it is like three animals—a rabbit, a horse, and an elephant—that all try to cross the Ganges River. The rabbit cannot reach the bottom [of the river] and must float in order to cross. The horse can reach the bottom but not completely. The elephant reaches the bottom completely. The Ganges River is like the river of the twelvelinked chain of dependent coarising. When śrāvakas cross, this is like the rabbit. When pratyekabuddhas cross, this is like the horse. When the Tathāgata crosses, this is like the elephant [that is, he reaches to the depths of understanding]. Therefore, the Tathāgata attains the title 'buddha.'"

three assortments 三聚: From the Tiantai perspective, a Hinayana classification of things into three categories or "assortments" of form, mind, and neither form nor mind; "three types (assortments) of pure precepts," a Mahayana classification of all moral behavior: (1) the "legalistic precepts," that is, avoiding evil action so that eventually all evil karmic retribution will be severed; (2) doing good so that good karmic 552

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recompense accumulates; (3) compassionate actions aimed at benefiting and saving other sentient beings.

three conventionalities 三假: Three meanings of conventional reality or provisional existence: (1) as causally arisen 因成假, that is, things are conventional because they are the result of a confluence of causes and conditions; (2) as continuous 相續假, meaning that they exhibit some continuity of characteristics, though no permanence; and (3) as relative 相待假, meaning that they have their meaning or existence relative to other things.

three delusions 三惑: (1) Explicit deluded views and attitudes/emotions 見思, (2) minute delusions 塵沙, and (3) the delusion of fundamental ignorance 無明. Also the three poisons of greed/covetousness, anger, and ignorance.

three dots 三點 [of the Siddham letter "i"]: The three "dots" or parts that make up the Siddham letter "I," set in a triangular pattern; Zhiyi frequently uses this image to illustrate the "both three yet one, one yet three" nature of various threefold concepts such as the threefold truth and the three virtuous qualities. See also three eyes. three evil destinies 三惡道: The evil or painful destinies of rebirth in the realms of hell, of beasts, and of hungry ghosts. See also three [lower] ways. three external techniques 外三術: Three activities of the ninth (of the ten) mode of contemplation (practicing peace through patient forbearance): (1) to neither accept nor be attached to fame and self-benefit, (2) to hide one's own virtues in order to avoid the temptation of achieving fame, (3) to go away to a distant land in order to avoid fame.

three eyes 三目 [of Maheśvara]: The three "eyes" of Īśvara represented by the Siddham letter "i," formed of three dots set in a triangle ∴. See also three dots. threefold buddha-nature 三因佛性: The three causes for attaining buddhahood; the potential to attain buddhahood, analyzed as having three aspects: (1) the "direct cause" 正因, that all beings are endowed with the nature of buddhahood by their participation in reality; (2) the "fulfilling cause" 了因, the wisdom that illumines this nature; and (3) "the conditional causes" 緣因, the practices or conditions that bring about wisdom.

threefold cessation 三止: (1) Cessation as the realization of the essence of true reality (as empty of substantial Being) 體眞止, (2) cessation as the realization of conventional means that arise through conditions 方便隨緣止, and (3) cessation as putting an end to both extremes of discriminatory conceptualizations 息二邊分別止. threefold contemplation 三觀: The threefold process of contemplation, to realize the emptiness of all things, to realize the conventional reality of all things, and to realize the simultaneous emptiness and conventional reality of all things, based on the same pattern as the threefold truth; specifically, (1) contemplation of the two truths 二諦觀, or "entering emptiness from conventionality" 從假入空; (2) contemplation 553

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of equality 平等觀, or "entering conventionality from emptiness" 從空入假; and (3) contemplation of the truth of supreme meaning and the Middle Path 中道第一義觀. threefold contemplation in a single thought 一心三觀: To realize simultaneously the three aspects of truth as emptiness, conventional existence, and the Middle; to understand the middle way between the extremes of a one-sided understanding of emptiness or conventional existence; the simultaneous contemplation and realization of emptiness and conventional reality. threefold path of cyclic samsara 三道: Suffering (karmic retribution), the passionate afflictions, and karma; a way to explain the misery of the human condition is that our passionate defilements produce karma, karma leads to suffering, suffering gives birth to further passionate afflictions, and so on in a neverending cycle. threefold truth 三諦: The three aspects of reality or truth as emptiness, conventionality, and the Middle; the basic theoretical structure of Zhiyi's Tiantai teachings and practices. threefold truth is fully included in a single moment of thought 一念心中具足三諦: Or "within a single thought of the mind is included the threefold truth"; one of the classic statements of Tiantai thought.

three good paths (destinies) 三善道: The three good or positive destinies of rebirth into the realms of asuras, humans, and the heavenly realms. The realms of existence in which one is able to perform good deeds and advance to higher levels of Buddhist accomplishment.

three illuminating insights 三明: Three supranormal insights attained by arhats: (1) the ability to see the conditions and events of the past and thus know the faults of oneself and others, (2) the ability to see the results that are to come in the future and thus be able to sever mistaken views, and (3) the ability to know and thus exhaust all the passionate afflictions of the present.

three kinds of bodies [of buddha] 三種身: Three kinds of bodies in which a buddha appears, corresponding to the three virtuous qualities of a buddha: (1) the physical body 色身, (2) the body of the Dharma teachings 法門身, and (3) the body of the true aspect of reality 實相身. See also three virtuous qualities; triple body [of the Buddha]. three kinds of matter 三種之色: (1) That which is visible and has resistance, (2) that which is invisible yet has resistance, and (3) that which is invisible and has no resistance. three kinds of samādhi 三三昧: Three types of samadhic concentration in relation to emptiness, featurelessness, and wishlessness: (1) the samādhi of emptiness 空三昧, in which all marks of existence are seen to be empty; (2) the samādhi of formlessness 無相三昧, in which even the mark of emptiness is destroyed; and (3) the samādhi of actionlessness 無作三昧, in which even the doer is not perceived. three levels of acquiring erudition 三賢位: Three of the stages of practice prior to becoming an arhat, which entail five contemplations for putting the mind at rest, distinct states of mindfulness, and general states of mindfulness.

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three levels of erudition and ten noble stages 三賢十聖: In Tiantai, the three groups of ten stages (the ten abodes, the ten levels of practice, and the ten levels of merit transference) and the ten bodhisattva bhūmi stages.

three [lower] ways 三塗: The three evil destinies of rebirth into the realms of hell, beasts, and hungry ghosts. See also three evil destinies.

three meanings of tentative 三權: Zhiyi's explanation of "tentative" as having three meanings: (1) the tentative is given for the sake of [knowing] the real 為實施權, (2) the tentative is exposed and the real is made manifest 開權顯實, and (3) the tentative is abandoned and the real is made manifest 廢權顯實. See also tentative and real. three obstacles 三障: The three obstacles of karmic recompense 報障, passionate afflictions 煩惱障, and karmic deeds 業障; three obstacles to the three virtuous qualities, ignorance that obstructs the Dharma body, attachment to features that obstructs prajñā-wisdom, and noncognizance that obstructs liberation.

three obstacles and four demonic forces 三障四魔: Various obstructions to awakening; matters that get in the way of cultivating the Buddhist path; the three obstacles are the obstacles of suffering or karmic recompense, the obstacles of passionate afflictions, and the obstacle of karmic deeds; the four demonic forces are the demons of the aggregates, the demons of passionate afflictions, the demon of death, and Māra or the supernatural demons.

three perversions 三倒: Three perverted ways of thinking that are "inverted" from that of the truth: perverted thoughts, perverted views, and perverted conceptions. three poisons 三毒: Greed, anger, and delusion (ignorance) 貪瞋癡; the three general categories of the passions and obstacles to awakening; in the original Sanskrit these are rāga (greed, craving, desirous passion), dveṣa (aversion, hatred), and moha (ignorance, delusion, illusion).

three robes 三衣: The three items of clothing a monk is allowed to possess, which includes a robe to wear during almsrounds, a robe to wear during ritual ceremonies, and a robe for daily wear.

three thousand realms 三千世界: The "trichiliocosm," a Buddhist term for the entire universe; the billions of worlds that constitute the domain of the Buddha, often abbreviated to 大千.

three thousand realms in a single thought 一念三千: The idea that the entire expanse of reality is the interpenetration of three thousand realms, and these three thousand realms of existence are all included in a single thought or a moment of consciousness; the ten realms from hell to the realm of Buddha interpenetrate each other to give one hundred realms, each of which have the ten suchlike characteristics, for a total of one thousand realms, each of which are characterized by three types of "worlds," the aggregates, the realm of sentient beings, and the lands they occupy, for a total of three thousand realms. This term is not to be confused with the "great trichiliocosm" of three thousand worlds.

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Three Treasures: Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

three turnings 三轉 (of the Four Noble Truths): As distinguished from the general "three turnings of the wheel of the Dharma," these are the three "turnings" of exhorting, signifying, and attesting given by Śākyamuni in his exposition of the Four Noble Truths. three types of bodhisattvas 三種菩薩: The three types of bodhisattvas of the Tripiṭaka, Shared, and Distinct Teachings.

three types of cessation-and-contemplation 三種止觀: The three ways to practice cessation-and-contemplation as passed on by Zhiyi from Huisi and explained in the introduction to the Mohezhiguan: (1) gradual and successive (or progressive) 漸次 cessation-and-contemplation, (2) variable (or indeterminate) 不定 cessation-andcontemplation, and (3) perfect and sudden 圓頓 cessation-and-contemplation. three types of concentrations 三定: Categories of concentration as superior, median, and inferior expounded in the Great Nirvana Sutra.

three (types of) liberation 三(種)解脱: Liberation corresponding to the three virtuous qualities of a buddha: (1) liberation as the purity of means, (2) liberation as perfect purity, and (3) liberation as the fundamental nature of purity. three (types of passionate) bonds 三結: Passionate afflictions that are severed by one who attains the fruit of the stream-enterer: the bond of mistaken views (namely, the view of a self), the bond of attachment to the precepts, and the bond of doubt. three (types of) suffering 三苦: The suffering experienced from coming in contact with that which is unpleasant, from losing that which is pleasant or dear, and from experiencing the constant flux of the phenomenal world; also, the "suffering of suffering," the "suffering of destruction," and the "suffering of activity. "

three (types of) worlds 三種世間: An analysis of the phenomenal world in terms of three categories: the worlds of the five aggregates 五陰世間, the world of sentient beings 衆生世間, and the world of the lands 國土世間.

three unconditioned [dharmas] 三無爲: Three "things" (dharmas) that are unchanging and unconditioned: unconditioned empty space, unconditioned chosen extinction (that is, nirvana), and unconditioned unchosen extinction.

three vehicles 三乘: The paths of the śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and bodhisattva, in contrast to the single One Vehicle. See also One Vehicle.

three virtuous qualities 三徳: The three ideal qualities of a buddha: the Dharma body 法身, prajñā-wisdom 般若, and liberation 解脱.

three wisdoms 三智: As explained in the Great Treatise: "all-wisdom" or omniscience 一切智, the wisdom of the path 道種智, and universal wisdom 一切種智; in Tiantai, these three wisdoms correspond to the three perceptions of emptiness, conventionality, and the Middle. 556

Glossary

tooth-cleaning sticks and pure water 楊枝淨水: Important monastic implements, as well as tools for oral hygiene; also, symbols of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. transcendent realm 出世間: The realm of experience of those who have transcended the delusions and passions of the worldly realm.

transcendent [samādhi] 超越[三昧]: The samadhic concentrations of a buddha or bodhisattva that do not gradually and progressively advance through various levels of trance (such as the four dhyānas), but transcend all samadhic concentrations in a quantum leap, such as through the use of the "lion of resolute speed samādhi." See also lion of resolute speed [samādhi].

Tripiṭaka Teachings (三)藏教: The first of the four types of teachings in the Tiantai doctrinal classification scheme; "Tripiṭaka" refers to the threefold collection of Sutra, Abhidharma, and Vinaya of the Hinayana, which teach only how to escape this triple world of suffering. See also Fourfold Teachings. triple body [of the Buddha] 三身: The Dharma body 法身, the manifestation or response body 應身, and the body of recompense or transformation body 報身. See also three kinds of bodies [of buddha].

triple world 三界: This world of human experience, consisting of the realm of desires 欲界, the realm of form 色界, and the formless realm 無色界.

true cultivation 眞修: True, insightful, intuitive practice, in contrast to preparatory practices based on successive contemplation of conditions. true nature 實性: The nature of reality, namely the potential to attain buddhahood; another name for buddha-nature; one of the three definitions of "nature" given in the exposition of nature as the second of the "ten suchlikes" in the Mohezhiguan; in terms of the threefold truth, this meaning corresponds to the Middle. truly real 眞實: One of the compounds used by Zhiyi to designate the inexpressible reality as it is.

twelve dhyāna meditations 十二禪: The four dhyāna stages, the four concentrations of the formless realm (the emptiness of dharma marks, nonexistence, own-being, and other-being), and the four boundless demeanors (friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity).

twelvefold causes and conditions (conditioned coarising) 十二因緣 (緣起): The cycle of causes and conditions that make up the human condition: ignorance 無明, volitional activity 行, consciousness 識, name and form 名色, the six senses 六入, contact 觸, experience (sensation) 受, passion 愛, grasping 取, existence 有, birth 生, and decay and death 老死; also called the "twelvefold wheel" 十二輪.

twelvefold (rules) for mendicants 十二頭陀: Ascetic rules that a monk may choose to follow, though not necessarily all at the same time; while Vinaya texts are not all in agreement as to the content of these twelve rules, one list includes (1) using clothing made from rags, (2) limiting one's clothing to three robes (one robe for use during 557

Glossary

almsrounds, one for ceremonial duties, and one for daily use), (3) always begging for one's meals, (4) not taking any extra meals, (5) restricting oneself to one seated meal a day, (6) restricting oneself to one meal a day, (7) staying in a secluded place, (8) sitting in meditation on a mound, (9) sitting in meditation under a tree, (10) sitting in meditation on open ground, (11) sitting in various places, (12) sitting in meditation constantly without laying down.

twelvefold scriptures 十二部法: In the Mahayana, the complete collection of the Buddhist canon; the order varies in different texts. The twelve categories are sūtra (discourses), geya (verses), gāthā (verse parts of a discourse), nidāna (historical narratives), itivṛttaka (activities in past lives), jātaka (past lives of the Buddha), adbhutadharma (Buddha's miraculous acts), avadāna (parables), upadeśa (legends), udāna (teachings offered by the Buddha without prompting), vaipulya (expansive teachings), and vyākaraṇa (prophesies).

twelve (sense) entrances 十二入: The six sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind) and their associated six sense objects (visible form, sound, smells, tastes, tangibles, and dharmas).

twelve types of breathing 十二息: Breaths or breathing associated with meditation, especially with healing disease by counting and regulating the breath: (1) upper 上, (2) lower 下, (3) scorched 焦, (4) full 滿, (5) increasing and growing 増長, (6) decreasing and extinguishing 滅壞, (7) cold 冷, (8) hot 煖, (9) rushed 衝, (10) maintained 持, (11) harmonious 和, and (12) supplemental 補.

twenty-five means [of preparations for the practice of cessation-and-contemplation] 二十五方便: Five categories of five matters to attend to or put under control in order to prepare for serious cultivation of contemplation: (1) prepare five conditions of keeping the precepts, preparing a minimum of food and clothing, dwelling in a quiet and secluded place, ceasing all mundane responsibilities, and approaching a "good friend"; (2) renounce (restrain, rebuke, control) the sensual desires of form, sound, scent, taste, and touch; (3) reject the five impediments of greed, anger, lethargy, shame, and doubt; (4) regulate one's diet, sleep, body, breathing, and mind, (5) undertake five supplementary practices with regard to desires, diligence, mindfulness, skillful wisdom, and singlemindedness.

twenty-five realms of existence [in samsara] 二十五有: The four continents (north, south, east, and west), the four evil destinies (the realms of hell, beasts, hungry ghosts, and asuras), the six heavenly realms of desire, the Brahma heaven, the four dhyāna stages, the four heavenly realms of emptiness, the heavenly realm of no-thought, and the five heavenly realms of the nonreturner.

twenty-five samādhis 二十五三昧: A list of samādhi concentrations from the Great Nirvana Sutra; each samadhic concentration allows one to overcome one of the twenty-five realms of samsaric existence.

558

Glossary

twenty-three scholars [of the Liang] 二十三家: A group that carried on a famous debate (around 520 or 521 c.e.) on the meaning of the two truths.

twenty types of wisdom 二十智: Seven wisdoms of the Tripiṭaka Teachings, five wisdoms of the Shared Teachings, four wisdoms of the Distinct Teachings, and four wisdoms of the Perfect Teaching; the twelve wisdoms of the Tripiṭaka and Shared Teachings are encompassed by the contemplation of emptiness, the four wisdoms of the Distinct Teachings are encompassed by the contemplation of conventionality, and the four wisdoms of the Perfect Teaching are encompassed by contemplation of the Middle.

two (aspects of) emptiness 二空: The two "emptinesses" of self and of dharmas or phenomena; that there is no substantial self, but also that all phenomena are empty and without substantial existence; another way to explain the first two aspects (emptiness and conventionality) of the threefold truth.

two extremes 二邊: Extreme views to be avoided in order to realize the Middle Path; the two extremes of hedonism or asceticism, the extreme views that either the self is eternal or that the self does not exist, i.e., eternalism or annihilationism, and so forth. two obstacles 二障: The obstacles to attaining perfect awakening: the obstacle of passionate afflictions and the wisdom obstacle (either the obstacles to wisdom or a lower wisdom that obstructs a higher wisdom).

two truths 二諦: Real (ultimate) truth and mundane (conventional) truth. Udraka Rāmaputra 欝頭藍弗: Śākyamuni's yoga master during his practice leading up to awakening; Śākyamuni eventually left him to devote himself to extreme asceticism. ultimate identity 究竟卽: The sixth level of the Six Identities; the level of realization when both wisdom and the severance of passions are accomplished, and the three virtuous qualities are completely manifested.

ultimately empty and quiescent 畢竟空寂: The true nature of all phenomena, including avaricious desires.

unchanging nature 不改性: "Nature" as characteristics that do not change; the characteristics particular to each specific type; one of the three definitions of "nature" given in the exposition of nature as the second of the ten suchlikes in the Mohezhiguan; in terms of the threefold truth, this meaning corresponds to emptiness. undetermined (variable) teachings 不定敎: For each member of an audience to receive a teaching from the Buddha's sermon according to their own capacity; one of the four methods of teaching in the Tiantai classification of five periods and eight teachings. See also five periods and eight teachings.

uninterrupted samādhi 無間三昧: A state of concentration achieved at the level of "supreme in the mundane world"; to contemplate nonarising and understand that both inner self and outer objects are empty. See also four good roots. 559

Glossary

universal giving 遍施: A characteristic of the Buddha (or Dharma) in acting with merciful compassion toward all beings in response to their respective capacity to receive; a gloss based on the meaning of the Chinese characters, but originally the compound was a transliteration of the Skt. siddhānta ("accomplishments," or methods of instruction).

universal wisdom 一切種智: One of the three wisdoms; the ultimate wisdom of a buddha, who is fully and correctly aware of all things; in terms of the threefold truth, this is the wisdom of the Middle.

unsolicited friend 不請友: One who becomes a friend of all beings without being asked or solicited.

upholding the precepts in deed 事戒 and upholding the precepts in principle 理戒: The actual keeping and upholding of the precepts and upholding the precepts in principle through the cultivation of contemplation.

vaipulya period 方等時: According to the Tiantai five-period classification scheme, the Mahayana teachings preached by the Buddha in the eight years after teaching the Āgamas at Deer Park; vaipulya means "extensive" or "broad."

vaipulya [samādhi] 方等[三昧]: A repentance ritual based on the Great Vaipulya Dhāraṇī Sutra, consisting of chanting the "great dhāraṇī for overcoming evil and upholding the good" or the "great dhāraṇī for subduing [the demon] Dandara") as one circumambulates a buddha image or altar while repenting of inadequacies, then retreating to sit in contemplation; one of the methods taught by Zhiyi under the heading of the both walking and sitting samādhi.

vajra samādhi 金剛三昧: "Adamantine (diamondlike) samādhi"; a meditative absorption achieved toward the end of the path of cultivation which catalyzes the final experience of awakening; the process of abandonment, which can destroy even the subtlest and most persistent of delusional fetters.

variable (indeterminate) cessation-and-contemplation 不定止觀: One of the three ways of practicing cessation-and-contemplation; to practice various methods without any fixed agenda or without advancing through predetermined stages. verbal identity 名字卽: The second level of the Six Identities; the level of realization attained by hearing the verbal teaching of the Buddha Dharma. See also Six Identities. view of emptiness 空見: The mistaken and one-sided understanding of emptiness, e.g., the view that one need not uphold the precepts because they are "empty." views as objects [of contemplation] 諸見境: The seventh of the ten objects of contemplation; to contemplate mistaken view. See also ten objects of contemplation. views concerning equality and nondiscrimination 平等無分別見: The mistaken and one-sided understanding of emptiness totally in terms of "equality" and "nondiscrimination" that does not recognize conventional differences and, for example, 560

Glossary

denies the importance of upholding the precepts because of the "equality of" and nondiscrimination between right and wrong.

Vinaya 律: The body of precepts that define the activity and lifestyle one must maintain in order to realize extinction of passions and ignorance; one of the "three stores" (Tripiṭaka) of the Buddha's teachings, along with Sutra and Abhidharma. walking meditation 經行: To walk slowly and quietly in meditation; strictly regulated periods of walking slowly in meditation between sessions of seated meditation, to help alleviate the stress from sitting for long periods of time. wandering sage 家家: A once-returner who has severed the three or four degrees of delusions in the realm of desires; one who wanders "from house to house," or between this world and a heavenly realm.

warped, clumsy, ashes, and near 曲拙灰近: An abbreviated expression to describe four ways in which the attainment of the Hinayana adept is inferior, because it is warped in understanding, clumsy in the means of salvation, involves the belief that nirvana means a reduction of the body to ashes and the extinction of consciousness, and is analogous to the travelers (in the Lotus Sutra parable) who tarry near the conjured city rather than advancing further to the final goal.

wheel-turning king 轉輪王: An ideal world-ruling king who possesses the attributes of a buddha.

white-robed (laypeople) 白衣: "(Those who wear) white robes," in contrast to monks who wear colored robes; a euphemism for lay Buddhists.

wind samādhi 風[奮迅]三昧: Abbreviation of "speed of the wind samādhi," a state of concentration in which one can arouse a great wind and break up their own body, performed by Ānanda while crossing the Ganges River in order to satisfy the demands of the various kings who all wanted Ānanda's relics. wisdom as life 慧命: A word picture comparing wisdom to life; the identification of wisdom with the life process, because all sentient beings are inherently endowed with Dharma-nature and thus have the potential to realize buddhahood. wisdom based on contemplation [般若] 觀慧: In Tiantai, the prajñā-wisdom based on, or gained through, contemplation; the "treasure" handed down to the śrāvaka disciples by the Buddha in the fourth Perfection of Wisdom period.

wisdom like the sun 慧日: The Buddha's unlimited wisdom, which is like the sun and its rays; the "light rays" of wisdom; the sun of wisdom illumines space and manifests the true marks of phenomena as empty, as the sun illuminates the empty sky. wisdom obstacle 智障, 所知障 (Skt. jñeya-āvaraṇa): The more subtle obstacles to wisdom (beyond the obstacles of delusions); the middling "wisdom" that obstructs the attainment of a higher wisdom; also, both the "obstacle of wisdom," a kind of wisdom (of emptiness or conventionality) that obstructs the attainment of a higher 561

Glossary

wisdom, and the "obstacle to wisdom," the higher wisdom (of the Middle) that is being obstructed.

wisdom of extinction (of consciousness) and reduction of the body to ashes 灰身滅智: One of the four descriptions used in Tiantai for the "inferior" nirvana of the Hinayana follower. See also warped, clumsy, ashes, and near. wisdom of the path 道種智: One of the "three wisdoms;" the wisdom of a buddha in being fully and correctly aware of all phenomenal things; the wisdom of conventionality. wish-fulfilling (maṇi) jewel 如意珠, 摩尼珠: A magical, wish-fulfilling jewel. worthy of offerings 應供: A synonym for arhat, lit., "one who is worthy" to receive offerings; one who is valued and worthy of respect.

yellow dragon potion 黄龍湯: A potion made from excrement used as an extreme, last-resort medication; one source gives the following recipe: "mix human feces and urine with wild boar and cat excrement, add salt, and store it in an earthen jar." The practice of nine considerations of a decaying corpse is compared to the use of this potion. See also nine considerations [of decaying corpses]. Yogācāra: Lit., "the practice of yoga," focusing on how the mind works; one of the two major Mahayana philosophical traditions in India, often referred to in China as the school of "consciousness only" 唯識.

Zen "alarm" 禪鎭: A device used during meditation to assist in staying awake; an item that is balanced on top of the head, so that if one becomes drowsy and their head droops it falls off and wakes them up.

562

Bibliography

Hurvitz, Leon. Chih-i (538-597): An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk. Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques, Vol. XII. Bruxelles: Institute Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises, 1962; reprint 1980.

Ichishima, Masao, and David W. Chappell, trans. "A Guide to the Tiantai Fourfold Teachings," in Tiantai Lotus Texts, pp. 151-210. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series. Berkeley: BDK America, Inc., 2013.

Ikeda, Rosan 池田魯参. Makashikan kenkyū josetsu 摩訶止観研究序説 (Prolegomenon to a Study of the Mohezhiguan). Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1986. —. Shōkai Makashikan 詳解摩訶止観 (Detailed Interpretations of the Mohezhiguan), 3 vols. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1996-1997.

Kantor, Hans-Rudolf. Die Lehre des "universalen Dekonstruierens" im chinesischen Tiantai-Buddhismus. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2022.

Robert, Jean-Noël, trans. Quatre courts traités sur la Terrasse Céleste. Paris: Fayard, 2007.

Stevenson, Daniel B., and Neal Donner. The Great Calming and Contemplation: A Study and Annotated Translation of Chih-i's Mo-ho chih-kuan. Kuroda Institute Classics in East Asian Buddhism 3. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1993. Swanson, Paul L. Clear Serenity, Quiet Insight: T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3 vols. Nanzan Library of Asian Religion and Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2018.

—. Foundations of T'ien-t'ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism. Nanzan Studies in Religion and Culture. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1989.

—, trans. The Collected Teachings of the Tendai Lotus School. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series. Berkeley: Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai, 1995.

—, trans. The Hundred Records of the Temple of National Purity. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series. Moraga, CA: BDK America, Inc., 2023.

Tiantai Lotus Texts. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series. Berkeley: BDK America, Inc., 2013. Ziporyn, Brook. Emptiness and Omnipresence: An Essential Introduction to Tiantai Buddhism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016.

563

Index

Abhidharma, 225, 261, 328, 329, 343, 373 Āgama(s), 140, 231, 450, 470 See also Expanded Āgama; Long Āgama; Miscellaneous Āgama aggregate(s), xx, 10, 31, 69, 93, 112, 121, 122, 170, 217, 352-353, 357, 362, 364-375, 379-380, 383, 395, 437, 444, 467

five, xvi, 62, 89, 101, 102, 324, 349, 351, 352, 353, 369, 371, 373-375, 379, 380, 381, 382, 387, 395, 437, 449, 462, 466, 470, 471, 485 Ajātaśatru, King, 144, 365 Ãjñāta-Kauṇḍinya, 266

all-wisdom, 76, 79, 149, 150, 166, 178, 183, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 207-208, 209, 300-301, 376, 396 See also prajñā-wisdom; wisdom Amitābha, 91, 92-93, 94, 109, 110 Analects, 3

Ānanda, 4, 310

anger, 57-58, 101, 127, 134, 141, 286, 294, 320, 321-322, 323, 325, 327, 329, 330, 354, 368, 443, 487 See also craving/greed, anger, and delusion/ignorance; five impediments analogy(ies), 13, 34, 68, 139, 161, 182, 186, 226, 230, 256, 258, 287, 314, 327, 335, 364, 389, 390, 408-411, 413-415, 425, 440, 454

of a boat/raft, xxi, 272 for the color "white," four, 196 of digging the ground, 184 of the Dragon King, 14

for emptiness, ten, 225, 448 of five colors, 374

of the five flavors of milk, 245, 248-249

of a floating bag, 279-282 of the lotus blossom, 249 of a nimble horse, 139, 144, 253, 350, 394

of a potter, 314, 321, 336, 342 for the six senses, 314

three, 8, 397-398

Aṅgulimāla, 130, 144, 286 annihilationism, 115, 116, 236, 374 and eternalism, 54, 55, 77, 109, 378, 458, 475, 478

See also view(s), extreme arhat(s)/arhatship, 4, 5, 44, 64, 66, 76, 114, 129, 169, 218, 227, 248, 256, 262, 271, 281, 297, 311, 313, 315, 330, 354, 365, 374, 386, 404, 410, 474, 488 asura(s), 8, 32, 53, 73, 113, 117, 277, 371, 374, 378, 380, 392

Aśvaghoṣa, 4

attachment(s), xxi, 3, 29, 44, 66, 77, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 145, 149, 151, 171, 212, 217, 218, 227, 228, 240, 264, 269, 271, 272-273, 274, 281, 282, 289, 295, 298, 330, 374, 376, 385, 386, 393, 410, 437-565

Index

attachment(s) (continued): 438, 443, 458, 462, 464, 466, 468, 473, 474, 481, 486, 487

to Being, 41, 443

to dharmas/phenomena, xvi, 149, 228, 272, 376, 399, 464

to emptiness, 283, 354, 365 to false/mistaken views, 237, 296, 354, 366, 443, 455, 463, 467, 469, 472, 487

four types of, 211

to marks, 151, 152

to precepts, 296, 366, 443, 444, 467, 469 to scriptures/texts, 29, 39 Avalokiteśvara, 81, 109, 110, 112, 113, 357

six incarnations of, 112-113 awakening, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 3, 8, 10, 11, 15, 24, 33-35, 38, 39, 44-47, 51, 53, 59, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 78-82, 84-90, 94, 100, 104, 105, 108, 119, 120, 127, 129, 130, 133, 137, 140, 142, 144, 148, 156, 158-160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 171, 174, 179, 188, 197, 200, 205, 210, 213, 216, 218, 226, 228, 230, 242-246, 249, 254, 257, 258, 261, 282, 292, 296, 298, 301, 304, 305, 307, 308, 312, 313, 323, 330, 332, 342, 344, 345, 347, 353-358, 369, 371, 374, 376, 378, 382, 385, 399, 401, 405, 406, 408, 410, 413-416, 418-421, 425, 426, 434-436, 442, 443, 445, 451, 452, 459, 462, 466, 471, 473, 476, 478-480, 485, 487 aspiration for, xv, 11, 14, 16, 24, 28, 29, 31, 106, 107, 147, 164, 258, 276, 293, 298, 340, 366, 367, 398, 399, 401, 402, 430, 442

five types of, 82-83

mark of, 73, 133, 383

mind/thought of, 35-36, 38-40, 45-54, 56, 60-65, 67, 71-79, 82, 83, 95, 258, 313, 321, 338, 340, 341, 375, 376

path of, 36, 213, 242-243, 335, 362 perfect/sublime/supreme/true/ultimate/ unsurpassed, 12, 16, 66, 75, 79, 81, 82, 105, 134, 152, 153, 162, 193, 227, 246, 247, 301, 340, 377, 386, 392, 394, 406, 408, 436, 477, 478 place/seat of, 16, 203, 221, 226, 393, 398, 476

seven components of, 101, 223, 415 See also bodhi; enlightenment B

Baosi, 315

Bhadramukha, 11

Bhaiṣajyarāja, 14, 106

bhikṣu(s), 4, 19, 32, 266, 268, 269, 302 See also monk(s); śrāmaṇa(s) bhikṣuṇī. See nun(s)

bhūmi stages, 83, 219-220, 226, 229, 244, 255, 431, 478

ten, 66, 82, 184, 210, 226, 248, 297, 370, 426, 430, 434, 473, 478 See also bodhisattva(s), stage(s) Bimbisāra, King, 144

birth and death, 11, 24, 34, 64, 211, 214, 246, 276, 279, 296, 298, 309, 315, 334, 350, 353, 372, 386, 464 See also rebirth; samsara; transmigration bliss, 18, 32, 33, 52, 62, 64, 67, 119, 123, 124, 128, 134, 170, 171, 184, 196, 242, 279, 287, 325, 340, 343, 345, 380, 385, 398, 401, 402, 408, 409, 410, 420

desire for, 36, 38, 39, 407, 408, 410, 412, 413, 415, 417

of awakening, 410, 420

of nirvana, 342, 345

See also constancy, bliss, selfhood, and purity

566

bodhi, xx, 31, 33

See also awakening; enlightenment bodhicitta, xv, 31-35, 41, 45-46, 48, 50-51, 56, 65, 67, 71, 74-75, 83 See also awakening, aspiration for; mind/thought of

bodhisattva(s), 6, 11, 13, 14, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 52-54, 63, 71, 75, 80, 81, 84, 86, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97-99, 104-106, 109, 110, 114, 119-123, 125, 128, 132, 133, 146, 147, 164, 171, 176, 184, 186, 193, 203, 204, 212, 213, 218, 228, 231, 235, 238, 246, 248, 257, 258, 259, 261, 269, 271, 284, 285, 298, 311, 313, 320, 331, 332, 335, 352, 354-355, 357-359, 364-367, 369, 371, 376, 378, 379, 386, 387, 403, 423, 425, 427, 429-431, 432, 434, 438-439, 480, 481, 490 of the Distinct Teachings, 128, 146, 183, 255, 277, 355, 381

-mahāsattva, 90, 380

Mahayana, xviii, 59

path/way, 8, 71, 244, 247 of the Perfect Teaching, 184, 255, 277, 381

practice(s), 37, 238, 442 of the Shared Teachings, 128, 146, 183, 219, 271, 277, 355, 380

six perfections of, 118, 128, 354-355, 380

stage(s), 6, 37, 156, 198, 203, 210, 219, 226, 297, 370, 381, 426, 428, 430 of the Tripiṭaka Teachings, 71, 128, 146, 203, 255, 277, 355

See also bhūmi stages; Four Universal Vows

bodhisattvahood, xvi, 352, 354-355, 356, 360, 362, 364, 366, 495

bodhi tree, 3, 15, 199, 301 Index

body(ies), of buddha(s)/Buddha/ Tathāgata, 41, 48-49, 81, 96, 149, 302, 303, 365, 386, 415, 473, 482 of recompense, 49, 50, 386, 473 three/triple, 149, 150, 303 of transformation, 50, 473 See also Dharma body

body, breath/speech, and mind, 35, 85-87, 90, 91-93, 97, 98-99, 103-104, 144, 145, 211, 336, 337, 338, 341-342 See also three matters

Book of Changes, 229

Book of Demon Names, 5

Books of History, Odes, Rites, 229 Brahmā, 29, 49, 113, 483 realm, 285, 287

See also heaven(s), Brahmā Brahmā's Net Sutra, 274

buddha(s), xviii, xix, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26, 36, 38, 41, 44-45, 51, 52, 59, 72, 73, 75, 78, 81, 82, 86-88, 90-91, 95-99, 101-103, 106, 107, 114, 115, 130, 134, 147-149, 168-171, 198, 203, 205, 207, 210, 215, 224, 229, 238, 245, 248, 250, 257, 265, 271, 277, 284, 287, 294, 295, 297, 299, 303, 310, 311, 326, 331, 332, 350, 358, 371, 378-380, 386, 387, 392, 398, 400, 404, 413, 414-415, 428, 431, 433, 436, 439, 463, 473, 476 image, xix, 85, 103, 293 field(s)/land(s)/world, 44, 89, 93, 96, 105, 146, 190, 195, 204

name(s), 85, 86, 93

seven (past), 110, 114, 304 Buddha, xv, xviii, 3-6, 14-17, 20, 28, 36-39, 42, 48-51, 53, 58, 62, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88-90, 94-96, 103, 107, 112, 121, 125, 128, 130, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 144, 147, 148, 163, 164, 174, 567

Index

Buddha (continued):

184, 188, 195, 197-204, 218, 220, 226, 230-232, 235, 237, 239, 240, 242-244, 246, 248, 250, 256-258, 265, 266, 269, 277, 281, 283, 285-287, 299, 301, 303, 310, 311, 313, 315, 326, 344, 345, 350, 354, 357, 365, 371, 375, 377, 379-383, 386, 391, 392, 394, 396-397, 405, 407, 414, 421, 426, 433, 435, 437, 438, 445, 464, 466, 473, 480-483, 486, 487 awakening, xviii, 247, 435 eye, 189-193, 195, 204, 209, 256, 310, 371

historical, 48-49, 149, 169, 375, 482 marks, 46, 48-50, 87, 96, 302, 415, 482 mindfulness of, 39, 93-94, 96, 261 path of, 20, 46, 47, 48, 84, 88, 121, 125, 129, 133, 135, 144, 145, 230, 339, 351, 357, 359, 367, 401 of recompense, 49, 386

wisdom, 16, 119, 179, 192, 193, 197, 198, 205, 257

See also Śākyamuni; Tathāgata; World-honored One

Buddha Dharma(s), 3, 12, 15, 19, 24, 34, 67, 68, 69, 70, 79, 80, 81, 86, 90, 95, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 147, 170, 194, 215, 219, 227, 230, 235, 237, 240, 244, 268, 280, 283, 289, 319, 327, 331, 339, 345, 350, 351, 356, 358, 370, 392, 427, 446, 447, 470, 481, 482 Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 4, 15, 76, 98, 222, 227, 256, 259, 265, 266 See also Three Refuges/Triple Refuge; Three Treasures

buddhahood, xvi, 3, 9, 11, 14, 21, 24, 34, 40, 47-52, 61, 67, 71, 72, 74, 93, 95, 112, 119, 120, 124, 134-136, 146, 147, 148, 153, 169, 170, 203, 205, 210, 226, 243-248, 253, 255, 257, 258, 262, 269, 278, 284, 311, 329, 338, 342, 354, 370, 371, 377-379, 381, 382, 386, 401, 414, 423-426, 428-433, 437, 473 threefold, 473-474

Buddhamitra, 4

Buddhanandi, 4

buddha-nature, xviii, 47, 55, 81, 113, 134, 165, 183-185, 198, 204, 221, 231-232, 239, 243, 245, 249, 252, 382, 383, 421, 473

threefold, xix, 168

Buddhism, xiii-xvi, 138, 481, 482 Buddhist(s), xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xx, 98, 137, 228, 266, 346, 394, 445, 463, 482, 487 canon/scriptures, 5, 230

community/sangha, 138, 293, 294, 312 path/vehicles/way, 29, 104, 235, 279, 280, 287, 288, 292, 308, 322, 328, 351, 374, 376, 377, 406

practice(s), 146, 266, 355 teaching(s), 3, 230, 419, 481, 482 C

causes and conditions, xviii, 7, 15, 19, 23, 38, 44, 45, 54, 55, 60, 72-73, 74, 77, 78, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 135, 148, 175, 182, 187, 198-199, 207, 223, 231, 232, 235, 237, 250, 251, 252, 261, 271-272, 274, 296-297, 334, 362, 363, 386, 391, 396, 407, 408, 413, 434, 449, 456, 461, 465, 469, 472, 487 ten types of, 436-439

twelvefold, 18, 44-45, 101, 102, 112, 114, 334, 369, 392

See also conditioned arising/origination; dependent arising/coarising/ origination

cessation-and-contemplation, xiii, xv, xvii, xx-xxi, 3, 6, 7, 10, 18, 24, 40, 75-76, 79, 80-82, 84, 134, 136, 139, 143-147, 568

155, 159-167, 173-175, 187, 189, 192, 214, 215-217, 220-221, 225-227, 229, 232, 235, 237-242, 244, 249-254, 258, 261, 263, 264, 288-289, 300, 301, 303, 306, 307, 309, 320, 341-343, 347, 348, 349-351, 353, 361-363, 368, 375, 378, 402-404, 422, 425, 426, 428, 462, 463, 466, 468-470, 473, 485-487, 489, 490 absolute, 155, 158, 160-162, 477 differences in terms for, 155, 162 essence of, 173-174, 189-190 four types of, 245, 246, 251, 253, 254 incomplete, 23, 24, 232, 235 regarding the mind, 85, 86, 90, 93, 97, 99, 103, 104, 147

relative, 155, 158, 160

nonarising, 159, 161, 462, 463 ten modes of, 375-376

in terms of the three virtuous qualities, 155, 161, 164-168

three kinds/methods/types of, 7-8, 10, 15, 18, 21, 27, 28, 40, 56-57, 60 gradual and successive, 7-9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 28, 60, 242, 246, 250, 261 perfect and sudden, 8, 10-11, 17, 18, 23, 24, 27, 60, 186, 187, 194, 232, 235, 242, 246, 250

variable, 8, 9-10, 17, 18, 60, 136 See also contemplation

chi energy, xvii

China, xiii, 31, 229, 266, 287, 482 Chinese (language), xx, xxi, 31, 100, 168 Clear Serenity, Quiet Insight: T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Mo-ho chih-kuan (Swanson), xix, xx-xxi, 110, 491

Commentary on the Diamond Sutra, 49 Commentary on the Vinaya in Four Parts for Bhikṣus, 35

Compendium of the Great Vehicle, 332, 389

Index

conditioned arising/origination, 23, 177, 238, 273, 384, 468, 475

twelvefold/twelve links, 16, 407, 437 See also causes and conditions, twelvefold; dependent arising/coarising/ origination

consciousness(es), 42, 44, 62, 64, 70, 93, 107, 108-109, 112, 114, 117, 161, 163, 170-171, 217, 218, 239, 321, 334, 337, 338, 369, 372, 373, 375, 380, 400, 437, 447, 452-453, 462, 464-465 ālaya (store-), 389, 390 extinction of, 34, 175, 377 root of, 334, 460

sense, 121, 122, 321, 322, 372 See also aggregate(s), five constancy, bliss, selfhood, and purity, 18, 124, 128, 134, 170, 171, 196, 242 contemplation, xvi, xix, 3, 9, 10, 18, 23-25, 27, 31, 34, 35, 40, 44-45, 75, 78-81, 86-88, 101, 102, 105, 112, 114, 116-117, 122-123, 127, 129-132, 134-137, 140, 143, 153, 156-161, 163-167, 174-175, 178, 180-189, 192, 194, 200, 207, 210, 219, 221, 223, 226, 238-240, 242-243, 245, 251-254, 262, 263, 266, 271-276, 285, 286, 289, 297, 298, 302-303, 305-307, 324, 336, 339-342, 344, 347, 349-350, 352-356, 360-364, 367-370, 372, 375-378, 393, 397, 399, 402-404, 410-412, 415-423, 427, 442, 452, 456, 462, 485-486 of corpse(s), 32, 94

correct/right, 40, 84, 112, 116, 141, 289, 349

in the Distinct, Shared, Perfect, and Tripiṭaka Teachings, 65-66, 236, 242-243, 248-249, 250-252, 336 of equality, 178, 180, 181-182, 185, 411

569

Index

contemplation (continued): five, in Abhidharma treatises, 261 insight/insightful, xx, 9, 221 gradual and progressive/successive, 27, 59, 126, 178, 185, 186, 242, 243, 305, 362, 397, 442

of the mind/thought(s), 66, 80, 109, 116, 142, 194, 200, 247, 271-273, 275-276, 278, 287-289, 304, 306, 309, 311, 317, 339, 341, 342, 470 object(s) of, xvi, xvii, 8, 10, 86, 187, 271, 347, 351-356, 359-362, 364-368-370, 423 perfect and immediate/spontaneous/ sudden, 59, 66, 184, 186, 242, 243, 362, 397, 442

ten fields/modes of, xvi-xvii, 237, 262, 376-377

threefold/three kinds of, xvii, xviii, xix, 99-100, 101, 167, 176, 178, 183-187, 189, 190-191, 194, 216, 220, 233, 251, 275, 276, 287, 303, 305, 340-342, 395-397, 422, 442 of the conventional/conventionality, xvii, xviii, 100, 101, 180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 210, 219, 220, 226, 232, 271, 273-274, 275, 303, 307, 312, 341, 387, 396, 441, 442, 451, 471, 485-486, 488

of emptiness, xvii, xviii, 100, 101, 112, 182, 183, 185, 188, 210, 220, 226, 271, 272-273, 275, 303, 307, 312, 339, 341, 396, 441, 442, 451, 452, 456-457, 459, 463, 485 of the Middle/Middle Path, xvii, xviii, 101, 180, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 200, 207, 219, 220, 226, 227, 272, 274-275, 303, 307, 312, 342, 347, 396, 486

of the two truths, 178-180, 207 570

variable, 27, 59, 397

wisdom of, 215, 403, 411, 415, 488 See also cessation-and-contemplation Contemplation of Samantabhadra, 69, 97, 104, 105, 106, 289, 294, 361 Contemplation Sutra (of the Buddha of Immeasurable Life), 315

conventional/conventionality, xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, 7, 10, 12-14, 28, 37, 42, 43, 45, 53-56, 63, 67-70, 73, 87, 94, 100, 119-121, 124, 128, 132, 150, 160, 161, 170, 171, 174, 176-178, 182, 183, 185-187, 190, 195, 196, 202-204, 207, 208, 210, 217, 219-221, 226, 231, 232, 236, 238, 250, 253, 262, 271, 273-278, 285, 286, 296, 299, 300, 303, 307, 312, 319, 331, 334, 335, 339, 341, 345, 357, 358, 378, 379, 382, 384, 387, 388, 395, 396, 422, 441, 442, 447-452, 455-472, 474, 475, 485-486, 489 designation(s), 207, 229, 385, 387, 396, 435, 448, 449, 455-456, 458-459, 461, 467

existence, 73, 79, 119, 132, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181-182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 202, 230, 236, 319, 378, 396, 400, 445, 447, 448, 449, 450, 471

means/methods, 175-176, 177, 187, 190, 197, 203, 206, 243, 253, 404, 405, 408, 442, 476, 485, 490 mistaken views of, 469, 471, 489 names/verbal constructions/words, 65, 185, 213, 262, 273, 384, 391 precepts, 280, 283, 300

reality(ies), 159, 176, 177-178, 182, 190, 229, 231, 236, 272, 307, 319, 331, 460, 490

realm/world, xviii, 105, 213, 331, 341, 355, 402, 431

three, 466, 467, 469, 471, 484, 487-488 truth, 200, 341

See also contemplation, threefold/three kinds of; threefold truth Crane Grove, 3

craving/greed, anger/hate, and delusion/ ignorance, 31, 42, 64, 70, 88, 112, 123, 133, 217, 290, 294, 328, 352, 353, 397 See also three poisons

Cūḍapanthaka, 144

Damiļa, 5

dao, 31, 33

Daodejing, 240

Daoism/Daoist, 48, 412, 481-482 Dazhuangyansi, 18

delusion(s), xv, xix, 43, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 101, 126, 134, 138, 140, 157-161, 163, 164, 166, 171, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 201, 205, 210, 212, 215-220, 222, 226-229, 233, 243, 246, 254-256, 269, 270, 274, 276, 284, 290, 291, 295, 296, 298, 303, 321, 341, 364, 367, 374, 375, 378, 381, 386, 388-389, 398, 399, 404, 412-415, 417, 419, 427-430, 432-435, 438, 440, 442-443, 447, 459-461, 463-466, 470, 473, 476-477, 481, 486-490 conceptual, 66, 269, 273, 330 empty, 230, 447, 451

fatuous/vacuous, 24, 402, 409 dust-like/minute, 43, 53, 66, 159, 197, 218, 233, 275, 276, 473

five levels/types of, 100, 188, 229, 302, 424, 430

Index

four categories/groups of/fourfold, 43, 203, 424, 429-430

threefold/three types of, 275, 277, 298, 300, 336

realm/world of, 65, 218, 374, 375 See also craving/greed, anger/hate, and delusion/ignorance; ignorance Deer Park, xviii, 3, 15, 235 demon(s)/demonic, 3, 33, 67, 147, 279, 280-282, 284, 286, 288, 300, 313, 314, 326, 340, 346, 349, 357, 358, 362, 365, 471, 481, 482

forces/spirits, xvi, xvii, 89, 95, 115, 123, 138, 313, 349, 352, 353, 356, 357, 359, 361-362, 364-366, 368-369 rākṣasa, 279, 326