Forest of Pearls From The Dharma Garden Volume V

Glossary

Notes

the original aspiration for enlightenment, turn the wheel, and achieve the top") is unknown.

272 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Fubaijiaolu 覆白交露 ("to cover with a white bead curtain") is unknown.

273 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Baogai zhaokong 寶蓋照空 ("the jeweled canopy shines upon the sky") is unknown.

274 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Zhuqingjing 住清淨 ("to dwell in purity") is unknown.

275 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Kaihua 開化 ("edification") is unknown. 276 The Chinese term gai 垓 is a numerical unit for a large number, said to be a hundred million, a hundred billion, or 9.1 billion multiplied by ten million-billion. The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Nianwudao 念無倒 ("to think of no perversion") is unknown.

277 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Nian chufayi duanyi bayu 念初發意斷 疑拔欲 ("to think that the original initiative cuts off doubts and uproots desires") is unknown.

278 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Lizhukongju wuyouchusuo 離諸恐懼 無有處所 ("to leave behind fears and have no residence") is unknown. 279 The Sanskrit equivalent for the Chinese name Xiaoming dengchao wang 消冥等超王 ("king who disperses darkness and equally jumps over it") is unknown. 280 The Chinese character lun 輪 ("wheel") of falun 法輪 ("Dharma wheel") is replaced with the character zhuan 轉 ("to turn"), according to the Garland Sutra, T.278:546a23. 281 According to Ono, Bussho kaisetsu daijiten, vol. 9, p. 337, the Sanskrit title of the Fo benxingji jing could be either *Śākyamuni-buddhacarita or *Buddhacarita-saṃgraha. 386

Glossary

ācārya (asheli 阿闍梨): A Buddhist teacher; a master or preceptor. anāgāmin: Nonreturner. See four fruits.

arhat: One who has completed the four stages to the attainment of sainthood in the Hinayana. See four fruits; Hinayana.

asaṃkhya (asengqi 阿僧祇): A numerical unit. One asaṃkhya is ten to the fifty-ninth power, therefore it signifies a very large number.

auspicious kalpa (xianjie 賢劫): The present cosmic period (kalpa). See also kalpa. bhikṣu (biqiu 比丘 or bichu 苾芻): A mendicant; a Buddhist monk. bhikṣuṇī (biqiuni 比丘尼 or bichuni 苾芻尼): A Buddhist nun.

bodhisattva (pusa 菩薩): In Sanskrit, "enlightenment being," one who has generated the aspiration for highest enlightenment and is on the path to buddhahood. In the Mahayana bodhisattvas seek enlightenment not just for themselves but in order to compassionately aid others to attain liberation as well. See also Mahayana. Cakravāḍaparvata (Tieweishan 鐵圍山): In Sanskrit, "Ring of Mountains," the proper name of the eight ranges of metallic mountains, of which this mountain is the farthest from Mount Sumeru, the central mountain, presumed in Buddhist cosmology to surround our world-system.

caṇdāla (zhantuoluo 栴陀羅 or 旃陀羅): In the Indian caste system the lowest class of people, also sometimes called outcastes.

Dharma (fa 法): The Buddhist Law, truth, or the Buddha's teaching. Dharma eye (fayan 法眼): The wisdom or insight to see the reality of things. See also five kinds of eyes.

Dharma of warmth (nuanfa 暖法): The first stage of the four wholesome roots (kuśalamūla) for the attainment of sainthood. dhūta (toutuo 頭陀): Ascetic practices, including mendicancy, undertaken by Buddhist monks; also refers to ascetic practitioners.

eight difficulties (banan 八難): The eight conditions in which one is unable to encounter a buddha or hear the Dharma: existence in the realms of hell, animals, hungry ghosts 387

Glossary

(pretas), in the heaven of long life, or in Uttarakuru, the continent to the north of Mount Sumeru, where people always enjoy great happiness and are therefore not motivated to seek the truth; being deaf, blind, and mute; being knowledgeable about worldly affairs and eloquent, which may impede one from following the true path; and living during a time before or after a buddha's appearance in the world. eight superior qualities of the Buddha's voice (ba[zhong]yin 八[種]音): The Buddha is said to possess (1) a pleasant voice, (2) a soft voice, (3) a harmonious voice, (4) a dignified and wise voice, (5) a masculine voice, (6) an unerring voice, (7) a deep and far-reaching voice, and (8) an inexhaustible voice.

eighteen realms ([shiba]jie 十八界): The twelve sense fields (āyatanas) and the six sense consciousnesses (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental). See also six sense consciousnesses; twelve sense fields.

eightfold holy path (bazhengdao 八正道): The last of the fundamental Buddhist teaching of the Four Noble Truths is the cessation of suffering through the eightfold path to enlightenment or nirvana, consisting of (1) right view, (2) right thought, (3) right speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) right effort, (7) right mindfulness or recollection, and (8) right meditation. See also Four Noble Truths. evil realms (echu 惡處, edao 惡道, or equ 惡趣): The hell realms and the realms of hungry ghosts, animals, and asuras (angry titans). See also three evil realms; samsara. field of merit (futian 福田): (1) A buddha or monk; (2) the Three Treasures. See also Three Treasures.

five kinds of consciousnesses (wushi 五識): The consciousnesses that arise from the functioning of the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch (tactile sensation). See also six kinds of consciousness.

five kinds of eyes (wuyan 五眼): (1) The physical eye, (2) the divine eye, (3) the wisdom eye, (4) the Dharma eye, and (5) the Buddha eye. See also Dharma eye. five obscurations (wugai 五蓋): Greed, anger, sloth and torpor, restlessness and anxiety, and doubt.

five precepts (wujie 五戒): The five basic moral and ethical behaviors undertaken by all Buddhists: (1) not to kill, (2) not to steal, (3) not to commit adultery (or, in the case of monastics, not to engage in sexual behavior), (4) not to lie, and (5) not to ingest intoxicants. See also six important precepts.

five realms (wudao 五道or wuqu 五趣): Rebirth in the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, human beings, and heavenly beings (devas). See also evil realms; four realms; good realms; samsara; three evil realms.

five skandhas (wuyin 五陰): The five constituent elements of existence that produce various kinds of suffering: matter or form, perception, conception, volition, and consciousness.

388

Glossary

five transcendental faculties (wutong 五通): (1) The divine eye, the ability to see anything at any distance; (2) the divine ear, the ability to hear any sound at any distance; (3) the ability to know one's former lives and those of others; (4) the ability to know the thoughts of others; and (5) the ability to go anywhere and transform oneself at will. See also six transcendental faculties.

four categories of Buddhists/four kinds of disciples (si[bu]zhong 四[部]衆 or sibudizi 四 部弟子): Monks (bhikṣus), nuns (bhikṣuṇīs), laymen (upāsakas), and laywomen (upāsikās).

four foundations for attaining supernatural powers (sishenzu 四神足): (1) Making the vow to attain excellent meditation; (2) exerting effort to attain excellent meditation; (3) controlling the mind to attain excellent meditation; and (4) observing with wisdom to attain excellent meditation.

four fruits (siguo 四果 or sishamenguo 四沙門果): The four stages of the path to sainthood in the Hinayana: (1) the fruit of entering the stream of the sacred Dharma (srotaāpatti-phala), (2) the fruit of one more rebirth in samsaric existence (sakṛdāgāmiphala), (3) the fruit of nonreturning to samsaric existence (anāgāmi-phala), and (4) the fruit of arhatship or sainthood (arhat-phala). See also Hinayana; samsara. four great elements (sida 四大): Earth, water, fire, and wind. four kinds of favors (sien 四恩): Essential kinds of support that all people receive: (1) parents' favor; (2) sentient beings' favor; (3) sovereign's favor; and (4) the favor of the Three Treasures.

four kinds of necessities (sishi 四事): The four basic requisites for monastics, consisting of food and drink, clothing, bedding, and medicine. See also six kinds of necessities. four kinds of unhindered speech (si[wuai]bian 四[無礙]辯): (1) Thorough knowledge of and the command of language to explain the Dharma, (2) thorough knowledge of the meanings of the teachings, (3) the absence of impediments to communicating in various dialects, and (4) the absence of impediments to preaching to people according to their capacities.

four modes of birth (sisheng 四生): The four ways beings may be born, i.e., from a womb, from an egg, from moisture, and through metamorphosis.

Four Noble Truths (sidi 四諦 or sizhendi 四真諦): The Buddha's fundamental teaching: (1) the truth of suffering, (2) the truth of the cause of suffering, (3) the truth of the cessation of suffering, and (4) the truth of the eightfold path to the cessation of suffering, i.e., nirvana (extinction). See also eightfold holy path; nirvana. four past buddhas (sifo 四佛): Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, Kāśapa, and Śākyamuni. four realms (siqu 四趣): Rebirth in the realms of hells, hungry ghosts, animals, and asuras. See also evil realms; five realms; six realms; samsara; three evil realms. 389

Glossary

four reliances (siyi 四依): (1) Leaving behind evils, (2) adopting wholesomeness, (3) abandoning greed, anger, and ignorance, and (4) being diligent without negligence. good realms (shanchu 善處, shandao 善道, or shanqu 善趣): The realms of rebirth in heaven and in the realm of human beings. See also evil realms; five realms; four realms; six realms; three evil realms.

Hinayana (xiaosheng 小乘): In Sanskrit, "Lesser Vehicle," a pejorative term coined by the Mahayana tradition to refer to the doctrines and practices of the mainstream Buddhist tradition, the two vehicles of śrāvakas (disciples) and pratyekabuddhas (self-enlightened ones). See also four fruits; Mahayana; śrāvaka; pratyekabuddha. icchantika (yichanti 一闡提): One who has no possibility of attaining buddhahood because their nature completely lacks wholesomeness.

kalpa (jie 劫): In Sanskrit, "eon" or "age"; the unit of measurement for cosmological time. See also auspicious kalpa.

kaṣāya (jiasha袈裟): The Buddhist monastic robe. See also saṃghāṭī; three kinds of robes.

kṣatriya (cha[di]li 剎[帝]利): In the Indian caste system, the second-highest class of nobles and warriors.

mahāsattva (dashi 大士): "Great being," another term for a bodhisattva. See also bodhisattva. Mahayana (dasheng 大乘): "Great Vehicle"; a term, originally of self-appellation, which is used historically to refer to a movement that began some four centuries after the Buddha's death, marked by the composition of texts that purported to be his words. Although ranging widely in content, these texts generally set forth the bodhisattva path to buddhahood as the ideal to which all should aspire and described bodhisattvas and buddhas as objects of devotion. The key doctrines of the Mahayana include the perfection of wisdom, the skillful methods of a buddha, the three bodies of a buddha, the inherency of buddha-nature, and pure lands or buddha lands. See also bodhisattva; Hinayana.

mūrdha-avasthā (dingfa 頂法): A Sankrit term that refers to the second of the four preparatory stages to the sacred state in the Sarvāstivāda school, one of the most influential Indian Buddhist schools.

nayuta (nayouta 那由他): An Indian numerical unit. One nayuta is ten million or a hundred billion, among various other definitions.

nirvana (niepan 涅槃): The ultimate goal of Buddhism, a state in which delusions are extinguished and the highest wisdom is attained; counterposed to samsara, cyclic existence. See also samsara.

nivāsana (niyuanseng 泥洹僧 or qun 裙): A monk's undergarment, worn beneath the outer robes. See also kaṣāya; saṃghāṭī.

390

Glossary

parinirvāṇa (panniepan 般涅槃 or panniyuan 般泥洹): Complete, perfect nirvana; the term often refers to the nirvana of the Buddha. See also nirvana. pratyekabuddha (yuanjue 緣覺, dujue 獨覺, or bizhifo 辟支佛): "Self-enlightened one," one who attains enlightenment and liberation without a teacher's guidance and who does not teach others.

rākṣasa (luocha 羅剎) and rākṣasī (luochanü 羅剎女): A male or female demon, respectively, that harms people; one of the eight classes of supernatural beings adopted into Buddhism as guardians and protectors.

sakṛdāgāmin: Once-returner. See four fruits.

saṃghāṭī (sengqieli 僧伽梨, sengqiezhi 僧伽胝, or dayi 大衣): A monk's formal robe made of nine to twenty-five pieces of cloth, worn when practicing mendicancy or when invited to a royal palace; one of the three kinds of monastic robes. See also kaṣāya; three kinds of robes.

saṃkakṣikā (sengqizhi 僧祇支, sengjiaoqi 僧脚崎, or fubo 覆膊): A monastic garment worn under the kaṣāya in order to cover the chest and the side of the body. See also kaṣāya.

samsara (lunhui 輪廻): In Sanskrit and Pāli, "wandering," i.e., the cycle of rebirth, the transmigration of birth and death in the various realms of existence. Nirvana is liberation from samsara. See also evil realms; five realms; four realms; good realms; nirvana; six realms; three evil realms; three realms of existence. six important precepts (liuzhongjie 六重戒): (1) Not to kill, (2) not to steal, (3) not to lie, (4) not to commit adultery, (5) not to announce transgressions committed by the four kinds of disciples, and (6) not to sell or buy intoxicants. See also five precepts; four categories of Buddhists/four kinds of disciples.

six kinds of domestic animals (liuchu 六畜): Horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs, and pigs/hogs.

six kinds of necessities (liuwu 六物): Another set of requisites for monastics: three kinds of robes, an almsbowl, a mat for sitting and sleeping, and a filter bag for water. See also four kinds of necessities.

six pāramitās (liudu 六度 or liu boluomi 六波羅蜜): The perfection (pāramitā) of six qualities or attitudes undertaken by Buddhist practitioners: giving or generosity (dāna), observance of the precepts or moral and ethical behavior (śīla), forbearance or patience (kṣānti), diligence or effort (vīrya), meditation (dhyāna), and wisdom (prajña).

six purification days (liuzhai 六齋 or liuzhairi 六齋日): Six days each month on which purification rites and practices are undertaken, on the eighth, fourteenth, fifteenth, twenty-third, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth days.

391

Glossary

six realms (liudao 六道 or liuqu 六趣): The six realms of rebirth in samsara: the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, animals, asuras, human beings, and heavenly beings (devas). See also evil realms; five realms; four realms; good realms; samsara; three evil realms. six sense consciousnesses (liushi 六識): The consciousnesses that arise from the functioning of the six sense organs with their objects, consisting of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile senses and mental activity. See also six sense organs; twelve sense fields.

six sense organs (liugen 六根 or liuqing 六情): The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body (tactile sense), and mind (thought or mental activity).

six transcendental faculties (liutong 六通): (1) the ability to go anywhere at will and to transform oneself or objects at will, (2) the ability to see anything at any distance, (3) the ability to hear any sound at any distance, (4) the ability to know the thoughts of others, (5) the ability to know one's former lives and those of others, and (6) the ability to destroy all evil passions. See also five transcendental faculties; three major evil passions/three poisons; three transcendental knowledges.

śrāvaka (shengwen 聲聞): Literally, "hearer," a follower of the Buddha who was present in his lifetime and heard his teachings directly. The term later came to mean a Buddhist disciple in general.

srota-āpanna: Stream-enterer. See four fruits.

ten wholesome acts (shishan 十善): (1) not killing, (2) not stealing, (3) not committing adultery, (4) not telling lies, (5) not speaking with harsh or abusive language, (6) not using language that causes enmity between people, (7) not engaging in idle talk, (8) not being greedy, (9) not being angry, and (10) not having wrong views. ten wholesome precepts (shi[shan]jie 十[善]戒): Ten precepts undertaken by laypeople to perform the ten wholesome acts.

three discourses (sanlun 三論): Three important Mahayana Buddhist texts that formed the basis for a Chinese Buddhist school (Sanlun): Nāgārjuna's Zhonglun 中論 (Mādhyamaka-śāstra) and Shiermen lun 十二門論, and Āryadeva's Bailun 百論. three evil realms (san'edao 三惡道, san'equ 三惡趣, or santu 三途): The three lowest realms of rebirth in samsara, the realms of hell, hungry ghosts, and animals. They are sometimes described as the realms of fire (i.e., hell), of blood (i.e., the realm of animals), and of the sword (i.e., the realm of hungry ghosts). See also evil realms; samsara.

three kinds of actions (sanye 三業): Acts of body, speech, and mind, i.e., physical actions, speech, and thought.

three kinds of robes (sanyi 三衣): The three monastic robes, consisting of (1) the formal robe (saṃghāṭī); (2) a robe made of seven pieces of cloth worn at services, lectures, and ceremonies (uttara-āsaṅga); and (3) the regular everyday robe (antarvāsa). See also saṃghāṭī.

392

Glossary

three major evil passions/three poisons (sangou 三垢 or sandu 三毒): Greed or craving, anger or hatred, and ignorance or stupidity.

three periods of existence (sanshi 三世): Past, present, and future. three purification months (sanchangyue 三長月 or zhaiyue 齋月): Three months in a year in which purification rites and practices are undertaken, the first, fifth, and ninth months.

three realms of existence (sanjie 三界): The realm of desire (kāmadhātu), the realm of form (rūpa dhātu), and the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu).

Three Revered Ones (sanzun 三尊): (1) Buddhas, pratyekabuddhas, and arhats; (2) Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, i.e., the Three Treasures; or (3) a buddha with his two attendant bodhisattvas. See also arhat; pratyekabuddha; Three Treasures. three transcendental knowledges (sanming 三明 or sanda 三達): (1) The ability to know one's former lives and those of others, (2) the ability to know one's future destiny and that of others, and (3) the ability to know of all the suffering of the present life and remove its root cause. See also six transcendental faculties. Three Treasures (sanbao 三寶): In the Buddhist tradition, the term Three Treasures refers to the three principal objects of veneration: Buddha, Dharma (the teaching), and Sangha (the order of Buddhist monks and nuns). One of the most common practices that defines a Buddhist is "taking refuge" in the Three Treasures. This formula, which accompanies many lay and monastic rituals, involves a formal declaration that the practitioner "goes to" each of the Three Treasures for refuge or protection and commits themself to the Buddhist path.

three vehicles (sansheng 三乘): The three paths of practice of bodhisattvas, pratyekabuddhas, and śrāvakas; the three kinds of Buddhist teachings applicable to these three paths.

trichiliocosm (sanqian daqian shijie 三千大千世界): A designation of the universe comprised of worlds numbering a thousand to the third power. Tripiṭaka (sanzang 三藏): The "three baskets" (piṭakas) comprising the Buddhist canon, Sutra (the Buddha's teachings, delivered in discourses), Vinaya (the monastic code), and Abhidharma (commentaries on the teachings).

twelve causations (shieryinyuan 十二因緣): The fundamental Buddhist teaching on the twelve-part chain of causality that drives cyclic existence (samsara), also called dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda): (1) spiritual ignorance (avidyā), (2) blind volition (saṃskāra), (3) consciousness (vijñāna), (4) mental functions and the formation of physical elements ("name-and-form," nāmarūpa); (5) the six sense fields (āyatanas), (6) contact with external objects (sparśa), (7) sensation or feeling (vedanā), (8) craving ("thirst," tṛṣṇā), (9) grasping or clinging (upādāna), (10) existence or the process of becoming (bhava), (11) birth (jāti), and (12) old age and death (jarāmaraṇa). See also samsara.

393

Bibliography

Glossary

twelve kinds of scriptures (shierbujing 十二部經): (1) Sutras, the Buddha's exposition of the Dharma in prose; (2) geya, verses that repeat the ideas already expressed in prose; (3) vyākaraṇa, prophecies by the Buddha regarding his disciples' attainment of buddhahood; (4) gāthā, verses containing ideas not expressed in the prose section of a sutra; (5) udāna, an exposition of the Dharma by the Buddha without awaiting his disciples' questions or requests; (6) nidāna, narratives of one's past or events that explain their present state; (7) avadāna, an exposition of the Dharma through allegories; (8) itivṛttaka, narratives of past existences of the Buddha's disciples; (9) jātaka, narratives of the Buddha's past existences; (10) vaipulya, a detailed or extensive exposition of principles of truth; (11) adbhuta-dharma, accounts of miracles performed by the Buddha or other deities; and (12) upadeśa, doctrinal discussions. twelve sense fields (āyatanas; [shier]ru [十二]入): The six sense organs of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind, and their corresponding objects of form/color, sound, odor, taste, tangible objects, and mental objects. See also six sense conciousnessess. upādhyāya (heshang 和上 or 和尚): Originally, a preceptor; later used as a title of respect for a virtuous monk.

upāsaka (youposai 優婆塞 or qingxinnan 清信男): A Buddhist layman.

upāsikā (youpoyi 優婆夷 or qingxinnü 清信女): A Buddhist laywoman.

Way of the Spirit (shendao 神道): The unfathomable mysterious way, the transcendental religious world; also a synonym for a supreme spiritual being. The term shendao is found in the Book of Changes completed before the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.). After the introduction and adoption of Buddhism in China, the term began to appear in Buddhist texts.

yakṣa (yuecha 夜叉): A dangerous demon who harms people; one of the class of eight supernatural beings adopted into Buddhism as guardians and protectors. yojana (youxun 由旬): An Indian unit of measuring distance, usually defined as the distance that can be covered by the royal army in one day. Modern estimates vary widely; eight miles is often given as an approximation, although other estimates varying from four to ten miles are also found.

394

Bibliography

Beal, Samuel, trans. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, 2 vols. London: Routledge, 2000.

Cheng, Hsiao-Chieh, et al., trans. Shan Hai Ching: Legendary Geography and Wonders of Ancient China. Taibei: Committee for Compilation and Examination of the Series of Chinese Classics, National Institute for Compilation and Translation, 1985. Kanaoka, Shōkō. Kan'yaku Butten. Tokyo: Gakushū kenkyūsha,1992. Kawaguchi, Yoshiteru. "Hōon jurin ni mirareru itsuzon betsuzon kyō nit suite," Nanto Bukkyō 37 (1976): 83-102.

Kawamura, Kōshō. Shin Kokuyaku Daizōkyō, Hon'enbu 2 and Monju kyōtenbu 1 and 2. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1993-1996.

Kokuyaku Issaikyō. Indo senjutsu bu, Hon'enbu 1 and 7 and Bidonbu 12. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1930-1932.

Kokuyaku Issaikyō. Wa-Kan senjutsu bu, Gokyōbu 5 and Shidenbu 6, 7, and 10. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1959-1964.

Le Blanc, Charles. Huai-nan Tzu: Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1985.

Legge, James, trans. Dao de jing ji Zhuangzi quan ji. Taibei: Wen xing shu ju, 1963. —. I ching: Book of Changes. Ch'u Chai with Winberg Chai, eds. With Introduction and Study Guide. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1964. —. The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vols. 1 and 3. Taipei: Wen shih che ch'u pan she, 1972, second revised ed.

—. The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 5. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960.

Makita, Tairyō. Gikyō kenkyū. Kyoto: Kyōto Daigaku Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyūjo, 1976. Makita, Tairyō, and Toshinori Ochiai, eds. Nanatsudera koitsu kyōten kenkyū sōsho, vol. 2. Chūgoku senjutsu kyōten (sono 2). Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1996. Mizutani, Shinjō, trans. Daitō saiiki ki, vols. 1-3. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1999. 395

Index

Bibliography

Mochizuki, Shinkō. Mochizuki Bukkyō Daijiten, vols. 1-10. Tokyo: Sekai Seiten Kankō Kyōkai, 1954-1958.

Nagao, Gajin, Seizan Yanagida, and Yūichi Kajiyama, eds. Daijō Butten, Chūgoku Nihonhen, 3, Shutsusanzōki shū Hōon jurin. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1993. Nienhauser, William H., Jr., ed. The Grand Scribe's Records, vols. 1-2. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994-2002.

Ōchō, Enichi. "Jiku Dōshō sen Hokkekyōsho no kenkyū," Ōtani Daigaku kenkyū nenpō 5 (1952): 167-276.

Oda, Tokunō. Bukkyō Daijiten. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1980, fifth printing. Ono, Genmyō. Bussho kaisetsu daijiten, vols. 1-15. Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1967-1991. Ōuchi, Fumio. "Hōon jurin Chūgoku no mono to natta Bukkyō no sekai," Gekkan Shinika 9/3 (1998): 22-26.

Sadakata, Akira. "Jari futo no na ni tsuite," Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū 29/1 (1980): 31-36.

—. Shumisen to gokuraku: Bukkyō no uchūkan. Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1973. Takakusu, Junjiro, and Kaigyoku Watanabe, eds. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō, vols. 1-85. Tokyo: Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai (Society for the Publication of the Taishō Edition of the Tripitaka), 1924-1932.

Takeda, Akira, trans. Sōshinki. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1982.

Wakatsuki, Toshihide, et al., eds. "Hōon jurin no sōgōteki kenkyū," Shinshū Sōgō Kenkyūjo kenkyū kiyō 25 (2007): 1-224.

Ware, James R., trans. Alchemy, Medicine, Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei P'ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p'u Tzu). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1966. Watson, Burton, trans. Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.

Willemen, Charles, trans. The Storehouse of Sundry Valuables. Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1994.

Xingyun dashi, et al., eds. Fo guang da ci dian, vols. 1-8. Taiwan Gaoxiong Shi: Fo guang chu ban she: Fa xing zhe Fo guang da zang jing bian xiu wei yuan hui, 1988. Yang, Hsien-yi, and Gladys Yang, trans. Selections from Records of the Historian. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1979.

Ziegler, Harumi Hirano. "The Sinification of Buddhism as Found in an Early Chinese Indigenous Sūtra: A Study and Translation of the Fo-shuo Ching-tu San-mei Ching (The Samādhi-Sūtra on Liberation through Purification Spoken by the Buddha)," Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. 396

Index

A

Abhidharma, 68

Abhidharma-jñāna-prasthāna. See Fazhi lun

Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā, 66, 68 Abode of Neither Thought nor Nonthought, 20, 119 Acala, 106

ācārya, 8, 9, 10

adbhuta-dharma, 360 Adhyāśaya-sañcodana. See Fajue jingxin jing

afflictions, 21, 127, 130, 189 Agni, 102, 144

Ai, Emperor, 236, 237 Ajātaśatru, King, 101, 155, 222 Ajita, 141

Ājñāta-kauṇḍinya, 96 alms, 14, 17, 74, 110, 144, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 305, 327, 364, 377n136 almsbegging, 32, 277, 278 almsbowl(s), 37, 61, 83, 96, 106, 146, 275, 276, 354

almsgiving, 73, 112, 118, 119, 121, 126, 141, 269, 276, 278, 279, 280, 282, 293-294, 316, 317, 332, 333, 352, 367, 382n209

Amitābha, 351, 356, 368 Amituo jing, 351

Āmrapālī, 84, 273 anāgāmi-phala, 227, 280 Ānanda, 4, 5, 6, 17, 61, 68, 69, 84, 101, 138, 224, 226, 273, 276, 293, 302, 303, 340, 349, 351, 356 Āndhra, 104

Anding, 37, 212

Anfeng prefecture, 237 Aṅgaja, 140, 377n135 Aṅgulimāla, 75

Anhui province, 185, 209, 232, 233, 265, 317

animal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s), 12, 22, 32, 36, 52, 53, 67, 73, 82, 85, 121, 128, 129, 136, 137-138, 155, 194, 200, 201, 206, 208, 219, 227, 231, 232, 235, 236, 238, 239, 283, 309, 322, 337, 342, 351, 352, 355, 356, 359 ape(s), 73, 212

bear, 236, 380n181 boar/hogs/pig, 36, 37, 137, 201 bulls, 256, 259

camels, 26, 170, 252 carp, 185, 200

catfish, 50, 239

cattle/cow(s), 16, 54, 89, 114, 119, 123, 137, 164, 193, 203, 241-242, 256, 258, 280, 281, 289, 298, 324, 370n24 chicken(s)/hen/rooster, 37, 98, 137, 203, 208, 210, 238, 240 crab(s)/mud crabs, 214-215, 238 deer/doe, 11, 12, 13, 14, 73, 81, 82, 94, 179, 183, 217, 231, 253 dog(s), 4, 44, 74, 106, 137, 183, 201, 204, 210-211, 236, 342 397 397

Index

Index

animal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s) (continued): donkey, 38, 129, 327

elephant(s), 77, 79, 82, 85, 97, 98, 100, 154-156, 248, 252, 254, 255, 279, 284, 331, 375n104, 377n143, 378n146

fire mice (huoshu)/mice/mouse, 52, 119, 137, 138, 205, 231

fish(es), 50, 53, 85, 95, 120, 173, 185, 200, 231, 233, 239, 321, 347, 348 fox(es), 206, 207, 208-209, 231, 235, 256, 258, 341, 342

hare/rabbit(s), 10, 82, 83, 137 hedgehog, 58

horse(s), 12, 27, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 58, 77, 110, 136, 151, 153, 157, 161, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 211, 212, 217, 223, 235, 246, 252, 256, 257, 278, 280, 308, 316, 368 Keśi (horse king), 188, 192-195, 198 huangxiong ("yellow bear"), 236 kumbhīra, 82

lion(s), 4, 5, 6, 10, 62, 114, 129, 137, 167, 194, 220, 248, 288, 363 makara, 347, 348

monkey(s), 69, 82, 137, 215, 342 ox(en), 44, 58, 266, 294 pit viper(s), 232, 343, 344 rams, 235

rats, 58, 200-201, 238

sea bass, 233, 234

serpent/snake(s), 4, 19, 20, 51, 62, 79, 105, 136, 149, 175, 199, 200, 201, 203-204, 231, 239, 251, 253, 291, 295, 342

shark/śiśumāra, 342, 384n251 sheep, 22, 25, 43, 54, 114, 119, 136, 154, 158, 164, 180, 181, 203, 234, 235, 256, 258, 289

shrimp, 214, 232

398

tiger(s), xiii, 24, 27, 30, 32, 67, 98, 137, 149, 166, 175, 225, 232, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248 tortoise/turtle(s), 4, 231, 232, 235, 236, 239, 245, 246, 341, 342 wild cat(s), 207, 210-211 wolf/wolves, 32, 154, 225, 248 yu, 235

See also bird(s)/fowl; insect(s); realm(s), of animals

Anlu, 42

Anyang, 202

Anzhou, 42

Apidamo lun. See Abhidharma-mahā vibhāṣa-śāstra Apitan bajiandu lun, 249, 380nn190, 191 arhat(s), 57-58, 59, 61, 67, 101, 106, 109, 127, 138-142, 219, 280, 346, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 377n135, 382n209 sixteen (great), 139, 140, 141-142, 377n135

arhatship, 15, 19, 67, 83, 101, 104, 118, 119, 155, 228, 229, 272, 273, 278, 292, 303, 368

Āryadeva, 73

Asaṅga, 73

ascetic/asceticism, 32, 87, 96, 110, 119, 209

See also austerity/austerities Aśoka, King, 7, 8, 9, 64, 67, 70, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 94, 159, 270, 373n67, 374n89 aspiration(s), 23, 141, 361, 362, 363, 368 for bodhi/enlightenment, 18, 115, 119, 169, 224, 227, 308, 318, 359, 361, 362, 363, 385n263, 385-386n271 four, 361-363

assembly(lies), 18, 34, 35, 36, 42, 44, 71, 101, 104, 133, 139, 141, 144, 210, 260, 272, 328, 352

almsgiving (pañca-vārṣika)/for offering provisions/serving meals, 44, 126, 141, 328, 377n136

meritorious, 34, 35, 141 of purification, 36 semimonthly (upavasatha), 169 sthavira, 101

asura(s), 20, 101, 105, 113, 197 Aśvaghoṣa, 86

Aśvajit, 100

Aṭāli, 106

Aṭavī, 254

auspicious/auspiciousness, 45, 94, 209, 219, 247, 253, 269, 307, 313, 319, 324 image(s), 89, 318

omens/signs, 55, 76, 88, 90, 99, 149, 162, 166, 229, 270, 315, 317 See also kalpa(s), auspicious austerity/austerities, 22, 44, 96 See also ascetic/asceticism Avadāna-śataka. See Zhuanji Baiyuan jing

Avalokiteśvara, 62, 68, 71, 89, 104, 105, 159, 160

Avanti, 251

Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, 322 Ayodhyā, 72

Ayuwang jing/Ayuwang zhuan, 7, 370n18 B

Bactria, 60, 64

Bai village, 34

Bakula, 272

Bāmiyān, 61, 373n77 Bandhumatī, 254, 255 Baochang, xiii

Baogai zhaokong, 358, 386n273 Baoliang, 173

Baopuzi, 53

Baoyun jing (Scripture on Treasured Clouds), 86

Index

Baozhi, 149, 150, 172-176 Baozhishou, 357, 385n267 barbarian(s), 99, 244-245 Baxi, 264

Bazhong-chenlao, 357, 385n260 beggar(s), 364, 365, 366, 367 Beidu, 39, 149, 150, 161, 378n148 Beilu prefecture, 213 Bengal, 103

Bhadra, 140

Bhadrika, 367, 368 Bhagavān/Bhagavat, 139, 140, 274 See also Buddha; World-honored One Bhallika, 60, 61

Bhāviveka, 104, 105 bhikṣu(s), 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 29, 59, 71, 90, 96, 97, 111, 112, 113, 114-115, 116, 118, 119-121, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129-130, 134, 139, 143-144, 150, 154, 155, 156, 188, 195, 227, 228, 229, 260, 271, 272, 273, 277-278, 281, 282, 292, 294, 296, 297, 298, 301, 303, 332, 336, 337-338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 348, 364, 367, 375n114, 376nn120, 125; 381n205 evil, 112, 115, 121, 122-123, 130, 335 four great, 145

five, 96, 129-130

good/pure, 112, 113, 115, 126, 127 sangha, 18, 339, 352, 364 See also monk(s); śramaṇa(s) bhikṣuṇī(s), 71, 75, 114, 118, 134, 139, 273

See also nun(s)

Bhīmā, 57

Bian He, 51

Bijing county, 52

Biliyangqu, 140

Bimbisāra, King, 85, 289 Bindusāra, 374n89

399

Index

Biographies of Eminent Monks. See Liang Gaoseng zhuan; Tang Gaoseng zhuan; Xu Gaoseng zhuan bird(s)/fowl, 22, 32, 46, 51-52, 94, 105, 169, 182, 189, 201, 202, 212, 213, 227, 231, 244, 271, 283, 323, 324, 337, 342 buzzard, 202

chickadee, 231

chicken, 37, 210

cocks/rooster, 4, 97, 98, 137, 203, 238 crane(s), 4, 10, 231, 251, 253, 368 crow, 174, 242, 337 dove, 66

duck, 106, 243

garuḍa, 10, 197

goose, 260

hawk, 66, 170, 201, 231 jingwei, 242

kokilas, 189

magpies, 314

mynahs, 189

parrot(s), 62, 189 peng, 308

pheasant, 231

pigeon, 231

stork, 243

swallow, 29

white falcon, 241 See also animal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s); insect(s)

birth, xiii, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 45, 61, 79, 152, 154, 178, 188, 197, 211, 213, 227, 232, 236, 237, 251, 290 four modes of, 309 birth and death, 4, 24, 69, 96, 113, 135, 139, 196, 230, 232, 247, 262, 272, 274, 332, 349, 368, 381n200 See also rebirth; transmigration Bocheng Zigao

bodhi. See aspiration(s) for bodhi; bodhi seat; bodhi tree(s); enlightenment 400

bodhimaṇḍa. See bodhi seat; enlightenment, place of; vajra, seat bodhipākṣika. See enlightenment, thirtyseven kinds of practices for bodhisattva(s), 3, 4, 5, 23, 25, 34, 66, 68, 69, 109, 112, 113, 120, 127, 131, 132, 133, 136-138, 145, 146, 154, 169, 176, 196, 197, 219, 220, 224, 228, 255, 275, 287, 297, 299, 307, 308, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 372n56, 382n216, 383n231 great/high-ranking, 5, 217, 286, 308 image(s), 176, 313 mahāsattvas, 121, 125, 133, 134, 363, 364

path/way, 134, 197, 219, 353 stage(s), 197, 353, 360, 361, 308, vow(s), 359, 360, 361 Bodhisattva, 146, 156, 228, 248 See also Buddha; Śākyamuni Bodhisattvabhūmi. See Pusa dichi jing/Pusa dichi lun bodhi seat, 87

See also vajra, seat bodhi tree(s), 25, 87, 88, 89-90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 345, 374n94 bodily, verbal, and mental acts/body, speech, and mind, acts of, 129, 134, 331, 334, 337, 348 See also three kinds of acts body(ies), of buddha(s)/tathāgata(s), 77, 81, 96, 220, 251, 269, 332, 335, 338, 368

corresponding, 308 diamond, 115

transformed, 218

reward, 270, 308

true, 270, 308

See also Dharma body Bolana, 140

Boling, 165

Boliuli, 345, 385n255

Borneo, 105

Boruodeng lun shi, 104

Bowu zhi (Records of Natural Studies), 53, 242

Brahma King, 226, 281, 308 four merits of, 281

See also heaven(s), Brahma Heaven; heavenly being(s), Brahma Brahmadatta (bhikṣu), 336, 337 Brahmadatta, King, 11, 12, 13, 14, 364, 365

brahman(s), 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 66, 76, 86, 88, 91, 99, 106, 119, 125, 219, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 260, 276, 277, 279, 288, 289, 290, 291, 338, 345 buddha(s), 3, 4, 6, 7, 13, 23, 34, 39, 58, 68, 77, 78, 84, 85, 87, 93, 107, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 132, 135, 138, 156, 163, 218, 219, 220, 224, 228, 254, 255, 272, 273, 285, 299, 302, 307, 308, 318, 325, 336, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 370n17 past, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 97, 134, 302

See also tathāgata(s)

Buddha, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 31, 39, 58, 60, 61, 63-84, 86-87, 94, 95-101, 103, 104, 106, 111-116, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126, 129-134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144-145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 154, 155-156, 158, 159, 162, 170, 188, 196, 210, 218, 219, 220-221, 222-223, 224, 226, 227-228, 229, 248, 249, 255, 257, 258-260, 263, 269, 270, 271-274, 275-277, 278, 281, 282-284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291, 292-293, 294, 295, 297-298, 299, 300, 301-302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 309, 314, 323, 325, 331, 332, 335-337, 338, 339, 340, 341, Index

345-346, 347-348, 349, 351, 356-359, 361, 363, 364, 367, 374nn88, 98; 375nn99, 102; 382n209, 385n263 buddhahood/enlightenment of, 78, 86, 87, 91, 93-94, 95

death/nirvana/parinirvāṇa, 67, 80, 81, 86, 88, 99, 104, 139, 140, 146, 285, 286, 292, 375n102

image(s)/statues, 39, 57, 58, 62, 65, 74, 80, 92, 93, 96, 111, 141, 162, 170, 173, 216, 251, 269, 270, 271, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 294, 297, 299, 300, 313, 314, 316, 317, 329

power(s), 58, 76, 100, 227, 337 seat, 34, 94, 95, 102, 260, 373n74 See also mark(s); relic(s); Sakyamuni; Tathāgata; World-honored One Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, 280, 332, 335, 345

See also Three Treasures

*Buddhacarita-saṃgraha/*Śākyamunibuddhacarita. See Fo benxingji jing buddhahood, 61, 64, 81, 82, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 115, 136, 219, 286, 292, 302, 307, 333, 334, 351

buddha land(s), 6, 136, 138, 143, 218, 220, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 360 See also world(s), named

buddha-nature, 116, 131

Buddhadhyāna-samādhisāgara-sūtra. See Guanfo sanmeihai jing Buddhism, xiii, xiv, xv, 25, 32, 34, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 74, 88, 91, 102, 103, 109, 126, 159, 160, 172, 321 persecution of, 32, 165

See also Hinayana; Mahayana Buddhist(s), 3, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 47, 56, 59, 60, 70, 77, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 107, 109, 110, 111, 118, 131, 135, 143, 148, 155, 401

Index

Buddhist(s) (continued): 156, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 175, 196, 198, 221, 229, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 282, 285, 287, 292, 293, 294, 298, 299, 303, 308, 311, 313, 317, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 329, 336, 349, 352, 353, 361, 362, 363, 384nn247, 254 canon/texts/scripture(s)/sutra, xiii, xivxv, 23, 125, 141, 316, 374nn82-85; 382n211

ceremony/rites/service(s), 28, 33, 35, 102, 167, 284, 293, 315, 371n35 doctrine(s)/teaching(s), 23, 24, 28, 84, 95, 110, 135, 149, 175, 230, 277, 292, 345

education/edification, 56, 164, 165, 166 monastery(ies)/seminary/temple(s), 74, 111, 159, 170, 171, 266, 302, 308, 311, 314

practice(s)/precepts, 71, 114, 116, 118, 129, 134, 147, 161, 327 See also four categories/kinds of Buddhists/disciples/followers; Way (Buddhist)

Buddhist Dharma, 9, 10, 24, 32, 57, 71, 99, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 123, 125, 127, 130, 139, 142, 143, 144, 159, 162, 165, 166, 167, 264, 274, 283, 297, 306, 341 See also Dharma C

Caiju, 212, 213 Cainü, 179

Cai Yin, 270

Cakoka, 58

Cakravāḍa, 20

can and kui, 348, 349 Candragupta, 374n89 Candraprabha, King, 67 402

Caṇḍapradyota, King, 251 Cangyuan, 23

Cao, 213

Cao family, 163 Cao, Lord, 233, 234 Cao Pi, 53

Caritra, 103

cave(s)/cavern, 27, 33, 37, 44, 51-52, 58, 64-65, 74, 101, 104-105, 106, 136-137, 138, 139, 180, 181, 183, 203-204 Best Quality, 137 Bright Star, 137 Dharma Seat, 137 Diamond, 137

Diverse Colors, 136 Fragrant Merit, 137 Gold Fowl Stone, 51 Good Abiding Place, 136 Immortality, 136 Joy, 137

Lofty Merit, 137 Pure Path, 137 Shilao, 31

Vow, 137

See also mountain(s)/valley(s) Celestial Palace, 307 Central Asia, 23, 53, 161, 374n97 See also Western Region Central Plains, 163, 164, 317 ceremony(ies), 35, 110, 165, 167, 183 Ceylon. See Siṃhala Chade, 324-325 Chan, 37, 44, 45, 268, 317, 319, 320, 323, 384n241

Chandaka, 79

Chang'an/Chang'an county, xiii, 26, 40, 42, 46, 57, 91, 164, 165, 200, 236, 325 Chang Hong, 235 Changsha, 25, 172, 202, 240 Changshan, 26

Changsheng, 185

Changzhaoyao, 358, 385n270 Channa, 281

Chen and Zhao, 181, 182 Chen Feng, 236

Cheng, 169

Cheng, Emperor, 200 Cheng Dedu, 29

Chengdu, 167

Chengguo village, 34 Cheng Huihe, 34

Chengnan, 172

Chengshi lun, 297

Chenliu, 23, 208, 232, 371n31 Chenna. See Dignāga Chen prefecture, 213 Chen state, 239, 380n184 Chen Xianda, 174

Chen Xiuyuan, 262-263 Chen Zhenglu, 176

Che Tan, 171

China, xiii, xiv, 23, 55, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 105, 138, 147, 179, 230, 270, 383n224 Chinese, xiv, 29, 55, 56, 86, 91, 92, 146, 147, 148, 163, 170, 183, 237, 242, 263, 300, 312, 314, 315, 317, 320, 323, 325, 370n17,

calendar, 79, 87, 93, 94, 97, 165, 374n93 character(s)/language, 48, 56, 69, 170, 213, 214, 242, 298, 370nn16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27; 371nn29, 36-39, 41, 43; 371-372n45, 372nn46, 47, 50, 53; 373nn70, 73; 374n96, 375nn110, 111; 375-376n115, 376nn116-118, 121, 126-132; 377nn135, 137-145; 378nn146, 149-154, 158-160, 162; 379nn163, 164, 167, 169, 172, 177, 178; 380nn181, 186, 190-192; 381nn193, 195-199, 206, 207; 382nn209, 210, 214-216, 220; Index

383nn223, 224, 229, 231-233, 235, 237, 238; 384nn240, 244, 246, 249-251, 254; 385nn255, 259-270; 385-386n271, 386nn272-280 indigenous sutra/literature/translation, xiii, 298, 382nn211, 212; 385n258 music/musical instruments/zither, 183, 185, 186, 206

Chisuonian, 357, 385n268 Chu, emperor of. See Lin Shihong Chuchu jing, 219, 220, 340 Chufaxin butui zhuanlun chengshou, 358, 385n271

Chufaxin nianlikongwei guiyichaoshou, 357, 385n263

Chungu, 37

Chunqiu Zuozhuan, 380n181 Chun Yujin, 211

Chunyu Yi, 199

Chusanzang jiji, 369n2, 385n258 See also Fayuan jing Chusheng Putixin jing, 250 Chuyao jing, 382n219, 384n250 Cibei daochang chanfa, 370n25 Cīnabhukti, 68

Ciñcā, 76

Ci province, 158, 159 clergy, 22, 34, 109, 111 See also monk(s)

compassion, 35, 112, 113, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 191, 195, 220, 224, 260, 270, 281, 308, 317, 337, 341, 345, 352, 356, 358

Confucius, 206, 214, 239, 243, 380n184 consciousness-only, 321 contemplation, 94, 131, 134, 320, 322, 331-332, 343

See also meditation corpse(s), 18, 19, 34, 43, 47, 106, 151, 152, 168, 174, 210, 222, 223, 226, 313, 317, 321, 378n154 403

Index

Cūḍapanthaka, 141 Cui Hao, 165

Cunda, 80, 373n79 D

Daaidao biqiuni jing, 278 Da Aluohan Nantimiduoluo suoshuo fazhuji, 130, 377n137 Da Baoji jing, 376nn124, 127, 128 Da biqiu sanqian weiyi, 339 Dafangbian fo baoen jing, 384n259 (T. 156)

Dafangdeng daji jing, 111, 128, 134, 147, 348, 376nn129, 131; 377n133 Yuezang section, 136 Dafangdeng daji nianfo sanmei jing, 4, 370n14

See also Dafangdeng daji jing pusa nianfo sanmei fen Dafangguang shilun jing, 116 Daji yuezang jing. See Dafangdeng daji jing

Damocha, 213

Damo Tiexidi, 59, 372n50 Dang prefecture, 185 Danmoluo, 140

Dan province, 160 Danyang, 159, 160, 207, 235 dao, 371n39

See also Daoist; yin and yang Daoan, 371n33

Daogong, 30

Daohong, 198

Daohui, 29

Daoist, 178, 314 See also transcendent(s); Way (Daoist); yin and yang

Daojin, 163-164

Daorong, 209

Daoshi, xiii, xiv, 378n147 Daosun, 322

404

Daoxian, 206

Daoxing bore jing. See Prajñāpāramitā Daoxiu, 212

Daoxuan, xiii, xiv, 372n50 Daoying, 320-324 Darband/Derbent, 372n51 Daśacakrakṣitigarbha. See Dafangguang shilun jing

Daśadhigandhakāravidhvaṃsana. See Foshuo mie shifang ming jing Dasheng qixin lun. See Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana Dasheng zhuangyan jinglun, 73, 117 Da Tang neidian lu, 369n3, 382n212 Da Tang xiyuji, 56, 91, 93, 100, 107, 372nn49, 54, 56; 373nn67, 69, 72, 77, 78; 374nn88, 90, 91, 94; 375nn99, 101, 112

Dawan village, 35 Da zhidu lun, 18, 20, 131, 154, 220, 276, 292, 373nn60, 69 Da zhi lun (Great Wisdom Discourse). See Fazhi lun

Da Zhou kanding zhongjing mulu, 382n211

Da zhuangyan famen jing, 221, 379nn176, 177

Dean county, 42

Deer Park, 81, 82 defilement(s), 20, 21, 115, 117, 127, 128, 129, 135, 141, 148, 154, 175, 197, 224, 255, 273, 289, 299, 303, 308, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 345, 346, 364, 368, 385n260 deity(ies), 38, 70, 105, 114, 135, 191, 231, 235, 262, 294, 311, 347 dragon, 20, 127

mountain, 63, 215, 229 tree, 290

See also god(s); goddess(es) delusion, 118, 320, 368

Dengxing, 357, 385n261

Devadatta, 76, 82, 100, 103, 131, 154 devil(s), 120, 122, 124, 126, 127, 283, 293, 342, 385n269

king, 91, 94, 101, 118

See also Māra/Māra-pāpīyān Deyang Hall, 199

Dhānakaṭaka, 104

dhāraṇī(s), 25, 104, 374n88 Dharma, 4, 5, 6, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 36, 42, 46, 58, 61, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 96, 98, 100, 105, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 124, 125, 126, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 144, 145, 146, 148, 159, 166, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 228, 249, 252, 253, 265, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 282, 285, 292, 297, 299, 302, 307, 310, 314, 321, 322, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346, 352, 353, 357, 358, 367, 375-376n115 assembly, 210, 272

cloud(s), 100, 218, 308, 351 essence/essentials of, 34, 301, 323 good/wholesome, 113, 126, 224, 255, 345

master/preacher(s)/teacher, 22, 29, 32, 40, 43, 55, 98, 114, 115, 126-127, 209, 305, 306, 307, 316

period(s) of, 119, 133, 134, 305 semblance, 119, 134, 145 305 true, 4, 23, 66, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 218, 305, 331, 341, 360

recollection of, 332-333, 336 robe, 10, 36, 61, 81, 118, 128, 228 store(houses)/treasure(s), 125, 133, 142, 309, 314, 345

Index

wheel, 95, 112, 220, 281, 305, 307, 386n280

See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Buddhist Dharma; Dharma body; realm(s), Dharma/of ultimate reality Dharma body, 3, 270, 271, 308, 338 See also body(ies), of buddha(s)/tathāgata(s) dharmadhātu. See realm(s), Dharma/of ultimate reality

Dharmagupta-vinaya. See Sifenlü dharmakāya, 71, 308

See also Dharma body

Dharma King, 133

Dharmapāla, 75

dhūta, 110, 121, 165

See also ascetic/asceticism dhyāna, 145, 338

See also meditation; pāramitās, six Dian lun (Discourse on Laws), 53 Dignāga, 104

Dijing tu (Charts of the Earthly Mirror), 51, 53

Ding Lan, 270

Dīpaṅkara, 64

disciple(s), 5, 22, 23, 29, 46, 47, 68, 96, 98, 114, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 143, 145, 156, 162, 163, 164, 178, 184, 185, 195, 226, 281, 282, 285, 304, 314, 321, 323, 361

brahman/non-Buddhist, 8, 126 four groups/kinds of, 129-130, 285, 289 lay, 27

śrāvaka, 147, 368

See also monk(s); nun(s); śramaṇa(s); śrāvaka(s)

divine(d)/divination(s), 3, 4, 12, 62, 67, 93, 120, 170, 183, 203, 230, 231, 233 244, 254, 265, 290, 303

donation(s), 35, 73, 102, 141, 167, 170, 248, 250, 273

405

Index

Dongyang, 198, 241 Dongyang Wuyi, 380n185 Dongye county, 203, 204 donor(s), 10, 38, 120, 121, 130, 135, 140, 141, 170, 281, 282, 283, 284, 294, 302, 305, 307, 310 dragon(s), 13, 20, 45, 65, 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 95, 127, 137, 138, 147, 172, 181, 185, 191, 197, 199, 220, 229, 359 king(s), 20, 64, 67, 95, 96, 309 Elāpattra, 67

Mucilinda, 13, 95, 96 Sāgara, 2

Sea Dragon King, 283 pond/spring, 62, 63, 95, 96, 306 Duan Ganmu, 163 Du family, 32

Dunhuang, 26, 56, 213 Du Yingshi, 32

E

East, 91, 107, 111 Eastern Capital, 37, 39, 41 See also Luoyang Eastern County, 208 Eastern Roman Empire. See From/Fulin Eastern Sea, 242 Eastern Yue region, 203 East State of Women, 58, 85 See also Suvarṇa eightfold holy path, 129, 307, 345, 368 eight kinds of (spiritual) beings, 309, 338 elements, 255, 320, 374n92 eighteen, for human existence, 335 five primary, 187, 238, 239 four great, 19, 248, 300, 344 Empress of Heaven, 273 emptiness, 127, 129, 131, 154, 219, 261, 281, 320

enlightenment, 72, 78, 87, 128, 136, 146, 169, 340, 341, 368 aspiration for, 18, 115, 119, 169, 224, 308, 359, 361, 362, 363, 385-386n271 highest/perfect/right/supreme, 86, 87, 116, 127, 128, 133, 134, 136, 138, 297, 341, 353, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 385-386n271 path to/way of, 99, 305, 307, 356 place of, 87, 93 seven factors of, 305 thirty-seven kinds of practices for, 275 exorcism, 201, 202, 251, 252 expedient mean(s)/method, 7, 30, 131, 135, 138, 152, 153, 159, 191, 192, 197, 223, 292, 305, 344, 360, 366 eye(s):

of the Buddhist Way/Dharma, 148, 273 donation of, 66, 372n56 heavenly, 6, 287, 290 F

Faan, 37-39

Fadeng, 38

Fagong, 268

Faguang bore jing/Faguang shoupin, 23 Fahua jing, 378n155 faith, 3, 34, 60, 88, 91, 96, 145, 147, 159, 166, 210, 228, 251, 255, 269, 275-277, 279, 301, 308, 318, 319, 328, 341, 360, 366

Fajie, 29

Fajin, 166, 167, 168 Fajue jingxin jing, 255 Falang, 38, 166-167 Fanchuan, 46

Fang Xuanling, 326 Fangzhou, 328

Fanhe county, 160 Fanzhu, 91

Farao, 23

Fashang, 170

406

Fashun, 44-47

Faxian, 31, 173, 382nn213-215 Faxiang, 22

Faxing, 25, 26, 103 Fayuan, 25

Fayuan jing (Sutras in the Dharma Garden), xiii

See also Chusanzang jiji Fayuan zhulin, xiii-xv, 369nn4, 5; 383n227

See also Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden, A

Fayun, 175, 176

Fazhi lun, 373n69

Fazhu jing, 140

Fenbie gongde jing. See Fenbie gongde lun

Fenbie gongde lun, 15, 335, 338, 384nn250, 251

Fengyi, 315

Fenzhou, 315

Field of Great Almsgiving, 73 First Emperor of the Qin, 214 five deadly sins, 113 five kinds of energies, 230 See also element(s), five primary five kinds of pungent vegetables, 283 five kinds of suffering, 267, 381n200 five skandhas, 131, 344 Five Thearchs, 99

Flames of Treasures, 224 flower(s), 5, 11, 14, 64, 67, 72, 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 88, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 120, 142, 160, 169, 185, 188, 189, 220, 235, 256, 263, 284, 289, 300, 301, 305, 308, 323, 339, 353, 358, 362 uḍumbara, 351

See also lotus

Fo banniyuan jing, 339 Fo benxingji jing, 187, 189, 364, 375n104, 378n160, 379nn162, 164; 386n281 Index

Foboji (Records of the Buddha's Bowl), 146, 377n139

Fochui banniepan lüeshuo jiaojie jing, 331, 384n250

forest(s), 31, 58, 63, 74, 79, 110, 125, 128, 155, 174, 189, 194, 322, 342, See also garden(s)/grove(s); tree(s) Forest of Pearls from the Dharma Garden, A, xiii, 54, 107, 148, 216, 268, 329, 368, 369n5, 385n257 See also Fayuan zhulin Foru niepan miji Jingang lishi ailian jing, 374n81

Foshuo Chuchu jing. See Chuchu jing Foshuo mie shifang ming jing, 356 Foshuo xinming jing, 219 Foshuo zazang jing, 301 Foshuo zhude futian jing, 271, 303, 381nn206, 207; 383n227 Fotiao, 26-28

Fotudeng, 161-163, 164 four castes/classes, 111, 288, 324 kṣatriya, 116, 147, 288, 338 merchant-farmer (vaiśya), 71 See also brahman(s) four categories/kinds of Buddhists/disciples/followers, 47, 98, 114, 143, 285, 289, 304, 313, 322 See also layman/laymen; laywoman/ laywomen; monk(s); nun(s) four continents, 20, 57, 116, 281, 286, 288, 297

Aparagodānīyadvīpa/Godānīyadvīpa, 140

Jambudvīpa, 7, 13, 20, 90, 101, 105, 116, 122, 126, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 188, 191, 193, 194, 195, 280, 281, 288, 290, 301, 384n247

Pūrvavidehadvīpa, 140 Uttarakurudvīpa, 140 407

Index

four heavenly kings, 79, 96, 145, 146, 290, 338

See also heavenly, king(s) four kinds of immeasurable/pure mind(s), 274, 297

four kinds of necessities, 39, 71, 121, 141, 308

Four Men of Virtue, 163 four seas, 102, 309 Eastern Sea, 136, 242 Southern Sea, 97, 137 Fo zai jin'guan jingfu jing (Sutra of Respect and Merit of the Golden Coffin in Which the Buddha Rests), 282, 382n211

Fo zai jin'guan shang zhulei jing, 382n211 Fozang jing, 121, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 376nn123, 126 From/Fulin, 106

Fubaijiaolu, 358, 386n272 Fufazang yinyuan zhuan, 138, 268 Fu Gongyou, 313

Fujian province, 171, 203 Funiao fu (Poem of a Buzzard), 202, 379n168

Fuxi, 99

Fuyang, 215

Fuyang county, 241 Fuzhou, 329

G

Gāndhāra, 66

Ganling prefecture, 261 Gansu province, 23, 37, 56, 212, 261 Gao, Emperor, 44, 173 Gaochang, 56, 57, 60, 166 Gao Huan, 169

Gaoling county, 329 Gao royal family, 266 Gao Yang, 169, 170 408

Gaozu, 236

garden(s)/grove(s), 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 166, 200, 221, 222, 223, 227, 242, 269, 271, 294, 295, 301, 304, 366 āmra, 72

Andhavana, 76-77

Deng Grove, 53, 372n48 Garden of Anāthapiṇḍada, 75 Jeta Grove, 70, 75 Kalandaka Bamboo Grove Garden, 101 Lumbinī Grove, 78, 305 nyagrodha, 78, 80 śāla, 80

See also forest(s); tree(s) Garland Sutra, 20, 32, 33, 37, 218, 320, 323, 361, 371nn28, 29; 386n280 gāthās, 68, 148

Gayā (city), 86

Gayā-kāśyapa, 375n101 Gayāśīrṣa. See Wenshushili wen puti jing gem(s)/jewel(s), 16, 18, 20, 22, 51, 59, 60, 91, 103, 132, 133, 179, 184, 226, 253, 255, 256, 266, 274, 275, 381nn193, 207

agate, 188, 308

brass, 94, 106, 124 crystal, 70, 106, 137 gold, 17, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 70, 85, 87, 89, 92, 98, 104, 106, 120, 124, 128, 155, 170, 179, 180, 182, 211, 225, 253, 257, 269, 279, 280, 284, 289, 290, 291, 292, 318, 319, 354, 365, 374n92, 382n219 jade, 51, 99, 182, 183, 184, 189, 306 jue, 51

maṇi/wish-fulfilling, 18, 20, 79, 103, 308

pearl(s), 20, 21, 63, 88, 90, 96, 180, 181, 242, 253, 274, 280, 305

silver, 58, 62, 70, 89, 106, 120, 124, 137, 182, 188, 211, 235, 246, 279, 289, 306, 365

sphaṭika (quartz), 106 See also treasure(s) Ghoṣila, 74

giant, 29, 53, 239, 300 god(s), 15, 16, 17, 22, 36, 38, 85, 144, 197, 232, 240, 295, 374n98 heavenly, 15, 87, 226, 288, 294 of the earth/land, 19, 36-37 of fire, 144

mountain, 87

of the sea, 188 sky, 90

of trees, 197

of wind, 144

See also deity(ies) goddess(es), 291 fire, 137

tree, 136

water/Water Deity, 137 wind/Stirring Wind, 137 golden-wheel flying emperor/goldenwheel king, 61, 288, 299, 382n217 See also wheel-turning noble king(s) Gong, Emperor, 41 Gongting Shrine, 243, 318 Gopāla, 251, 252 Gopāla-sutta, 298 Gopikā, 154

Great Heavenly Woman Shuangtongmu, 147

Great Nirvana Sutra. See Nirvana Sutra Great Way, 55, 307 See also Way (Buddhist) Guanfo sanmeihai jing, 224, 284 Guang Bai lun/Guang Bai lun ben, 73, 373n76

Guangdong province, 39, 171 Index

Guang hongming ji, xiii, 377n145, 378n146

Guang Houbo, 173 Guangling, 30, 161 Guangxi province, 39, 141, 181, 264 Guangzhou, 29, 31, 242 Guangzhou jilu (Records of Guangzhou), 242

Guan Ning, 163 Guan Xian, 185, 186 Guanxi fo xingxiang jing. See Mohechatou jing Guanzhong, 24, 164, 165 Gucheng prefecture, 185 Guiji, 30, 159, 214 Guiji prefecture, 238 Guiyang prefecture, 205 Guizimu jing, 372n57 Gukou, 171

Gun, 236

Guowang Bulixianni shimeng jing, 255 Guoyu (Talks of States), 214 Guo Zhibian, 38 Gupta, 346

Gu Wei, 242

Guxiaoshuo gouchen, xv H

Haḍḍa, 65

Haixi, Lord. See Sima Yi Hami, 56

Handan, 201

Han dynasty, 55, 57, 60, 92, 163, 180, 181, 183, 199, 200, 201, 208, 235, 236, 237, 238, 261, 380n183 Former, 379n170 Han family, xiii Han Shi waizhuan (Han's Annotation on the Book of Odes), 243 Hardwār, 373n71 Hāritī, 66

409

Index

heaven(s), 4, 10, 45, 64, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 86, 88, 92, 100, 110, 113, 149, 156, 163, 177, 197, 202, 213, 219, 226, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 256, 259, 265, 270, 272, 273, 276, 286, 287, 288, 293, 295, 296, 297, 305, 313, 319, 325, 335, 336, 338, 339, 368 Akaniṣṭha, 7, 133-134 Brahma, 70, 94, 95, 271, 286, 288, 290, 338

Heaven of Deep Water, 296 Heaven of Three Harps, 295, 296 Mālādhara, 296

Paranirmitavaśavartin, 138, 281, 283 Pṛthivī, 133

six, in the realm of desire, 133, 281, 286, 289, 346, 352, 353, 382n218 Śuddhāvāsa, 87, 302 Trāyastriṃśa, 140, 248, 271, 274, 285, 301, 382n218

Tuṣita, 67, 81, 156, 360 Wind Blowing Heaven, 296 Yama, 346

heavenly, 30, 73, 89, 177, 188, 190 beings, 58, 66, 72, 78, 84, 105, 112, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142, 147, 158, 197, 198, 220, 227, 248, 272, 275, 281, 283, 286, 290, 293, 300, 302, 308, 309, 332, 334, 336, 338, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 359 eyes, 6, 287, 290

god(s), 15, 87, 226, 288, 294 kings, four, 79, 96, 109, 145-146, 290, 338

music/musicians, 67, 76, 169, 264 See also realm(s), of heavenly beings; spiritual, being(s) Hebei province, 26, 29, 44, 162, 201, 205, 245, 267, 379n165 Hedong, 322

Helian Bobo, 165

410

hell(s), 76, 106, 113, 116, 117, 123, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 159, 164, 198, 219, 267, 279, 283, 339, 347, 351, 352, 353, 381n200

Avīci, 126, 130, 131, 283, 284 Kālasūtra, 130

Pratāpa, 130

Raurava, 190

Saṃjīva, 130

Tapana, 130

Heluodao, 41

Henan province, 21, 23, 41, 171, 185, 200, 202, 205, 208, 232, 234, 235, 238, 261, 262, 313, 378nn156, 157; 379n165

Henei, 246

heretic(s), 70, 102, 335 See also non-Buddhists(s) hermaphrodite, 237, 244 hermit(s), 11, 12, 53, 66, 149, 226, 280, 367, 373n60

heterodox/heterodoxy, 103 Heyin, 21

Hīmatala, 373n77

Hinayana, 23, 135, 333, 336, 339, 384n250

hindrance(s), 6, 135, 149, 162, 217, 221, 230, 250, 261, 307, 321, 345 Hongdong county, 40 Hongming, 30-31

Hongzan, 377n139

householder(s), 157, 346 See also lay disciples/laypeople/layperson; secular Hou Zhichun, 329

Hua Furong, 212

Huai, Emperor, 237 Huaibiao, 329

Huaimomandubu, 357, 385n269 Huainanzi, Lanming xun, 381n203 Huaishan, 329

Huan, Emperor, 199 Huan Chong, 50 Huang family, 235, 236 Huangfu Fanghui, 163 Huang Yuan, 183 Huanshui, 93, 99 Huan Wen, 310

Huashou jing, 297 Huayan (daughter), 35, 36 Huayan jing. See Garland Sutra Huayin prefecture, 185 Hubei province, 24, 29, 42, 171, 172, 179, 205, 235, 244, 264, 311 Hu county, 34

Hui, Emperor, 24, 199, 237 Huian, 168-169, 314 Huida, 159, 160, 311-312 See also Liu Sahe Huigao, 43

Huihe, 34

Huiji, 168, 169 Hu Liao, 265

Huikan, 39-40

Huiyun, 317-319 Huizhen, 315-317 Huizhi, 24

Hunan, 205, 264 hungry ghosts, 72, 113, 126, 219, 339, 351, 352, 353

Hu Xie, 174

Hu Xiucai, 318 I

icchantika, 118, 119 India/Indian, 24, 25, 26, 56, 58, 61, 63, 64, 71, 84, 85, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 106, 149, 305, 374n92 Central, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85 North, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 84, 146 South, 103, 104, 106 Index

Indra. See Śakra-devendra insect(s), 16-18, 19, 45, 62, 169, 226, 231, 243, 298, 335, 338 ants, 45

butterflies, 231, 232 crickets, 231

digger wasp, 243 firefly(ies), 231, 232, 262 mosquito, 10

rice weevils, 231 silkworms, 243 See also animal(s)/beast(s)/creature(s); bird(s)/fowl

Īraṇaparvata, 102 J

Jainism, 125

jātaka, 66, 373n63, 374nn82-85, 375n104 Jeta, Crown Prince, 75 Ji, 204

Jia, Empress, 200 Jiamolouduo, 373n75 Jiangbiao, 313 Jiang Chong, 199, 379n166 Jiangdu/Jiangdu county, 37, 41, 43, 267 Jiangle county, 204 Jiangling, 168, 172, 177 Jiangnan, 243, 314 Jiangqu, 129

Jiangsu province, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 174, 177, 185, 198, 207, 209, 211, 233, 236, 267, 311, 313, 314, 317 Jiangxia, 205, 235, 246, 380n188 Jiangxi province, 29, 50, 51, 236, 239, 311, 317, 318

Jiangzhou, 39, 40, 50, 174, 184 jianjie, 4

Jiankang, 172, 173, 214 Jiantuole, 28

Jianwen, Emperor, 209 Jiaodong prefecture, 237 411

Index

Jiaozhou, 181, 264 Jiashe jing, 131, 376n127 Jiayan lun. See Apitan bajiandu lun Jiayi, 42, 43 Jia Yi, 202

Jie county, 320, 322 Jiedao, 176

Ji Huanzi, 214 Jin, 158, 235, king of, 37

See also Yang, Emperor Jincheng, 172 Jin dynasty, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 37, 149, 158, 163, 182, 200, 208, 209, 210, 211, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 310, 381n201 Eastern, 164, 165, 184 Western, 158, 161, 163 Jing, Emperor, 177, 201, 237 Jing, Lord, 186 Jing'ai, 32

Jingang, 137 Jingangbuji, 357, 385n265 Jingchu, 264, 265 Jingchuan, 212 Jingdao, 137 Jing Fang Yizhuan (Annotation of Chan ges), 199, 200, 201, 236, 237, 238 Jinggao, 315 Jingling, 173 Jinglü yixiang (Various Phases of the Sutras and Vinayas), xiii, xiv, 370nn21, 22, 25, 26, 371n28, 382n213, 385n256 Jingming, 174 Jingrui, 172 Jingshen, 302 Jingshi county, 44 Jingyang, 31, 173, 325 Jingzhao, 246 Jingzhou, 171, 172, 174 Jinling, 39, 211 412

Jinman, Lady, 254 Jinse Guangming Weide/Sheng Jinse Guangming De, 221, 379n176 Jin shu, 371n34 Jinyang, 170, 171 Jin yangqiu (Annals of the Jin Dynasty), 52

Jinzhou, 266 Ji shenzhou sanbao gantong lu, 377n134, 378n148

Ji tribe, 159 Jiubian (Nine Changes), 178 Jiugong (Nine Palaces), 178 Jiuguan/Jiuquan city, 149, 160 Jiujiang, 317, 318, 319 Jiuritai, 176 Jiu zapiyu jing, 196, 275 Jiuzhen prefecture, 263 Jīvaka, 24, 25, 26, 140, 149, 150, 300 Ji Yuanzai, 232 Jizhou, 161, 185 Juebian, 357, 385n266 Juede, 115, 376n117 Jun, 166

Junyi, 23

Juqu, 139

Juqu family, 58 Jyotipāla, 82 K

Kaihua, 358, 386n275 Kaiyuan shijiao lu, 382n212 Kali, King, 66 Kālika, 140

kalpa(s), 4, 64, 93, 121, 130, 132, 133, 134, 150, 218, 224, 254, 272, 273, 274, 276, 282, 283, 286, 289, 292, 293, 302, 303, 314, 355, 356, 368 auspicious, 13, 15, 68, 84, 87, 93, 134 -dāha/fire, 5 hāni-, 4, 370n15

Kanakabharadvāja, 140 Kanakamuni, 68, 78, 81 Kanakavatsa, 140 Kang, King, 185 Kaniṣka, King, 268 Kānyakubja, 71 Kapila, 147

Kapilavastu, 77, 225, 292 Kāpiśī, 62, 65 Kapitha, 70

Karakhoja, 56

Karghalik. See Cakoka karma, 35, 113, 135, 182, 187, 296, 375-376n115 karmic, 14, 15, 135 Karṇasuvarṇa, 71, 86, 89, 103 Kaśapura, 74

Kashgar/Khāṣa, 59 Kāśi, 66, 288

Kaśmīra, 67, 140 Kāśyapa (bhikṣu/bodhisattva), 113, 115, 118, 132, 133, 138, 250, 289, 291-292 See also Mahākāśyapa Kāśyapa (Buddha), 5, 59, 68, 77, 81, 82, 94, 97, 115, 156, 273 Kāśyapa brothers, three, 96, 375n101 See also Gayā-kāśyapa; Nadī-kāśyapa; Uruvilvā-kāśyapa Kātyāna, 68, 373n69 Kātyāyana, 251, 252, 253, 254 Kauśāṃbī, 57, 74, 287 Kawaguchi, Yoshiteru, xiii, xiv, 369n11 Kharbanda, 59

Khotan. See Kustana King of Medicine/Physicians, 305, 307 See also Buddha knowledge(s), 7, 32, 43, 110, 126, 141, 156, 307

of one's former existences and those of others, 94

of past events, 149 Index

profound, 40, 102 three transcendental, 141 See also wisdom(s) Koguryo, 164

Kokālika, 76

Kominami, Ichirō, xiii Kong Xiangzi, 51 Kong Xiuzhi, 213 Kongzi jiayu, Bianwu, 379nn171, 174 Kosala, 103

Kou, Celestial Master, 165, 166 koumiss, 21, 156, 371n29, 377n144 Krakucchanda, 68, 78, 81 Kuafu, 242, 372n48 Ku'an, 129

Kubera, 144

Kucha, 167

Ku county, 177, 378n156 Kumārajīva, 161 Kuṇāla, 373n67 Kuṇḍapadhaṇiyaka, 145 Kunmingchi, 34 Kuru, 274

Kuśāgrapura, 100 kuśa grass, 94 Kuśalamūla-saṃgraha. See Huashou jing Kuśinagara, 80, 84, 86, 272 Kustana, 23, 56, 57, 139 Kusumapura, 65, 85 L

Lai village, 177, 378n156 lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s), 5, 6, 11, 17, 50, 63, 67, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 167, 183, 189, 256, 259, 304, 306, 316, 321, 325, 327, 337-338, 376n131, 384n247 Ajīva waterpool, 84 Arrow Fountain, 78 dragon, 62, 63, 95 Lake Anavatapta, 325, 384n247 413

Index

lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s) (continued): Lake Gongting, 318 pure, of eight virtues, 93, 305 Water of Great Virtue, 70 of the water of seven treasures, 352 See also river(s)/stream(s) Lampāka, 64

Land of Lions. See Siṃhala Langye, 213, 263, 310 Langzhong county, 264 Lanling county, 199 Lan province, 160 Laozi, 166, 177, 178, 235, 368 Laozi/Laozi Daode jing, 235, 380n180 Later Zhao, 164 law(s), of nothingness, emptiness of self, non-self, and nonacquisition, 127, 129 lay disciples/laypeople/layperson, 22, 27, 29, 34, 46, 88, 91, 97, 102, 107, 109, 110, 111, 124, 127, 141, 163, 283, 284, 313, 316, 317, 324, 329, 375-376n115, 377n136 See also householder(s) layman/laymen, 23, 29, 42, 43, 44, 47, 56, 60, 92, 93, 115, 117, 130, 143, 162, 169, 177, 246, 279, 280, 304 See also four categories/kinds of Buddhists/disciples/followers laywoman/laywomen, 47, 130, 143, 275 See also four categories/kinds of Buddhists/disciples/followers Liang Daoxiu/Qing, 212 Liang dynasty, xiii, 22, 172, 174, 176, 246, 270, 369n2 Liang Gaoseng zhuan, 22 Liang gongzhi tu (Illustrations of Tributes to the Liang Dynasty), 106 Liang province, 160 Liaodong, 164

Lidai sanbao ji, 369n3 Light of Treasures, 224 414

Light of Virtue, 224 Linchuan, 29

liṅga, 70

Ling, Emperor, 235 Lingnan, 39

Linhai ji (Records of Linhai County), 50 Lin Shihong, 318 Linxiang county, 262 Linzhang county, 45 Lion of the Śākyas, 220 See also Buddha; Śākyamuni lion's seat, 72, 373n74 Liquan county, 324 Li Sijie, 319

Liu Chen, 181, 182 Liu Chong, 198-199 Liuduji jing, 374nn82, 84 Liu Fan, 161

Liujia, 212

Liu Jingrui, 172 Liuli, 76

Liu Mengming, 168 Liu Qiu, 169, 171 Liu Sahe, 158-160 Liu Yao, 162

Liu Yin, 270, 381n201 Li Yan, xiii, 369n4 Li Yibiao, 92, 98 Lizhukongju wuyouchusuo, 358, 386n278 Lobnor, 56

Longtai, 321

Lord of Heaven, 149 lotus, 11, 12, 14, 65, 70, 79, 220, 250, 251, 317, 352

blue (utpala), 306 white (kumuda), 188 Lotus Flowers, Lady, 15 Lotus Sutra, 21, 30, 101, 124, 176, 286, 292

Loulan, 56

Lu, 40

Lu Chui, 176

Lujiang, 233

Luling county, 206 Lunyu, Wei Linggong, 380n184 Lunzhuan wudao zuifu baoying jing, 293 Luo people, 243-244 Luoyang, xiii, 24, 25, 26, 28, 37, 40, 41, 42, 159, 165, 180, 181, 200 Luoyang si jizhuan (Records of Buddhist Temples in Luoyang), 246 Lu state, 199, 213, 232 Lu Xun, xv

Luyang, Duke, 270

Luyin county, 378n156 M

Madhyāntavibhāga, 73 Madhyāntika, 66

Magadha, 85, 86, 92, 99, 154, 289 Magistrate of Mount Tai, 47, 48 Mahābrahman, King, 191, 297 See also Brahma King Mahākāśyapa, 5, 81, 98, 131, 138, 139, 145

See also Kāśyapa (bhikṣu/bodhisattva) Mahāmaudgalyāyana, 4 Mahāmāyā, Lady, 77, 79, 81 Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra. See Fazhu jing Mahāratha, 105

Mahāsattva, Prince, 67 mahāsattvas, 121, 125, 133, 134, 289, 363, 364

Mahāsena, King, 139 Mahāvaipulya-mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra. See Dafangdeng daji jing pusa nianfo sanmei fen

Mahayana, 23, 69, 106, 121, 123, 129, 320, 326, 339, 351, 360 Mahāyāna-saṃgraha, 320, 322 Mahayana-Sthaviravāda school, 88, 97 Index

Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra. See Dasheng zhuangyan jinglun

Mahāyaśas, 90

Maheśvara, 7, 8, 9, 10, 70, 92 Maitreya, 5, 58, 66, 67, 81, 85, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 104, 105, 133, 134, 135, 139, 145, 228, 255, 292 Maitrībala, 66

Malakuṭa, 105

Mālava, 106

Mallikā, 256

Manchuria, 185

Mañjuśrī, 5, 68, 69, 221, 222, 223, 224, 318, 319, 361

Mañjuśrīvikrīdita-sūtra. See Da zhuang yan famen jing Manoratha, 66

Ma Qianbo, 264, 265, 266 Māra/Māra-pāpīyān, 91, 94, 101, 118, 341 mark(s), 65, 160, 166, 216, 221, 264 of physical excellence (thirty-two major and eighty minor), 220, 221, 225, 228, 251, 276, 292, 293, 302, 308, 336, 354

Mathurā, 68

Maudgalyāyana, 68, 74, 76 Maurya dynasty, 374n89 medical/medicinal/medicine(s), 4, 19, 27, 71, 104, 106, 110, 120, 121, 127, 128, 141, 175, 178, 198, 232, 235, 271, 282, 300, 306, 363, 364 gandaiqin, 300

harītakī, 272

maghī, 306

meditation, 6, 30, 31, 37, 40, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 78, 87, 95, 97, 98, 101, 110, 114, 116, 121, 125, 134, 139, 142, 170, 172, 260, 278, 295, 308, 311, 322, 349, 355

of complete extinction, 139 415

Index

meditation (continued): couch/seat, 30

counting-breath, 332, 334 heaven, first, in the realm of desire, 289 in which mental functions are completely exhausted, 58, 59, 322 for liberation, eight stages of, 141 master, 30, 147, 167, 170 pāramitā of, 145

precepts, 338

stage(s), 322, 362

stick, 260, 381n194

of ultimate wisdom, 61 vajra, 87

See also contemplation; dhyāna Menandros. See Milinda, King mendicant(s), 35

See also bhikṣu; monk Mengkou, 51

Mengshuang clan, 244

merchant(s), 18, 26, 71, 103, 163, 169, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 243, 325, 347, 348 merit(s), 21, 28, 45, 49, 111, 113, 116, 117, 120, 128, 135-136, 138, 141, 150, 154, 156, 158, 220, 226, 229, 250, 265, 269-275, 276, 278, 280-281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303-304, 309, 311, 315, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 351, 352, 356

field of, 140, 141, 147, 271, 293, 301, 336, 337, 367

wrong, 250, 380n191

meritorious, 20, 248, 249, 289 act(s)/conduct/deed(s), 61, 70, 110, 112, 193, 250, 272, 275, 297, 302, 305, 309, 324, 349

blessing, 255, 273

416

assembly, 34, 35, 141 liberation, 225

Mianshanyue, 356, 357, 385n259 Miaoyin, 183, 184

Middle Land. See China Milinda, King, 156

mind(s), 4, 7, 11, 23, 27, 42, 45, 46, 65, 104, 107, 118, 125, 133, 144, 145, 154, 189, 193, 210, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 231, 247, 249, 250, 252, 255, 262, 265, 267, 268, 274, 275, 276, 277, 283, 302, 311, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 331, 334, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 353, 361, 368

of attachment, 194, 332-333 bad/debauched/evil/haughty/licentious/unwholesome, 65, 75, 111, 247, 250, 308, 354

of compassion/kindness, 71, 341 defiled/defilement of/obscure, 128, 249, 255

good/right/wholesome, 65, 149, 228, 250, 346, 348, 354

immense/marvelous/utmost, 135, 205, 305, 345

open/peaceful/pure/undefiled/upright, 32, 40, 111, 132, 141, 229, 249, 270, 276, 277, 283, 297, 360 respectful/of reverence, 156, 196, 260, 274

uneasy/unpeaceful/troubled, 126, 191, 199

See also bodily, verbal, and mental acts/ body, speech, and mind, acts of; four kinds of immeasurable/pure mind(s)

mindfulness, 131, 317 of the Buddha, 285, 297 four bases of, 131

Ming, Emperor, 55

Mingbao ji (Records of Rewards and Retributions from the Unseen World), xiv, 49, 216

Mingbao shiyiji (Gleanings of Anecdotes of Rewards and Retributions from the Unseen World), 216, 329 Mingxiang ji (Records of the Profound and Auspicious), xiv, 30, 263, 266, 310 Mingzhou, 267

Minzhong prefecture, 203 miracle(s), 3, 4, 64, 105, 114, 149, 159, 171, 221, 227, 269, 326 stories, xiv, xv , 21, 158, 198, 230, 261, 310, 369n10

See also wonders

Mishasaibu Hexi Wufenlü, 375n100 Mleccha (people), 64 Mohechatou jing, 299, 383n223 Mohe jiashe hui, 376n127 Mohe sengqi lü, 295, 304, 383n229 Moheyan dabaoyan jing, 128, 376n124 See also Puming Pusa hui di sishisan monastery(ies)/temple(s), 8, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101-102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 117, 141, 159, 162, 163, 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 210, 216, 257, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 281, 285, 287, 303, 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329, 353 Anren Temple, 158, 159 Baita Temple, 311

Baiti Temple, 320

Baoyang Monastery/Temple, 37, 39 Bodi Monastery, 209 Index

Bodhi (Puti) Temple, 80 Bolin Temple, 30, 31 Buddha Hall, 40, 266 Cangheng Temple, 371n31 Changle Temple, 313 Changsha Temple, 172 Cheng Temple, 315

Chenliu Temple, 23, 371n31 Covered-by-Shadow (Yingfu), 76 Daguishan Temple, 39, 40 Dalin Temple, 317

Dantakāṣṭha, 63

Daolin Temple, 172 Deer Park Temple, 82 Dexing Temple, 34

Donglin Temple, 318 Fangdeng Temple, 43 Great Zhuangyan Temple/Zhuangyan Temple, 267, 268

Guangyan Temple, 315 Hongfu Temple, 317, 319 Huadu Temple, 40, 42 Huaguang Sanctuary, 175 Hualin Hall, 176

Huiri Monastery, 38, 39 Imperial Palace (Diyu), 37 Jeta Grove Monastery, 285 Jibin, 173

Jingfa (Chan) Temple, 37 Jingming Temple, 174 Jiulong Monastery, 37 Kaishan Monastery/Temple, 176, 246 Kurkuṭārāma Monastery, 8, 10 Longguang, 173

Longli (Standing Dragon) Temple, 63 Lüzang Temple, 325, 326, 327 Mahābodhi Temple, 88, 92, 93, 96 Mujing, 171

Nālandā Temple, 101-102 North Temple (Beisi), 31 417

Index

monastery(ies)/temple(s) (continued): Pipa Monastery, 168 Prolonging Auspiciousness (Yanxiang) Temple, 31

Pubu Temple, 311

Puji Temple, 320, 321 Qinglong (Blue Dragon) Monastery, xiii Qixia Temple, 40

Rāhula Temple, 62

Shengguang Temple, 320 Shentong Temple, 38 Shijian Monastery, 146 Shuinan Temple, 371n31 Tamasāvana (Anlin) Temple, 68 Tongquan Temple, 315 Tongyun Monastery, 167, 168 Waguan Temple, 211

White Horse Temple (Baimasi), 21, 22 Wujiang Monastery, 209 Yinsheng Temple, 44 Yishan Temple, 44, 46 Yuecheng Temple, 22 Yunmen Temple, 30

Yushui Temple, 25

Xinghuang Temple, 174 Xilin Temple, 311

Ximing Monastery, xiii, xiv Xinlin Monastery, 209 Zhaoxuan Monastery, 170 Zhiqi Monastery/Temple, 169, 171 Zhiquan Monastery, 216 Zongchi Temple, 42

monastic(s), 110, 111, 271 codes/rules/standard, 40, 97, 327 See also monk(s); nun(s); vinaya/Vinaya monk(s), xiv, 3, 8, 9, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 71, 75, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110-111, 114, 116, 118, 418

120, 130, 141, 143, 162, 163, 165-166, 168, 170-171, 172, 173, 213, 266, 267, 268, 273, 274, 278, 280, 283, 284, 294, 305, 308, 310, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317, 320, 321, 323, 324, 328, 335, 336, 337, 375n114, 375-376n115, 384n241 bathing, 269, 298-299, 302-304 corrupt/impure, 111, 118 distinguished/eminent/great, 32, 39, 102, 111, 268, 322, 373n74 foreign, 139, 213, 281 head/senior/of the upper seats, 4, 8, 9, 10, 18, 143, 284, 308 of India/Indian, 58, 97 strange, 266, 315, 316 See also bhikṣu(s); disciple(s); four categories/kinds of Buddhists/disciples/followers; śramaṇa(s) mountain(s)/peak(s)/valley(s), 5, 6, 7, 11, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 38, 40, 48, 50, 52-53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 84, 85, 86, 87, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 110, 117, 128, 136-137, 139, 156, 158, 160, 165, 170, 181, 182, 184, 185, 194, 197, 210, 214, 215, 220, 229, 234, 240, 244-245, 251, 254, 265, 266, 292, 302, 308, 311, 312, 319, 325, 331, 342, 347, 372n51 Black Ridge, 62, 63 Characteristics of Merit, 137 Dasan Pass, 378n157 Hanyu Pass, 378n157 Himalayas, 64, 69, 95, 97, 373n71, 384n247

Hulin Valley, 32

Iron Gate, 60, 372n51 Kunlun Mountains/Mount Kunlun, 52, 181

Lake, 136

Matou, 44

Moon of Enlightenment, 137 Mount Baibhāra/Southern Mountain, 101, 375n108

Mount Bandubo, 140 Mount Baofu, 315 Mount Beiluopolu/Biluosuoluo, 63, 372n54

Mount Bhrāmara, 103 Mount Chao, 312 Mount Chong, 50 Mount Daṇḍaka, 66 Mount Dong, 321 Mount Gandhamādana, 140 Mount Gayā, 86 Mount Gośriṅga/Mount Ox Horn, 58 Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa/Vulture Peak, 99, 100, 139, 141

Mount Guangxie, 141 Mount Heng, 265 Mount Hua, 53

Mount Immortal/Mount Ṛṣi, 11 Mount Īṣadhara, 141 Mount Jing, 31 Mount Jingyang, 173 Mount Jiujun, 325 Mount Kezhu, 141 Mount Kongtong, 244 Mount Kuang, 317 Mount Kukkuṭapada/Mount Kukkuṭa pāda giri/Mount Jizu, 97, 98, 292 Mount Laṅkā, 105 Mount Li, 45

Mount Liang, 324 Mount Lu, 50, 167, 174, 184, 311, 312, 317, 318

Mount Malaya, 105 Mount Min, 167, 168 Mount Panchi, 28 Mount Prāgbodhi, 86 Mount Quemen, 185 Mount Sheduo, 235 Index

Mount Stone Hen, 240 Mount Sumeru, 4, 5, 7, 20, 116, 140, 157, 281, 282, 286, 288, 297, 363 Mount Tai, 22, 38, 47, 48, 183, 242, 279, 329

Mount Taibo, 37, 38, 39, 325 Mount Taixing, 320 Mount Tiantai, 181, 311 Mount Tianyan, 92, 374n97 Mount Vipula, 101, 375n108 Mount Yongling, 203 Mount Yuyu, 160 Mount Xi, 316

Mount Zangwei, 31 Mount Zhong, Dulong mound, 176 Mount Zhongnan, 31, 32 Mount Zou, 213 Pamirs/Snowcapped Mountains, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 253 Pianzi Valley, 31 Western Mountains, 27, 214, 242 Zihuo Valley, 32 See also cave(s)/cavern Muhuanzi jing, 345 Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, 104 Murong family, 164 N

Nadī-kāśyapa, 375n101 Nāgapāla, 154-156, 158 Nagarahāra, 64, 372n55 Nāgārjuna, 86, 103, 104, 373n69 Nāgasena, 140, 156-157 Nakula, 140

Nanda, 226, 292, 302 Nandimitra, 139, 140 Nandimitrāvadāna. See Da Aluohan Nantimiduoluo suoshuo fazhuji Nanhai, 31

Nanjing siji (Records of Monasteries of Nanjing), 209

419

Index

Nankang prefecture, 51 Nanping, 171

Nansheng, 6, 370n17

Nanyang, 169, 171, 206, 238, 261 Nārāyaṇa, 297

Nārāyaṇa-streamer (buddha), 218 Nārikeladvīpa, 105

née Chen, 263, 264

née Liang, 246

née Sun, 329

née Xie, 310

Neidian boyao (Extensive Essential Points of Buddhist Scriptures), xiii, 369n3 Nepal/Nepāla, 84

Nian chufayi duanyi bayu, 358, 386n277 Nianwudao, 358, 386n276 Nirgrantha Jñātaputra, 125, 126 nirmāṇakāya. See body(ies), of buddha(s)/tathāgata(s), corresponding nirvana, 18, 59, 81, 113, 116, 119, 121, 125, 131, 139, 142, 143, 145, 156, 198, 224, 282, 286, 289, 292, 305, 316, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 345, 361 of Buddha, 80, 84, 86, 88, 104, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 132, 134, 145, 146, 269, 285, 286, 292, 297 without residue, 142, 146 See also parinirvāṇa Nirvana Sutra, 112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 131, 331, 376nn116, 120-122 non-Buddhist(s), xiv, 5, 7, 46, 71, 73, 75, 76, 82, 86, 119, 125, 126, 127, 141, 144, 145, 163, 230, 251, 254, 260, 276, 299, 305, 308

See also heretic(s)

non-self, 19, 127, 131, 281 See also self

Northern Sea, 137

novice(s), 9-10, 25, 26, 30, 79, 125, 168, 170

420

nun(s), 29, 47, 68, 69, 109, 110, 111, 130, 143, 165, 170, 209, 210, 283, 310, 328

Nüwa, 242, 380n186

Nuzi, 214

Nyagrodha, 289, 290

O

Oḍra, 103

offense(s), 25, 26, 97, 114, 122, 126, 130, 215, 240, 284, 375-376n115 duṣkṛta, 112, 116, 375n114, 376n119 four grave, 116, 376n119 offering(s), 7, 17, 18, 23, 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 44, 47, 62, 69, 71, 80, 88, 97, 98, 110, 116, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128, 134, 135, 136, 137, 141, 142, 144, 145, 159, 167, 170, 180, 203, 216, 228, 245, 253, 254, 255, 276, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285, 289, 293, 299, 301, 302, 305, 314, 327, 328, 353, 354, 357, 359, 360, 367, 379n170 ogre(s), 18-19

omen(s), 39, 42, 43, 55, 66, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 99, 154, 166, 167, 171, 200, 216, 236, 238, 312

One Horn, 66, 373n60 One Vehicle, 305, 349 See also three vehicles Orissa. See Oḍra

orthodox/orthodoxy, 102, 103 P

Panthaka, 140, 141

Paramārtha, 39

pāramitā(s), six, 135, 136, 144-145, 274, 353

Pārasya. See Persia

parinirvāṇa, 67, 68, 69, 98, 99, 139, 140, 146, 285, 292, 360, 375n102 See also nirvana

Pārśva, 66, 67

Parthia, king of, 253 passion(s), 111, 104 evil, 27, 332

path(s), 138, 198, 247, 268, 326, 335, 336, 337, 355, 368 of arhatship, 15, 155 bodhisattva, 197 eightfold holy, 129, 307, 345, 368 of/to enlightenment, 138, 305, 356 Mahayana, 129

ninety-six kinds of, 274 of/to nirvana (four), 119, 286 right/pure/virtuous, 230, 305, 348, 349, 352

of the srota-āpatti-phala, 11, 227, 276 wrong/of wrong views, 129, 130, 148, 198

Peacock Tower, 213 Peiguo, 161

Pengcheng, 149, 161, 267 Peng E, 240

Pengzu, 178, 179 Persia, 57, 60, 106 Pi county, 167, 168 Pinaiye Piposha lun. See Vinayavibhāṣa Piṇḍolabhāradvāja, 139, 140, 145, 308 Ping, Emperor, 236 Pinimu jing, 143, 340 Piyu jing (Sutra of Allegories), 15, 16, 17, 277, 296, 298, 346, 370nn21, 22, 25; 382nn208, 221; 383n222, 385n256 Pleiades, 192

Poluodie, 213

Poyang, 174, 311, 318 practice(s), 26, 30, 31, 37, 39, 43, 44, 46, 71, 88, 97, 111, 117, 131, 143, 161, 172, 179, 262, 266, 267, 275, 319, 334, 336, 340, 345, 346, 363 ascetic/dhūta, 96, 119, 121, 165 Index

bodhisattva, 360, 372n56 common, 293, 302 right, 119, 360

secret, 327

thirty-seven, to attain enlightenment, 275 of tranquility and contemplation, 320 Prajāpati, 75, 98 prajñā. See wisdom Prajñāpāramitā, 23 Prasenajit, King, 75, 76, 255, 269, 285, 308, 337

prātimokṣa. See precept(s), code/law of; vinaya(s)/Vinaya pratyekabuddha(s), 14, 61, 81, 129, 143, 219, 275, 276, 280, 293, 308, 346, 355, 362, 366, 367 Prayāga, 73

precepts, 30, 46, 49, 69, 71, 72, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 144, 147, 170, 193, 198, 248, 249, 250, 267, 275, 278, 280, 282, 295, 296, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, 338-339, 342 code/law of, 164, 338 eight, 338

five, 113, 337, 338 five hundred, 337 ten wholesome, 325, 337, 338 two hundred and fifty, 61, 168, 337, 368, 375n114

See also vinaya(s)/Vinaya prediction(s), 41, 64, 67, 81, 82, 219, 302, 325, 368

prophecy(ies), 43, 172 Puan, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Pumen tuoluoni, 374n88 Pumenzhu (Dwelling of the Universal Gate), 84, 374n88 Puming Pusa hui di sishisan, 376n124 See also Moheyan dabaoyan jing 421

Index

purification, 184, 193, 210, 250, 252, 267, 309

assembly/ceremony/rituals, 35, 36, 110, 325

day(s)/months, 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 72, 83, 96, 161, 374n93 Pūrṇa, 5

Pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra, 68 Pūrṇavarman, King, 89 Pusa chutai jing/Pusa cong Doushutian jiangshen mutai shuo guangpu jing, 196

Pusa dichi jing/Pusa dichi lun, 359 Pusa Shanzi jing, 372n58 Pushi, 129

Puṣya, 228

Pu Yi, 163

Puzhou, 320, 321 Q

Qianyang gate, 41 Qicheng, 159

Qi dynasty, 30, 31, 149, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 266 Northern, 169, 266 Qi Liang, 270

Qin Gao, 185

Qinghe/Qinghe county, 44, 245 Qingling city, 209 Qin Jing, 270

Qinzhou, 164

Qi state, 306, 380n185 Qi Xie, 241, 380n185 Qi Xie ji/Qi Xie's Records, 241, 380n185 Qua, 39

Qu family, 56

Qunücheng. See Kānyakubja R

Rāhula (son), 6, 68, 69, 77, 101, 139, 140, 145, 154

422

Rāhula (state minister), 62 Rājagṛha, 17, 60, 85, 99, 101, 221, 273, 303

rākṣasa(s), 8, 170 rākṣasī(s), 136-137, 188-190, 191, 192, 193, 194-195

Cultivation of Shame, 137 Heavenly Protection, 137 Seeing-by-Eyes, 137 Wholesome Conduct, 136 Rākṣasīdvīpa, 188 Rākṣasīnagara, 189 Rāmagrāma, 79

Ran Min, 163

Ratnakāra, 84

Raudrākṣa, 308 reality, ultimate, 135, 176, 218, 322 realm(s), 109, 113, 219, 296, 309, 338, 361 of animals/sheep, 25, 113, 126, 339, 348, 352, 353

of asuras, 113 of birth and death, 262 Dharma/of ultimate reality, 218, 308, 361

evil (three), 112, 113, 118, 129, 145, 268, 276, 286, 293, 296, 340, 367, 368 good, 135, 323, 340 of heavenly beings, 25, 26, 289, 295, 323 hell, 113

human/of human beings, 69, 131, 142, 183, 219, 276, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 293, 295, 296, 323, 339, 347, 368

of hungry ghosts, 113, 126, 339, 352, 353

of sentient beings, 361 of space, 218

See also three realms rebirth, 14, 15, 61, 129, 135, 219, 271, 284, 286, 305, 335, 339, 347, 352, 359 See also birth and death; transmigration

recollection, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339

Record of the Image of the Great Bodhi Tree, 89

relic(s), 20, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 72, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 96, 142, 269, 270, 314

bone(s), 63, 65, 88, 96 eyeball, 65

flesh, 63, 88, 96 fingernail(s)/nail(s), 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 269

hair, 63, 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 269 skull, 65, 146, 269 teeth/tooth, 60, 61, 63, 64, 68, 72, 103, 146, 269

Ren. See Cao Pi Ren Cengyi, 50

retreat, 60, 61, 97, 104, 139, 224, 325, 372n52

retribution, 35, 42, 113, 130, 165, 248, 249, 277, 284, 349 Revolt of Seven States, 238 Rinan prefecture, 52 river(s)/stream(s), 5, 6, 12, 26, 32, 33, 46, 50, 60, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 83, 97, 148, 151, 152, 171, 181, 185, 212, 215, 231, 235, 236, 240, 242, 256, 259, 262, 263, 269, 270, 295, 296, 298, 309, 311, 312, 314, 318, 341, 344, 345, 374n98, 384n247 Ajitavatī River, 80 Alaknanda River, 373n71 Barṇa River, 81 Bhāgīrathi River, 373n71 Bocha River/Vakṣu River/Oxus River, 60

Dang River, 185 Eastern River, 270 E's Deep Water, 240 Index

Ganges River, 69-70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 146, 357, 358, 373n71, 384n253 Huai River, 317 Huangqu River, 46 Jin River, 324

Mengjin River, 161 Nairañjanā River, 81, 86, 87, 94, 96, 97, 305

Oil River, 79

Pu River, 324

Shimen, 312

Śīta River/Yārkand River, 59 Sui River, 185

Swāt River, 66

Wei River, 199

Xiang River, 169 Yamunā River, 69, 73 Yangzi River, 51, 171, 243, 313, 317 Yellow River, 160, 181, 242, 317, 379n165

Yi River, 368

See also lake(s)/pond(s)/spring(s) robe(s), 27, 31, 61, 64, 80, 95, 98, 99, 101, 110, 163, 167, 173, 180, 185, 269, 301, 304, 326, 335, 374n98 Dharma, 10, 36, 61, 82, 118, 128, 228 kaṣāya, 4, 26, 28, 53, 61, 65, 82, 98, 119, 134, 147, 167, 316 saṃghāṭī, 61, 65, 98, 139, 323 three kinds of, 37, 40, 61 Roman Empire, 106, 253 Rongzhou, 93, 99 Roruka, 57

Ruan Shiqin, 232 Ruan Zhao, 181, 182 Ru Dasheng lun, 139, 377n134 Rulai zai jin'guan zhulei qingjing zhuangyan jingfu jing, 382n211 Ruyi, 236

423

Index

S

sacrifice(s)/sacrificial, 15, 36, 37, 82, 175, 203, 204

sage(s), 14, 15, 84, 104, 111, 118, 119, 138, 149, 159, 167, 188, 189, 195, 209, 210, 222, 229, 230, 233, 268, 366, 368 Sage, Great/Ultimate, 21, 111, 148, 163, 187, 217, 229, 230

See also Buddha

Saheduo, 129

saint(s)/sainthood, 14, 134, 308, 333, 336, 349, 384n250

See also arhat; arhatship Śakra-devendra, 7, 20, 70, 79, 82, 94, 95, 144, 145, 146, 191, 226, 227, 271, 274, 288, 290, 296, 299, 308, 359, 374n98 sakṛdāgāmi-phala, 280, 346 Śākya clan/people, 78, 82, 220, 302, 356, 367, 373n77

Śākyamuni, 55, 59, 61, 64, 66, 68, 74, 77, 78, 82, 95, 96, 100, 120, 139, 142, 143, 146, 165, 270, 299, 305, 368 See also Buddha

samādhi, 6, 7, 334, 338 light-of-fire, 169

of mindfulness of the Buddha, 285 Samādhirāja-candrapradīpa-sūtra. See Yuedeng sanmei jing

Samantamukha-dhāraṇī. See Pumen tuoluoni

Samantapāsādikā, 380n189 śamatha and vipaśyanā. See practice(s), of tranquility and contemplation saṃbhogakāya. See body(ies), of buddha(s)/tathāgata(s), reward Sambhūta, 346

Saṃghayaśas, 147

Śami, 373n77

Samudragupta, 90

śānaka plant, 61

424

Śānakavāsa, 61

sandalwood, 6, 7, 16, 57, 65, 74, 105, 124, 269, 285, 313

sangha(s), 5, 8, 9, 10, 18, 40, 101, 102, 111, 115, 129, 135, 141, 143, 155, 165, 167, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 284, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 314, 316, 320, 322, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337, 339, 352, 364, 375-376n115, 376n119, 377n136 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha Sanguo, 267

Sang Yan, 174

Sañjaya-vairaṭī, 195, 196 Sanskrit, 23, 370n17, 374n95, 375nn103, 114; 375-376n115, 376nn117, 118, 125, 126, 130, 132; 377nn135, 136, 140; 379n176, 381n205, 384n254, 385nn255, 259-270; 385-386n271, 386nn272-279, 281

Sanwu jing (Scripture of Three-Five), 178 Sanyuan county, 45

Sapoduo lun/Sapoduo pini piposha, 112, 281, 294, 382n220

Sapoduo zhuan (Exposition of the Sarvāstivāda), 292, 382n219 Śāriputra, 4, 68, 76, 83, 100, 127, 130, 145, 146, 154, 195, 196, 297, 301, 363, 364

śarīra. See relic(s)

Sarvāstivāda school, 80 Śaśāṅka, King, 71, 86, 89, 91, 92 śāstra(s), xiv, 102, 104, 105 See also treatise(s)

Sātikaivartaputra, 346 scripture(s), xiii, xiv, xv, 104, 114, 141, 369n2, 374nn82-85; 377n139, 382n211, 385n258

non-Buddhist, 126, 127 twelve kinds, 131, 275 See also sutra(s); treatise(s)

secular, 3, 22, 23, 31, 32, 37, 39, 40, 44, 110, 114, 120, 143, 171, 217, 230, 267, 306, 311, 313, 315, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 361 See also householder(s); lay disciples/ laypeople

self, 127, 131

See also non-self self-immolation, 314 self-indulgence/self-indulgent, 117, 124, 192, 194

Sengchou, 170

Senghu, 266

Senghui, 171-172, 378n152 Sengjian, 172

Sengqietu, 140

Sengyou, 369n2, 377n139 Sengzhen, 44

sense organs, six, 222, 283, 288, 335, 337, 341, 342, 343, 344 seven deeds, 113, 375-376n115 Shaanxi province, 23, 24, 31, 34, 37, 44, 45, 46, 164, 171, 172, 185, 315, 321, 324, 325, 328, 329, 378n157 Shandong province, 38, 47, 183, 185, 199, 213, 237, 263, 310, 379n165 Shang dynasty, 381n195 Shanhai jing (Book of Mountains and Seas), 242

Haiwai bei jing, 372n48 Shanjianlü piposha, 248, 380n189 Shanxin jing (Sutra of Good Faith), 19, 370n26

Shanxi province, 40, 185, 266, 311, 315, 317, 320, 321, 322, 324 Shanxuanze, 357, 385n264 Shanyang, 237

Shanyin, 30

Shaoshi, 167, 378nn149-151 Shazhou, 56

Index

She dasheng lun. See Mahāyāna-saṃgraha Shelifu wen jing, 145 Shenggao, 205, 206 Sheng jing, 150

Shengman shizi hou yisheng dafangbian fangguang jing. See Śrīmālādevīsiṃ ha nāda-sūtra Sheng tianwang banruo boluomi jing, 146 Shen Nong bencao jing (Shen Nong's Book of Plants and Medicines), 242 Shenyi jing (Scripture on Miracles), 50, 215

Shen Zhongyu, 168 Shichang, 29

Shideng, 26

Shi gate, 199

Shi Hu, 162, 163, 164 Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), 214, 379nn171, 175; 380n182 Shijia fangzhi, 372n50 Shikang, 167

Shi Le, 162

Shili, 316

Shi province, 160 Shisong lü, 260, 301, 303, 383n228 Shitou city, 211

Shixing, 23, 24

Shou Guanghou, 201, 202 shrine(s), 22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 44, 46, 47, 70, 73, 76, 158, 159, 185, 196, 199, 204, 243, 294, 311, 324 shrine(s) (continued): deva, 70, 73, 76

Gongting Shrine, 243 Shrine for Master Liu Sahe, 158 Shuangtongmu, 147, 377n140 Shun and Yu, 163, 164 See also Two Sages Shuyi ji (Records to Give Accounts of Ex traordinary Things), 51, 184, 216, 243 425

Index

Shuxiu, 320

Shuzhengji (Records of Expeditions), 50 Si, 40

Śibi, King, 66, 372n56 Siddhārtha, 77, 78, 79, 80 Sifen lü, 109, 374n83 Sifen lü mingyi biaoshi, 377n139 Sifen lü shanfan buque xingshi chao, 375n113

Śīlāditya, King, 71, 73, 85, 105 Silang, 47, 48, 49 Siṃha, 138

Siṃhala, 88, 89, 90, 97, 103, 105, 139, 253, 375n103

sincerity, 23, 24, 35, 45, 65, 91, 92, 94, 148, 259, 268, 275, 309, 311, 317, 324, 351

Single-horned, 184 Siri Meghavaṇṇa, King, 89, 90 Śiva. See Maheśvara Śivakośā, Lady, 251, 252, 254 Six Dynasties period, xiv six non-Buddhist masters, 144, 145 six pāramitās, 135, 136, 144-145, 274, 353

dāna, 112, 144

dhyāna, 145, 338, 362 kṣānti, 144, 227

prajñā, 145

śīla, 144

vīrya, 145

Si Yehu Khan, 60

Śobhita/Suvinda, 140 Song Daxian, 206

Song dynasty, 29, 149, 164, 166, 167, 168, 172, 212, 215, 262, 263, 264 Song Fazhi, 91

Song gaoseng zhuan, xiii, 369n9 Songjiang, 233

Song Luo, 212, 213 Song Shizong, 245, 246 426

Son of Heaven, 93, 177 sorcerer(s)/sorcery, 177, 203, 212, 267, 379n166

See also spell(s)/spellbound Sōshinki, 381n195

Soushen ji (Records of In quiries of the Spirits), 52, 177, 187, 209, 230, 239, 243, 244, 262, 380n188 Soushen yiji (Separate Records of In quiries of the Spirits), 186 Sovīra, 57

spell(s)/spellbound, 7, 8, 45, 105, 120, 202, 213, 245

See also sorcerer(s)/sorcery spirit(s), 3, 17, 27, 31, 73, 100, 138, 196, 213, 214, 239, 243, 246 cannibalistic, 73, 196 evil/mischievous, 86, 196, 197, 201-202, 203, 206, 207, 208-209, 210, 211-213, 214, 215, 227, 359 heavenly, 177

koṭa-pūtanas, 147

mountain, 31, 214

shanxiao (dryad), 214, 216 tree spirit/Yunyang, 53, 54, 73 spiritual, 3, 25, 58, 229, 231, 270, 308, 324 being(s), 49, 52, 86, 109, 147, 197, 209, 220, 229, 300, 307, 309, 359 śramaṇa(s), 8, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 55, 77, 119, 120, 149, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 175, 213, 228, 266, 267, 275, 311, 313, 315, 317, 320, 322, 324, 325, 338, 348, 353

See also bhikṣu(s); monk(s) śrāvaka(s), 4, 5, 114, 123, 125, 129, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 147, 149, 175, 219, 275, 339, 362, 368 See also disciple(s) Śrāvastī, 75, 155, 227, 275, 276

Sri Lanka, 97, 103, 253, 375n103 Śrīmālādevī-siṃhanāda-sūtra, 112, 175 Śrī-mahādevī, 225

Śroṇakoṭīviṃśa, 271, 381n205 srota-āpatti-phala, 11, 118, 227, 228, 276, 277, 280, 301, 346 Śrughna, 69

Sthaviravāda school, 77, 88, 93, 97 stupa(s), 18, 19, 24, 28, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68-69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79-80, 81-82, 83-84, 86, 87, 90-91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 117, 142, 156, 159, 160, 167, 169, 211, 269-270, 271, 281, 289, 293, 294, 297, 311, 325, 353, 375n99 Subhadra, 81, 366, 374n80 Subhadrāngī, 374n89

Subhūti, 6, 71

Sudatta, 15, 75, 279

Sudāna, 66

Sudāya, 272

Śuddhāvāsa, 301

Śuddhodana, King, 13, 77, 154, 226, 276, 292

Sudelanzang. See Sūtram-piṭaka Sui dynasty, 31, 32, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 192, 311, 313, 317, 366 Sui, Marquis, 305

Sui province, 160

Sujāta, 144, 145

Sukhāvatīvyūha. See Amituo jing Sunakṣata, 131

Sun Chuozi (Book of Sun Chuozi), 53 Sundarī, 292

Sun Lin, 177

Suo Tuo, 33

Superior Awesome Virtue, 221, 224 Superior Golden-colored Light Virtue, 221, 223, 224

Index

supernatural, 16, 51, 315, 319 being(s)/person, 12, 21, 28, 187, 265 power(s), 3, 4, 5, 7, 29, 40, 67, 74, 100, 132, 139, 142, 173, 221, 222, 224, 227, 229, 233, 288, 299, 307, 332, 333, 337, 367

six, 138, 141, 302, 308 transformation(s), 88, 96, 217, 218, 375n102

Su province, 160

sutra(s), xiv, 22, 23, 30, 49, 56, 60, 66, 68, 69, 86, 91, 102, 104, 110, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122-123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 138, 139, 143, 146, 153, 160, 164, 170, 171, 173, 189, 218, 248, 267, 278, 282, 283, 293, 297, 299, 306, 309, 313, 316, 318, 320, 325, 329, 331, 338, 354, 355, 359, 371n31, 372nn56-58, 374n88, 376n122, 382nn211, 212; 383n236 See also scripture(s); treatise(s) Sūtram-piṭaka, 68

Suvarṇa, 58, 85

See also East State of Women Śyāmaka, 66

T

Taimo county, 241

Taishō canon, xiv

Taiwu, Emperor, 42

Taiyuan prefecture, 324 Taizhen, Lady, 183

Taizi Xudana jing, 373n59 (T. 171) Takṣaśilā, 67

Tang dynasty, xiii, xiv, 40, 42, 44, 47, 55, 57, 63, 64, 66, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 139, 216, 267, 268, 313, 314, 315, 317, 320, 324, 325, 328, 370n23, 371nn36, 37; 372n53 427

Index

Tang Gaoseng zhuan, 47, 268, 328 See also Xu Gaoseng zhuan Tanqian, 320

Tanqiu, 199

Tansui, 21, 22

Tashkurghan. See Kharbanda tathāgata(s), 7, 134, 218, 280, 358 See also buddha(s)

Tathāgata, 6, 18, 94, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 131, 133, 134, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 226, 251, 269, 274, 275, 277, 285, 292, 305, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 345, 359, 362 See also Buddha; Śākyamuni; Worldhonored One Tathāgata-pratibimba-pratiṣṭānuśaṃsāsaṃvadanti nāma dharma-paryāya. See Zaoli xingxiang fubao jing teaching(s), 15, 28, 30, 40, 55, 67, 84, 95, 97, 100, 102, 104, 109, 110, 116, 119, 120, 125, 131, 133, 135, 136, 160, 165, 179, 185, 198, 218, 220, 229, 230, 257, 273, 275, 277, 283, 284, 292, 296, 305, 314, 323, 325, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 345, 346, 349, 384n251

degraded/semblance, 111, 145 distinguished/great/profound/superior, 111, 117, 250, 251, 307, 326 esoteric, 119, 121, 122 Mahayana, 106, 326

ninety-six kinds of, 274 non-Buddhist/secular/vulgar, 109, 144, 166, 230, 276

right/true, 111, 166

three classes/kinds of, 114, 275 two, of can and kui, 348-349 Teng Yongwen, 25

ten sites, 70, 269

See also relic(s); stupa(s) 428

Termez, 60

Theravāda school, 77, 79 Three Augusts, 99

Three Bureaus of the Censorate, 39 Three Capital Guards, 38, 41 Three Guardians, 164

three kinds of acts, 134, 143, 331 See also bodily, verbal, and mental acts/body, speech, and mind, acts of Three Kingdoms, 53, 163, 177, 243 three realms, 139, 141, 247, 274, 309, 338, 345, 368

of desire, 128, 288, 332, 333, 345, 380n191, 382n218

first meditation heaven in, 289 six/sixth heaven(s) in, 133, 281, 286, 346, 352, 353

of form, 128, 345

four meditation stages of, 322 of nonform, 128, 345

Three Revered Ones, 156, 305, 307 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Treasures

Three Treasures, 7, 109, 110, 112, 133, 147, 148, 159, 164, 255, 262, 280, 307, 309, 325, 346, 375-376n115 See also Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; Three Revered Ones

three vehicles, 116, 164, 337 See also One Vehicle

thusness. See reality, ultimate Tian Saduo, 45

Tian Yisheng, 35, 36

Tibetan, 85

Tingdong village, 199 Ti Ying, 204, 379n170 Tongda, 325-328

Tongbo county, 200

Tongshan prefecture, 267 Tong Yehu Khan, 56

Tongzhou, 315

trace(s), 28, 55, 61, 99, 103, 149, 164, 229, 270

See also vestige(s), sacred tranquil/tranquility, 32, 45, 121, 149, 158, 175, 320, 331 transcendent(s), 3, 89, 177, 179, 213, 368 See also Way (Daoist) transformation(s), 4, 6, 14, 100, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235-245, 293, 308, 326 supernatural, of the Buddha, 88, 96, 217-218, 375n102 transmigration, 4, 69, 96, 113, 135, 139, 247, 271, 274, 332, 368 See also birth and death; rebirth Trapusa, 60, 61

treasure(s)/treasured, 16, 17, 18, 20-21, 51, 57, 65, 70, 72, 89, 94, 120, 121, 123, 133, 136, 150, 151, 155, 188, 198, 221, 225, 255, 284, 302 Dharma, 125, 133, 314 gem(s), 20, 103

seven/seven-, 5, 65, 94, 116, 142, 286, 289, 307, 352, 354 house(s)/storehouse, 62, 67 See also treasury Treasure Gate (city), 4 Treasure Owner, 253, 254 treasury, 20, 150-151 treatise(s), 66, 68, 373n76 See also śāstra(s); scripture(s); sutra(s) tree(s), 17, 25, 28, 32, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 66, 67, 73, 75, 77, 78, 83, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 105, 124, 136, 152, 174, 178, 190, 193, 197, 200, 201, 205-206, 212, 222, 223, 227, 228, 231, 239, 245, 256, 258, 271, 277, 290, 294, 295, 297, 301, 311, 317, 320, 322, 325, 329, 344, 363 āmra, 72, 301

ariṣṭa/muhuan, 384n254 Index

aśoka, 78

bamboo(s), 85, 98, 101 bodhi, 25, 87, 88-89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 345, 374n94 camphor/karpūra, 105 cassia, 184

chestnut, 177

crabapple, 65

cypress, 160, 180, 200, 379n167 elm, 200

jambu, 79

khadira, 63

kunduruka, 106

madana, 19, 370n27 mulberry, 50, 231 nanmu, 311-312

nyagrodha, 78, 80, 82, 95, 275, 277, 293 paulownia, 200, 379n167 peach, 181

pear, 106

pine, 58, 85, 105, 177, 311, 383n224 pippala, 87, 96, 101 plum (li), 178

śāla, 80, 297

sandalwood, 105, 124 silk, 190-191

teak, 242

willow, 183, 262, 300, 306 See also forest(s); garden(s)/grove(s) trichiliocosm, 4, 5, 6, 7, 87, 100, 126, 133, 134, 143, 275, 283, 308, 351, 368 Tripiṭaka, 68, 101, 110, 117, 138, 141, 143, 292

truth(s), 3, 19, 100, 107, 158, 217, 252, 274, 275, 306, 308, 336, 349, 370n20 fourfold noble, 338 Tukhāra, 372n50

Tuoba Tao, 165

Turfan, 56, 166

Turks, 56, 60

twelve men of high moral standing, 336 429

Index

Two Sages, 163 See also Shun and Yu U

Udayana, King, 12, 57, 74, 269, 284, 286, 287

Uḍḍiyāna, 373n77 Udrakarāmaputra, 97 Udyāna, 66

Upadeśa, 68

upādhyāya, 27, 28, 164, 172 Upagupta, 69, 86, 346 Upāli, 68, 69

Upananda, 129

upāsaka(s), 114, 115, 118, 134 See also layman/laymen upāsikā(s), 114, 118, 134 See also laywomen/laywomen Uruvilvā-kāśyapa, 375n101 Uṣā, 59

Utpalavarṇā, 70 V

Vailāma, 279, 280 Vairocana, 317 Vaiśālī, 83, 84, 272 vajra, 20, 87, 385n265 -dhāraṇī, 104

meditation, 87 seat, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95 Vajradhara, 81 vajrakāya. See body(ies), of buddha(s)/ tathāgata(s), diamond Vajrapāṇi, 104, 105 Vajraputra, 140 Vanavāsin, 141 Vārāṇasī, 11, 81, 224, 271, 273, 274, 346, 364, 365, 367 Varuṇa, 144

Vāyu, 144

430

vestige(s), sacred, 55, 57, 69, 99, 100, 102, 107, 169

See also trace(s) Vietnam, 52, 263 view(s), 21, 41, 131, 187, 222, 223, 267, 339, 345, 367

evil/ignorant/wrong, 8, 75, 119, 127, 128, 130, 135, 138, 196, 217, 251, 376n115

Vimalakīrti, 84 Vimalakīrtinirdeśa, 83, 196 vinaya(s)/Vinaya, xiv, 69, 97, 139, 164, 249, 267, 319, 320, 336, 339, 352, 353 Vinayamātṛkā. See Pinimu jing Vinayavibhāṣa, 68 Vipaśyin, 18, 254, 289, 292, 302 virtue(s), 4, 21, 31, 33, 39, 43, 45, 65, 71, 99, 109, 119, 138, 143, 144, 154, 163, 164, 166, 185, 199, 210, 230, 248, 255, 268, 273, 274, 286, 288, 299, 300, 302, 305, 309, 317, 319, 356, 381n206 pond/water of, 305, 306 Virūḍhaka, King, 76, 78 Viśāka, 75

Viśvakarman, 147 vow(s), 22, 35, 36, 97, 156, 159, 198, 226, 229, 268, 274, 289, 291, 293, 305, 307, 318, 319, 320, 351-356, 359-361, 367-368 great/profound/superb, 135, 138, 309, 351, 359-361, 368 power of, 15, 61, 106, 142 sincere/wholesome, 32, 268 twenty-four, of Amitābha, 351-356 Vṛji, 253, 286 Vyākaraṇa, 90

W

Waiguo ji (Records of Foreign Countries), 285, 382n213

Wakhan, 372n50

Wang Chengzhi, 213, 214 Wang family, 214, 215 Wang Hu, 164, 165 Wang Huaizhi, 328 Wang Mang, 163, 236 Wangmangshi, 262, 381n195 Wang Ningzhi, 310 Wangren, 51

Wang Shichong, 41 Wang Xianzhi, 213 Wang Xizhi, 213

Wang Xuance, 63, 84, 92, 99 Wang Xuance zhuan (Record of Wang Xuance's Travels), 56, 89, 92, 98 Wang Yun, 176

Wang Zhounan, 205 Wangzhu, 91

Wannian county, 44 Water-Fire Village, 84 Way (Buddhist), 3, 15, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 97, 107, 110, 111, 118, 131, 135, 145, 148, 155, 156, 157, 164, 165, 167, 170, 175, 196, 198, 221, 229, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 282, 287, 292, 293, 294, 298, 299, 311, 317, 324, 325, 326, 336, 349, 352, 353, 361, 362, 363 See also Great Way Way (Daoist), 178, 179, 186, 233 See also Daoist; transcendent(s); yin and yang

Way of the Spirit, 3, 271 Wei, Crown Prince, 199, 379n166 Wei Cai, 92

Wei Changshi, 84 Wei dynasty, 164, 169, 170 Eastern, 170

Wei kingdom/state, 23, 53, 205, 236, 244, 245

Wei Si, Empress, 200 Index

Wei village, 33

Weiwu sanmei jing (Sutra of Devotedly Attending to Samādhi), 349, 385n258 Weiyang Palace, Luling stable, 238 Wei Ying, 246

Wei Zhao, 214

Wen, Emperor, 32, 44 See also Gao, Emperor Wen, Lord, 158

Wen, Marquis, 163 Wencheng prefecture, 158 Wenhui, Crown Prince, 172, 173 Wenshi xiyu zhongseng jing, 300, 305 Wenshushili wen puti jing, 361 Wenxuan, 379n168 Wen Ying, 261, 262 West, 101, 107

Western Region, 23, 24, 56, 161, 167, 270 See also Central Asia Western Sea, 137 Western State of Women, 106 wheel-turning noble king, 70, 271, 286, 297, 299, 382n217 four kinds of, 382n217 See also golden-wheel flying emperor/golden-wheel king White Feet. See Yanshi Wholesome Dharma Hall, 70 wisdom, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 121, 132, 144, 153, 156, 231, 266, 271, 274, 295, 308, 309, 332, 338, 339, 351, 355, 361, 362, 363, 364 all-knowing, 5

of knowledge of one's former existences and those of others, 94 great/profound/wondrous, 126, 127, 308 transcendental, 145 pure/ultimate, 61, 272 woman/women, 35, 49, 53, 66, 67, 76, 95, 98, 102, 106, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 141, 176, 179, 180, 183, 184, 431

Index

woman/women (continued): 188-190, 194, 198, 201, 210- 211, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225-227, 232, 236, 237, 242, 244, 245, 248, 258, 263, 273, 275, 277, 289, 290, 291, 351, 352, 353, 354, 374n98 Wonderful Intention, 224 wonders, 3, 16, 50, 51, 65, 84, 176, 217 See also miracle(s) world(s), 6, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 51, 59, 61, 67, 85, 87, 92, 93, 99, 104, 112, 128, 130, 132, 133, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 163, 164, 168, 175, 176, 178, 180, 197, 200, 209, 213, 217, 218, 220, 221, 225, 227, 228, 237, 243, 246, 255, 262, 263, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 286, 291, 292, 299, 301, 302, 306, 317, 324, 326, 331, 336, 341, 348, 349, 356, 360, 361, 366 common/human/secular, 31, 32, 180, 217, 320, 361

defiled/evil, 115, 128, external/objective, 331, 359 future, 121, 133, 135, 302 netherworld/other/unseen, 39, 46, 158, 159, 214, 322

past, 129, 228, 341 present/sahā, 135, 136 renunciation of, xiii, 15, 21, 30, 32, 37, 67, 115, 117, 131, 135, 142, 143, 147, 155, 157, 159, 164, 167, 168, 172, 228, 229, 276, 278, 282, 290, 291, 292, 293, 297, 311, 320, 325, 358, 368

world(s), named:

Bazhong-chenlao, 357, 385n260 Changzhaoyao, 358, 385n270 Chisuonian, 357, 385n268 Fubaijiaolu, 358, 386n272 Juebian, 357, 385n266 432

Lizhukongju wuyouchusuo, 358, 386n278

Nianwudao, 358, 386n276 Shanxuanze, 357, 385n264 World Above Lotus Flowers, 220 World of Universal Fragrance, 346 Xiaomingdengyaotuo, 357, 385n262 Zhuqingjing, 358, 386n274 See also buddha land(s) World-honored One, 4, 5, 6, 94, 112, 113, 115, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 196, 219, 224, 226, 227, 250, 251, 272, 273, 274, 277, 279, 281, 284-285, 286, 287, 294, 295, 301, 303, 332, 341, 342, 343, 348, 356, 363, 367 See also Buddha; Tathāgata worldly, 3, 107, 111, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 175, 176, 178, 225, 275, 282, 316, 331

Wu, Emperor, 52, 379n166 of the Han dynasty, 199 of the Jin dynasty, 149 of the Liang dynasty, 174 of the Northern Zhou dynasty, 32 of the Qi dynasty, 172-173 of the Song dynasty, 149 Wuchang, 29, 30, 211 Wuchong yu incident, 379n166 Wu Daozong, 241

Wugong county, 45

Wujin county, 39

Wukang county, 381n195 Wu kingdom/state, 177, 206, 235, 243, 380n183

Wu lu (Records of Wu), 52 Wu Meng, 184

Wupodishuo. See Upadeśa Wu Qing, 176

Wusheng, 136, 376n132 Wushengyi, 136, 376n130

Index

wuwei, 289, 336 Wuxing, 208

Wuxingzhi (Annals of the Five Primary Elements), 201, 238 X

Xia county, 321 Xia dynasty, 236 Xiami county, 237 Xian, Emperor, 208, 237 Xian, King, 235 Xianbei tribe, 164 Xiande zhuan (Biographies of Virtuous People), 85

Xiang, King, 236 Xiangdong county, 169 Xiang province, 262 Xiangyang, 24 Xiangyi county, 205 Xiangzhou, 172 Xiang Ziji, 246 Xiansheng Shierhua jing (Scripture of Sir Laozi's Twelve Transformations), 178 Xianshou, 323 Xianyu jing, 301, 346, 373nn61-64, 66, 68; 377n143

Xiao, Chan Master, 319 Xiao Gan/Yang Xuangan, 41 Xiao Huikai, 168 Xiaoming dengchao wang, 358, 385n262, 386n279 Xiao Sihua, 265 Xiaowen, Emperor, 199 Xiaowu, Emperor, 164 Xie family, 213, 214 Xie Yi, 310

Xiguo zhi (Record of the Western States), 56

Xiongnu people, 58, 165, 201 Xi province, 160 Xiyu zhuan (Exposition of the Western Regions), 57

Xizhou, 172

Xuan, King, 235 Xuan Qian, 235, 236 Xuanyuan. See Yellow Emperor Xuanzang, xiv, 55, 56, 91, 93, 100, 107, 372n49, 373nn75, 76; 374n89, 375n102

Xuanzhong ji (Records of the Profound Within), 53

Xuanzi, 185

Xuda jing, 279, 382n210 Xu Daoli, 264 Xue Wanjun, 327 Xu family, 264 Xu Gaoseng zhuan, 47, 371nn39, 41-44; 371-372n45, 372n46, 373n75, 375nn109-111; 381nn197-199; 383nn233-235, 237, 238; 384nn239, 240, 242-246, 248, 249 Xu Guang, 177 Xu Jiedao, 176 Xu Long, 199

Xunyang/Xunyang county, 29, 244 Xu Senzhi, 264 Xu Soushen ji (Second Series of Records of Inquiries of the Spirits), 246 Y

yakṣa(s), 62, 66, 67, 147, 191, 197 Yama, 144, 190, 346 Yan, Emperor, 242 Yan county, 181 Yan province, 47, 49, 160 Yangcheng, 234 Yangdi county, 313 Yangdu, 40

Yang, Emperor, 37, 41, 267 Yang family, 39, 43 433

Index

Yang Ke, 163, 164 Yang Zunyan, 170 Yang Xian, 265 Yanling, 205 Yannian, 324 Yanshi, 41

Yanzhou, 161, 206, 263 Yanzi chunqiu (Annals of Yan Ying), 51 Yaśa, 8, 9

Yaśodhārā, 77 Ye (city), 163 Yi Ba, 239-240 Yijunjiang, 184 yin and yang, 200, 237, 238 See also Daoist; Way (Daoist) Yin dynasty, 178, 179 Yingchuan, 23, 262 Ying Tang, 207 Yinjietuo, 377n135 Yinming lun (Discourse on the Clarification of Causes), 104 Yin province, 160 Yin Qizhi, 174 Yin Xi, 178

Yiqieming/Yiqiexiang, 131, 376n126 Yique, xiii

Yishi, 320

Yiwu, 56

Yiyang county, 240 Yiyu, 32

Yiyuan (Park of Wonders), 214, 240, 379n173

Yizheng prefecture, 267 Yizhou, 242

Yogācārabhūmi, 73 Yongchang, 242 Yongjia revolt, 162, 240, 378n148 Yongxing village, 31 Yongzhou, 23, 31, 44, 324, 325, 329 Youde, 115, 376n118 434

Youming lu (Records of the Other World and This World), 184, 212, 241 Youposai jie jing, 144, 377n138 Youtianwang zuo foxingxiang jing, 285 Youzhou, 216 Yu. See Shun and Yu Yu, Emperor, 236 Yuanchen jing (Scripture of the First Day of the Year), 178 Yuanchong, 263, 264 Yuanfang, 233, 234, 235 Yuanhunzhi (Records of Resentful Spirits of Those Who Died Unreasonably), 177, 264

Yuddhapati, 83 Yudun/Yutian, 57 Yue, king of, 41, 204 See also Gong, Emperor Yuedeng sanmei jing, 116 Yue Guang/Yue Ling, 25, 371n34 Yuejun, 236

Yu Falan, 29 Yu Liang, 184 Yun area, 179 Yuqie shidi lun. See Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra Yu Shinan, 315 Yu Xiaojing, xiii Yuzhang prefecture, 236, 239, 311, 318 Z

Za ahan jing, 146, 341, 342, 348 Za baozang jing, 11, 156, 251, 370nn19, 20; 372n57, 374n87, 375nn104, 105; 377n144, 380n192, 381n193 Zaoli xingxiang fubao jing, 287, 382n216 Zapiyu jing, 302 Zengyi ahan jing, 268, 281, 294, 298, 303, 332, 373n65, 375nn106,107; 384n250

Zhang, 47-49

Zhang, Emperor, 201 Zhang Chun, 211 Zhang Hongchang, 44 Zhang Hua, 181 Zhang Hui, 33, 34 Zhang Liang, 216 Zhang Qing, 34 Zhang Su, 45 Zhang Yi. See Shenggao Zhao (city), 185, 199, 379n165 Zhao, Empress, 201 Zhao, king of. See Ruyi Zhao, Lord, 199 Zhejiang province, 30, 181, 198, 208, 214, 215, 238, 241, 381n195 Zhendi. See Paramārtha Zheng dynasty/state, 42, 199 Zheng fahua jing. See Lotus Sutra Zheng fanianchu jing, 295 Zhen Tian, 171 Zhenxi, 172

Zhibao, 323

Zhichao, 315 Zhiguan fuxingchuan hongjue, 370nn22, 24

Zhiqingjing, 196 Zhishou, 267, 319 Zhixing, 267-268 Zhize, 314

Zhongbianfenbie lun. See Madhyānta vibhāga Zhonglie, 174 Zhongni. See Confucius Zhongshan, 29, 171, 205 Index

Zhou Dang, 163 Zhou dynasty, 94, 177, 178, 214, 233, 235 Northern, 32, 266 Zhou Fang, 243 Zhou Qun, 237 Zhou Shining, 237 Zhou Zhen, 244, 245 Zhuangzi, 368 Zhuangzi, Xiaoyaoyou, 380n185 Zhuanji Baiyuan jing, 227, 372n56, 374n85, 379n178 Zhuanming, 40-42, 371n44 Zhuanxu, Emperor, 178, 244 Zhufang, 174 Zhu Gefu, 263 Zhuguo zhuan (Exposition on Various Countries), 60 Zhu Huan, General, 243, 244 Zhujing yaoji (Collected Summaries of All Scriptures), xiii, xiv Zhuli, 313-314 Zhuqingjing, 358, 386n274 Zhu Shulan, 23 Zhusongmin. See Wangmangshi Zigong, 239

Ziliang, 173 Zilu, 239

Zizhou, 315

Zou county, 47 Zuo Ci. See Yuanfang Zuofu jueyi jing (Sutra on Dispelling Doubts about Sin and Merit), 283, 382n212

Zuowenling, 199 435